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1
Rahinḍūn rahinḍūn: Ghazal ain āzād naz̤m. Jaʼpūr: Shaṭī Pablīkeshanu, 2001.
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3
Khatun, Fahmida Akter. Accra Conference on Aid Effectiveness: Perspectives from Bangladesh. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue, 2008.
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4
Foreign political aid, democratization, and civil society in Ghana in the 1990s. Accra, Ghana: Center for Democracy & Development, Ghana, 2000.
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5
Non-governmental public action: Aid, activism and NGOs in Ghana. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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7
Dever, William G. Preliminary Excavation Reports: Sardis, Paphos, Caesarea Maritima, Shiqmim, Ain Ghazal (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research (Asor)). American Schools of Oriental Research, 1994.
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8
AIK RAAT KA ZIKR (ghazals). islamabad pakistan: islamabad publications islamabad, 1988.
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9
Narang, Gopi Chand. The Urdu Ghazal. Translated by Surinder Deol. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120795.001.0001.
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The Urdu ghazal is a marvel of the magnetic dynamism of husn o i’shq filled with innovative imagery. It is a celebration of life and love in an ambiance of pure ecstasy. It has a profound capacity for joy as well as pain. It is the soul of Urdu verse and the play of creativity at its peak. No other poetic genre is as innately musical as the ghazal. The book presents unique flowering of the Urdu ghazal as a by-product of India’s composite culture that evolved from intermixing of Indian and foreign value systems. This never-before narrated story of the evolution of the Urdu ghazal is documented in eight chapters divided into three parts. It explores a variety of influences, including Sufism, Bhakti movement, and infusion of Rekhta and Persian languages and culture. The book explains classical ghazal forms that blossomed from the seeds sown by Amir Khusrau in the fourteenth century to great heights of literary excellence achieved during the next 300, notably in the works of great poets like Mir and Ghalib. Different socio-political and cultural demands of changing times are expounded towards the end, primarily how the ghazal provided new creative models to deal with literary movements like progressivism, modernism, and postmodernism. This book includes samples of works of thematically related poets. It also covers works of twentieth-century pioneering innovators like Firaq Gorakhpuri and Faiz Ahmed Faiz, and postmoderns like Gulzar and Javed Akhtar.
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Mawuko-Yevugah, Lord. Reinventing Development: Aid Reform and Technologies of Governance in Ghana. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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11
Mawuko-Yevugah, Lord. Reinventing Development: Aid Reform and Technologies of Governance in Ghana. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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12
Accra conference on aid effectiveness: Perspectives from Bangladesh. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue, 2008.
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13
Bawumia, Mahamudu, and Håvard Halland. Oil Discovery and Macroeconomic Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0011.
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This chapter analyses the evolution of fiscal and monetary variables in Ghana, from the discovery of oil in 2007 through to 2014. It documents the deterioration of fiscal and monetary discipline over this period, which resulted in a rebound of debt, a deterioration of the external balance, and a decrease in public investment. The chapter goes on to analyse the potential causes of this deterioration, including the political economy context, and the fiscal and monetary institutional framework. The suggested causes include the politics of Ghana’s dominant two-party system. Finally, the chapter discusses what Ghana could have done differently to avoid the various damaging effects associated with the oil discovery. It does not aim to provide specific fiscal policy recommendations for Ghana, but rather to give an empirical account of Ghana’s experience that may be useful for other countries that discover oil.
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Carwile, Christey. From Salsa to Salzonto. Edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.026.
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Since its emergence among Spanish-speaking immigrants in New York City in the 1960s, salsa dance (and music) has become a quintessential symbol of Latin identity in and outside of the United States. The worldwide adoption of the dance has opened up new possibilities for identity construction. Using field research from Accra, Ghana, this chapter explores the ways in which salsa dance has come to inform a pan-African identity, creating moments where local ethnicities become deemphasized. “Traditional” dances in Ghana have historically been viewed as reflecting local “tribal” and/or ethnic identities and later appropriated by national dance companies as a way to construct and display a Ghanaian “national culture.” However, the adoption of salsa dance in Ghana is what I call an “inventive dance tradition,” one not espoused by colonial administrators or postcolonial leaders, but pioneered by a new generation of urban youth with more global agendas.
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Griffel, Frank. Theology Engages With Avicennan Philosophy. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.022.
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This chapter discusses two books of refutation written by two Muslim theologians, the Ashʿarite al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) and the Muʿtazilite Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 536/1141). Both books aim at refuting teachings of the Muslimfalāsifa, here understood as the Aristotelian tradition in Islam, represented by al-Farābī (d. 339/950–1) and Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037). While Ibn al-Malāḥimī in hisTuḥfat al-mutakallimīnaims at a straightforward rejection of most of the teachings of this group and includes arguments in favour of Muʿtazilite positions, al-Ghazālī’s strategy is more complex. In hisTahāfut al-falāsifahe aims to invalidate thefalāsifa’s claim of having demonstrated their teachings in metaphysics. Showing that these teachings are not supported by valid demonstrations allows al-Ghazālī to refute them wherever he thinks they violate revelation and adopt them, on basis of the authority of revelation, wherever he thinks they are true.
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Charles, Parkinson. 5 Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231935.003.0005.
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When Ghana achieved independence on 6 March 1957, it was the first British territory in sub-Saharan Africa to be granted independence under African rule. For this reason, there was intense pressure to ensure that the transfer of power took place smoothly and the government of independent Ghana had a viable constitution. But the result was a rushed and haphazard constitution-making process as the Colonial Office struggled to develop coherent policies on decolonization against the backdrop of African nationalism. Although Ghana's independence constitution did not contain a bill of rights, the question of whether to include a bill of rights received sustained consideration. Ghana marked a turning point for Colonial Office attitudes on the value and subsequent use of bills of rights in independence constitutions. Most significantly, the Colonial Office decided that the political benefits of reconciling the minority groups to independence outweighed the legal detriments of having a bill of rights in an independence constitution.
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Manglos-Weber, Nicolette D. The Setting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841041.003.0002.
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This chapter presents the historical and conceptual background to the book’s argument. It starts with a history of Ghana, followed by an analysis of the trends that have led to high levels of out-migration, and then to a description of Ghanaian populations in Chicago. Next, it addresses the concept of social trust in general and personal trust in particular, developing a theory of personal trust as an imaginative and symbolic activity, and analyzing interracial relations through the lens of racialized distrust. It concludes by describing the role of religion in the integration of immigrant groups into the United States and the particular religious frameworks that characterize Charismatic Evangelical Christianity in Ghana.
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Atto-Baffoe, Victor. West Africa. Edited by Mark Chapman, Sathianathan Clarke, and Martyn Percy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218561.013.18.
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This chapter is a study of an encounter between the church and the socio-political and cultural milieu of West Africa, with particular focus on Ghana. It closely analyses the relationship between contextualization and the mission of the church by addressing several questions. Does the mission of the Church require contextualization in order to be fully effective? If contextualization is necessary, then how can it best serve and enhance Anglicanism in Ghana so that the Gospel of Jesus Christ can take deep and lasting root in the lives of the people, and become both the organizing principle and unifying factor of their everyday living? This chapter is based on research conducted among various people of different walks of life in the church. It seeks to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the different responses and approaches adopted by them with a view to developing an appropriate Ghanaian response to Anglicanism.
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El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Theology and Logic. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.009.
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In the ninth and tenth centuries, Arabic ‘logicians’ (manṭiqiyyūn) and Islamic ‘theologians’ (mutakallimūn) constituted distinct and rival groups. The former advocated the use of Aristotelian and Stoic formal modes of inference, whereas the later had a very different and broadly analogical model of argumentation and disputation. In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a number of prominent Islamic theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 1111) and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 1210) began to adopt Greek-derived formal logic and to concede that the older analogical forms of argumentation were inappropriate to the discipline of theology. Despite an opposition to this process by such figures as Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328), this blending of logic and Islamic theology became predominant by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Henceforth, opposition to logic tended to be confined to Islamic religious circles that were also fiercely opposed to the discipline of theology (kalam).
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Azaransky, Sarah. Moral Leadership of the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190262204.003.0007.
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In the 1950s, Cold War politics made anticolonial alliances between Africans, Asians, and black Americans suspect, as the demands of governing—as opposed to coordinating a freedom movement—redirected energies and attention. Yet India and Ghana, in particular, remained concrete examples for the network at the center of this book. Benjamin Mays returned to India in 1953 to witness the world’s largest democracy composed of people of color. Bayard Rustin went to Ghana in 1959 to coordinate an international antinuclear and antiimperial protest of French nuclear testing in the Sahara desert. Mays and Rustin were both instrumental to the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which inaugurated Martin Luther King Jr. as a civil rights leader. The decade closed with a new generation of activists and intellectuals taking lessons from the people at the center of this book to spur a mass, nonviolent American freedom movement.
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Arriola, Leonardo, Martha Johnson, and Melanie Phillips, eds. Women and Power in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898074.001.0001.
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This book examines women’s experiences in African politics as aspirants to public office, as candidates in election campaigns, and as elected representatives. Part I evaluates women’s efforts to become party candidates in four African countries: Benin, Ghana, Malawi, and Zambia. The chapters draw on a variety of methods, including extensive interviews with women candidates, to describe and assess the barriers confronted when women seek to enter politics. The chapters help explain why women remain underrepresented as candidates for office, particularly in countries without gender-based quotas, by emphasizing the impact of financial constraints, fears of violence, and resistance among party leaders. Part II turns to women’s experiences as candidates during elections in Kenya and Ghana. One chapter provides an in-depth account of a woman’s presidential bid in Kenya, demonstrating how gendered ethnicity undermined her candidacy, and another chapter presents a novel evaluation of the media’s coverage of women candidates in Ghana. Part III turns to women as legislators in Namibia, Uganda, and Burkina Faso, asking whether women engage in substantive representation on gendered policy issues once in office. The chapters challenge the assumption that a critical mass of women is necessary or sufficient to achieve substantive representation. Taken together, the book’s chapters problematize existing hypotheses regarding women in political power, drawing on understudied countries and a variety of empirical methods. By following political pathways from entry to governance, the book uncovers how gendered experiences early in the political process shape what is possible for women once they attain political power.
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Alam, Homayun, ed. On the Concept of Iran and the Iranian Cultural Sphere. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828876651.
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This book is in fact an attempt to make the geographical borders between today's Iran, its neighbors and the Persian as one of the historical cultural achievements more precise. Since the aim is interdisciplinary the participation of international scholars - but also international artists - this book serves a new format, which stimulates the reader to further research, perhaps also instructs for innovation. If researchers of the field consisting of contemporary and ancient Iranian studies, music ethnologists, filmmakers, historians, poets/songwriters, philologists, Islamic studies scientists, sociologists and political scientists contribute, the result will be this book. With contributions by Safar Abdullah, Homayun Alam, Ali M. Ansari, John Baily, Reza Deghati, Bert Fragner, Gabriele Dold Ghadar, Ahmad Karimi Hakkak, Philipp Gerrit Kreyenbroek, Sardar Kohistani, Makhmalbaf Film House, Nahid Morshedlou, Richard Stoneman, Hamid Reza Yousefi and Farid Zoland.
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Dominic N, Dagbanja. The Investment Treaty Regime and Development Policy Space in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780190612054.016.0015.
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This chapter explores the relationship between Ghana's standards of investment protection by treaty and its development policy-making and implementation obligations under the constitution of the Republic of Ghana 1992 and general international law. It advances four theses. First, the state has the constitutional and general international law duty to make and implement development policies for the realization of the legal right to development in Ghana. Second, the power to make treaties, which derives from the constitution and general international law, requires the conclusion of treaties that promote development. Third, existing standards of investment protection by treaty are incompatible with the constitutional and general international law duty to make and implement development policies to the extent that they impose damages on the state for doing that which is required by the constitution and general international law. The fourth thesis is that Ghana's investment treaties were aimed at establishing standards of investment protection to attract foreign investment for development and not merely to protect foreign investment as an end.
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Kamola, Stefan. Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
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Making Mongol History examines the life and work of Rashid al-Din Tabib (d. 1318), the most powerful statesman working for the Mongol Ilkhans in the Middle East. It seeks to integrate his most famous work, the historical compendium, the Collected Histories (Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh), into two contexts: a developing genre of Persian historical writing and Rashid al-Din’s broader political and intellectual projects. Opening chapters offer an overview of administrative history and historiography in the early Ilkhanate, culminating with Rashid al-Din’s Blessed History of Ghazan, the indispensable source for Mongol and Ilkhanid history. Later chapters lay out the results of the most comprehensive study to date of the manuscripts of Rashid al-Din’s historical writing. Also explored is the complicated relationship between Rashid al-Din’s historical and theological writings, as well as his appropriation of the work of his contemporary historian, ʿAbd Allah Qashani. Their rivalry, as well as other personal alliances and conflicts at the court of the Ilkhans, continue to shape our understanding of Mongol history.
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Rajadhyaksha, Ashish. 3. Partition and the ‘all-India’ film. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723097.003.0003.
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India officially became ‘independent’ in 1947 and a Republic in 1950. Neither were easy transitions. The cinema would inherit all of India’s political contradictions. It would soon become apparent that India, once incapable of creating an ‘Empire’ film, was now equally unable to provide the newly free country with a properly nationalist cinema. ‘Partition and the “all-India” film’ describes India’s film industry in Bombay after the war; the arrival of the most famous stars; the success of film music; and the impact of independent auteurs Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt, and Ritwik Ghatak, who defined local industries as they emerged from out of the shadow of Bombay.
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Kofi, Quashigah. Part III The Relationship Between the Judiciary and the Political Branches, 9 Defying Assumptions about the Nature of Power Relations Between the Executive and Judiciary: An Overview of Approaches to Judicial and Executive Relations in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198759799.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the relationship between the executive and the judiciary in Ghana. The relationship between the executive and the judiciary since Ghana’s independence may be classified according to the attitudes each exhibits towards the other, as follows: a period of outright emasculation of the judiciary by the executive; a period of suspicion and minimal trust; a period of mutual toleration; and a period of self-assertion by the judiciary. An examination of these shows a link between the nature of constitutional protection accorded the judiciary, the executive’s acceptance of democratic values, and the judiciary’s own demonstration of commitment to protecting its independence.
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Parker, John. In My Time of Dying. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193151.001.0001.
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This book is the first detailed history of death and the dead in Africa south of the Sahara. Focusing on a region that is now present-day Ghana, the book explores mortuary cultures and the relationship between the living and the dead over a 400-year period spanning the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. The book considers many questions from the African historical perspective, including why people die and where they go after death, how the dead are buried and mourned to ensure they continue to work for the benefit of the living, and how perceptions and experiences of death and the ends of life have changed over time. From exuberant funeral celebrations encountered by seventeenth-century observers to the brilliantly conceived designer coffins of the late twentieth century, the book shows that the peoples of Ghana have developed one of the world's most vibrant cultures of death. The book explores the unfolding background of that culture through a diverse range of issues, such as the symbolic power of mortal remains and the dominion of hallowed ancestors, as well as the problem of bad deaths, vile bodies, and vengeful ghosts. The book reconstructs a vast timeline of death and the dead, from the era of the slave trade to the coming of Christianity and colonial rule to the rise of the modern postcolonial nation. With an array of written and oral sources, the book richly adds to an understanding of how the dead continue to weigh on the shoulders of the living.
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Toye, John. Colonial development by intersector labour transfer, 1950–69. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723349.003.0006.
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As the colonization approach, metropolitan power tried to legitimize their rule by claiming that they aim at economic development. Arthur Lewis criticized the British colonial development plan for lacking comprehensiveness and, in the 1940s, laid out his own manifesto for rapid industrialization. Later, in Manchester University, he wrote the significant 1951 UN report on development and his famous article on development by intersector labour transfer. His controversy with Herbert Frankel did not satisfy the critiques, but became the bible for those who identify development with industrialization. Lewis’s time as a policy advisor to Ghana Kwame Nkrumah left him doubtful about the possibility of successful development planning and he effectively withdrew from the development scene, despite retaining Enlightenment values.
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Thiele, Jan. Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45.
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This chapter discusses the history of Ashʿarism in the fourth to fifth/tenth to eleventh centuries. Ashʿarism was, besides Māturīdism, the most important school of Sunnikalām. After the decline of Muʿtazilism, it became the predominant theological school, primarily among the adherents of the Shāfiʿite and the Mālikite school of law. There is a wide scholarly consensus that Ashʿarism entered a new phase in the sixth/twelfth century, marked by an increasing influence of Avicennan philosophy, a transition generally associated with the prominent thinker Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī. This chapter focuses on theologians that preceded this methodological shift. It first charts the rise of Ashʿarism, highlighting the contributions of three key figures to the elaboration and broader dissemination of the school’s teachings: Abū Bakr Ibn Fūrak, Abū Isḥāq al-Isfarāʾīnī, and Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī. It concludes with an assessment of Ashʿarism under the patronage of Niẓām al-Mulk.
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Manglos-Weber, Nicolette D. Joining the Choir. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841041.001.0001.
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Immigration and race are contentious issues in North America. As a result, black immigrants from Ghana and other countries of West Africa face significant challenges, even as their experiences and accomplishments confound stereotypes about blacks and foreigners. Religious congregations have often helped immigrants navigate the tricky waters of integration in the past; yet how do these particular black immigrants approach organized religion in light of their identities and aspirations? What are they looking for in religious membership, and how do they find it? In Joining the Choir, the author takes a deeply personal look at the lives of a few central characters in Accra, Ghana, and in Chicago, examining what religious membership means for them as Christians, transnational Ghanaians, and aspirational migrants. She sheds light on their search for people they can trust, and their desires to transcend divisions of race, ethnicity, and nationality in the context of Evangelical Christianity. Her characters are memorable, as motivated but also adaptable persons with complex identities and goals, for whom religious membership answers some questions of integration while raising others. Their stories show how racial divides are subtly perpetuated within congregations in spite of hopes for religious integration. Yet they also reveal the potential of religious-based personal trust to bridge those divides, as an imaginative and symbolic “leap of faith” in the unknown stranger. Finally, their stories highlight the continuing role of religion as a portable basis of trust in the modern world, where more and more people live between nations.
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Griffel, Frank. Ismāʿīlite Critique of Ibn Sīnā. Edited by Khaled El-Rouayheb and Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.34.
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Al-Shahrastānī’s (d. 548/1153) Wrestling Match with the Falāsifa (Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa) is the second book of refutation of Ibn Sīnā’s (Avicenna, d. 428/1037) philosophy by a Muslim philosopher and theologian. While al-Ghazālī tried to prove the nondemonstrative character of Ibn Sīnā’s teachings, al-Shahrastānī “wrestles” with Ibn Sīnā about what is true to say about God. Heavily influenced by the cosmology of the Ismāʿīlite Shīʿites of his day, al-Shahrastānī claims that God is too transcendent to be included in divisions of what is existent. God is beyond the dichotomy of existence and nonexistence. Equally God is not “simplicity” (wāḥda) the way Ibn Sīnā claims. Rather, words like “existence” and “simplicity” apply to God only in an equivocal way rather than univocal or, as Ibn Sīnā claims, moderated. Most mistakes in philosophical theology are committed, so al-Shahrastānī, because equivocal terms are wrongfully understood to be univocal.
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Gut, Ulrike. English in West Africa. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.36.
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This chapter describes the history, role, and structural properties of English in the West African countries the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, the anglophone part of Cameroon, and the island of Saint Helena. It provides an overview of the historical phases of trading contact, British colonization and missionary activities and describes the current role of English in these multilingual countries. Further, it outlines the commonalities and differences in the vocabulary, phonology, morphology, and syntax of the varieties of English spoken in anglophone West Africa. It shows that Liberian Settler English and Saint Helenian English have distinct phonological and morphosyntactic features compared to the other West African Englishes. While some phonological areal features shared by several West African Englishes can be identified, an areal profile does not seem to exist on the level of morphosyntax.
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Sarfo, Janice Ewurama De-Whyte. The Reproductive Rite. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722618.003.0031.
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The diversity of beliefs and perspectives concerning reproduction make it a complex experience with economic, social, religious, and cultural layers. This essay presents childlessness in the context of a matrilineal culture; the Ashanti culture of Ghana, West Africa. The other culture under comparative consideration is ancient Hebrew culture, as depicted within the Hebrew Bible. This essay proposes that in ancient contexts, and even in current traditional non-Western cultures, reproduction is primarily the rite of passage for women, and that the notion of women’s reproductive rights is chiefly a construct of modern-day Western culture(s). For many ancient and contemporary cultures reproduction is conceived as the rite of passage and not in terms of reproductive rights. I propose an original term that verbally and visually underscores the centrality of the womb to a woman’s identity in the aforementioned cultures; ‘wom(b)an’.
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Holsey, Bayo. Slavery Tourism. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.26.
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This chapter presents a case study of the slavery tourism industry in Ghana, tracing its development and noting some of the struggles it has faced. Based around the dungeons in the Cape Coast and Elmina castles used to warehouse slaves bound for the Atlantic trade, Ghana’s slavery tourism industry emerged in the 1990s through complex negotiations among different interested parties. The chapter notes in particular the disjuncture between Ghanaian understandings of the history of the slave trade and that of international and especially African American tourists. It also critiques the tourism industry’s focus on the triumph over slavery and considers the ways in which such an emphasis forecloses the possibility of a more radical interpretation of history. Finally, it places Ghanaian slavery tourism within the broader context of a global public history of slavery.
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Osman, Shahriza, Zahiruddin Ghazali, and Syed Mohd Na’im Syed Salim. Islamic Finance Fundamentals With Applications in Malaysia. UUM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670876726.
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Islam postulates a unique link of contracts among the creator, man and society on the basis of Syariah law that directly affects the workings of the various social, political, economic, and financial systems. Therefore, to understand the way in which economic affairs and financial institutions are organized in an Islamic system, it is first necessary to comprehend the nature of this relationship. Consequently, one cannot study a particular aspect or part of an Islamic system, economics, for example, in isolation, without having understanding of the basic knowledge of Islamic finance. Islamic finance products are contract-based. This book explains Islamic finance, which refers to the provision of financial services in accordance with Syariah law in chapter one. The Syariah law is the foundation for the establishment of an Islamic banking system. Chapter two illustrates the differences between the principles of Syariah and Tabii. Chapter three explains the Islamic theory of profit. Chapter four is about risk and uncertainty, which is known as gharar in Islamic finance. Chapter five discusses interest/riba, which is the most significance principle of Islamic banking. Chapter six explains some of the financial issues related to Islamic banking.
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Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa, and Michael Danquah. Ethnic diversity and informal work in Ghana. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/883-2.
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We present the first study that examines the effects of ethnic diversity on informal work. Using two waves of data from the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey, we find that ethnic diversity is associated with a higher probability of engaging in informal work. Specifically, our instrumental variable estimates suggest that a unit increase in ethnic diversity is associated with up to a 26.3 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in informal work. This result is robust to alternative estimation approaches and alternative ways of measuring ethnic diversity. Our results also show that trust, which is lower in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods, is an important channel through which ethnic diversity operates to increase the probability of engaging in informal work. Our results point to the need for policies that promote trust between diverse ethnic groups in heterogeneous societies.
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Kandybowicz, Jason, and Harold Torrence. The Role of Theory in Documentation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0009.
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This article presents a case study of an instance in which the influence of linguistic theory on descriptive fieldwork has led to both the discovery and the remedy of missing gaps in the documentation record of a language. It focuses on the restriction of wh- in-situ induced by intervention effects in Krachi, an endangered Kwa language of Ghana. Investigating Krachi intervention effects both enriches the depth of description of wh- constructions in the language and reveals patterns of intervention effects that differ from what has been documented in other languages in the literature. The Krachi data therefore provide a new set of empirical challenges for current theoretical accounts of intervention effects and thus help to set the theoretical agenda for further work. This case study thus supports the position that the relationship between linguistic theory and language documentation and description is a symbiotic one in that each complements and drives progress in the other.
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Bebbington, Anthony, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell. Competitive Clientelism and the Political Economy of Mining in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0005.
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This chapter highlights the centrality of clientelist political pressures in explaining why over 100 years of mineral resource extraction has failed to translate into broad-based development in Ghana. Contrary to studies that highlight the role of inclusive political settlements for the effective management of mineral rents, we find that broad-based elite inclusion also risks undermining the effective management of rents for long-term development in contexts where rents are deployed with the aim of ‘buying-off’ elites who can potentially undermine the stability of ruling coalitions. All ruling coalitions have allocated significant shares of mineral rents to chiefs not necessarily for the socio-economic development of mineral-rich communities, but mainly because political elites want to avoid provoking resistance from a group that brokers land and votes in rural areas. Under such circumstances, inclusive political settlements may at best result in unproductive peace, as substantial mineral resources are shared for consumption rather than development.
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Griffel, Frank. The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.001.0001.
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This is a comprehensive study of the far-reaching changes that led to a reshaping of the philosophical discourse in Islam during the sixth/twelfth century. Whereas earlier Western scholars thought that Islam’s engagement with the tradition of Greek philosophy ended during that century, more recent analyses suggest its integration into the genre of rationalist Muslim theology (kalam). This book proposes a third view about the fate of philosophy in Islam. It argues that in addition to this integration, Muslim theologians picked up the discourse of philosophy in Islam (falsafa) and began to produce books on philosophy. Written by the same authors, books in these two genres, kalam and philosophy (hikma), argue for opposing teachings on the nature of God, the world’s creation, and the afterlife. This study explains the emergence of a new genre of philosophical books called hikma that stand opposed to Islamic theology and at the same time wish to complement it. Offering a detailed history of philosophy in Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia during the sixth/twelfth century together with an analysis of the circumstances of practicing philosophy during this time, this study can show how reports of falsafa, written by major Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111), developed step-by-step into critical assessments of philosophy that try to improve philosophical teachings and eventually become fully fledged philosophical summas in the work of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210). The book ends in a discussion of the different methods of kalam and hikma and the coherence and ambiguity of a Muslim post-classical philosopher’s œuvre.
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Hogan, Brian. “They Say We Exchanged Our Eyes for the Xylophone”. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.6.
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The funeral xylophone tradition of the Birifor people of Northwest Ghana is renowned across the West African hinterland for its musical artistry, cultural histories, surrogated song texts, and symbolic meaning. The Northwest as a whole has a historically high incidence of blindness, motivating a range of interpretations of visual impairment as disability. In rural Birifor communities, the music, bodies, and ability of blind xylophonists are filtered through a cultural ideology of ability that hijacks social conceptions of disability as biological deviance, and manufactures disability as spiritual deviance. This reveals a spiritual model of disability, which together with the mystical aspects of musicianship in Birifor culture, leads to a compound form of subordination for blind musicians. Against this culturally pervasive ableism, blind Birifor xylophonists compose and perform “enemy music” as an act of resistance, contestation, and catharsis that recasts disability as a lived reality and reframes the true locations of disability.
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Saylor, Ryan. Gaining by Shedding Case Selection Strictures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0011.
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Advice on case selection often emphasizes selecting on some set of similar traits for controlled comparison—but without attention to regional contexts. This chapter highlights the benefits of unconventional cross-regional comparisons within the framework of comparative area studies (CAS), at least when analyzing the impact of natural resource booms on political institutions. Prevalent views on the resource curse see commodity booms as usually enervating institutions. However, a cross-regional comparison of African and Latin American cases can be employed to generate an alternative argument. Where resource booms simultaneously benefit exporters within and outside of the ruling coalition, threatened coalition insiders have responded with institutional fortification. This is true of the period of “dual enrichment” in Argentina (1852–86). In contrast, booms that exclusively benefit exporters within or outside of the ruling coalition do not create such existential threats and allow institutions to remain weak. This is evident in Colombia (1880–1905) and Ghana (1945–66).
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Treves, Tullio. Introductory Note. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0017.
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ITLOS has handed out in 2015 two provisional measures orders and an advisory opinion. The Provisional Measures Order of 25 April 2015, in the maritime delimitation case between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire, was adopted by an ad hoc Chamber of the Tribunal. It accepts for the first time in ITLOS jurisprudence the “plausibility” test for the merits submission as a prerequisite of a provisional measures order In the Provisional Measures Order of 24 August 2015 on the Enrica Lexie incident between Italy and India, the provisional measure prescribed consists in that both parties suspend or refrain from initiating proceedings which might aggravate the dispute submitted to the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal. The Advisory Opinion of 2 April 2015, upon the request of a West African fisheries commission, rejects the view that ITLOS in its full formation lacks advisory jurisdiction. It throws light on the obligations of the flag state of vessels fishing in the exclusive economic zone of another state and on the role of the European Union.
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Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, Fred Mawunyo Dzanku, and Aida Cuthbert Isinika, eds. Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.001.0001.
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This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture, in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men. It uses a longitudinal cross-country comparative approach, relying on the Afrint dataset—unique household-level longitudinal data for six African countries collected over the period 2002–2013/15. The book first descriptively summarizes findings from the third wave of the dataset. The book nuances the current dominance of structural transformation narratives of agricultural change by adding insights from gender and village-level studies of agrarian change. It argues that placing agrarian change within broader livelihood dynamics outside agriculture, highlighting country- and region-specific contexts is an important analytical adaptation to the empirical realities of rural Africa. From the policy perspective, this book provides suggestions for more inclusive rural development policies, outlining the weaknesses of present policies illustrated by the currently gendered inequalities in access to agrarian resources. The book also provides country-specific insights from Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
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Madior Fall, Ismaila, Mathias Hounkpe, Adele L. Jinadu, and Pascal Kambale. Election Management Bodies in West Africa. African Minds, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781920489168.
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This report is an in-depth study of electoral commissions in six countries of West Africa Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone assessing their contribution in strengthening political participation in the region. As institutions that apply the rules governing elections, electoral management bodies (EMBs) have occupied, over the last two decades, the heart of discussion and practice on the critical question of effective citizen participation in the public affairs of their countries. The way in which they are established and the effectiveness of their operations have continued to preoccupy those who advocate for competitive elections, while reforms to the EMBs have taken centre stage in more general political reforms. Election Management Bodies in West Africa thus responds to the evident need for more knowledge about an institution that occupies a more and more important place in the political process in West Africa. Based on documentary research and detailed interviews in each country, the study provides a comparative analysis which highlights the similarities and differences in the structure and operations of each body, and attempts to establish the reasons for their comparative successes and failures.
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West, Traci C. Solidarity and Defiant Spirituality. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479849031.001.0001.
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This book embraces a transnational Africana perspective as crucial for conceptualizing an end to gender violence in the United States. Locating herself as an African American Christian leader, Traci West candidly criticizes religious responses to black women victim-survivors in the U.S. as too culturally insular and complacent. Then, in an investigation stressing the role of religion and anti-black racism West explores a decidedly expansive and activist alternative moral approach linking African and African diaspora contexts. Lessons on the politics of intercultural encounters emerge as the reader journeys with her to meet antiviolence leaders in Ghana, Brazil, and South Africa. West’s reflections on their strategies to create systemic responses to the violence together with its cultural support spark analyses of similar dynamics in the United States. The discussion of religion includes Christianity, Islam, Candomblé, and indigenous African religious traditions. Analyses of violence against women emphasize heterosexual marital rape, sex trafficking, and the targeting of lesbians for rape and murder. The book offers generative ideas connecting antiracist gender violence activism to religions and spirituality in order to broaden our moral imaginations with the capacity to create lasting cultural change. The conclusion conceptualizes defiant Africana spirituality as a resource drawn upon by antiviolence activist leaders that can birth hope for building vital, transnational solidarity in the work of ending gender violence.
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Adu Boahen, Emmanuel, and Kwadwo Opoku. Gender wage gaps in Ghana: A comparison across different selection models. 10th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/944-0.
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The wage of an individual is observed only when he/she is employed. However, getting employment requires two decisions. First, an individual has to decide to participate in the labour market, and second, an employer must decide to hire that individual. Since female labour market participation often differs from that of men, and employers’ decisions to hire may also be influenced by gender, it is appropriate to account for this double selection process. This study uses the latest household survey in Ghana to estimate gender wage gaps by correcting for this double selection process. We find that the average total gender wage gap is positive and significant irrespective of the sample selection correction method used. Our results indicate that women on average receive lower wages than men. Irrespective of the type of selection method used, our findings suggest that almost all the wage gap is a result of differences in returns, with only a small part coming from differences in observables. We find that the gender wage gap is smaller among formal wage employees and the gap decreases as education level increases. Although our findings indicate a similar trend in the wage gap across all specifications, the magnitude of the gap is sensitive to the choice of the model. This points to the need to be cautious about the choice of sample selection correction used to analyse gender wage gaps.
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Getachew, Adom. Worldmaking after Empire. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691179155.001.0001.
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Decolonization revolutionized the international order during the twentieth century. Yet standard histories that present the end of colonialism as an inevitable transition from a world of empires to one of nations—a world in which self-determination was synonymous with nation-building—obscure just how radical this change was. Drawing on the political thought of anticolonial intellectuals and statesmen such as Nnamdi Azikiwe, W. E. B Du Bois, George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, Eric Williams, Michael Manley, and Julius Nyerere, this book reveals the full extent of their unprecedented ambition to remake not only nations but the world. The book shows that African, African American, and Caribbean anticolonial nationalists were not solely or even primarily nation-builders. Responding to the experience of racialized sovereign inequality, dramatized by interwar Ethiopia and Liberia, Black Atlantic thinkers and politicians challenged international racial hierarchy and articulated alternative visions of worldmaking. Seeking to create an egalitarian postimperial world, they attempted to transcend legal, political, and economic hierarchies by securing a right to self-determination within the newly founded United Nations, constituting regional federations in Africa and the Caribbean, and creating the New International Economic Order. Using archival sources from Barbados, Trinidad, Ghana, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, this book recasts the history of decolonization, reconsiders the failure of anticolonial nationalism, and offers a new perspective on debates about today's international order.
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Tammisto, Tuomas, and Heikki Wilenius, eds. Valtion antropologiaa: Tutkimuksia ihmisten hallitsemisesta ja vastarinnasta. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/skst.1470.
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What is a state? This volume approaches the question from an anthropological perspective, which means that the starting point of the analysis is not the concept of the state, but instead, what kinds of structures the state consists of, what kinds of effects these structures have, and how states are experienced by the people who inhabit, make, enact, and resist them. The volume introduces a contemporary anthropological approach to the study of the state for a Finnish-speaking audience. This new approach examines the state as a diverse, socially and culturally constructed phenomenon that varies in time and place. Additional aims of the volume are to introduce and translate concepts from political anthropology to the Finnish language, and to make anthropological analyses of the state known to other disciplines that study the state and to the general Finnish-speaking public. Covering a wide variety of ethnographic contexts examining both the effects of the state and the state-like effects of other institutions, the volume contains case studies from Brazil, Uganda, Papua New Guinea, Madagascar, Finland, Bolivia, Cuba, Egypt, Fiji, Solomon Islands, and Ghana. A theoretical introduction presents the development of anthropological thinking with regard to the state and state-like institutions. An afterword reflects on the contribution of the volume in light of the ethnographic context of Indonesia.
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Norrgård, Stefan. Changes in Precipitation Over West Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.536.
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Water, not temperature, governs life in West Africa, and the region is both temporally and spatially greatly affected by rainfall variability. Recent rainfall anomalies, for example, have greatly reduced crop productivity in the Sahel area. Rainfall indices from recent centuries show that multidecadal droughts reoccur and, furthermore, that interannual rainfall variations are high in West Africa. Current knowledge of historical rainfall patterns is, however, fairly limited. A detailed rainfall chronology of West Africa is currently only available from the beginning of the 19th century. For the 18th century and earlier, the records are still sporadic, and an interannual rainfall chronology has so far only been obtained for parts of the Guinea Coast. Thus, there is a need to extend the rainfall record to fully understand past precipitation changes in West Africa.The main challenge when investigating historical rainfall variability in West Africa is the scarcity of detailed and continuous data. Readily available meteorological data barely covers the last century, whereas in Europe and the United States for example, the data sometimes extend back two or more centuries. Data availability strongly correlates with the historical development of West Africa. The strong oral traditions that prevailed in the pre-literate societies meant that only some of the region’s history was recorded in writing before the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. From the 19th century onwards, there are, therefore, three types of documents available, and they are closely linked to the colonization of West Africa. These are: official records started by the colonial governments continuing to modern day; regular reporting stations started by the colonial powers; and finally, temporary nongovernmental observations of various kinds. For earlier periods, the researcher depends on noninstrumental observations found in letters, reports, or travel journals made by European slave traders, adventurers, and explorers. Spatially, these documents are confined to the coastal areas, as Europeans seldom ventured inland before the mid-1800s. Thus, the inland regions are generally poorly represented. Arabic chronicles from the Sahel provide the only source of information, but as historical documents, they include several spatiotemporal uncertainties. Climate researchers often complement historical data with proxy-data from nature’s own archives. However, the West African environment is restrictive. Reliable proxy-data, such as tree-rings, cannot be exploited effectively. Tropical trees have different growth patterns than trees in temperate regions and do not generate growth rings in the same manner. Sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana have provided, so far, the best centennial overview when it comes to understanding precipitation patterns during recent centuries. These reveal that there have been considerable changes in historical rainfall patterns—West Africa may have been even drier than it is today.