Relevant bibliographies by topics / Air bellows

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Air bellows'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Air bellows"

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Chen, Jun-Jie, Zhi-Hong Yin, Subhash Rakheja, Jiang-Hua He, and Kong-Hui Guo. "Theoretical modelling and experimental analysis of the vertical stiffness of a convoluted air spring including the effect of the stiffness of the bellows." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017704589.

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A new refined model including a model of the bellows to describe the vertical stiffness of a convoluted air spring is developed. The new model of a convoluted air spring incorporates the structural parameters including the effective area, the rate of change in the effective area, the effective volume, the rate of change in the effective volume and the stiffness of the bellows. Analytical models of the structural parameters of a convoluted air spring are established using a geometrical analysis approach. Two convoluted air springs (type 1B5002 and type 2B5281) are designed and manufactured for testing purposes. An experimental set-up is designed in order to carry out identification of the structural parameters and to test the vertical static stiffness and the vertical dynamic stiffness. The analytical models of the structural parameters are validated by experiments, which provide good design guidance and improvement in the convoluted air spring at the design stage. Tests on the vertical static stiffness and the dynamic stiffness indicate that the stiffness of the bellows should be considered; furthermore, the stiffness of the bellows exhibits amplitude-dependent chacteristics and frequency-dependent characteristics. In a different approach from the previous studies, a model of the bellows is developed in this paper and is composed of a smooth friction model and a fractional derivative Zener model in parallel to represent the viscoelastic properties of the bellows. It is concluded that the simulation results of the proposed new model are in good agreement with the experimental data. The new refined model may be an effective tool for predicting the mechanical behaviours of a convoluted air spring before a prototype is constructed. The proposed refined model can also be practically utilized as a guide for designing the parameters and for matching the air suspension of the vehicle.
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Currier, Frederick A., and Carl C. Herb. "Sound insulated bellows‐type air terminal valve." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 4 (October 1989): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398659.

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GU, Taiping. "Equilibrium Performance Analysis for Bellows Type Air Spring." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 47, no. 03 (2011): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2011.03.069.

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Aoki, Takeshi, and Shigeo Hirose. "Development of Slime Robot Using Bridle Bellows." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 16, no. 3 (June 20, 2004): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2004.p0286.

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Slim Slime Robot (SSR) looked like the active cord mechanism (the snake like robot) and composed of units that can stretch, shrink and bend actively, is for several tasks in the narrow space such as moving under collapsed houses and inspection of pipelines at plants. In this paper, we propose new concept, it is named “Bridle Drive.” And we developed the prototype model of the units of the SSR-II. This unit has the Bridle Bellows composed of a large caliber bellows and wire lock system. Bridle Bellows is able to change shape by controlling wire length and air pressure and produces a large power.
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Matsumoto, Yuta, Isao Kurashige, and Kan Yoneda. "Development of Concrete Inspection Robot with Dual Stage Suckers." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0816.

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To automate nondestructive inspections for concrete walls by measuring their air permeability, we developed a wall climbing robot with suckers. It is configured to move by alternately moving the central body and the four leg tip suckers forward. The central sucker is a triple ring type, making it useful for climbing and measuring as well as acquiring the air permeability data in the depth direction. The leg tip suckers use a sponge material to ensure good sealing with the concrete wall and are double suckers when incorporated with bellows to generate power that sticks them fast, by pressing the bellows at the beginning of the fast-sticking process. The dual stage fast-sticking process first sucks by using the bellows only and then the whole sucker follows after the sponge parts are almost fast stuck. To automate the dual stage fast-sticking process, we developed two automatic switching systems: one switches relative to the distance between the sucker and the wall surface and the other, relative to the pressure in the bellows. We experimentally demonstrated that with both switching systems, when the sucker approaches a concrete wall with a weak force, the first stage fast-sticking process takes 1 s or lesser and the complete fast-sticking process, approximately 5 s. We also proved that the developed wall climbing robot incorporating the above-mentioned fast-sticking mechanism can climb a concrete wall at approximately 440 mm/min to acquire the concrete’s nondestructive air permeability test data.
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Li, Ruijun, Yongjun Wang, Pan Tao, Rongjun Cheng, Zhenying Cheng, Yongqing Wei, and Xueming Dang. "Drift Reduction of a 4-DOF Measurement System Caused by Unstable Air Refractive Index." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 6329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216329.

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Laser beam drift greatly influences the accuracy of a four degrees of freedom (4-DOF) measurement system during the detection of machine tool errors, especially for long-distance measurement. A novel method was proposed using bellows to serve as a laser beam shield and air pumps to stabilize the refractive index of air. The inner diameter of the bellows and the control mode of the pumps were optimized through theoretical analysis and simulation. An experimental setup was established to verify the feasibility of the method under the temperature interference condition. The results indicated that the position stability of the laser beam spot can be improved by more than 79% under the action of pumping and inflating. The proposed scheme provides a cost-effective method to reduce the laser beam drift, which can be applied to improve the detection accuracy of a 4-DOF measurement system.
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Yamaguchi, Daisuke, Tatsuya Hanaki, Yuji Ishino, Masaya Takasaki, and Takeshi Mizuno. "Fabrication of a Polyimide Film Pneumatic Actuator by Molding and Welding Processes." Actuators 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10080177.

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The bellows pneumatic actuator, which is made by folding a non-stretch film, has been proposed for various applications because it is easy to fabricate and is extremely thin and light. However, it has subpar durability performance, especially in the folded part of the film. In this study, we propose an actuator with a pod structure that possesses high design flexibility and is free from folding. A method of molding a pod structure on a polyimide film was established and a pneumatic actuator was successfully fabricated by using PI films. Two types of PI film pneumatic actuators with the same curvature, bellows type, and pod type were fabricated. Both were confirmed to have equivalent output characteristics. The bending angle and generated torque of the pod-structure actuator were 34° and 3.3 mNm, respectively. In addition, the pod structure has approximately twice the durability of the bellows structure. By using the fabrication method proposed in this paper, it is possible to realize an air chamber (i.e., an actuator) that has both high durability and bending motion.
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Enhorning, Goran, Sandrijn van Schaik, Claes Lundgren, and Ida Vargas. "Whole-body plethysmography, does it measure tidal volume of small animals?" Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1998): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y99-002.

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A whole-body plethysmograph was used for mice. The increase in pressure caused by each inhalation was equivalent to the increase that could be calculated to result from heating and humidification of the inhaled air. However, comprehending that a drop in temperature and humidity would cause an abrupt pressure decline during exhalation was difficult. Pressure changes in the plethysmograph were also studied with an artificial chest, modeling the respiratory mechanics, but without the "inhaled" air being heated or humidified. The "chest" consisted of a metal bellows oscillated by a stepper motor 25 to 175 times per minute. Hereby air (0.05 to 0.20 mL) moved in and out of the bellows. The air passed through a polyethylene tube, the length of which was proportional to "airway resistance" and varied from 5 to 35 cm. It was found that the pressure oscillation was affected not only by "tidal volume" of the mechanical chest but also by "respiratory rate" and by "airway resistance." We concur with previous investigators that the plethysmograph pressure reflects alveolar pressure and that fluctuations cannot be explained by changes in temperature and humidity. Accordingly, tidal volume can only be qualitatively and not quantitatively assessed.Key words: tidal volume, airway resistance, respiratory rate, chest model.
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Imai, Tatsunori, Daisuke Watanabe, and Toshiaki Yachi. "Analysis of Air Supply in Bellows-Type DMFC by Three-Dimensional Simulation." ECS Transactions 17, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3142779.

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Li, Hongguang, Konghui Guo, Shuqi Chen, Wei Wang, and Fuzhong Cong. "Design of Stiffness for Air Spring Based on ABAQUS." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/528218.

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In this paper, an axisymmetric finite element (FE) model of an air spring was carried out with the software ABAQUS to design its target vertical stiffness. The bellows was simulated by the reinforced surface element. The compressed gas in the cavity of the air spring was represented by the hydrostatic fluid element. The target stiffness is obtained by modifying the valid area of the cross section. At last, the results of experiment coincided well with the simulation data. The study shows that the static stiffness of air spring is sensitive to the effective area of the cross section. The conclusion has certain practical significance for the design and the optimization of the same kind of air spring.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air bellows"

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Sortti, Leif. "Modellering av luftbälgar för simulering i Adams Car." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225876.

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På Scania RTCC önskas högre kontroll och precision på dess luftbälgar vid simulering i AdamsCar. Därför har uppdrag tagits fram för att modellera luftbälgar från dragbilens hytt ochhjulupphängning. Till arbetet ingick test av tre luftbälgar som genomgick belastningsmätning i rigg. Modellens struktur togs fram av tre delar som empirisk areamodell Ae, teoretisk tryckmodell P’och empirisk volymmodell VK. Empirisk modell av effektiva arean Ae togs från mätningarna så samband mellan tryck ochkraft kan användas. För att undvika reglerteknisk modellering försummas hysteresen såmodellen blir reversibel. Rapporten kombinerade två av litteraturens tryckmodeller till en egen så samband fåsmellan tryckets förändring P’, luftmassans förändring m’ och volymens relativa förändringVK. Tryckmodellen har med avsikt inte gjorts beroende av volymen eller temperaturen dåmätning av dessa storheter saknas. Temperaturens inverkan på bälgen förenklas tillhastighetskonstanten n som är 1 för mycket långsam körning och 1,4 för normal körning. För att undvika bälgens volym modelleras den relativa volymförändringen VK från trycketsteori samt de empiriska mätningarna. Här idealiseras förändringen på samma sätt som förarean Ae till att vara reversibel genom att ta bort hysteresen. Modellens sammansatta ekvation ger ett lagom enkelt samband för kraftens förändring hos bälgen:Kraftmodellen har förenklingar som ger kända och okända fel. Utan hysteres fås 1,5 % fel viddynamisk körning och antagandet av konstant volym vid förändrad massa ger okända fel. Trotsdet rekomenderas att modellen avänds och utvecklas vidare så felen och osäkerheten minskas.
Scania RTCC requires greater control and precision on its air bellows when simulated in Adams Car. Therefore, assignments have been developed to model air bellows from the trailer's cab andwheel suspension. The work included tests of three air bellows that underwent load deformation. The structure of the model was developed by three parts as empirical area model Ae, theoreticalpressure model P' and empirical volume model VK. Empirical model of the effective area Ae was shaped by measurements so that pressureto-force relationship can be used. To avoid control engineering modeling, the hysteresisis neglected so the model becomes reversible. The report combined two of the literature's pressure models to a new model betweenchange in pressure P', change in air mass m' and change in relative volume VK. Themodel is intentionally independent of the volume or temperature where measurement ofthese have not been taken. The effect of the temperature on the bellows is simplified tothe speed constant n which is 1 for slow driving and 1,4 for normal driving. To avoid the volume of the air bellows, the relative change in volume VK is modeledfrom the pressure model and the empirical measurements. VK is simplified in the manneras for the area Ae by removing the hysteresis and making it reversible. Put together, the model provides a fairly easy theory of the force's change in the air bellows from the equation underneath. The force model has simplifications that give known and unknown errors. Without hysteresis,deviations of 1,5% are obtained during dynamic driving, and the assumption of constant volumeat changed mass gives unknown errors. It is the reports recommendation that the model beimplemented and further developed so that the errors and uncertainties are reduced.
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Lai, Din-Jan, and 賴錠正. "The development and finite element analysis of bellows air spring." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97642610387836972500.

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碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系
88
Nowadays, air springs are wildly used as a suspension system in public transportation, such as trucks, trains, etc… The work was attempted to develop an bellows air spring mold from original design and amending process by using a small size air spring bag. The casting mold has been selected, and the inner part of air spring was produced by pneumatic air spring bag in this research. Besides, in order to predict the load/deflection curve of an air spring, finite element analysis method was selected, and the ANSYS software was used as an analyzing tool. However, there is no suitable element could be chosen for analysis. Therefore, the author trying to simulate the effect of the changing gas value by analyzing loop. Even though, the experimental result was still successfully predicted the air spring load/deflection curve by using this method.
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Books on the topic "Air bellows"

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Martínez, César Delgado. Aportaciones del INBA al desarrollo artístico de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit: Consejo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Nayarit, 2011.

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Varanini, Gian Maria, ed. Deformità fisica e identità della persona tra medioevo ed età moderna. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-846-0.

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Negli ultimi decenni, la storiografia europea si è occupata attivamente della storia del corpo, dando così spessore e consapevolezza a potenti sollecitazioni provenienti dalla cultura dominante nella società affluente. Non solo dunque il corpo ‘bello’ è stato oggetto di ricerca, ma anche il corpo dell’uomo comune, mutilato, deforme e imperfetto. Il volume, attraverso sondaggi nelle fonti giuridico-normative, anagrafiche, iconografiche, letterarie e nei trattati medici e fisiognomici e la partecipazione di alcuni dei maggiori specialisti internazionali nel campo, intende approfondire queste tematiche soprattutto per lo spazio geografico, culturale e documentario dell’Italia del tardo Medioevo e della prima età moderna rimasta sino ad ora abbastanza ai margini di questo filone di studi.
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Radner, Hilary, and Alistair Fox. Formative Influences. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422888.003.0006.

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In this section of the interview, Bellour describes how he began to engage in film analysis in the 1960s, beginning with a sequence from Alfred Hitchcock’s The Birds, with the aim of establishing the way it worked as a “text.” He proceeds to describe his personal encounters with major figures like Roland Barthes, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Michel Foucault, and his friendship with Christian Metz, suggesting how his interchanges with them helped to shape his own thinking, and how it diverged from theirs.
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Kameri-Mbote, Patricia, Alexander Paterson, Oliver C. Ruppel, Bibobra Bello Orubebe, and Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo, eds. Law | Environment | Africa. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845294605.

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Law | Environment | Africa compiles the proceedings of the 5th Symposium and the 4th Scientific Conference of the Association of Environmental Law Lecturers from African Universities (ASSELLAU) in cooperation with the Climate Policy and Energy Security Programme for Sub-Saharan Africa run by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The book’s aim is to explore, review and analyse recent developments at the point where the law and the environment in Africa overlap. The collection comprises 32 chapters by legal experts from central, eastern, southern and western Africa. It is divided thematically into four parts: 1.) Climate change and energy 2.) Natural resource governance 3.) Water governance, management and use 4.) The role of the law in regulating social and environmental impacts associated with human activity These subjects are discussed in the context of national, regional and international law frameworks, which are central to Africa’s quest to attain its desired and sustainable development trajectory within the confines of the continent’s valuable yet fragile ecological infrastructure. With contributions by Dr. Oluwatoyin Adejonwo-Osho, Dr. Lanre Aladeitan, Dr. Jean-Claude Ashukem, Dr. Godard Busingye, Prof. Dr. Mark B. Funteh, Dr. Elizabeth Gachenga, Prof. Dr. Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Prof. Dr. Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo, Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Kasimbazi, Prof. Dr. Michael Kidd, Gift Dorothy Makanje, Amanda Mkhonza, Prof. Dr. Ayoade Morakinyo Adedayo, Dr. Kariuki Muigua, Dr. Phiona Muhwezi Mpanga, Andrew Muma, Dr. Joseph Magloire Ngang, Dr. Marie Ngo Nonga, Chidinma Therese Odaghara, Edna Odhiambo, Dr. Collins Odote, Dr. Irekpitan Okukpon, Dr. Erimma Gloria Orie, Prof. Dr. Bibobra Bello Orubebe, Daniel Armel Owona Mbarga, Prof. Dr. Alexander Ross Paterson, Olivia Rumble, Prof. Dr. Oliver C. Ruppel, Dr. Esther Effundem Njieassam, Dr. Pamela Towela Sambo, Prof. Dr. Christopher Funwie Tamasang, Prof. Mekete Bekele Tekle, Robert Alex Wabunoha, Nerima Akinyi Were, Hadijah Yahyah.
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Julien, Biron, ed. Français 3. 2nd ed. Outremont, Québec: Lidec, 1988.

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Georges, Pelletier, ed. Francais 3: Cahier d'activites - 1re partie. Montréal, Qué: Lidec, 1988.

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Francais 3: Recueil de textes - 1re partie. Montréal, Qué: Lidec, 1988.

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Georges, Pelletier, ed. Francais 3: Recueil de textes - 2e partie. Montréal, Qué: Lidec, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Air bellows"

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Kawashima, Kenji, and Toshinori Fujita. "Precise Position Stages Using Pneumatically Driven Bellows Actuator and Cylinder Equipped with Air Bearings." In Next-Generation Actuators Leading Breakthroughs, 67–78. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-991-6_7.

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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Gas pressure, Volume and Flow Measurement." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0018.

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The physics of pressure, flow and the gas laws have been discussed in Chapter 7 in relation to the behaviour of gas and vapour. This section will focus on the physical principles of the measurement of gas pressure, volume and flow. Unlike a liquid, a gas is compressible and the relationship between pressure, volume and flow depends on the resistance to gas flow (or impedance if there is a frequency dependence between pressure and flow in alternating flow, see Chapter 4 for the electrical analogy of this) in conduits (bronchi, anaesthetic tubing); it also depends on the compliance of structures being filled and emptied (alveoli, reservoir bags, tubing or bellows). Normal breathing occurs by muscular expansion of the thorax, thus lowering the intrathoracic pressure, allowing air or anaesthetic gas to flow towards the alveoli down a pressure gradient from atmospheric pressure. When positive pressure ventilation occurs, gas is ‘pushed’ under pressure into the alveoli. Depending on the exact relationship between the ventilator and the lungs, different relationships exist between airway pressure (rather than alveolar pressure, which cannot easily be measured) and gas flow and volume. Gas pressure measurement devices were traditionally in the form of an aneroid barometer, a hollow metal bellows calibrated for pressure and temperature, which contracts when the external pressure on it increases, and expands when it decreases. The movement is linked to a pointer and indicator dial. It is often more convenient to make the device in the shape of part of a circular section, but the principle is the same. This is what the Bourdon gauge, which commonly measures pressure in gas cylinders, looks like. The detection of movement of the diaphragm of an aneroid barometer can take several forms. The movement can either be linked via a direct mechanical linkage to a pointer, or diaphragm movement can be linked to a capacitative or inductive element in an electrical circuit, such as a Wheatstone bridge. Airway pressure during spontaneous breathing or artificial ventilation is low. The preferred units of measurement are cm H2O and the range of values is between −20 and +20 cmH2O. The aneroid barometer to measure this will therefore be of light construction, using thin copper for the bellows material.
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"Modelling of cord-rubber composites of bellow air-springs." In Constitutive Models for Rubber VIII, 649–54. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14964-116.

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Thomas, Gilles. "The belly and the viscera of the capital city." In Bellies, bowels and entrails in the eighteenth century, 23–42. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526127051.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the catacombs and sewers of Paris: a maze of underground galleries that were essential to the proper functioning of the city above them. They create a vast network that resemble the vascular, respiratory and digestive systems of the human body. Unlike London, Paris was built with the very material taken from what later became the hole-ridden foundations of the city. To prevent Paris from collapsing, Louis XVI created an administration for the inspection and maintenance of the disused underground quarries of the city and its suburbs. At the same time, the Parisians increasingly complained and petitioned against the pestilential air exhaled by the city’s graveyards, as their grounds were as swollen as the belly of a corpse under the pressure of the gases of decomposition. This led to the closure of the graveyards and the relocation of the remains in the underground ossuary of Montsouris.
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Hiro, Dilip. "Multi-front Cold War between Riyadh and Tehran." In Cold War in the Islamic World, 275–312. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190944650.003.0013.

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When rebel Houthis, followers of Zaidi Shia code, captured Sanaa in September 2014, and expelled Yemen’s Sunni President Abd Rabbu al Hadi, alarm bells rang in Riyadh. Deputy Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman led a coalition of friendly states to intervene in the Yemeni civil war in March 2015. This ignited protest by the Shias in Saudi Arabia. Their indignation intensified when, ignoring international appeals for clemency, the Saudi government executed their revered Ayatollah Nimr al Nimr in January 2016. This led to the severance of diplomatic ties between Riyadh and Tehran. In Iraq, whereas Iran dispatched its trained Shia volunteers to fight Islamic Sate in Syria and Iraq (ISIS), Riyadh lent four jet fighters to the Pentagon in Washington’s anti-ISIS campaign. When Riyadh backed Syrian opposition with cash and weapons, Russian President Vladimir Putin sent air force units to Syria, and shored up Assad’s depleted arms arsenal. With Assad’s recapture of Eastern Aleppo, an opposition stronghold, in December 2016, Iran established superiority over Riyadh in Syria. In July 2015, Iran and six major world powers signed an accord on Tehran’s denuclearization program, titled Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). It won universal approval except by Saudi Arabia and Israel.
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Patey, Luke. "Few Illusions Left." In How China Loses, 128–57. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061081.003.0006.

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For decades, Germany accepted a trade-off of technology for market access when its multinational corporations invested in China. What has changed in recent years is that China’s model of political authoritarianism and state capitalism is reaching out to the world. Increasingly competitive in China, Chinese multinationals have busied themselves with entering overseas markets and buying foreign corporations. China’s aim is to climb the global competitiveness ladder through its “Made in China 2025” policy and lead production in higher-value goods and services in the automotive, aviation, machinery, robotics, and other industries. Standing in direct competition with German industry, this set off alarm bells in Berlin. China’s investment restrictions and controls at home, coupled with its targeted investment abroad, antagonized relations in Berlin and other European capitals. New policies to protect German and European corporations from foreign takeover, and efforts to reform the World Trade Organization, have grown as this lack of reciprocity has been exposed.
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Agrawal, Ravi. "Big Brothers: Internet Shutdowns and Internet.org." In India Connected. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858650.003.0013.

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The rat-a-tat of automatic gunfire burst through the morning air in Anantnag. For the locals of this troubled district in the south of Kashmir, it came as a shock but no longer a surprise. Separatist militants had once again clashed with army forces. Several civilians were caught in the crossfire. One died; three others were wounded. It was Saturday, July 1, 2017. Hours earlier, at midnight, India had adopted a new national sales tax, designed to stitch the country’s twentynine states together into one economic union. The new system—known as the Goods and Services Tax, or GST—was heralded as an economic reform that would spur growth, enlarge the tax base, and make it easier to do business. Kashmir was the only state still debating whether to join. It was a symbolic outlier. Some distance from the gunfire, sixteen-year-old Zeyan Shafiq was just waking up. He hadn’t heard the shooting; his home was well insulated. When he opened his eyes, he told me, the first thing he did was to reach for his iPhone. He looked at the screen and sighed. The wireless internet at home was down. So was mobile data. Shafiq got out of bed, put on his slippers, and shuffled toward the front door, where he knew he would have a stronger mobile signal. No luck. He couldn’t catch the internet. Shafiq looked up at the skies, opened his lungs, and let out a bellow of frustration. For Shafiq, it was easy to guess what had happened. There must have been what locals called an encounter—a skirmish between Kashmiri separatists and the state. These days, encounters were inevitably followed by the government shutting down the internet. The digital blackouts weren’t aimed at stopping separatists or terrorists from communicating. They were usually already dead. The shutdowns were to prevent people from sharing videos and photos of the violence on social media. In effect, 13 million Kashmiris were collateral damage, unable to do something as simple as check email. There was a time when curfews were merely physical, imposed with barbed wire, barriers, and troops on the streets.
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Jann K, Kleffner. "3 Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law." In The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198847960.003.0003.

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This chapter addresses the scope of application of international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law regulates, and as a rule applies in times of, armed conflicts. Accordingly, it is also referred to as the law of armed conflict or jus in bello. The three interchangeable terms denote the only branch of public international law that is specifically designed to strike a balance during armed conflicts between preserving humanitarian values, on the one hand, and considerations of military necessity, on the other by protecting those who do not or no longer directly participate in hostilities and by limiting the right of parties to the conflict to use armed force only to the amount necessary to achieve the aim of the conflict, which is to weaken the military potential of the enemy. While international humanitarian law specifically regulates situations of armed conflicts, it does not automatically supersede all other areas of public international law in the event of an armed conflict. The chapter then focuses on the law enforcement aspects, the continued relevance of rules of international law of peace during armed conflict, and the relevance of humanitarian law in peacetime and post-conflict military operations.
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"The Dictionary as an Aid in Belles Lettres Wörterbücher als Hilfsmittel für Dichter und Schriftsteller Le dictionnaire aux mains des écrivains." In Wörterbücher / Dictionaries / Dictionnaires, Part 1, edited by Franz Josef Hausmann, Oskar Reichmann, Herbert Ernst Wiegand, and Ladislav Zgusta. Berlin • New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110095852.1.2.146.

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Conference papers on the topic "Air bellows"

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Chin, Robin, Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler, and Eric Loth. "Fluid-Power Harvesting by Pneumatic Bellow During Human Gait." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55211.

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In this paper, we describe power and pressure characteristics of bellows designed for under-foot power harvesting during human walking for a single cycle. This single cycle corresponds to the typical human gait cycle (heel-strike and stance on the floor to toe-off and free swing to subsequent re-contact with the floor, with a total duration of about one second). A bellow can be placed in a shoe insole and compressed during initial heel strike or during the mid-stance portion of the gait cycle. The compressed fluid can then be used for power applications during the remaining portion of the cycle. A collapsible spring was placed inside the bellow to extend it when the foot is off the ground, yet allow the bellow to be compressed. Air is drawn into the bellow through a one-way valve allowing the bellow to recharge as it expands during the swing phase of the gait cycle. Thus, body weight is used as the power source for a self-contained pneumatic circuit. Experimental studies were conducted on two circular bellows with outside diameters of 1.625 in and 2.5 in (4.13 cm and 6.35 cm) and stroke lengths of approximately 1.4 cm. The pressure dynamics of the bellows placed under the heel of the foot or under the ball of the foot were investigated while walking on a treadmill. These pressure profiles were then reproduced on a compression testing machine to investigate the power generated per gait cycle. The results indicate that the bellows generated a peak power during normal walking of approximately 25–30 W and a maximum pressure of 450 kPa. The average power available over a single gait cycle is on the order of 1 W. This novel use of bellows demonstrates the ability to use these devices for regenerative fluid power harvesting capabilities during walking.
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Grinspon, A. Sahaya. "Liftable Auxiliary Axle for a Multi Axle Vehicle: A Review." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86085.

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Retractable suspension system is used to lift the auxiliary axle of a multi axle vehicle. The article summarizes the current state of knowledge of the lifting mechanisms, which are used for lifting and lowering the auxiliary axle. Various designs of liftable axle are described. To proper use of the auxiliary axle, important guidelines are given for suppliers, OEMs and customers. Several viable steerable and non-steerable liftable axles are developed with various load carrying capacities using air bellows. In these liftable axles, the air bellows expands when compressed air is supplied to the air bellows at a required pressure. The air bellows activates the lifting mechanism; thereby the tires of the auxiliary axle are lifted from the road surface. When the air is released from the air bellows, the tires are lowered to engage the road surface.
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Nakamura, Kyotada, Seitaro Ogiso, Michiaki Suzuki, and K. Umeki. "Development of Double Metal Bellows Air Pressure Spring With Lead Rubber Bearing Type 3-Dimensional Seismic Isolator." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1428.

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A new simple 3-dimensional seismic isolator concept for a commercial fast breeder reactor (FBR) building was proposed. The isolator consists of common reliable industrial parts, metallic bellows and lead rubber bearing (LRB). Air pressurized metallic bellows is for vertical isolation and LRB is for horizontal. The isolation frequencies are 0.5Hz for horizontal and 0.56Hz for vertical respectively. The maximum vertical displacement to absorb is 400mm and the vertical load of 9807kN should be supported per each isolator. A conceptual design was performed for these design requirements and a scale model test was carried out to confirm the feasibility of the concept.
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Zhang, Yilong, Huirong Huang, Rongrong Chen, and Minghui He. "Studies on modeling a single-bellows air spring and simulating its inherent characteristics." In 5th International Conference on Information Engineering for Mechanics and Materials. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icimm-15.2015.284.

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A. Takata, Sandra, Jeffery B. Hackworth, and Doug McConnell. "Airborne And Ground Geophysical Surveys For Locating And Mapping Underground Storage Tanks At Bellows Air Force Station, Hawaii: An Integrated Approach." In 14th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.192.chp_1.

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Takata, Sandra A., Jeffery B. Hackworth, and Doug McConnell. "Airborne and Ground Geophysical Surveys for Locating and Mapping Underground Storage Tanks at Bellows Air Force Station, Hawaii: An Integrated Approach." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2001. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2922867.

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Tehara, Satoshi, Hisashi Naoi, Hideki Okada, and Makoto Osaku. "Deformation Behavior of Bellows Pipes for Laying Cables Under Ground by Axial Load and Bending Moment." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80622.

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Recently, electricity demand is rising steeply with advance of science. Additionally quantity of cables such as telephone and optical fiber is rising with communications development and increase of residence. These cables are untidily wired in the air with telephone pole. They impair cityscape and disturb pedestrian safety. Therefore improvement of procedures installing cables is requested. In order to solve it, the plan [1] which buries cables protected in pipes under ground is progressing. They are called buried pipes and consist of straight pipe made from stainless steel or plastic. However there is concern that the buried pipe is crushed and broken by the complex load due to earthquake and ground subsidence. Thus, it is necessary to develop the buried pipe with function of flexibly against damage or rupture. We focus attention to U-type bellows pipe with function of flexibly. In this study, we conduct tensile, compressive, bending test and numerical analysis of those tests using finite element method. From result, we investigate for the relationship between mechanical characteristic and deformation behavior. We study application of bellows pipe to buried pipe. In this study, we examined and analyzed deformation behavior when axial load and bending moment were given to specimens. Examinations items are as (1) we measured load, elongation bending radius by using are experimental device which modeled ground subsidence. (2) We obtained deformation behavior by numerical analysis by using constituted equations of solid mechanics. (3) We conducted simulation analysis of models constructed by finite element method. By comparing these three items, the deformation behavior is clarified.
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Seppänen, Tommi, Jouni Alhainen, Esko Arilahti, and Jussi Solin. "Strain Waveform Effects for Low Cycle Fatigue in Simulated PWR Water." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65374.

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In order to perform design code (ASME III, RCC-M, JSME) compatible direct strain-controlled tests in simulated PWR water, a unique environmental fatigue testing facility was previously developed. Pneumatic bellows are used to generate strain in the stainless steel specimen mid-section, while eddy current based measurement is used as a feedback signal. The NUREG/CR-6909 report gathered a large database of test results and proposed environmental reduction factors (Fen) to account for a reduction in fatigue life in simulated LWR environment when comparing to a reference value in air. The database was composed of non-stabilized stainless steels tested using methods which are not directly comparable to those used in air to define the reference curves. Applicability of the stainless steel Fen factors has already been challenged in previous PVP papers (PVP2013-97500, PVP2014-28465, PVP2016-63294). Results in this paper continue to show this trend of lower experimental Fen factors compared to predictions made by the NUREG report. Dual strain rate tests were performed, specifically focusing on the effect of strain waveform shape on fatigue life. Similarly to last year’s results (PVP2016-63294) a distinct effect of strain waveform, presently inadequately accounted for in Fen predictions, was observed.
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Steinbrink, Scott E., Mahesh C. Aggarwal, and Kapilla I. M. Shepherd. "Linear and Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of an Exhaust Manifold With Included Bellows." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26361.

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The aim of this paper is to examine the utility of nonlinear analysis for structural response to thermal and mechanical loads, for a structure containing alternating regions of high and low stiffness as a result of inclusion of bellow sections. Utility is measured by comparison of results of linear and nonlinear analyses. The specific example used is that of an exhaust manifold for a large diesel engine. The paper discusses modeling of geometric and material nonlinearity, and makes recommendations in regard to which nonlinear effects are thought to be significant, based on the linear/nonlinear comparisons. The paper also contains general comments on the finite element modeling of structures containing bellows.
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Temani, Ahmed, Abdennour C. Seibi, Majdi Chaari, Abdelkader Bouabdallah, and Rachid Nasri. "Failure Analysis of a Bellow at the Exhaust of a Diesel Engine on Board of an FPSO." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72284.

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Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units are floating vessels used by the oil and gas industry offshore for the production and processing of hydrocarbons as well as storage of oil. It is equipped with the required facilities to produce, process, and store produced fluids. Among the equipment on board of the FPSO are pumps used to inject water or pump crude oil. This FPSO is fitted with seven positive displacement pumps powered by diesel engines; three for water injection and four for power fluid. At the exhaust of the driving engines, stainless steel bellows experienced frequent failures on a monthly basis; thereby, incurring a huge financial overburden on operating companies. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of identifying some remedies to overcome this problem. The paper discusses the root causes of bellow failures attached to the exhaust system of a diesel engine on board of an FPSO. Effect of vibration, temperature, corrosion, and vessel rolling on the bellow structural response were investigated to identify the root causes of failure. A finite element modeling of the problem under study was conducted by taking into account the combined effect of thermo-mechanical loads. It was found that the thermal stress was well below the allowable stress. In addition, vibration analysis of the bellow-engine system revealed that the fundamental frequency of the bellow was way below the engine’s natural frequency. However, it was found that the vessel’s rolling generated an elevated stress that can cause failure of the bellow in a very short period time. The paper also presents some possible solutions to remedy or delay failure from occurring frequently as in this case.
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