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1

Lefevre, S., M. Bayley, D. J. Mckenzie, and J. F. Craig. "Air-breathing fishes." Journal of Fish Biology 84, no. 3 (2014): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12349.

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2

McClinton, Charles R. "Air-Breathing Engines." Scientific American 280, no. 2 (1999): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0299-84.

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3

Zaccone, Giacomo, Eugenia Rita Lauriano, Gioele Capillo, and Michał Kuciel. "Air- breathing in fish: Air- breathing organs and control of respiration." Acta Histochemica 120, no. 7 (2018): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.009.

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4

Dutton, James. "Objective Breathing." Cultural Politics 18, no. 2 (2022): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-9716225.

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Abstract This article takes up German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk's attention to air and atmospheres to argue for the influential part “objective” thinking plays in disseminating viral pandemics. It follows Sloterdijk's broad approach to “air-conditioning” to interpret the way modern cultures increasingly work to explicate and construct objective figures of (and in) air. A fundamental, yet invisible, “anthropopoietic” element, air resists the forms and figures we use to describe it. This is acutely demonstrated by airborne viruses like COVID-19 and the pandemics they create, where the medial
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5

Miura, Grant. "Breathing the same air." Nature Chemical Biology 15, no. 9 (2019): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41589-019-0359-6.

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6

Marković, Ivan. "Breathing air, sensing smoke." Senses and Society 12, no. 1 (2017): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17458927.2017.1268830.

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7

Singh, R. A., and S. N. Singh. "Liver arginase in air-breathing and non-air-breathing freshwater teleost fish." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14, no. 2 (1986): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(86)90069-4.

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8

Östberg, O. N., W. G. Reddan, N. G. Swanson, J. E. Kleman, and K. R. Miezio. "Assessment of a cold air breathing aid." Applied Ergonomics 19, no. 4 (1988): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(88)90084-1.

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9

Pineda, Mar, Isabel Aragao, David J. McKenzie, and Shaun S. Killen. "Social dynamics obscure the effect of temperature on air breathing in Corydoras catfish." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 21 (2020): jeb222133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.222133.

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ABSTRACTIn some fishes, the ability to breathe air has evolved to overcome constraints in hypoxic environments but comes at a cost of increased predation. To reduce this risk, some species perform group air breathing. Temperature may also affect the frequency of air breathing in fishes, but this topic has received relatively little research attention. This study examined how acclimation temperature and acute exposure to hypoxia affected the air-breathing behaviour of a social catfish, the bronze corydoras Corydoras aeneus, and aimed to determine whether individual oxygen demand influenced the
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10

Smatresk, Neal J. "Control of the respiratory mode in air-breathing fishes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 1 (1988): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-020.

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The transition from water breathing to air breathing for most bimodally breathing fishes appears to be critically dependent on sensory information from three major sets of peripheral receptors. Dominant control over the respiratory mode arises from stimulation of oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors. Stimulation of internally oriented chemoreceptors generally increases both aquatic and aerial respiration, while stimulation of external chemoreceptors may shift the ventilatory emphasis from water to air breathing. Air-breathing organ mechanoreceptors may help to reflexively stimulate or inhibit air b
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11

Smatresk, N. J. "Chemoreceptor modulation of endogenous respiratory rhythms in vertebrates." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 5 (1990): R887—R897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.5.r887.

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The relative contributions of O2- and CO2-sensitive chemoreceptor information to centrally generated respiratory patterns have changed dramatically during vertebrate evolution. Chemoafferent input from branchial O2 chemoreceptors modulates centrally generated respiratory patterns but is not critical for respiratory rhythmogenesis in fishes. In air-breathing fishes, branchial O2 chemoreceptors monitoring internal and external stimuli control the relative contributions of the gills and air-breathing organ to net ventilation, and chemoafferent input is necessary for initiating air breathing. In t
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12

Suhrutha, Krishnam, and G. Srinivas. "Recent Developments of Materials used in Air breathing and Advanced Air breathing Engines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 872 (June 27, 2020): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/872/1/012082.

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13

Sun, Bing, Songqian Huang, Longfei Huang, Lijuan Yang, Jian Gao, and Xiaojuan Cao. "Fibronectin 1B Gene Plays an Important Role in Loach Barbel Air-Breathing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (2021): 11928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111928.

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Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is well known to perform air-breathing through the posterior intestine and skin. However, we find here for the first time a unique central vascular structure in the loach barbel, with a blood–gas diffusion distance as short as that of the posterior intestine. Under acute hypoxia, the distance of loach barbels became significantly shorter. Moreover, barbel removal significantly decreased air-breathing frequency of the loach. These findings imply that the barbel is another air-breathing organ of the loach. For further investigation of loach barbel air-breathing
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14

Bevan, David J., and Donald L. Kramer. "The respiratory behaviour of an air-breathing catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Clariidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 2 (1987): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-054.

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Clarias macrocephalus are continuous, facultative air breathers. Individuals (7.6–20.9 g) survived more than 25 days in normoxic water without surface access. Buoyancy decreased and water-breathing frequency increased when surface access was denied, but growth rate and the frequency of air-breathing attempts did not change. We examined air-breathing and water-breathing frequency in shallow (60 cm) and deep (235 cm) water under normoxic (8.0 mg O2∙L−1) and hypoxic (0.3, 0.7, 1.2, and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1) conditions to examine how changes in the travel costs of breathing affected the use of each respi
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15

Wilson, R. J., M. B. Harris, J. E. Remmers, and S. F. Perry. "Evolution of air-breathing and central CO(2)/H(+) respiratory chemosensitivity: new insights from an old fish?" Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 22 (2000): 3505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.22.3505.

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While little is known of the origin of air-breathing in vertebrates, primitive air breathers can be found among extant lobe-finned (Sarcopterygii) and ray-finned (Actinopterygii) fish. The descendents of Sarcopterygii, the tetrapods, generate lung ventilation using a central pattern generator, the activity of which is modulated by central and peripheral CO(2)/H(+) chemoreception. Air-breathing in Actinopterygii, in contrast, has been considered a ‘reflexive’ behaviour with little evidence for central CO(2)/H(+) respiratory chemoreceptors. Here, we describe experiments using an in vitro brainst
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16

Staples, J. F., W. M. Zapol, K. D. Bloch, N. Kawai, V. M. Val, and P. W. Hochachka. "Nitric oxide responses of air-breathing and water-breathing fish." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 3 (1995): R816—R819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.3.r816.

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Nitric oxide (NO), exogenously administered or endogenously produced by NO synthase (NOS), is an important regulator of lung ventilation and perfusion in mammals. This study attempts to investigate the evolutionary history of this system in fish and its possible relationship to air breathing. The gas bladder of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (air-breathing teleost) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (non-air-breathing teleost) and the lung of Lepidosiren paradoxa (air-breathing dipnoan) all exhibited elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in response to 1 microM sodium nitroprusside. On
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17

Giomi, Folco, Marco Fusi, Alberto Barausse, Bruce Mostert, Hans-Otto Pörtner, and Stefano Cannicci. "Improved heat tolerance in air drives the recurrent evolution of air-breathing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (2014): 20132927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2927.

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The transition to air-breathing by formerly aquatic species has occurred repeatedly and independently in fish, crabs and other animal phyla, but the proximate drivers of this key innovation remain a long-standing puzzle in evolutionary biology. Most studies attribute the onset of air-breathing to the repeated occurrence of aquatic hypoxia; however, this hypothesis leaves the current geographical distribution of the 300 genera of air-breathing crabs unexplained. Here, we show that their occurrence is mainly related to high environmental temperatures in the tropics. We also demonstrate in an amp
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18

Hyldegaard, O., D. Kerem, and Y. Melamed. "Effect of combined recompression and air, oxygen, or heliox breathing on air bubbles in rat tissues." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 5 (2001): 1639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1639.

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The fate of bubbles formed in tissues during the ascent from a real or simulated air dive and subjected to therapeutic recompression has only been indirectly inferred from theoretical modeling and clinical observations. We visually followed the resolution of micro air bubbles injected into adipose tissue, spinal white matter, muscle, and tendon of anesthetized rats recompressed to and held at 284 kPa while rats breathed air, oxygen, heliox 80:20, or heliox 50:50. The rats underwent a prolonged hyperbaric air exposure before bubble injection and recompression. In all tissues, bubbles disappeare
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19

Scannell Bryan, Molly, and Robert Sargis. "Breathing Air into Clinical Care." American Journal of Nephrology 52, no. 3 (2021): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514235.

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20

Bode, Lotte, and Timmy De Laet. "Breathing Air into the Archive." Performance Research 26, no. 7 (2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2021.2059284.

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21

Case, Bette. "Breathing AIR into Adult Learning." Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 27, no. 4 (1996): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0022-0124-19960701-04.

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22

Kadam, Vinod, Yen Bach Truong, Ilias Louis Kyratzis, Lijing Wang, and Rajiv Padhye. "Nanofibres for Clean Air Breathing." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E 102, no. 1 (2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40034-021-00207-3.

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23

Burggren, Warren, J. S. Datta Munshi, and G. M. Hughes. "Air Breathing Fishes of India." Copeia 1994, no. 3 (1994): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1447211.

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24

Mendes, Aysha. "Breathing and beating clean air." British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 13, no. 6 (2018): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2018.13.6.265.

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25

Ackermann, Douglas M., David N. Jewell, Matthew L. Stedman, et al. "Breathing Air from Protein Foam." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 107, no. 1-3 (2003): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/abab:107:1-3:659.

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26

Wong, Wei. "Breathing faster in thin air." Science 367, no. 6476 (2020): 401.1–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6476.401-a.

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27

Lefevre, S., P. Domenici, and D. J. McKenzie. "Swimming in air-breathing fishes." Journal of Fish Biology 84, no. 3 (2014): 661–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12308.

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28

Dhathathreyan, K. S., N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar, and S. Pandian. "Forced Air-Breathing PEMFC Stacks." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/216494.

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Air-breathing fuel cells have a great potential as power sources for various electronic devices. They differ from conventional fuel cells in which the cells take up oxygen from ambient air by active or passive methods. The air flow occurs through the channels due to concentration and temperature gradient between the cell and the ambient conditions. However developing a stack is very difficult as the individual cell performance may not be uniform. In order to make such a system more realistic, an open-cathode forced air-breathing stacks were developed by making appropriate channel dimensions fo
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29

The Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia. "Breathing hard amidst air pollution." Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia 20 (January 2024): 100350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100350.

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30

Namba, Wakako, Toshio Yamanaka, Narae Choi, Tomohiro Kobayashi, Noriaki Kobayashi, and Nana Shikano. "The impact of Displacement Ventilation with Breathing Zone Air Supply onInfectious Spread in Office: Field study and CFD simulation." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 01080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339601080.

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Office spaces where many people spend long times need effective ventilation systems to prevent infections. This paper suggests a new ventilation method called “Displacement Ventilation with Breathing zone Air Supply” as a way to achieve that. In conventional displacement ventilation, all supply air is provided from the floor level. However, in the new system, supply air is provided from both breathing zone (breathing zone air supply) and floor level (floor level air supply). This new system aims to improve air quality of the breathing zone by controlling air flow of breathing zone air supply w
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31

Fujita, Kazuhisa. "Air Intake Performance of Air Breathing Ion Engines." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 52, no. 610 (2004): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.52.514.

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32

Kang, Jin-Hyuk, Jiyoung Lee, Ji-Won Jung, et al. "Lithium–Air Batteries: Air-Breathing Challenges and Perspective." ACS Nano 14, no. 11 (2020): 14549–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c07907.

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33

Basner, R. C., J. Ringler, S. Berkowitz, et al. "Effect of inspired air temperature on genioglossus activity during nose breathing in awake humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 3 (1990): 1098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.1098.

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Experimental data suggest the presence of sensory receptors specific to the nasopharynx that may reflexly influence respiratory activity. To investigate the effects of inspired air temperature on upper airway dilator muscle activity during nose breathing, we compared phasic genioglossus electromyograms (EMGgg) in eight normal awake adults breathing cold dry or warm humidified air through the nose. EMGgg was measured with peroral bipolar electrodes during successive trials of cold air (less than or equal to 15 degrees C) and warm air (greater than or equal to 34 degrees C) nasal breathing and q
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34

Wei, Zhihua, Chao Ming, Kaiyuan Yang, and Suyu Yan. "Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of air-breathing supersonic missiles considering the effects of elasticity and actuator faults." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2797, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2797/1/012012.

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Abstract The air-breathing supersonic missile has the characteristics of strong nonlinearity, strong coupling, fast time degeneration, and strong uncertainty. With the increasing requirements for missile speed and accuracy, the elasticity and actuator fault of air-breathing supersonic missiles have become a problem that cannot be ignored. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamics model of the elastic air-breathing supersonic missile is established, the influence of the elasticity of the air-breathing supersonic missile on the attitude is analyzed considering the real-time change of fuel mass, a
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35

Holtby, S. G., D. J. Berezanski, and N. R. Anthonisen. "Effect of 100% O2 on hypoxic eucapnic ventilation." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 3 (1988): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.3.1157.

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We measured ventilation in nine young adults while they breathed pure O2 after breathing room air and after 5 and 25 min of hypoxia. With isocapnic hypoxia (arterial O2 saturation 80 +/- 2%) mean ventilation increased at 5 min and then declined, so that at 25 min values did not differ from those on room air. After 3 min of O2 breathing, ventilation was greater than that on room air or after 25 min of isocapnic hypoxia, whether the hyperoxia had been preceded by hypoxia or normoxia. During transitions to pure O2 breathing, ventilation was analyzed breath by breath with a moving average techniqu
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36

Hyldegaard, O., and J. Madsen. "Effect of hypobaric air, oxygen, heliox (50:50), or heliox (80:20) breathing on air bubbles in adipose tissue." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 3 (2007): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00155.2007.

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The fate of bubbles formed in tissues during decompression to altitude after diving or due to accidental loss of cabin pressure during flight has only been indirectly inferred from theoretical modeling and clinical observations with noninvasive bubble-measuring techniques of intravascular bubbles. In this report we visually followed the in vivo resolution of micro-air bubbles injected into adipose tissue of anesthetized rats decompressed from 101.3 kPa to and held at 71 kPa corresponding to ∼2.750 m above sea level, while the rats breathed air, oxygen, heliox (50:50), or heliox (80:20). During
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37

Amar, S., and Reddy T. Gowtham Manikanta. "Air Breathing Rocket Engines and Sustainable Launch Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.310.

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An air-breathing rocket engine inhales oxygen from the air for about half the flight, so it doesn't have to store the gas onboard. So at take-off, an air-breathing rocket weighs much less than a conventional rocket, which carries all of its fuel and oxygen onboard. Air breathing rockets, combine the performance characteristics of both rocket and ramjet engines. An air-breathing engine gets its initial take-off power from specially designed rockets, called air-augmented rockets, that boost performance about 15 percent over conventional rockets. When the vehicle's velocity reaches twice the spee
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38

Vrijdag, Xavier CE, Hanna van Waart, Jamie W. Sleigh, Costantino Balestra, and Simon J. Mitchell. "Investigating critical flicker fusion frequency for monitoring gas narcosis in divers." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 50, no. 4 (2020): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.4.377-385.

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(Vrijdag XCE, van Waart H, Sleigh JW, Balestra C, Mitchell SJ. Investigating critical flicker fusion frequency for monitoring gas narcosis in divers. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020 December 20;50(4):377–385. doi: 10.28920/dhm50.4.377-385. PMID: 33325019.) Introduction: Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) has been used in various studies to measure the cognitive effects of gas mixtures at depth, sometimes with conflicting or apparently paradoxical results. This study aimed to evaluate a novel automatic CFFF method and investigate whether CFFF can be used to monitor gas-induced narcos
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39

Kaijser, L., J. Pernow, B. Berglund, J. Grubbstrom, and J. M. Lundberg. "Neuropeptide Y release from human heart is enhanced during prolonged exercise in hypoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 3 (1994): 1346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1346.

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To evaluate the effect of hypoxemia on cardiac release of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and norepinephrine (NE), arterial and coronary sinus blood was sampled and coronary sinus blood flow was measured by thermodilution in nine healthy volunteers at rest and during supine cycle ergometer exercise while they breathed air and 12% O2, which reduced arterial O2 saturation to approximately 68%. Five subjects started to exercise for 30 min breathing air and continued for 30 min breathing 12% O2; four subjects breathed 12% O2 and air in the reverse order. The load was adjusted to give
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40

Brauner, C. J., C. L. Ballantyne, D. J. Randall, and A. L. Val. "Air breathing in the armoured catfish (Hoplosternum littorale) as an adaptation to hypoxic, acidic, and hydrogen sulphide rich waters." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 4 (1995): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-086.

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The armoured catfish (Hoplosternum littorale) from the Amazon River system is a facultative air breather that is tolerant to both acidic and hydrogen sulphide rich waters. Facultative air breathing in fishes is known to be an important strategy for surviving hypoxia, but its importance for surviving in acidic and hydrogen sulphide rich waters has not previously been investigated. Air-breathing frequency in H. littorale increased from 2 to 28 breaths/h as the partial pressure of oxygen [Formula: see text] in the water was reduced from 137 to 105 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa). Further reduction in
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41

Graham, J., N. Lai, D. Chiller, and J. Roberts. "The transition to air breathing in fishes. V. Comparative aspects of cardiorespiratory regulation in Synbranchus marmoratus and Monopterus albus (Synbranchidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 7 (1995): 1455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.7.1455.

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Extreme heart-rate lability accompanies the air-breathing cycles of Synbranchus marmoratus and Monopterus albus. When air is taken into the buccopharyngeal air-breathing organ of these fishes, heart rate increases sharply above pre-inspiration rates of 3­25 beats min-1 to as high as 40­45 beats min-1. With time, and as O2 is depleted from the air-breathing organ, heart rate gradually declines and drops to its lowest level with, or following, exhalation. Relationships between air breathing and sinus arrhythmia in M. albus were investigated by injecting variable gas volumes and O
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42

Bevan, David J., and Donald L. Kramer. "The effect of swimming depth on respiratory behavior of the honey gourami, Colisa chuna (Pisces, Belontiidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 9 (1986): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-283.

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We tested the hypothesis that fish capable of bimodal respiration would respond to the increased travel costs of surfacing by decreasing their frequency of air breathing. Honey gouramis were permitted to move freely in a 220 cm deep aquarium, but their preferred depths were manipulated by changing the location of shelter and feeding sites. With increased depth the interval between air breaths increased. This supports the argument that travel to and from the surface is a significant cost for air-breathing fish. It provides evidence that respiratory behavior can be affected by factors not direct
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43

Xu, Yong Mei, Jian Tang, Jun Han, and Chu Qin Lin. "Experimental Study of Air Distribution Characteristics in Room of Stratum Ventilation under Two Kinds of Air Change Times." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.668.

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Aimed at a new type of ventilation - stratum ventilation, air distributions at a breathing-zone in a model office were measured under kinds of air changes, the measure parameters in the experimental studies included temperatures, wind speeds and pollutant concentrations, based on which the thermal comfort at a breathing-zone were studied. Experimental results show that, the temperature, pollutant concentration and wind speeds in a breathing-zone under 5 times air changes are better than those under 6 times air changes. The calculating results of PMV and PPD indicate that the thermal comfort at
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44

Mead, J., K. Yoshino, Y. Kikuchi, G. M. Barnas, and S. H. Loring. "Abdominal pressure transmission in humans during slow breathing maneuvers." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 5 (1990): 1850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.1850.

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Pressure transmission within the abdomen was studied in four subjects standing and supine, breathing slowly and performing slow breathing maneuvers. Pressures were measured in the stomach and rectum with air-containing balloon-catheter systems Pga(air) and Prec and in the stomach with a water-filled catheter system Pga(liq). Changes in Pga(air), Pga(liq), and Prec were nearly in phase and linearly related. The changes in Pga(liq) and Prec were nearly equal in all maneuvers, whereas the changes in Pga(air) were systematically greater than those of Pga(liq) and Prec during quiet breathing and re
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45

Jackson, D. C., J. H. Singer, and P. T. Downey. "Oxidative cost of breathing in the turtle Chrysemys picta bellii." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 5 (1991): R1325—R1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.5.r1325.

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We estimated the cost of breathing of turtles by measuring ventilation and oxygen consumption during air breathing and CO2 breathing. We assumed that any increment in oxygen consumption due to hypercapnic hyperpnea was due to the metabolic cost of the increased breathing. Six turtles were studied while breathing air and then 5% CO2 in air after at least 12 h breathing each gas. For the measurements, the turtles were submerged unrestrained in water at 20 degrees C and were free to raise their heads into a ventilated chamber. Tidal volumes were measured by the pressure changes in the chamber, an
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da Cruz, André Luis, Hugo Ribeiro da Silva, Lícia Maria Lundstedt, et al. "Air-breathing behavior and physiological responses to hypoxia and air exposure in the air-breathing loricariid fish, Pterygoplichthys anisitsi." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 39, no. 2 (2012): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9695-0.

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47

Clement, Alice M., and John A. Long. "Air-breathing adaptation in a marine Devonian lungfish." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (2010): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.1033.

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Recent discoveries of tetrapod trackways in 395 Myr old tidal zone deposits of Poland (Niedźwiedzki et al . 2010 Nature 463 , 43–48 ( doi:10.1038/nature.08623 )) indicate that vertebrates had already ventured out of the water and might already have developed some air-breathing capacity by the Middle Devonian. Air-breathing in lungfishes is not considered to be a shared specialization with tetrapods, but evolved independently. Air-breathing in lungfishes has been postulated as starting in Middle Devonian times ( ca 385 Ma) in freshwater habitats, based on a set of skeletal characters involved i
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Van Oostdam, J. C., D. C. Walker, K. Knudson, P. Dirks, R. W. Dahlby, and J. C. Hogg. "Effect of breathing dry air on structure and function of airways." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 1 (1986): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.312.

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We compared the effect of breathing dry air (0.70 mg H2O/l) with that of breathing room air (8.62 mg H2O/l) in guinea pigs anesthetized with urethane. The data showed that breathing dry air caused a reduction of extravascular water (EVW) in the trachea (P less than 0.01) but not the lung. Structural analysis showed that this water loss occurred from the loose connective tissue of the submucosa. Histamine dose response curves performed on the animals showed that breathing dry air caused an increase in the maximum response (delta max RL) (P less than 0.01) without changing either the dose requir
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Schipke, J. D., A. Deussen, F. Moeller, et al. "Oxygen-enriched air reduces breathing gas consumption over air." Current Research in Physiology 5 (2022): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crphys.2022.01.007.

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FUJITA, Kazuhisa, and Kazutaka NISHIYAMA. "Air-intake Performance Estimation of Air-breathing Ion Engines." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2003 (2003): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2003.95.

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