Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Air – Composition chimique'
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Berger, Alexandre. "Modélisation multi-échelles de la composition chimique des aérosols : impacts des processus physico-chimiques sur la formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires dans les nuages." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3060/.
Full textAtmospheric aerosols play a major role in environmental issues related to climate, air quality and human health. Organic aerosols (OA) are an important fraction of total particulate mass. However, formation mechanisms of OA are poorly understood. In particular, a current challenge remains the definition of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that will condense on or within existing aerosols to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Recent studies in laboratory have shown the contribution of oxygenated VOC (OVOC) in the formation of low volatile organic compounds in aqueous phase. However, these studies still incomplete and there is an urgent need for better understanding photochemistry in aqueous phase of polyfunctional species and to study the influence of the relevant parameters for the atmosphere (pH, initial concentrations, the presence of inorganic compounds) on SOA processes. Moreover, these pathways of SOA formation should be taken into account in atmospheric models. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential SOA production during a cloud event observed at the puy-de-Dôme station with simulations performed using the Meso-NH model. The realism of these simulations for forming SOA depends on the integration, in the chemical gaseous phase scheme, of the relevant chemical species including VOC and their products. The ReLACS2 mechanism meets this requirement and takes into account both ozone precursors and formation of SOA. This latter mechanism is coupled with the ORILAM-SOA module that integrates gas/particle partitionning of inorganic and organic species, and nucleation, evaporation/condensation, activation and dynamic aerosol processes. Firstly, this coupling is tested on three real cases over Europe in contrasted standart meteorological conditions. An exercise of inter-comparison of Meso-NH and WRF/CHEM models and a comparison of these models with in-situ observations over Europe are performed. Secondly, a first work consists in including COVO, short and soluble (up to 4 carbons), and the associated aqueous phase reactivity, in the ReLACS2 mechanism, in order to consider SOA formation in aqueous phase. A new chemical mechanism, ReLACS3, is created. In parallel, a second work consists in including the part of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) into the chemistry of the water droplets for a complete coupling between the gas, aqueous and particulate phases. To test these developments, an 2D idealized simulation of an orographic cloud, observed during an intensive campaign at the puy-de-Dôme station which occured in summer 2011, is performed. This study highlighted the potential impact of the aqueous phase reactivity and activation of CCN on SOA formation
Mendez, Maxence. "Étude expérimentale de la réactivité hétérogène de particules ultrafines d’acides gras et modélisation de la composition chimique des aérosols à l'échelle régionale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10170/document.
Full textThe intensity of environmental and health impacts of atmospheric aerosol depend on their chemical composition. This composition varies as function of their emission source and transport time in the atmosphere where many chemical and physical transformations occur. The objectives of this thesis are, firstly, to study the initial steps of the atmospheric aging of organic aerosol in laboratory and, secondly, to provide with information on the modelling of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol. The first part of this work has been dedicated to the study of the reactivity of model organic aerosol in an aerosol flow tube for two heterogeneous chemical systems: oleic acid + ozone; palmitic acid + chlorine radical. Chemical analyses in both gas phase and particle phase were performed to quantify the products and determine the chemical mechanisms.In the second part of the thesis, we have built a model to generate anthropogenic pollutant emission data for the chemistry weather forecast with the WRF-Chem model. The chemical speciation of primary aerosol permits us to model the chemical composition of aerosol over the French northern region. The model results have been validated by statistical comparison with data coming from measurements network (ATMO Nord-Pas de Calais) and also measurement campaigns performed with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Deyme, Michel. "Modification de la composition chimique superficielle de polymères : étude de l'adsorption du collagène aux interfaces air ou polymère/solutions aqueuses." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114804.
Full textKfoury, Adib. "Origine et physicochimie des particules atmosphériques PM₂.₅ dans des villes du littoral de la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0403/document.
Full textThe main objectives of this study were to acquire a better knowledge on the exposure level to fine PM₂.₅ particles and on their chemical composition and sources, in three cities located on the littoral facade of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The particles were collected following two sampling campaigns held between November 2010 and April 2011 ("winter" campaign in Dunkerque and Boulogne sur Mer ; "Spring" campaign in Dunkerque and Saint-Omer). The chemical composition of the collected PM₂.₅ was determined through the quantification of major elements, trace elements, water soluble ions and total carbon. For the two considered sampling periods, PM₂.₅ concentrations and chemical composition trends followed similar tendencies at each site. Local sources influence was evidenced throughout a comparison of the chronological evolution and concentration roses of some major and trace elements between the sites. This analysis allowed the suggestion of specific elemental ratios, which can be used as tracers of some anthropogenic sources. Finally, the use of a source-receptor model, based on a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method, allowed the identification of the main PM₂.₅ sources as well as the evaluation of their relative contributions in each of the studied sites
Harry, Solo Andriniaina. "Étude théorique d'un plasma dans la phase de transition allumage/combustion d'un moteur à gaz." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30093.
Full textThe spark ignition in thermal engines, leading to the initiation of combustion, is characterized by several processes that happen during short moments (maximum few milliseconds). The knowledge and control of the physicochemical phenomena involved are the key elements allowing to optimize the system. Using numerical tools, more detailed description and understanding of the mechanisms governing the medium can be investigated. This thesis is related to this topic and is focused to analyze the chemical species evolution of air-methane stoichiometric mixture according to the medium characteristics. The work is based on three main stages. The first step concerns the development of tool which allows to calculate the chemical composition and thermodynamic properties. The method is based on mass action law and the resolution under the local thermodynamic equilibrium hypothesis for a given pressure or mass density. Corrective terms (of Debye-Hückel and virial) enabling to assimilate the gas to real fluid are integrated into the system of equations. The second step is devoted to the development of the 0D model which is based on the resolution of the species conservation equation. This approach allows to study the possible presence of departures from equilibrium according to various cooling rates of the medium. The last step concerns the implementation of a 1D transient hydro-kinetic coupling model applied to ignition. It is developed on an axisymmetric cylindrical geometry. The results show typical evolutions of temperature and radial propagations of pressure. Depending on these parameters, the species behavior is analyzed and discussed in comparison to equilibrium. The departures from equilibrium of the densities highlighted for some initial choices of parameters by the coupling model open the perspectives to the direct calculation of the plasma properties
Tran, Dinh Trinh. "Identification des sources et modélisation du comportement dynamique des particules dans l’air intérieur des écoles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10015/document.
Full textDuring this thesis, we chemically characterized (metals, EC, OC) then studied the sources and the fate of airborne particles (PM10, PM2,5, PM1) in indoor air. Another part of this work concerns the modelization of their behavior in class-rooms of primary schools in the Nord Pas de Calais region. These PM10 values largely and almost systematically exceed (average value for eight schools: 97 ± 28μg/m3) the daily limit values (50μg/m3) for indoor air (WHO and ANSES recommendations). The only elements Al, Ba, Ca and Fe clearly associated to an indoor source are linked to the use of chalk. Although there is a significant amount of particles of outdoor origins found in class-rooms (such as traffic, industrial or natural sources), pupils’ physical activities represent the major source of airborne PM10 in indoor air. The resuspension phenomenon doesn’t influence significantly the elemental (major and traces elements) distribution of the indoor PM10.The modelization of the evolution of indoor PM10 is clearly influenced by the activities of the pupils in class-rooms, requiring taking into account the resuspension phenomena. In addition, the behavior of particles is associated to their size distribution as well as the intrinsic characteristics of the building envelope which control the indoor-outdoor air exchange.The deterministic model developed in this work will allow easily simulating the evolution of particle concentrations according to their size distribution in class-rooms
Barros, de Oliveira Diogo Miguel. "Identification of the main sources and geographical origins of PM10 in the northern part of France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10007/document.
Full textAirborne particles have significant economical, health and environmental impacts at a global scale. Mitigating their emissions to improve ambient air quality demands a deep knowledge on their sources, which can be determined by investigating their chemical composition. The present thesis aims at identifying major PM10 sources and geographical origins at 5 sampling sites (3 urban background, 1 traffic and 1 remote) representative of Northern France, which is frequently submitted to exceedances of limit values as defined by European Directives. The first step of this study included a comprehensive chemical characterization of PM10 filter samples collected every third day at the 5 sites. Organic matter and ammonium nitrate were confirmed as the main PM10 species in the investigated area with some differences according to the site type. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify and quantify the contributions of primary sources as well as secondary processes impacting each sampling site. Large contributions of secondary aerosols (mainly grouped as nitrate-, sulfate- and oxalate-rich aerosols) were obtained at all sites, as well as significant traffic and biomass burning. The use of specific tracers like MSA and polyols also proved to be useful to identify marine and continental biogenic aerosols, respectively. Statistical trajectory-based model was applied to PMF outputs to calculate Concentration Field maps and locate emission sources of marine particles, namely fresh and aged sea salts (primarily from the Atlantic Ocean) and marine biogenic aerosols (mainly from the North Sea), as well as continental contributions of nitrate-and sulfate-rich secondary particles
Dhouioui, Raja. "Étude des propriétés thermodynamiques et des coefficients de transport d'un plasma air - méthane en déséquilibre thermique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2394/.
Full textWe find carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in a large number of applications or processes involving electric arcs and thermal plasmas. These include: low-voltage circuit breakers with mixtures of air and organic vapor (due to the erosion of thermoplastic walls) inside the device, high-voltage circuit breakers for which are tested new gases or gas mixtures for filling the tank by replacing SF6, the treatment of biomass for synthesis gas production, processes for arc welding (MIG - MAG) but also processes for the ignition of reactive media, especially air - methane plasmas which are typical mixtures of electrical discharge for reactive media ignition of combustion. These kinds of processes are often studied theoretically using magneto-hydrodynamic models (MHD), under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). However, spark discharges involved in combustion ignition correspond to low power arcs for which the LTE hypothesis is relatively dubious. In this case, the temperature on the axis of the plasma remains relatively low. Thus the collisions are not enough efficient to ensure an equal distribution of the energy between the various chemical species in the mixture. The consequence is that the electrons have a kinetic temperature Te higher than that of the heavy species Tg. For an accurate theoretical study of this kind of discharge, taking into account the possible occurrence of departures from thermal equilibrium (Te ≠ Tg), it is necessary to develop multi-temperature MHD models. The implementation of these multi temperature models is often based upon 2T thermodynamic and transport property databases as a function of Te and of the ratio θ = Te /Tg. The present work falls under these considerations as it concerns the calculation of two-temperature (2T) Air - methane plasma properties: compositions, thermodynamic properties (mass density, enthalpy and specific heat at constant pressure) and transport coefficients (thermal conductivity, viscosity and electrical conductivity). The composition is obtained from the 2T mass action law and from the conservation equations (pressure, electrical neutrality and atomic proportions). Thermodynamic properties are then calculated analytically from the composition. Finally, transport coefficients are obtained from the Chapman-Enskog theory (extended to the 2T case) and from recent theoretical developments. The four contributions to thermal conductivity (translation of electrons, translation of heavy particles, internal and reaction) are calculated separately so that they can be used in a different way in the two energy conservation equations (electrons and heavy particles) involved in 2T MHD models
Schramm, Sébastien. "Étude de la composition de différentes fumées de cigarette associées aux tabagismes actif et passif." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0408/document.
Full textCigarette smoke is one of the more significant indoor contaminant. Cigarette smoke is associated with gas phase and particulate matter phase components. The cigarette smoke particles are of major concern from a toxicological viewpoint, for both active and passive smoking. Indeed a large part of them is retained by the different levels of human respiratory system. As a consequence, the molecules adsorbed on their surface or the molecules, which compose the particle itself, can be slowly released in the organism. In this context, particles involved in active and passive smoking were analyzed and compared. In a first step, a quantification method by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for some tracers has been developed and validated to allow the validation of both the smoking and the sampling procedures to be achieved. This is important to be sure that for a given cigarette smoke types, the different samples obtained from different collection procedure are statistically identical. This also allowed the influence of some smoking variables (type and humidity of the cigarette, puff duration, and flow rate of the puff) on the composition of the particles to be evaluated. In a second step, mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS), sidestream cigarette smoke (SSS) and exhaled cigarette smoke (EXS) particles were analyzed by ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled with laser desorption/ionisation (LDI-FTICRMS) or electrospray ion (ESI-FTICRMS). The comparison of MSS and EXS revealed the selective retention of the more polar molecules in the organism. In contrast to what it is obtained for MSS, it was found that the compounds detected in the analysis of SSS particles are highly unsaturated and content low amounts of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. This has to be linked to a lower dioxygen amounts and to a lower temperature between two puffs in the burning zone. Consequently, pyrolytic and combustion phenomena are the main process which induce the formation of SSS and MSS, respectively. Moreover, MSS cross unburned tobacco before to be collected and can induce distillation of some volatile compounds (e.g. nicotine) which are thought to be more saturated and more oxygenated that the compounds generated in the burning zone. These results were confirmed and completed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The results of the MSS, SSS and EXS particle analysis highlight the differences of chemical composition of these different cigarette smokes which is associated to active smoking for the first one and passive smoking for the latter ones. Consequently, differences of toxicological effect can be expected for each kinds of smoking behavior
Allou, Lyassine. "Chimie multiphasique et mesure des concentrations des aldéhydes et des composés aromatiques dans l’air." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/ALLOU_Lyassine_2008.pdf.
Full textSalame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108/document.
Full textThe atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
Bouet, Christel. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00311058.
Full textCette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle méso haute résolution en utilisant le modèle Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) couplé en ligne avec le Dust Production Model (DPM) développé par Marticorena et Bergametti [1995] et Laurent [2005]. Afin d'examiner la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire les émissions d'aérosols minéraux dans la région complexe de Bodélé, nous avons tout d'abord modélisé la période correspondant à la campagne Bodélé Dust Experiment 2005 (BoDEx 2005). Notre modèle a ainsi été capable de reproduire les caractéristiques météorologiques locales (principalement le vent dans les basses couches) ainsi que les concentrations en aérosols minéraux et la structure du panache observées pendant la campagne. Nous avons aussi vérifié que les aérosols émis depuis cette région du monde atteignent le continent sud américain.
De plus, cette validation nous a permis de vérifier le constat établi par divers auteurs : les modèles à grande échelle (MCG) ont souvent du mal à reproduire correctement les champs de vent dans la région de Bodélé. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude climatologique (sur l'année 2001) sur une zone étendue autour de la région de Bodélé à différentes résolutions spatiales afin de caractériser les phénomènes de basses couches qui pourraient expliquer ce biais quasi-systématique des MCG. Ce travail a été validé grâce aux données de routine des stations de mesure de surface ainsi que grâce à l'imagerie satellite.
Le deuxième cas sur lequel la validation de notre outil était nécessaire est constitué par les événements de ligne de grains qui se succèdent sur la zone sahélienne lors de l'été boréal. Cette validation a été réalisée sur un événement bien documenté des périodes d'observations spéciales 1 et 2 de la campagne Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine (AMMA).
Amato, Pierre. "Les communautés microbiennes des nuages : implication dans la chimie atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717327.
Full textBouet, Christel. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21790.
Full textSalameh, Dalia. "Impacts atmosphériques des activités portuaires et industrielles sur les particules fines (PM2.5) à Marseille." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4732/document.
Full textFine particulate matter (PM2.5) has received considerable attention due to its impact on human health and air quality. Therefore, effective plans for human health protection require a detailed knowledge of the most relevant PM emission sources and their contributions to the ambient PM levels. Thus, this thesis aims to characterize the chemical composition of PM2.5 collected in Marseille area, and quantify the impacts of the main emission sources. To meet these objectives, a one-year monitoring campaign was conducted at the urban background site of “Cinq avenues” during the period of 2011-2012. A detailed chemical characterization of the collected PM2.5 filters was performed, and 3 receptor models were applied to this database: CMB (Chemical Mass Balance), PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization), and ME-2 (Multilinear Engine). Although based on significantly different concepts, the intercomparison exercise of the output data of the used models has generally showed a good agreement in estimating the source contributions of biomass burning (representing between 23 and 33% on annual average) and vehicular traffic (between 14 and 26%). In contrast, significant differences were observed for the industrial (1-18%) and ammonium sulfate (12-30%) sources. This study highlighted the significant contribution of organic matter (OM), which represents 42% of the PM2.5 mass, on average. Regarding the source apportionment results, one of the most striking findings is the identification of two types of biomass burning aerosol, one of which probably comes from open burning of green waste. The latter can even be considered a major contributor to the PM2.5 mass during fall and early winter
Lemaire, Vincent. "Hiérarchisation des déterminants de la composition atmosphérique future en Europe." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX091/document.
Full textThe atmospheric composition is mainly driven by the emission of primary pollutants and precursors and meteorology. Because of its sensitivity to unfavorable weather patterns, air pollution is expected to be sensitive to climate change. That is why the aim of this work is to estimate the effect of climate change over air pollution in Europe at the end of the century. To achieve this we rely on modeling which allow to cover such timescales. To reduce uncertainties and quantify the effect of climate change on air quality, ensemble approaches should be applied. However, the computing cost of such methods is substantial. To overcome this issue we developed a statistical method which does not require forcing a chemistry and transport model with a large ensemble of climate projections. The results obtained with this statistical method are in good agreement with full chemistry-transport models when considering long time periods. But we point out the limits of the method when focusing on extreme pollution events. The statistical model can be used to assess the uncertainty of using a comprehensive ensemble of climate forcing in terms of air quality impacts. The statistical approach can also help identifying a subset of climate forcing that should be explored in priority to drive chemistry-transport models.Such a subset of climate models is however only available at a degraded vertical resolution on existing databases such as EuroCordex. To quantify the error induced when using a meteorological variables only saved for a few vertical levels, a sensitivity study focused on the impact of the vertical resolution of the meteorological data has been perfomed. We emphasized that a minimum of 10 vertical levels and some specific variables were required to study the impact of climate change on air quality to keep the error lower than the climate change signal.Finally, we use the statistical method to compare the climate change effect and the future emissions reduction impact estimated also with a surrogate model. We exhibit that the magnitude of climate benefit for PM2.5 will be comparable to the emissions reductions of the dominant sector in each country studied. These emissions decreases will therefore be reinforced the climate change. On the opposite, for SOMO35, the climate penalty will jeopardize the emission reductions between 2010 and 2050. We also evaluate that climate change will become more important than the expected reduction emissions signal
Giansetti, Pascal. "Contrôle moteur à allumage commandéEstimation / prédiction de la masse et de la composition du mélange enfermé dans le cylindre." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110244.
Full textL'objectif était d'estimer la masse et la composition des gaz dans le cylindre d'un moteur à partir de lois physiques afin d'assurer un meilleur contrôle des phases transitoires en prenant en compte les gaz résiduels et les gaz recirculés.
La quantité de gaz résiduels a été caractérisée à l'aide de deux expériences et d'un code de calcul. Un modèle a été validé expérimentalement et intégré à un observateur prédicteur bouclé qui permet de prédire la pression et la température dans le collecteur. Les prédictions des différents flux de gaz et des espèces chimiques présents dans le cylindre en sont alors déduites.
L'observateur à été validé expérimentalement et en simulation. De plus, un algorithme permettant d'estimer la masse de gaz frais et brûlés à partir de la pression cylindre a été proposé pour obtenir l'information cycle à cycle et cylindre à cylindre.
Fally, Sophie. "Composition, propriétés et comportement des aérosols atmosphériques, des brouillards, des rosées et des pluies en région bruxelloise." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211558.
Full textL'objectif du présent travail est de déterminer la composition chimique, les propriétés et le comportement des particules et des dépôts humides en Région bruxelloise. On a distingué les aérosols atmosphériques, les brouillards, les rosées (ou givres) récoltés à la fois sur les végétaux et sur un collecteur inerte, les pluies et les dépôts totaux (formés des pluies et des dépôts secs accumulés dans l'entonnoir de collecte en l'absence de pluie). Ce vaste objectif a été réalisé grâce à la collecte de nombreux échantillons sur une échelle de temps suffisante en différents endroits de la capitale, et à l'analyse de ces échantillons par des techniques variées et complémentaires (techniques classiques d'analyse d'échantillons liquides telles que spectrométrie d'absorption et d'émission atomique, chromatographie liquide, colorimétrie, ainsi que microscopie électronique et fluorescence des rayons-X). Trois collecteurs (pour le brouillard, la pluie et la rosée) ont été entièrement conçus et réalisés au laboratoire dans le cadre de ce travail. Les éléments suivants sont analysés: NO3, SO4, NH4, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, CI, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb.
Afin de comprendre les causes de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des concentrations, l'influence de paramètres tels que la saison, la direction du vent, et le lieu de prélèvement a été examinée. De plus, dans le cas des pluies et des brouillards, l'étude de l'évolution des concentrations au cours d'un même épisode a permis d'investiguer les processus physico-chimiques qui contrôlent le dépôt humide. Elle a permis d'acquérir une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes d'incorporation des aérosols dans la phase aqueuse et du phénomène de lessivage de l'atmosphère. Tout au long de ce travail, les interactions entre la phase particulaire (aérosols) et les phases liquides (brouillards, rosées, pluies) ont été examinées. Une relation entre les concentrations en éléments dissous et le volume d'eau de l'échantillon a été établie dans le cas des pluies, des rosées et des brouillards. Cette relation traduit un effet de dilution et démontre l'importance du mécanisme de condensation-évaporation des gouttes d'eau. L'importance du phénomène de nucléation des sulfates, nitrates et chlorures d'ammonium constitutifs de la fraction fine de l'aérosol soluble a été démontrée. Ces sels d'ammonium sont formés secondairement par des réactions de conversion gaz-particules. L'abondance des ions ammonium, et l'importance de leur action de neutralisation de l'acidité, constituent une particularité de l'atmosphère bruxelloise.
L'identification des sources de particules et d'éléments en relation avec leurs propriétés chimiques et granulométriques a été réalisée en utilisant divers outils statistiques (corrélations entre éléments, analyse factorielle) et géochimiques (rapports de concentration, facteurs d'enrichissement, granulométrie). Les apports d'origine marine, continentale, biologique et anthropique (trafic, incinération des déchets, processus de combustion) ont ainsi été clairement mis en évidence dans l'aérosol et le brouillard bruxellois.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Calas, Aude. "Pollution atmosphérique particulaire : développement de méthodologies non-invasives et acellulaires pour l’évaluation de l’impact sanitaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU033.
Full textIn vitro studies have shown that the health effects of airborne particles (aerosols) are mainly attributed to their inflammatory potential due to the oxidative species they carry on: mostly metals and organic molecules. Diseases triggered then, regionally differ depending on the specific mixtures of different sources of pollution, duration of exposure and susceptibility of individuals. Key parameters to investigate are the bioaccessibility (reactive fraction of the aerosol) and the PM (Particulate matter) oxidative potential to predict aerosol toxicity. To this end, non-invasive tests, that is to say made on the mixture of pollutants itself and not on human or cells, have recently been developed (Cho et al 2005, Sauvain et al 2009, Denys et al 2009, Li et al 2003, Uzu et al 2011). Can we use them evenly, since the chemical composition of aerosols differs drastically between regional areas? We know that such bacteria present in the air are able to lower the oxidative capacity of clouds. Is it the same for particles (Vaïtilingom et al. 2012)? Can we connect these tests to some species or specific sources of identified PM? These preliminary questions need to be addressed before developing a systematic assessment of health effects of air pollutants, which are the subject of very active research programs in many international groups, but poorly discussed in France. They must be taken into account before being developed for large-scale campaigns (health risk, epidemiology...) that can be implemented in partnership with the networks of air quality measurment in the coming years (Kelly and Fussell 2012).This PhD project aims to develop new tools characterizing the air quality and its biological impact, with the following objectives:- Optimize and validate a test evaluation of oxidative potential of aerosols following different types of mixtures;- Connect the "proxy" of the health impact of chemicals and particles attributable PM according to their origin
Moretto, Robert. "Étude sédimentologique et géochimique des dépôts de la série salifère paléogène du bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse (France)." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10393.
Full textPasquet, Camille. "Evaluation de la biodisponibilité du nickel, cobalt et manganèse dans les poussières de sols ultramafiques et développement d'un outil de bioindication lichénique des poussières émises par les activités minières en Nouvelle Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0008/document.
Full textBioavailability estimation of nickel, cobalt and manganese in dust from ultramafic soils likely to be mobilized by wind and~eve lopment of a bioindication tool using lichen for dust emitted by mining activities in New Caledonia New Caledonian altered ultramafic soils, particularly rich in Ni, Co, Mn and Cr, are extracted by opencast mines which generale dust rich in metals. The objective of th is work is to develop approaches for environmental risk assessment of dust emitted by opencast mines and nickel ore metallurgical plants. The assessmentof metals' bioavailable fraction from two dust granulometrie size fractions, one less than 100 IJm which is mobilizable by wind (F<1001Jm,) and another one able to penetrate the respiratory system (PM 1 0), has been determined by kinetic extraction with EDT A. The development of a new separation deviee based on particle transport subjected to a nitrogen flux in a horizontal tube has been necessary for PM1 0 segregation. Kinetic extractions le ad to the distinction of th ree metal pools: rapidly labile, less rapidly labile and non-bioavailable. Trace metal potentially bioavailable concentrations were always high and the less rapidly labile pool is always the most concentrated pool. Concerning F<1 001Jm, the less rapidly kinetic constant of the less rapidly labile pool is weaker for mining soils than forest soils. F<1001Jm fractions from mining soils representa more durable reserve in trace metal than the same fraction from forest soils. Bioindication using lichens with compositional data analysis of their metal concentration allow defining an indicator of emission dispersion. This methodology could support air quality monitoring networks in New Caledonia
Pignol, Valérie. "Évolution et caractérisation de structures cellulaires bidimensionnelles expérimentales, en particulier les mousses de savon, et simulées." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717860.
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