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Arrok, Rania. "Objets en terre du néolithique précéramique au Proche-Orient, terre crue ou cuite ? : « Les objets en terre cuite avant l’invention de la poterie »." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20007/document.
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La présence d’objets en terre est assez courante sur les sites néolithiques y compris les sites néolithiques du Proche-Orient. Il s’agit dans la plupart des cas d’objets de petite taille dont les formes sont assez variées. Ces objets ont une valeur particulière pour les chercheurs. Dans ce travail nous avons présenté notre propre recherche basée tout d’abord sur des données nouvelles, obtenues récemment grâce à de nouvelles fouilles comme la fouille de Tell Halula, la fouille de Tell Aswad et ‘Ain Ghazal.C’est à partir de ces nouveaux éléments et en les confrontant avec des données plus anciennes que nous avons suivi le développement des objets en terre depuis leur première apparition au PPNA et à travers les différentes étapes de la néolithisation : PPNA (9500-8700 BC), PPNB ancien (8700-8200 BC) et PPNB moyen (8200-7500 BC). Le cadre géographique a été limité au Levant.Les questions posées dans cette recherche s’appuient, d’une part sur l’homogénéité de la typologie ou non des objets en terre et leur distribution sur les sites de la région, d’autre part sur tout ce qui concerne la technique de fabrication. Après une étude d’analyse détaillée des objets du corpus, nous avons regroupé les objets en terre selon leur type de représentation dans plusieurs catégories : représentations humaines, représentations animales, objets divers et récipients en terre.Dans la troisième partie et en se basant sur l’analyse des objets du corpus par catégorie, nous avons comparé le développement de ces objets par période et par catégorieThe presence of clay objects is fairly common at Neolithic sites, including those sites in the Near East. In most cases the objects have a small size and occur in different shapes. These objects have a particular value to researchers. This thesis illustrates our research based on new data, which were provided by new excavations like those of Tell Halula, of Tell Aswad and Ain Ghazal. These new elements and their comparison with earlier data enabled us to followed the development of clay objects since their first appearance in the PPPA period and through the various stages of the Neolithic period: PPNA (9500-8700 BC), early PPNB (8700-8200 BC) and middle PPNB (8200-7500 BC). The geographical area considered for this research was limited to the Levant.The questions posed in this research are based first on the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the typology of these clay objects and their distribution at the sites in the region. Secondly, we also focused on production technique.After a detailed analysis of the whole corpus, the clay objects were grouped in several categories according to their type of representation: human figures, animal figures, “other objects” and small clay vessels.In the third part of the thesis we analysed and compared the development of the objects by period and by category
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Osei, Robert Darko. "Essays on aid, trade and growth in Ghana." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366418.
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Takahashi, Chie. "Aid partnerships and learning : UK and Japanese projects in Ghana." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3032/.
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International technical assistance today supports pro-poor intervention managed and implemented by a number of organisations working in partnership together located in several countries. They may include funding organisations, governments, non-governmental organisations and community groups. This thesis explores the meaning of aid sector partnership and some of the ways in which they work to support community development in Africa. The study is of the ways in which partners interact and learn from each other, the contextual issues that influence the process and the implication of this for what is achieved. Believed to be the first of its kind, the study compares two bilaterally funded projects implemented by Ghanaian NGO counterparts. The British Department for International Development (DFID) financed an adult literacy project in the North, while Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) supported a maternal and child health care project in the East of Ghana. The study examines the quality of relations between partners in the two projects and then the ways in which these are informed by incidental learning experiences. A fieldwork was conducted in Ghana, UK and Japan. Data are largely narrative derived from in-depth interviews with more than 100 informants. Critical incident analysis is employed as the main interpretative strategy. The thesis conceptualises instances of inter-organisational learning (TOL) in terms of theories of principals and agents, prisoners' dilemmas and women's place in community development. It shows (i) that IOL can be used to maintain and modify relations of control and dominance in partnership hierarchies, and (ii) that IOL serves as a by-product of horizontal relationships and be increased or reduced in the competition between partners for resources and identity. The influential role of individuals, beyond the boundaries of organisations is stressed through social networks and trust-based relations, as are instances of resistance to learning as a consequences of personal conflict. However, structural constraints in the aid system, as demonstrated by asymmetric access to resources, expertise, knowledge, status and networks, ultimately determine the quality of funding management schemes and an environment that stimulates mutual individual learning, which is advantageous circumstances may lead to organisational learning and inter-organisational learning.
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Rafindadi, Aliyu Sanusi. "Aid, reform and exchange rate management in Ghana : 1983-2005." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531723.
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Owusu, Mama Bema. "Aid for basic education development in Ghana : the recipients' experience." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8661/.
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Development agencies have been sending educational aid to Ghana for more than three decades, their declared purpose being to support the country’s educational development. Despite the aid and development agencies’ own literature indicating the aid is promoting education development, there has been little research exploring the aid’s actual outcomes as experienced in country by recipients. This dissertation therefore sought to explore experiences of Ghanaian educational aid recipients: teachers, head teachers, district, and national education managers, focusing on whether and how educational aid has contributed to or hindered educational development. Using an interpretive approach, the participants’ perceptions of their experiences of aid were sought. The interviewing method was used to collect data as it gave the opportunity to hear from the recipients’ individually. 13 participants were interviewed from the Ministry of Education, the Ghana Education Service, two primary schools and a District Education Office. King’s (2007) template analysis strategy was used to identify important themes in the recipients’ accounts of experiences, and the themes interpreted to arrive at findings. Six major findings were identified, the most significant being that the outcomes of aid are mixed – having both positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts include increased funding and learning experiences, whilst the negatives include aid conditionality. The other findings are that aid may be funding non-priority items; an urgent need to improve the delivery of aid; measuring the outcomes of aid is a challenge; there are tensions around the appropriateness of aid; and, aid not being the first option for recipients to seek assistance. Implications of these findings for practice include recommendations to: decentralise needs assessment for aid processes from the national authorities to include a cross section of regional, district and school staff in consultations; development agencies to allow recipients to decide what and how funds are used to meet local educational needs; the recipient nation to develop a standardized evaluation framework that can generate necessary data to report aid results; the need for the national government to incrementally wean the country off aid by pursuing alternative sources of funding; and in the short term, the need for development agencies to provide sustainable aid if the need arises. The concluding observation is the urgent need to recognise that aid can be improved for the betterment of those who it is intended to benefit.
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Arku, Raphael E. "Poverty, Energy Use, Air Pollution and Health in Ghana: A Spatial Analysis." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16121156.
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Some of the major themes that characterize the relationship between the environment and population health in the developing world today include poverty, household access to clean cooking fuel, air pollution, sanitation, and infant/child and maternal health. My dissertation research incorporates some of these themes at the interface of community and household energy in the context of economic development in Ghana. Specifically, my dissertation focuses on features of household energy and poverty in both rural and urban areas, as well as air pollution, and child and maternal health in growing urban areas in what is a data and resource-poor setting of Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).
Child mortality is declining in most countries. Very few studies have measured child mortality at fine spatial resolutions, which is relevant for assessing community determinants and interventions. The first paper evaluates subnational inequalities in child mortality and its social and environmental determinants in Ghana by applying Bayesian spatial model to Ghana’s 2000 and 2010 National Population and Housing Censuses in 2000 and 2010. The census data were also used to estimate the distributions of households or persons in each of Ghana’s 110 districts for fuel used for cooking, sanitation facility, drinking water source, and maternal and paternal educations. Median district 5q0 declined from 99 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 70 in 2010. The decline ranged between <5% in some northern districts, where under-five mortality had been higher in 2000, to >40% in southern districts, where it had been lower in 2000, leading to higher inequalities. Primary education increased in men and women and more households had access to improved water and sanitation and cleaner cooking fuels over the same period. Higher use of liquefied petroleum gas for cooking was associated with lower 5q0 in multivariate analysis. Associations for the other social and environmental variables were not consistent or were weak in the different analyses although there were indications of beneficial effects from replacing wood with charcoal or kerosene, from improved sanitation (but not water), and from higher share of mothers and fathers with primary education.
The second paper examines personal particulate matter exposures and locations of 56 students from eight schools in four neighborhoods in of varying socioeconomic status in Accra, Ghana, using gravimetric and continuous PM2.5 data, with time-matched global positioning system coordinates. Personal PM2.5 exposures ranged from less than 10 μg/m3 to more than 150 μg/m3 (mean 56 μg/m3). Girls had higher exposure than boys (67 vs. 44 μg/m3; p-value = 0.001). Exposure was inversely associated with distance of home or school to main roads, but the associations were not statistically significant in the multivariate model. Use of biomass fuels in the area where the school was located was also associated with higher exposure, as was household’s own biomass use. Paved schoolyard surface was associated with lower exposure. School locations in relation to major roads, materials of school ground surfaces, and biomass use in the area around schools may be important determinants of air pollution exposure.
The third paper assesses the feasibility of using hospital administrative records for understanding air pollution health effects on pregnancy outcomes in Accra. This evaluation addresses whether: (i) the available health administrative data can be used to assess PM pollution-related adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular birth weight; (ii) the health administrative structure and data can be used in the design of follow-up studies in such settings; (iii) the number of births that occur in the city would provide a large enough sample size; and (iv) birth weight distribution in such complex source-pollution environments varies substantially across neighhorhoods. There are six health districts in the Accra metropolis. In addition to other government and private facilities, each district is served by a Government polyclinic, where maternal and child health records in the district are collated. Neonatal and maternal health records, including anthropometric and demographic information are primarily kept by the individual women in cards provided by the Ghana Health Services. There are an estimated 10,000 births annually in each district. The average birth weight across selected facilities was 3,167±458 g, with individual birth weights ranging from 1,200 g to 6,000 g. Mean birth weight was similar across polyclinics. More than 95% of expectant mothers received at least 4 antenatal care visits at a health facility. Child immunization for the full range of vaccines covers over 80% of children born in the metropolis. A retrospective study of the association of air pollution exposure and birth weight in Accra through the use of hospital administrative records is feasible provided mothers are targeted through the public health units, which is responsible for child immunization.Environmental Health
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Aidoo, Richard. "China-Ghana Engagement:An Alternative Economic Liberalization in SubSaharan Africa." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1279069734.
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Mmbando, Charles Joseph. "Toward the realistions of the right of access to justice: a comparative analysis of the legal aid schemes in Tanzania and Ghana." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8098.
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This study focuses on the right of access to justice and the factors that limit the realisation of the right. It also examines the concept of legal aid, its importance and then discusses the legal aid schemes that have been developed in Tanzania and Ghana and how they promote the right of access to justice. The author also compares the legal aid schemes of Tanzania and Ghana and how the legal aid schemes could be improved to further promote the right of access to justiceThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Owusu-Bi, Akwasi. "A study of the implementation of foreign aid projects in two districts in Ghana." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499877.
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Cheng, Zhangxi. ""Friendship" in China's foreign aid to Africa : case studies from Ghana and Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12007.
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Following the dramatic takeoff of contemporary China-Africa relationship in the late 1990s, this once neglected international phenomenon has become one of the most topical themes over the past decade. This new popularity is due not only to the growing importance of both China and Africa on the global stage, but also China's rapidly increasing foreign aid on the continent. However, whilst most scholars are focusing on the financial side of the story – the massive concessional loan deals, the generous investments in natural resources and so forth, the primary purpose of this foreign aid – assisting African recipient countries' economic and welfare development – has only generated minimal interest. Little is known regarding how China delivers its foreign aid, and even less about how this foreign aid actually works in the African recipient countries. In light of this situation, this study asks: How has China's foreign aid been assisting Africa's development? On the basis of drawing specific attention to the effectiveness and sustainability of China's foreign aid in Africa, this study also explores the factors that affect these outcomes. Which, as this study finds out in the end, friendship – a factor that is often overlooked by Western scholars and patriotically examined by Chinese scholars. Not only has it continuously played a substantial role in shaping the development of China's foreign aid in Africa, but it is also frequently the most influential underlying consideration that practically undermines China's foreign aid outcomes. All in all, whilst purposed to promote China's foreign aid outcomes, this study improves our understanding of China's foreign aid in Africa. As well it delves into the development of China's foreign aid in Africa, assesses its performance, this study finds the shortcomings of China's foreign aid at present and searches for practical solutions that may contribute to its future development.
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Chipaike, Ronald. "Chinese aid and African agency since 2000: examining the cases of Zimbabwe, Angola and Ghana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59151.
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Suweon, Kim. "The political economy of aid-oriented foreign policy change: elite perspectives on mercantilism in Korea and Ghana." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4021.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe thesis examines how elite perspectives on foreign aid affect the subsequent path of aid dependence. The focus is on aid-seeking foreign policy change. Two foreign policy change cases are examined for the study, which took place in Korea under Park Chung-hee and in Ghana under Rawlings through a lens of comparative historical analysis. The thesis aims to make two original contributions to knowledge. First, it explains recipient foreign policy using two different forms of mercantilism, and second, it reveals the dependent path created by the mercantilist oriented elite. Mercantilism in the thesis is used as dual-frameworked concept. First, it is a lens to see state behaviour. Despite the fact that mercantilism has been mainly used to explain a donor‘s behaviour, it can elucidate that of an aid-recipient state when the aid-seeking country is in dire need of the foreign aid for the survival of the state. The thesis applies mercantilism to explain aid-receiving countries‘behaviour. Second, more importantly, mercantilism also explains elite perspectives. The elite in aid receiving countries search for foreign aid not only for the wealth and power of their state, but also for the prosperity and survival of themselves. Mercantilism is used as an ostensible principle in practicing the private search for advantages of the elite. The thesis uses the dual-mercantilism idea to examine aid-seeking foreign policy in Korea and Ghana. In Korea, the elite saw the key to their survival in industrialising the nation, and their search for foreign aid took place based on that raison d’être. In Ghana, on the other hand, the elite found the way to their survival and prosperity in acquiring more foreign aid and the aid per se became the ultimate goal. The thesis finds industrial mercantilism a useful framework to understand the elite perspective in Korea
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Marston, Jasmin [Verfasser], Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Glaser, and Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] Freytag. "Aid and agriculture : : a constructivist approach to a political economy analysis of sustainable agriculture in Ghana." Freiburg : Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/116284017X/34.
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Tsopanakis, Georgios. "Different aid paradigm or familiar pattern? : a critical study of two technical cooperation projects of JICA in Ghana." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/different-aid-paradigm-or-familiar-pattern-acritical-study-of-two-technical-cooperationprojects-of-jica-in-ghana(ba9fa145-aaa2-4b47-91dd-32e03952e4b7).html.
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Development aid has long been a major policy tool of the discourse and policy practiceof bilateral and multilateral donors alike. Originally used for servicing the reconstructionof post-war economies and the wider geo-political aspirations of the period, moderndevelopment aid was quickly transformed to an ever-growing industry which hasexpanded to the most remote locations of the globe. Large countries and internationalorganisations swiftly set up a variety of specialised agencies, institutes and researchcentres in order to promote their aid programmes and projects to the poor countries ofthe South. The persistent failure of the development industry to achieve substantialresults in the poorest regions of the world has meant that discourse and priority areashave been redirected multiple times according to the trends of every period. However, itis not clear how far development practice actually alters in correspondence with changesin aid discourse. This dissertation provides an empirical study of the relationshipbetween the two in the context of the move to bottom-up 'partnership' discourse andJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) development practise in Ghana. During the last ten years Ghana has geared its development policies towards achievingthe Millennium Development Goals and entering the group of countries classified ashaving (lower) middle-income status. Major donor agencies like JICA have gathered inthe country to provide their 'expertise' and to 'assist' Ghana in reaching the targets ofthe Millennium Declaration. Drawing from two JICA case studies of TechnicalCooperation for Capacity Development in Ghana in health and education this thesissheds light on the differences between JICA's aid rhetoric and practice. This studyargues that despite JICA's aid discourse for a 'demand-driven', 'relevant' and'participatory' aid understanding, its implementation practice contradicts the substantivenormative meanings of these terms and is instead reticent of the past orthodox and 'topdown'aid practices of big donor countries and organisations.
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Jacobson, Nike. "The journalistic aim in Ghana : A qualitative study of Ghanaian journalists’ desire to be the voice of the voiceless and how media owners affect the journalistic work." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-5768.
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The bachelor thesis ‘The journalistic aim in Ghana” is a study of what aims Ghanaian journalists have with their work. Furthermore it explores if the professional identity of journalists differ depending on if they work for state or privately owned newspapers. The bachelor thesis also looks at how Ghanaian journalists use ethics in their work and how media laws have affected journalism in Ghana. In total 20 interviews have been made of which 10 are presented. The result of the bachelor thesis shows that the journalists interviewed all expressed an urge to help develop the country of Ghana and to speak for the people who are marginalized in the country. This study shows that the aims of the journalists are the same, no matter whom they work for and that the workplace is chosen for other reasons such as job security. The journalist say media laws did not affect them, but they were careful in their reporting. The study also reveals that the state media sometimes becomes the mouthpiece of the government and that journalists working for privately owned newspapers have greater liberties to choose what to write about.
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Mensa-Bonsu, Queenstar. "A Mixed Method Meta-Evaluation of a Usaid Project in Sub-Saharan Afirca: Case of Ghana." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1624583321481425.
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Mensa-Bonsu, Queenstar. "A Mixed Method Meta-Evaluation of a Usaid Project in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case of Ghana." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1624583321481425.
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VanCalcar, Jenny E. (Jenny Elizabeth). "Collection and representation of GIS data to aid household water treatment and safe storage technology implementation in the northern region of Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34583.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-51).
In 2005, a start-up social business called Pure Home Water (PHW) was begun in Ghana to promote and sell household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) technologies. The original aim of the company was to offer a variety of products, allowing customers to choose the technology which best fit their individual needs. This differed from the typical implementation of HWTS promoters to date, in which an organization often distributes a single technology for the population to use. Instead, Pure Home Water wanted to give users a choice. PHW is also unique because they are attempting to sell their products without any subsidy. The goal is to create a sustainable business that will both bring better quality water to the population and be financially self-supporting. Because the company is new, a need existed to gather data on the demographic, health, and water and sanitation infrastructure within the region. Due to the geographic nature of the project, it was decided that a Geographic Information System (GIS) would be the best tool to store, analyze and represent the data.
(cont.) The system could be used to help plan relevant business strategies, and maps could be created to visually communicate important information among the Pure Home Water team and other interested parties. The final database did achieve the goal of collecting and bringing together important regional information in a form hopefully useful to PHW, future MIT teams and others. However, the use of the database for long-term planning is currently too advanced for the small company.
by Jenny E. VanCalcar.
M.Eng.
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Söderberg, Frida. "Volunteer that makes a difference or difference that makes a volunteer? : A study on the apprehension of roles and functions of European volunteers in Ghana." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3908.
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Westerners have for centuries been present in Africa with different motives. The most recent phenomenon is young volunteers that, instead of being tourists in a normal sense, go to the continent to work within organizations as for example teachers. This study, where the empirical material is based on qualitative interviews done with twelve European volunteers during a minor field study in Ghana, aims to examine what apprehension the volunteers have of their role and function. To create an understanding for the purpose, questions on the meaning of the concept of volunteering, motives and outcomes of the volunteering experience as well as the view of westerners and Ghanaians have been asked. In the light of postcolonialism and volunteer tourism, the study shows a number of factors that explains motives and the understanding of the concept, with a focus on the learning and growth of the volunteer. The outcome circles around knowledge on development issues and aid work as well as being able to have an impact on Ghanaians and development in Ghana. The volunteers also show revulsion from other westerners (that want to “help” and have a “colonial” behavior) and Ghanaians, but at the same time they prefer to spend time with westerners. The volunteers’ apprehension of their role and function is found to be bipartite; expressed is that they are in Ghana to experience and to learn, but understood is also that they see it as their task to spread their view of life, help the locals and contribute to development. A possible explanation to this contradiction might be that the volunteers, grown up in a time where they have been taught “how they should think” about “Us” and “Them”, distance themselves from everything that disaffirm their belief. However, at the same time they are deeply influenced by the western society’s way of focusing on differences between people, differences with signatures such as “developed” and “underdeveloped”. It creates a complexity of knowing something but not being able to live by it.Med en historisk tillbakablick ser man att västerlänningar länge och med olika motiv har varit närvarande i Afrika. De senaste i raden är unga volontärer som, istället för att vara turist i vanlig bemärkelse, åker till kontinenten för att arbeta inom organisationer som till exempel lärare. Denna studie, vars empiriska material bygger på en fältstudie i Ghana där kvalitativa intervjuer gjorts med tolv europeiska volontärer, syftar till att undersöka vilken förståelse volontärerna har av sin roll och funktion. För att skapa en idé kring syftet har frågor kring volontärkonceptets betydelse, motiv och effekter av volontärupplevelsen samt synen på västerlänningar och ghaneser ställts. I ljuset av postkolonialism och volontär turism visar studien på ett antal faktorer som förklarar motiv och volontärkonceptets betydelse, med fokus kring vikten av volontärens läroprocess och mognad. Effekterna handlar om kunskap kring utvecklingsfrågor och biståndsarbete samt en upplevelse av att kunna påverka ghaneser och utvecklingen i Ghana. De visar också på avståndstagande från både västerlänningar (som vill ”hjälpa” och har ”kolonialt” beteende) och ghaneser, samtidigt som de helst umgås med de förra. Volontärernas förståelse av sin roll och funktion upplevs tvådelad; uttryckt förstås den som någon som är i Ghana för att uppleva och lära sig, men det utläses också att de ser som sin uppgift att sprida sin livssyn, hjälpa lokalbefolkningen och medverka till utveckling. En möjlig förklaring till denna motsägelsefullhet kan vara att volontärerna, uppväxta i en tid där de lärt sig ”hur de ska tänka” om ”Vi” och ”Dem”, tar avstånd från allt som motsäger den synen men samtidigt är de också djupt påverkade av det västerländska samhällets fokus på skillnader mellan folk, skillnader med förtecken så som ”utvecklade” och ”underutvecklade”. Det skapar en komplexitet av att vara medveten om något men inte kunna leva efter det.
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Amegah, A. K. (Adeladza Kofi). "Household fuel and garbage combustion, street vending activities and adverse pregnancy outcomes:evidence from urban Ghana." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526205793.
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Abstract Air pollution is a major concern in urban areas of developing countries as a result of industrial expansion and increased vehicular ownership, and in most households due to solid fuel use and garbage burning at home. Urban poverty is also widespread in developing countries, and besides perpetuating household air pollution (HAP), it has also meant hazardous occupational choices such as street vending by the urban poor. The epidemiologic evidence linking HAP exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes is very limited. Research on the health effects of street vending is also scarce with its relationship with fetal growth still unexplored in spite of women dominating this venture. This project assessed the effects of HAP practices and ambient air pollution exposure on fetal growth and gestational duration, and elaborated the role of environmental exposures in the influence of socioeconomic deprivation on pregnancy endpoints. The project comprised an epidemiologic study, and a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of evidence. A cross-sectional study of 1,151 mothers-infant pairs accessing postnatal services at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra (n = 592), and the four main health facilities in Cape Coast (n = 559) was conducted. Information on socioeconomic characteristics and activity patterns of mothers, and characteristics of the indoor and outdoor environment were collected in a structured questionnaire. Birth weight and gestational age was retrieved from hospital records. PUBMED, Ovid MEDLINE, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases were searched for studies investigating HAP exposure and pregnancy outcomes for the review. Multivariate modeling adjusting for confounders resulted in a 243g (95% CI: 496, 11) reduction in birth weight and 41% (risk ratio [RR] = 1.41; 95% CI: 0.62, 3.23) increased risk of low birth weight (LBW) for use of charcoal. Garbage burning was associated with a 195% (RR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.10, 7.92) increased risk of LBW. The meta-analysis indicated an 86.43g (95% CI: 55.49, 117.37) reduction in birth weight and a 35% (summary-effect estimate [EE] = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.48) increased risk of LBW for solid fuel use. Increased risk of other pregnancy endpoints with use of solid fuels was also noted in the meta-analysis. Moderate street vending activity and high traffic density in the vending area jointly resulted in 84% (RR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.24) and 29% (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.68, 2.46) increased risk of LBW and preterm birth, respectively. Evidence of the effects of maternal socioeconomic disadvantage on pregnancy outcomes was noted, with HAP especially substantially mediating the observed effects. Interventions for mitigating the effects of solid fuel use on health call for eliminating barriers to the adoption of cleaner fuels and educating women about behavioral changes required to minimize exposure. Government should also extend their social safety net programs to pregnant women engaged in hazardous occupations to enable them give up or minimize the number of hours in the workTiivistelmä Ilmansaasteet ovat merkittävä huolenaihe kehitysmaiden urbaaneilla alueilla teollisuuden ja ajoneuvoliikenteen lisäännyttyä sekä useimmissa kodeissa biomassan, hiilen ja jätteiden polttamisen takia. Urbaani köyhyys on kehitysmaissa laajamittaista, ja sisäilman saasteongelmien pahentamisen lisäksi se johtaa vaarallisiin ammatinvalintoihin, kuten kadulla tapahtuvaan myyntityöhön. sisäilman saasteiden ja sikiön kehityshäiriöiden välisistä yhteyksistä on kuitenkin vain vähän epidemiologisia todisteita. Katumyynnin terveysvaikutuksia on tutkittu hyvin vähän, eikä sen yhteyttä sikiön kasvuun ole tutkittu, vaikka naiset ovat vahvasti edustettuna kyseisellä alalla. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkasteltiin sisäilman saasteiden ja ympäristön ilmansaasteiden vaikutuksia sikiön kasvuun ja raskauden kestoon sekä tutkittiin ympäristöaltisteiden roolia sosioekonomisen vähäosaisuuden vaikutuksessa sikiön kehityshäiriöihin. Väitöskirja koostuu epidemiologisesta tutkimuksesta sekä määrällisestä ja laadullisesta aineiston yhdistelemisestä. Poikittaistutkimukseen osallistui 1151 äiti-vauvaparia, jotka olivat käyneet synnytyksen jälkeen neuvolassa Korle Bu -opetussairaalassa Accrassa (n=592) tai jossain Cape Coastin neljästä pääsairaalasta (n=559). Kyselyllä kerättiin tietoa äitien sosioekonomisesta asemasta ja liikkuvuudesta sekä sisä- ja ulkoympäristön ominaisuuksista. Vauvojen syntymäpainot ja syntymähetken raskausviikot selvitettiin sairaaloiden rekistereistä. Sisäilman saasteille altistumista ja sikiön kehityshäiriöitä tarkastelevia tutkimuksia etsittiin katsausta varten PUBMED-, Ovid MEDLINE-, SCOPUS- ja CINAHL-tietokannoista. Monimuuttujamallissa, jossa sekoittavat tekijät oli huomioitu, puuhiilen käyttö pienensi syntymäpainoa 243 grammaa (95 % luottamusväli: 496-11) ja lisäsi alhaisen syntymäpainon riskiä 41 % (riskisuhde [RR]=1.41; 95 % luottamusväli: 0.62-3.23). Roskien polttoon liittyi 195 % (RR=2.95; 95 % CI: 1.10-7.92) suurentunut alhaisen syntymäpainon riski. Meta-analyysissä biomassan ja hiilen poltto alensi syntymäpainoa 86.43 grammaa (95 % luottamusväli: 55.49-117.37) ja lisäsi alhaisen syntymäpainon riskiä 35 % (meta-analyysin riskisuhde =1.35; 95 % luottamusväli: 1.23-1.48). Meta-analyysissä havaittiin myös muita biomassan ja hiilen polttoon liittyviä kohonneita kehityshäiriöiden riskejä. Kohtalainen katumyyntiaktiivisuus ja korkea liikennetiheys myyntialueella yhdessä lisäsivät matalan syntymäpainon riskiä 84 % (RR=1.84; 95 % luottamusväli: 1.05-3.24) ja ennenaikaisen syntymän riskiä 29 % (RR=1.29; 95 % luottamusväli 0.68-2.46). Tutkimuksessa todettiin äidin matalan sosioekonomisen aseman vaikutus sikiön terveyteen ja havaittiin, että sisäilman saasteiden rooli havaittujen vaikutusten välittäjänä on merkittävä. Biomassan ja hiilen polttamisesta aiheutuvien terveysuhkien ehkäisemiseksi puhtaampien polttoaineiden käyttöä tulisi edistää ja naisia tulisi valistaa siitä, kuinka ilmansaasteille altistumista voi vähentää. Hallituksen tulisi sosiaalitukien avulla mahdollistaa vaarallisissa ammateissa työskentelevien, raskaana olevien naisten työajan minimointi
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DARKO, PHIDELIA. "EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VS. THE NEW SECURITY AGENDA : A CASE STUDY ON GHANA." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23826.
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Development issues have been the centre of most international governmental organisations for quite a long time. Most developing countries tend to depend on Western foreign donors to assist them in their developmental ambitions. Ghana as a developing nation also depends on it foreign donors to finance most of it developmental projects. Even though the European Union is an international governmental organisation that is much known for assisting developing countries with their developmental projects it is anticipated that recent occurrence such as the global economic meltdown, climate change coupled with terrorist attacks on most developed nations will limit or perhaps even halt the flow of development aid to developing countries as they might be more concerned with securing their territory rather than thinking of other people somewhere else.This is because such occurrences have resulted in raising a new concern, thus the New Security Agenda or Human Security. The Human Security in respect to its economic sector is what this paper deals with. This paper takes a critical look on Ghana’s Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (GPRS), as pertaining to the aspect of these papers that received developmental aid from the European Development Fund (EDF). It is proved here that almost all aspect of Ghana’s developmental projects in one way or other received funding from the EDF. The New Security Agenda in terms of its economic sector was rather found out to be a positive influence for developing nations like Ghana as a result of the country’s stability. This is because it was found out that rather than limiting the flow of development aid to Ghana, it is during this time that the 10th EDF budget for Ghana received the highest funding. It was later found out that all these developmental projects conforms to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is also an area of concern in the New Security Agenda. All this occurrences are much more explained along a theoretical framework (thus the notions of liberalism, critical theory and constructivism). However other academic works on the subject matter was also comprehensively acknowledged.
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Chebere, Margaret. "An evaluation of Human Resources managerial effectiveness of the public health sector of Ghana." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-evaluation-of-human-resources-managerial-effectiveness-of-the-public-health-sector-of-ghana(1b1e6d47-af08-4881-a79b-26946445d8e5).html.
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The objective of this research is to evaluate Human Resources managerial/development effectiveness (HRM/DE) of frontline managers from the perspectives of managers themselves and stakeholders in the public health sector (PHS) of Ghana. The study did this through the development of a conceptual framework which combined the use of integrated organisational and management theoretical perspectives and contextual variables. The study employed the mixed methods research methodology which combined both empiricism and post post-positivists' views with critical realism as the underpinning philosophy. A total of 18 district directors of health, from two regions were purposively sampled and interviewed utilising an in-depth open ended questionnaire through the discussion. Additionally, key policy makers were interviewed and focus group discussions held and a structured questionnaire completed by another group of employees, who assessed managers' capabilities. Discourse analysis was used for the analysis with the aid of Nvivo 7 for the qualitative material whilst quantitative data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. Findings were triangulated using Marquart and Zercher's (2000) cross-over track analysis framework. Findings show research questions were answered. Majority of district directors lack managerial competencies; are less interested in HRM/D activities, less confident of their human resource skills and less sure of the political and representational skills required of managers. In particular, it is necessary to take account of the political structure of the PHS of Ghana; significant differences exist in power, individual or group interests, values, assumptions and expectations. However, most district directors have tried to indigenise HRM/D practices as a way of motivating and retaining staff. Core Human resources managerial competencies from the perspectives of the three sampled groups have been compiled. It is the first time such a study has been conducted in the PHS of Ghana and which has therefore made inroads in the existing literature and has contributed to HRM/D literature information in Africa particularly Ghana. It also paves the way for understanding management in the African context and perspective and specifically in health care settings. This study has gone beyond the two groups of respondents and proved that the use of multiple respondents generates rich findings and unveiled what would normally have not been possible if single respondents were used.
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Opoku-Okrah, Clement. "An investigation of the protective effect of alpha+-thalassaemia against severe Plasmodium falciparum amongst children in Kumasi, Ghana." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2012. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/8z421/an-investigation-of-the-protective-effect-of-alpha-thalassaemia-against-severe-plasmodium-falciparum-amongst-children-in-kumasi-ghana.
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Background: The alpha+-thalassaemias are the most common monogenic disorders of humans, characterised by microcytic and hypochromic anaemia. Their high frequency reflects selective advantage against death from Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The most common type of alpha+- thalassaemia amongst people of African descent is the -α3.7 deletional type and affects 26-33% of Ghanaians. Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major cause of mortality amongst children in sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike HbAS, HbAC and G6PD deficiency there remains debate about whether alpha+- thalassaemia protects against malaria and the mechanism for the protection. Methods: 1672 children of ≤10 years were recruited and individuals with G6PD deficiency, HbAC and Hb AS reported to protect against malaria were excluded. 732 children with Plasmodium falciparum were tested for Hb, RBC, MCV, MCH and parasite density. The subjects were then categorised into normocytic and microcytic using a cut off MCV value of 76fL and normochromic and hypochromic using a cut off MCH value of 25 pg. Microcytic hypochromic individuals were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction for the -α3.7 deletional thalassaemia mutation. Results: The frequency of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the studied population was 54.1%. There was a frequency of 21.0% for the heterozygous (-α/αα) and 8.3% for the homozygous (-α/-α) alpha+-thalassaemia, resulting in a carriage rate (α/αα & -α/-α) of 29.3%. Among the microcytic patients, geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) values were lower in the presence of an alpha+- thalassaemia genotype (-α/αα GMPD 9015, n=126 and -α/-α GMPD 6852, n=49) compared to normal genotype (αα/αα GMPD 51794, n=358) (p<0.001). Severe malaria (GMPD ≥100000/μL) was less prevalent in microcytic patients with an alpha+-thalassaemia genotype (-α/αα 11.9% and -α/-α 16.3%) than either normocytic patients or microcytic patients with a normal genotype (32.9% and 53.6% respectively) (p<0.03). GMPD values were lower in hypochromic alpha+-thalassaemia genotypes (-α/αα GMPD 1728, n=44 and -α/-α GMPD 7160, n=23) compared to normal genotype (αα/αα GMPD 48997, n=141) (p<0.001), and individuals with Hb > 5 g/dL had lower GMPD compared to the severely anaemic (Hb ≤ 5 g/dL) (p<0.001). The differences in severe Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia as well as the GMPD between children ≤ 60 and > 60 months for both the homozygous and heterozygous alpha+-thalassaemia were not significant at p=0.399 and p=0.207 respectively. Conclusion: The severity of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia measured, as either GMPD or prevalence of severe parasitaemia was significantly lower in both the -α/αα and -α/-α- groups compared to microcytic individuals with normal genotype. Even though GMPD differed significantly amongst all alpha+-thalassemia genotypes, it was not driven by hypochromasia. Among the homozygous and heterozygous alpha+-thalassaemias, children with severe anaemia had a significantly high GMPD than their counterparts who were not severely anaemic making them more susceptible to severe malaria anaemia. No loss of protection was seen in children younger or older than 60 months and therefore the protective effect from severe malaria might not wane with age. The mechanism of protection from severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria is not clear, however the influence of microcytosis and hypochromasia on parasite density requires more research.
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Clarke, Jemima. "The everyday lived experiences of faith and development : an ethnographic study of the Christian faith community in Ayigya, Ghana." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-everyday-lived-experiences-of-faith-and-development-an-ethnographic-study-of-the-christian-faith-community-in-ayigya-ghana(6fffa0e5-3880-43eb-b99c-9052fd015ff7).html.
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After decades of marginalisation, there is a resounding assertion that 'faith matters' in development. A growing body of evidence suggests that religion promotes developmental values of social justice, equity, and compassion for the poor, it shapes people's identities and is an important source of welfare provision. Nevertheless, studies on faith and development have been restricted to the instrumental approach; a developmentalised version of religion which biases faith based organisations and other formalised organisations that conform to the mainstream development agenda. This thesis departs from the instrumentalisation of faith to a lived religion approach and sees development as 'inherent' in what religions do. It explores how a Christian faith community (CFC) in Ayigya, Ghana lives and experiences its faith in the everyday. It considers how these experiences shape and construct both the wellbeing aspirations and achievements of the CFC. The research adopts an ethnographic methodology to investigate the wellbeing experiences of the CFC. This consisted of the profiling of the CFC, qualitative interviewing (in-depth, semi structured, conversational and focus group discussions), participant observation and faith dairies. This study finds that the CFC offers a rich associational life for its members; one that constructs what wellbeing is and one that contributes significantly to how wellbeing is achieved. As such, for many the CFC has replaced the role of the state in social service delivery and welfare provision. The CFC provides a compelling wellbeing narrative that is congruent with both traditional norms and values and modern neoliberal discourses, that shapes the wellbeing aspirations of its members. The CFC also supplies its members with a social and spiritual capital, but most pertinently a divine agency to translate these wellbeing aspirations into achievements. This study contributes to the alternative development literature; it proposes that a lived religion and multidimensional subjective wellbeing approach is well suited to understanding the complex processes involved in the wellbeing narratives of faith communities in the global South.
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Berg, Annika. "Den gränslösa hälsan : Signe och Axel Höjer, folkhälsan och expertisen." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-100140.
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This dissertation investigates the mutual life project of Signe (1896-1988) and Axel Höjer (1890-1974), a married couple who were key actors in the construction of the Swedish welfare state. It emphasises the ways in which they went about asserting a special public health expertise in different contexts. As starting points I take the malleability of the concept folkhälsa (people’s health or population health) and the centrality of expertise in the governance of modern societies. Theoretical concepts such as gender, policy transfer, biopower and governmentality are central to the analysis. The dissertation includes three parts. The first part investigates how the Höjers agreed to coordinate their work and how they, with reference to ideas picked up in France and England at the end of World War I, attempted to reform mother and child health care in Sweden. Their strategies where rhetorical but also practical, using Hagalund outside Stockholm as their experimental ground. The second part investigates, firstly, how Axel Höjer, as General-Director of the Medical Board of Sweden (1935-52) asserted a sociomedical expertise, integrating the emerging social sciences and universalist views on the organisation of the welfare state into the realm of medicine, in order to launch ideas of a thorough reorganisation and expansion of the Swedish health care system. His focus was on preventive medicine and health care, with the complete physical, mental and social health of the whole population as an explicit goal. Secondly, it explores how Signe Höjer at the same time tried to launch ideas on health and wellbeing as a social politician and a public committee member. She also tried to define family policy as a specific policy area. However, despite her training as a nurse and a social worker, she was largely confined to asserting a particularly ”female” expertise, which made her position rather ambiguous in terms of authority. The third part investigates how the Höjers, in the 1950s and 60s, worked with international health, Axel mainly for the WHO in India and Ghana, Signe as a policy entrepreneur, primarily in the fields of childcare and family planning. My findings partly confirm theories that see development aid as an extension of domestic social policy, but they challenge the view of aid as a simple one-way process. I demonstrate how the Höjers at least tried to adapt their projects abroad to meet local circumstances, and also show how they brought lessons from the third world to a domestic public. In the latter case they did not primarily act as experts of Swedish-style social policy, but as experts on the developing countries and on development aid.
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Torto, Eric Obodai. "Securing the Northern Region of Ghana? Development Aid and Security Interventions." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8092.
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This dissertation offers a perspective through which we can explore the processes of joint development and security interventions in conflict-prone regions. In employing the experiences of the Northern Region of Ghana as my case study, this thesis examines the ways that the rationales of both development and security interventions are articulated in the field of practice. The central argument of the thesis is that most analyses of aid interventions, particularly those stemming from mainstream development literature, rarely interrogate the underlying rationales and assumptions behind the ideas, strategies and discourses employed in aid intervention. Notably, these rationales and assumptions tend to reduce the complexity of development and security challenges, and, as an end result, facilitate the implementation of technical solutions. The translation of development and security discourses and strategies into programmable practices as they encounter a local population is characterized by complex processes. Following the central argument of the thesis, the key research question interrogates the way that the rationales behind development aid and security interventions have been articulated in conflict- prone Northern Region and how they have been received by the local population. With the overarching aim of understanding the complexities associated with the joint articulation of development and security programmes, this study provides a unique and critical analysis of international development and security practices. The study also provides deeper understanding of the broad socio-economic and political contexts for the delivery of aid interventions. I scrutinize the rationales behind these interventions through the critical examination of colonial practices and three contemporary interventions: 1) Region-wide interventions, 2) the UN Human Security Program, and 3) Post-liberal interventions used as a panacea to prevailing implementation challenges. Based on the analysis of archival documents, alongside policy, program, and interview documents, my study reveals the ways that the development-security nexus perpetrates liberal practices in the declared conflict-prone Northern Region of Ghana. I also evaluate the way that the development-security nexus reconstitutes individuals as resilient subjects through practices of empowerment and entrepreneurialism, and demonstrates the contestations, contradictions, and colonial features that characterize interventions in the field of articulation.
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Stankovič, Tomáš. "Cost benefit analysis of energy development aid: case study of Ghana." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-249568.
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Abstract Stankovič,T. Cost benefit analysis of energy development aid: case study of Ghana. Diploma Thesis. Brno, 2015 1. Target of thesis is to analyze economic and social potential of investments into energy sector particularly renewable energy source such as photovoltaics. Is estimated that increasing consumption and its constantly increasing price will result into even more blackout and electricity shortages. Energy security and its access are vital assets in development and key source for economic and human development. Without access to this asset the development is less likely to occur in Ghana. 2. Willingness of foreign investors to invest in middle and long term horizons in territory of Africa is low due to economic crises and political instability. To increase potential to invest in energy sector in Africa and particularly Ghana it is necessary to start with development aid into sector to convince potential investors in capability and rational retail ability of such investment. Development of such projects can have positive effects on both Ghana and EU in social and economic aspects. 3. By processing this thesis by doing cost benefit analysis of aid into photovoltaic power plant as form of development aid provided by EU and contributed by Ghana. Analyze influences of incurred expenditures on economic development in economic accountable equations. 4. In analytical part of thesis use cost benefit analysis and SWOT analysis based on historical-comparative method. Sum up the results of cost benefit analysis in SWOT analysis to interpret results of this diploma thesis Key words Development aid, cost benefit analysis, inflation, net present value, cash flow profitability index, rate of return, EU, EDF, Ghana, discount rate, photovoltaic, renewable energy
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Osei-Asibey, Bernard. "The role of foreign aid on the economic development of Ghana." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-426335.
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Ghana since the 1960s has sourced foreign aid from international donors for economic growth and development. The contribution of foreign aid to Ghana’s GDP constituted about 0.002% after its introduction in the 1960s. Foreign aid rose up to US$ 1306.93 million in 2008, thereby making Ghana one of the consistent countries to receive foreign aid from international donors. The increasing rate of foreign aid in Ghana has alarmed most researchers to argue on the impact of foreign aid on the development of economic growth and stability concerning poverty mitigation in the country. The fundamental reason for the study is to assess the impact of foreign aid on the economic progress of Ghana in the areas of education, health and agricultural. The study adopted a mixed research method approach. Therefore, the data used qualitative and quantitative metrics to assess the effectiveness of foreign aid in Ghana. The study also revealed that aids come in the form of funds which are mostly diverted into the educational system, health and rural development including the agricultural sector, transport, power and housing. Nevertheless, the study found that the USA support Ghana in terms of humanitarian needs like prevention of natural disasters, crisis and related national conflict. They also include aids like provision of food, healthcare services, water, sanitation and other destructions. Furtherance, the study indicated the US provided food aid to Ghanaians especially when there is hunger in the country. Food aid primarily deals with the provision of foodstuffs and related materials to the lacking economy. With regards to food aid, recipient countries can use some of the attached materials to support the agricultural industry in the country which would ensure that productivity is enhanced and improved to achieve domestic food security as well as enhancing the performance of the agricultural sector thus promoting the competitiveness of the sector. Education is one of the fundamental elements of socio-economic development, and therefore the government must ensure that the education system is enhanced so that teaching and learning can be efficient in enabling the individual to acquire the knowledge and skills required to assist in economic development. This study has implications on the policies concerning human rights, civil liberties, education, health, corruption elimination, good governance, and ultimately sustainable economic growth. The study would also serve as an empirical review for future searchers in related fields since it gives relevant information on foreign aid and its impact on economic growth.
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Adom, Alex Yaw. "Analysis of the role of foreign donor aid in Ghana's economic development and povery alleviation." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19050.
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This study sought to analyse the role of foreign aid in poverty alleviation and economic development of Ghana from 1957 to 2008. Literature related to the study on foreign aid and economic development was reviewed to get an insight into the views of other writers on the topic under study. The study adopted both primary and secondary sources of data to examine the concept of foreign aid, poverty reduction and economic development in Ghana. The study collected data using qualitative interviews consisting of open- and close-ended questions from the field. Content analysis involving the use of existing materials by researchers and the analyses of data originally collected by others was also relied on as a complement to the primary sources in the study. The study found that donor aid is not well coordinated in Ghana because of the proliferation of donor agencies in the country. Though aid is provided to the Ghanaian economy to address poverty and economic development challenges, the study found that foreign aid did not achieve the set objectives because of poor management of donor resources. This study, therefore, recommends that the informal economy should be promoted with funding from microfinance as an alternative to donor-driven development to effectively harness the natural resources in the country for development.Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Carrión, Daniel. "Household Air Pollution in Ghana: Stove Use, Health Impacts, and Policy Options." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-18xm-h631.
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Background: Three billion individuals worldwide rely on biomass fuel (crops, dung, wood) for cooking and heating, mostly in the developing world. Incomplete combustion of these biomass fuels in inefficient cookstoves leads to high levels of household air pollution (HAP). Health conditions resulting from HAP are responsible for approximately 1.6 million premature deaths each year. Of the diseases associated with HAP exposure, lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are the leading cause of death for children under five worldwide. There is a great need to understand the etiology of HAP-associated LRIs to inform health interventions and to improve treatments. Ultimately, however, the only way to prevent the disease burden from HAP is to stop exposure. Policies and programs to promote the use of clean fuels for cooking are a pivotal prevention strategy.
Methods: All three studies draw from an established cohort in Ghana. The Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS), was a cookstove intervention trial in Kintampo, Ghana. Participants were randomized to a more efficient biomass cookstove arm, a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove arm, or the traditional cookstove arm (baseline). The principal outcome of GRAPHS was childhood pneumonia. The first chapter utilizes banked nasal swabs from GRAPHS to assess the relationship between HAP exposures and a panel of known respiratory pathogens. In the second chapter we leverage data on stove use during GRAPHS, and then follow a sub cohort 6 months prior to and 6 months after the GRAPHS termination date. We employ a novel construct, suspended use, to understand the factors associated with people stopping LPG use. The third chapter tests a new randomized intervention on a subset of the GRAPHS participants. We provide free cookstoves, and allocate participants to one of four arms: a behavior change intervention, an intervention where LPG fuel is directly delivered to their home, a dual intervention of behavior change and fuel delivery, or a control arm. We track their stove use to identify the most effective intervention on sustained use.
Results: In Chapter 1, we find that the traditional cookstove users had a higher mean number of microbial species than the LPG (LPG: 2.71, 3-stone: 3.34, p<0.0001, n = 260). This difference was driven by increased bacterial (p<0.0001) rather than viral species presence (non-significant). Adjusted exposure-response analyses, however, produced null results. Chapter 2 identifies several factors associated with reduced or suspended LPG use of intervention cookstoves, including: experience of burns, types of food made, and access to biomass fuels. Finally, in Chapter 3 results show increased use for all three intervention arms, the largest for the direct delivery arm with an increased weekly use of 4.7 minutes per week (p<0.001).
Conclusions: Transition away from traditional biomass stoves is projected to curb the health effects of HAP by mitigating exposure, but the full benefits of newer clean cookstove technologies can only be realized if use of these new stoves is absolute and sustained. This work enhances our understanding of the etiology of HAP-associated pneumonia, the drivers of clean cookstove suspension, and informs policies designed to promote clean cookstove sustained use, thus reducing the burden of disease associated with exposure. We recommend future use of the suspended use paradigm in research to inform future household energy interventions. Additionally, we encourage policymakers to incorporate health behavior change theory and approaches in cookstove intervention and promotion efforts.
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Van, Vliet Eleanne D. S. "Household Air Pollution Exposures and Respiratory Health Among Women in Rural Ghana." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8P26ZCQ.
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Approximately 3 billion people in developing countries rely on solid fuels for their cooking, heating and lighting needs (Smith 2000). Household air pollution (HAP) from the incomplete combustion of these fuels constitutes the fourth leading risk factor for death and morbidity worldwide, and the number one risk factor for disease burden in some developing nations, including Ghana (Lim et al. 2013; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2016). While research shows biomass fuel combustion presents a significant global health and environmental burden, no regional, national or global policies have been enacted to reduce fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) emissions from cooking with biomass fuels. More data on personal exposures to particulate matter and BC from cooking with biomass are needed across geographic areas to assess whether exposure is mediated by (cultural) cooking customs, practices and behaviors. These data are critical in informing improved cookstove design as well as policies aimed at reducing harmful emissions and exposures from biomass smoke. The overall objective of this proposal is to examine personal exposures to cooking and non-cooking sources of HAP, characterize the elemental composition of the fine particulate matter across two common biomass fuels (charcoal and wood), and assess acute respiratory symptoms in pregnant women cooking with biomass fuels in rural Ghana. Through aerosol monitoring of PM2.5, our goal is to identify and apportion sources of personal exposures borne by cooks in rural Ghana, in order to inform mitigation policies and intervention design to alleviate health burden associated with cooking with biomass fuels. Specifically, in Aim 1 we propose to measure personal exposures and kitchen air concentrations of PM2.5 and BC across cooking locations, (i.e. enclosed, semi-enclosed, outdoor) and assess cooking characteristics (e.g. fuel, kitchen type, ethnicity) as possible determinants of exposure. In Aim 2, we will characterize the elemental composition of personal and kitchen air samples across fuel and kitchen types. These two aims will allow us to assess cooking and non-cooking sources of personal HAP exposure based on air monitoring data, composition of the filters, and survey-based cooking characteristics/demographics. In Aim 3, we propose to characterize the prevalence of adult respiratory symptoms in 1183 pregnant women in the region, and assess associations between personal exposure, measured by personal carbon monoxide (CO), and other cooking and non-cooking determinants of personal exposure, including fuel type, years cooked, kerosene lamp, mosquito coils, and charcoal production.
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Mawuko-Yevugah, Lord Cephas. "Governing through developmentality the politics of international aid reform and the (re)production of power, neoliberalism and neocolonial interventions in Ghana /." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/856.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2010.Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on January 12, 2010). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta." "Spring 2010." Includes bibliographical references.
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Mawuko-Yevugah, Lord. "Governing through developmentality: the politics of international aid reform and the (re)production of power, neoliberalism and neocolonial interventions in Ghana." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/856.
Full textAbstract:
The international donor community led by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has in the last decade or so intensified and consolidated its promotion of poverty reduction as the central focus of international aid. The two institutions claim that this new approach is radically different from the top-down structural adjustment policies of the preceding two decades. Drawing on the West African state of Ghana, this study interrogates the arguments, policies, practices, evolution and implementation of this new architecture of aid. Drawing on the critical social theory of Michel Foucault and postcolonial scholars, the study concludes that contemporary discourses about, and practices of, poverty reduction in Africa and elsewhere represent an attempt to discursively (re)produce the global South in ways that justify and legitimize Western interventions through the imposition of neoliberal reforms. I interrogate discontinuities and continuities in the new aid and development agenda in order to show that what is produced and maintained through the various interventions is, in fact, the dominance and influence of a neoliberal agenda in Africas postcolonies. This hegemony of neoliberal orthodoxy persists despite the rhetoric of a post-Washington Consensus development paradigm, which points to practices of consultation, civil society participation and local ownership as core principles that mark a difference from the earlier paradigm. More fundamentally, I show that, as with earlier structural adjustment policies, the poverty reduction strategy framework can be seen as a governing technology that reinscribes the status quo of western economic power and dominance. I argue that contrary to the claim that the poverty reduction strategy framework alters aid relationships by transferring power and influence from donors to aid recipient countries or even developing an equitable partnership, there is, in fact, continuity and intensification of disproportionate donor influence and even domination in the development policy making process
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Mottey, Barbara E. "Subnational Analysis of Birth Weight in Ghana using Bayesian Spatial Regression Models." 2021. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/1065.
Full textAbstract:
Child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa is reducing but the levels remain high with subnational within-country variations. Birth weight is a key predictor of child survival and monitoring birth weight outcomes, in particular, prevalence of low birth weights, is important for resource allocation to improve child survival outcomes.
Past research in sub-Saharan Africa has found that different individual-level factors are associated with birth weight including BMI of mother, sex of baby, educational level of mother, and wealth index of household. Some environmental factors are found to be associated with birth outcomes. However, past findings regarding the association of birth weight with household air pollution (HAP) resulting from cooking fuels are non-conclusive.
In this study, we analyze variability in birth weights subnationally for Ghana and assess its association with household air pollution resulting from cooking fuels, accounting for variation due to other factors including maternal and household predictors, as well as geographical location. The analysis was based on birth weights for 1310 births, obtained from data collected in 2014 in the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS).
We use Bayesian spatial regression models to estimate associations and capture spatial variation. Spatial variation was captured with a conditional autoregressive (CAR) model.
Based on various models, we do not find evidence to suggest that cooking fuel is associated with birth weight. After accounting for covariates, the average birth weights per district ranged from 2823g (95% CI: 2613g, 3171g) in Ketu district to 3243g (95% CI: 3083g, 3358g) in Ashanti Akim North district. Across Ghana, difference in birth weight attributable to district spatial effects range from -33g in Lawra district in Upper West region of Ghana to 11g in Ho in the Volta region.