Academic literature on the topic 'Air cooled condenser'
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Journal articles on the topic "Air cooled condenser"
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Yu, F. W., and K. T. Chan. "Application of Direct Evaporative Coolers for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Air-Cooled Chillers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 3 (July 20, 2005): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1866144.
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This paper describes how direct evaporative coolers can be used to improve the energy efficiency of air-cooled chillers in various operating conditions and with different strategies for staging condenser fans. These coolers are installed in front of air-cooled condensers to precool outdoor air before entering the condensers. A simulation analysis on an air-cooled chiller equipped with a direct evaporative cooler showed that when head pressure control is used, the cooler enables the condensing temperature to drop by 2.1–6.2°C, resulting in a 1.4-14.4% decrease in chiller power and a 1.3–4.6% increase in the refrigeration effect. When the chiller with the cooler operates under condensing temperature control, where condenser effectiveness is enhanced by staging all condenser fans, there is a savings in chiller power of 1.3-4.3% in some operating conditions in which the drop in compressor power exceeds the additional condenser fan power due to the pressure drop across the cooler.
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Poullikkas, Andreas, Ioannis Hadjipaschalis, and George Kourtis. "Comparative Assessment of an Innovative Dry-Cooled CSP System." Conference Papers in Energy 2013 (May 28, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/849407.
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A comparative optimization assessment is carried out in order to identify the competitiveness of an innovative modular air-cooled condenser (MACC) system in relation to conventional water- or air-cooled condensers. Specifically, the technoeconomic performance of the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) technology, the parabolic trough concentrated solar power (CSP) technology, and the solar tower CSP technology are compared when all are integrated (a) with a MACC condenser of an optimum tube geometry and size, (b) with a conventional water-cooled condenser, and (c) with a conventional dry-cooled condenser. The comparison is performed across three different solar potential levels. The simulations are carried out using an optimization model based on the IPP v2.1 algorithm for the calculation of the electricity unit cost and other financial indicators of each technology under investigation. The results demonstrate that, under certain parameters, the investigated MACC condenser system can become a cost-competitive alternative to water- or dry-cooled condensers in various solar potential environments.
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Ni, Weiming, Zhihua Ge, Lijun Yang, and Xiaoze Du. "Piping-Main Scheme for Condensers against the Adverse Impact of Environmental Conditions on Air-Cooled Thermal Power Units." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010170.
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To improve the adaptability of direct air-cooled power generating units to the variations of both meteorological condition and power load, a piping-main arrangement of air-cooled condensers was proposed. The heat and mass transfer models of the air-side were established for the air cooling system of 2 × 600 MW thermal power generating units. The coupled model for both flow resistance loss and condensate flow rate distributions of exhaust steam inside air-cooled condensers were developed based on the temperature fields through numerical simulation. Calculation results, including the condensate flow rate, back pressure, and coal consumption rate, were acquired under different ambient temperatures and wind velocities. The results show that the proposed piping-main arrangement can weaken the ambient wind impacts and reduce the backpressure significantly in summer by adjusting the number of air-cooled condenser cells in operation. The steam flow rate can be uniformed effectively by adjusting the number of operating air-cooled condenser cells during winter. It can also avoid the freezing accident in winter while cooling the exhaust steam of two turbines by part air-cooled condenser cells.
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Abdi Pranata, I. Gede, Kadek Rihendra Dantes, and I. Nyoman Pasek Nugraha. "STUDI KOMPARASI PERBANDINGAN AIR DAN UDARA SEBAGAI MEDIA PENDINGIN KONDENSOR TERHADAP PENCAPAIAN SUHU OPTIMAL SIKLUS PRIMER PADA PROTOTIPE WATER CHILLER." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Mesin Undiksha 7, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jjtm.v7i1.18754.
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Kondensor adalah sebuah alat pada sistem refrigerasi mesin pendingin yang berfungsi sebagai pemindah panas pada refrigerant yang memiliki temperatur tinggi akan diserap lalu dihembuskan oleh media penghambat panas yang ada pada kondensor sehingga menyebakan uap refrigerant mengembun menjadi cair. Air merupakan media pendinginan yang tepat sebagai media pendinginan untuk kondensor, karena air memiliki konduktifitas termal lebih baik dibandingkan dengan udara yaitu dengan nilai air 0,56 J/m.s.̊C dan udara 0,023 J/m.s.̊C . Sehingga laju perpindahan panas lebih cepat dan suhu yang dihasilkan dengan rentang waktu 20 menit kerja pada chilled water tank supply. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimen dengan posisi kondensor didalam air yang dialiri air bersikulasi melalui saluran dari wadah kondensor, lalu mengalir ke wadah 1 dan 2 yang sudah disediakan, kemudian disirkulasikan kembali menuju wadah kondensor. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian menunjukan suhu yang dihasilkan oleh air pendingin kondensor dengan nilai 6,725 ̊C lebih baik dibandingkan dengan udara pendingin kondensor dengan nilai 14,25 ̊C dalam waktu 20 menitKata Kunci : Kondensor, air, suhu, air pendingin kondensor, udara pendingin kondensor The condenser is a device in the refrigeration system that functions as a heat transfer machine in refrigerants that have high temperatures will be absorbed and then exhaled by heat inhibiting media that are on the condenser so that the refrigerant vapor condenses into liquid. Water is the right cooling medium as a cooling medium for condensers, because water has better thermal conductivity than air, with a water value of 0.56 J / m.Co and air 0.023 J / m.Co. So that the heat transfer rate is faster and the temperature produced with a span of 20 minutes works on the chilled water tank supply. The study was carried out experimentally with the condenser position in water circulating through water from the condenser container, then flowing into containers 1 and 2 that have been provided, then recirculated to the condenser container. The results obtained from the study showed that the temperature produced by the water cooled condenser with a value of 6.725 ̊C was better than the air cooled condenser with a value of 14.25 ̊C within 20 minuteskeyword : Condenser, water, temperature, water cooled condenser, air cooled condenser
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Lv, Yi, Hui Zhang, Yu Jin Yue, Li Jun Yang, and Xiao Dong Zhang. "Deviation Analysis on Flow and Heat Transfer Model of Large Air-Cooled Steam Condenser Unit." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.656.
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Many power plants adopt air-cooled condensers (ACC) with finned tubes, using ambient air to condense turbine exhaust steam. Each condenser unit is mainly composed of two heat transfer surfaces like A and large diameter axial flow fans driving air. In the study of environmental wind effects, etc, due to the condenser unit size is bigger, it is necessary to simplify the condenser unit internal flow and heat transfer calculation, but the deviations introduced by these simplifies failed to get enough attention. In view of one condenser unit, three kinds of flow and heat tansfer combinated model were respectively investigated. A computational fluid dynamics software (CFD) is used to solve the problem.Research priority is analyzing the deviations of internal flow and heat transfer features in the condenser unit according to the extracted datum. The study gives some useful informatin to the design of a thermal power plant with an ACC system.
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Lau, S. C., K. Annamalai, and S. V. Shelton. "Optimization of Air-Cooled Condensers." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 109, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231331.
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The essential design parameters for determining the optimum configuration of an air-cooled condenser are identified in this paper. For a power plant operating on a Rankine cycle, expressions for (i) the minimum frontal area, (ii) the minimum heat transfer area, and for (iii) the maximum net cycle efficiency, with respect to the condenser temperature and the cooling air velocity are derived. The analyses are carried out with the assumption that the exit temperature of the cooling air is equal to the condenser temperature. All resulting equations are presented in dimensionless form so that they are applicable to any power cycle with a gas-cooled condenser.
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Říhová, Zdeňka, and Markéta Kočová. "Technological Structures for Air Cooled Condensers." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.11.1622.
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This paper summarizes the knowledge and results obtained in the field of designing technological platforms for energy industry. Optimal solution of the layout of elements and material of a number of technological platforms with a specific number of modules was searched. Technological platforms are the main supporting structure of the air-cooled condensers (ACC), which ensure cooling of plants. The fundament of the solution is based on the schema that the platform is composed from the at least one standardized bed containing the supporting surface equipped with the supporting columns and at least one horizontal segment for the condenser exchanger support. The platform structure must ensure sufficient spatial rigidity and stability and ACC functionality. Design requirements are defined both by size and weight of each single module of condenser and the total number of modules in assembly.
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He, Wei Feng, and Yi Ping Dai. "Pressure Forecast of an Air-Cooled Steam Condenser under Wind Speeds." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6187.
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Direct air-cooled power plant is popularized in north China because of the water conservation. Different from the water-cooled condenser, the ambient air absorbs the latent heat that turbine exhaust in the heat exchangers releases. In this paper, the numerical model of a 2×600MW power plant is prepared to simulate the performance of the air–cooled steam condenser under different wind speeds. Heat transferring with phase change is very complicated so that User Define Function(UDF) is applied to calculate the heat transfer rate in the air-cooled condenser. The fan flow rate will drop obviously during the increasing of the wind speed. As a result, the heat transfer rate between the steam and the ambient air also decreases and the pressure of the condenser rises. Finally, the stable condenser pressures under different wind speeds are predicted. The result shows that the air-cooled condenser is very sensitive to the wind speed.
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Goswami, D. Y., G. D. Mathur, and S. M. Kulkarni. "Experimental Investigation of Performance of a Residential Air Conditioning System with an Evaporatively Cooled Condenser." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 115, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930051.
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This paper presents an experimental investigation of the use of indirect evaporative cooling process to increase the performance of an air-to-air vapor compression refrigeration system. The condenser of an existing 2.5 ton (8.8 kW) air conditioning system at the University of Florida’s Energy Park in Gainesville was retrofitted with a media pad type evaporative cooler, a water source, and a pump. The system performance was monitored without and with the evaporative cooler on the condenser. The data show that electric energy savings of 20 percent can be achieved by using an evaporatively cooled air condenser. The energy savings can pay for the cost associated with retrofitting the condenser in as little as two years.
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Wang, Xue Dong, Yan Juan Zheng, and Tao Luan. "Optimizing Design of Direct Air-Cooled Condenser." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.406.
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The optimizing design approach of direct air-cooled system was described in detail in this paper. Based on the approach, the wind speed, ambient temperature and heat transfer area of air-cooled condenser were considered to meet the design parameters and the rated power. The optimizing results and economic analysis were discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air cooled condenser"
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Squicciarini, Martin. "The air cooled condenser optimization." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34546.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
Donald L. Fenton
Today air cooled chillers are often used in industrial applications where chilled water is pumped through processes or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for the controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries. However, there is limited information on condenser coil design for a simulated model that uses R407c in a process chiller system with a focus on the finned tube condenser design. Therefore, a simulation tool that evaluates the performance of a condenser design, e.g. frontal area, cost, and overall system efficiency would be very useful. An optimization calculator for the air cooled fin-tube condenser design was developed. This calculator allows a user to specifically select the condenser geometric design parameters including the overall condenser length and height, number of rows, number of circuits, row and tube spacing, fin thickness, fin density, tube inner and outer diameters, and the quantity and power of the fan motors. This study applied the calculator finding an optimum condenser design for various frontal areas and cost constraints. The calculator developed is appropriate for engineering designers for use in the process chiller industry.
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Owen, Michael Trevor Foxwell. "Air-cooled condenser steam flow distribution and related dephlegmator design considerations." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85731.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The steam-side side operation of a practical air-cooled steam condenser is investigated using a combination of CFD, numerical, analytical and experimental methods. Particular attention is directed towards the vapor flow distribution in the primary condensers and dephlegmator performance. Analysis of the vapor flow in the distributing manifold, connecting the steam turbine exhaust to the air-cooled heat exchangers, highlights the importance of careful design of the guide vanes in the manifold bends and junctions. Improved guide vane design and configuration can reduce the steam-side pressure drop over the manifold and improve the vapor flow distribution, which may be beneficial to condenser operation. The vapor flow in the primary condensers is shown to exhibit a non-uniform distribution amongst the heat exchanger tubes. The vapor flow distribution is strongly linked to the distribution of tube inlet loss coefficients through the heat exchanger bundles. The non-uniform flow distribution places an additional demand on dephlegmator performance, over and above the demands of row effects in the case of multi-row primary condenser bundles. Row effects are shown to account for as much as 70 % of available dephlegmator capacity in this case. Simultaneously, inlet loss coefficient distributions can account for up to 30 % of dephlegmator capacity. In some situations then, the dephlegmator is fully utilized under ideal operating conditions and there is no margin of safety to cope with non-ideal operation of the primary condensers. The upstream regions of the primary condensers are therefore exposed to a high risk of undesirable noncondensable gas accumulation. Reduced dephlegmator capacity due to insufficient ejector performance may further compound this problem. Single-row primary condenser bundles eliminate row effects and thereby significantly reduce the demands on dephlegmator performance. The use of such bundles in the dephlegmator would also measurably reduce ejector loading. In light of the findings of this study, it is recommended that single-row bundles be considered as the primary option for future air-cooled condenser applications. A hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator concept is analysed and shown to be able to provide measurably enhanced dephlegmator performance when operating in wet mode, while consuming only a small amount of water. The enhanced dephlegmator cooling translates to an increase in total air-cooled condenser capacity of up to 30 % at high ambient temperatures in this case. The benefit of this enhanced cooling capacity to steam turbine output may be significant. The hybrid dephlegmator concept therefore offers a simple, cost-effective and sustainable solution to the issue of reduced air-cooled condenser performance during hot periods. Careful design of the first and second stage bundle configurations in the hybrid dephlegmator is necessary to avoid flooding in the first stage during wet operation of the second. Furthermore, the slightly poorer dry-operation performance of the hybrid dephlegmator results in increased risk of non-condensable gas accumulation in multi-row primary condensers. Again, single-row primary condenser bundles would lay rest to such concerns.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bedryf aan die stoom-kant van ʼn praktiese lugverkoelde-stoomkondensor word ondersoek met behulp van 'n kombinasie van berekeningsvloeimeganika, numeriese, analitiese en eksperimentele metodes. ʼn Spesifieke fokus word geplaas op die dampvloeiverspreiding in die primêre kondensors asook die deflegmatorwerksverrigting. Ontleding van die damp vloei in die verdeelspruitstuk, wat die uitlaat van die stoomturbine aan die lugverkoelde-stoomkondensor koppel, beklemtoon die belangrikheid van noukeurige ontwerp van die leilemme in die spruitstukdraaie en aansluitings. Verbeterde leilemontwerp en opstelling kan die drukval aan die stoom-kant van die draaie en aansluitings verminder en die dampvloeiverspreiding verbeter. Dit kan gevolglik lei tot verbeterde werksverrigting van die kondensor. Die studie toon dat ʼn nie-eenvormige dampvloeiverspreiding in die warmteruilerbuise van die primêre kondensors bestaan. Die verspreiding van buisinlaat-verlieskoëffisiënte deur die bundels van die warmteruiler is sterk afhanklik van die voorgenome dampvloeiverspreiding. Die nie-eenvormige vloeiverspreiding veroorsaak 'n groter aanvraag na deflegmator-werksverrigting, bo-en-behalwe nog vereistes van ry-effekte in die geval waar multi-ry-bundels vir primêre kondensors gebruik word. Ry-effekte is verantwoordelik vir so veel as 70 % van die beskikbare deflegmator kapasiteit. Terselfdertyd kan die verspreiding van inlaat-verlieskoëffisiënte verantwoordelik wees vir tot 30 % van die deflegmator kapasiteit. In sommige gevalle is die deflegmator dus ten volle aangewend onder ideale bedryfstoestande, en bestaan daar geen band van veiligheid om nie-ideale werksverrigting van die primêre kondensor te hanteer nie. Sekere dele van die stroom-op primêre kondensors word dus blootgestel aan 'n hoë risiko vir die opbou van ongewenste nie-kondenseerbare gasse. Verder kan ‘n vermindering in deflegmator kapasiteit, weens onvoldoende werksverrigting van die vakuumpompe, dié probleem vererger. Enkel-ry-bundels vir primêre kondensors vermy ry-effekte en lei sodoende tot ʼn aansienlike vermindering in die aanvraag na deflegmator-werksverrigting. Die gebruik van sulke bundels in die deflegmator sou die vakuumpomplas ook meetbaar verminder. Uit die bevindinge van hierdie studie word dit aanbeveel dat enkel-ry bundels beskou word as die primêre opsie vir toekomstige lugverkoelde-kondensor aansoeke. ’n Konsep vir ’n hibriede-deflegmator (droog/nat) word ontleed. Die studie toon dat, deur hierdie konsep in die nat-modus te gebruik, ’n meetbare verbetering in deflegmator-werksverrigting gesien kan word, ten koste van net ʼn klein hoeveelheid waterverbruik. Die verbetering in verkoelingsvermoë van die deflegmator beteken ʼn toename van tot 30 % in die totale verkoelingsvermoë van die lugverkoelde-kondensor gedurende periodes wanneer hoë omgewingstemperature heersend is. Die voordeel van hierdie verbeterde verkoelingsvermoë op die werksuitset van die stoomturbine kan beduidend wees. Die konsep vir ’n hibriede-deflegmator bied dus 'n eenvoudige, koste-effektiewe en volhoubare oplossing vir warm atmosferiese periodes, wanneer die lugverkoelde-kondensor se verkoelingsvermoë afneem. Noukeurige ontwerp van die eerste en tweede fase bundelkonfigurasies in die hibriede-deflegmator is nodig om oorstroming in die eerste fase, tydens nat werking van die tweede fase, te verhoed. Verder veroorsaak die effens swakker werksverrigting, gedurende die bedryf van die hibriede-deflegmator in die droog-modus, ʼn verhoogde risiko vir die opbou van nie-kondenseerbare gasse in multi-ry primêre kondensors. Weereens sal enkel-ry-bundels in primêre kondensors hierdie probleem oplos.
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Van, Rooyen J. A. "Performance trends of an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1629.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Air-cooled steam condensers (ACSC’s) are increasingly employed to reject heat in modern power plants. Unfortunately these cooling systems become less effective under windy conditions and when ambient temperatures are high. A better understanding of the fundamental airflow patterns about and through such air-cooled condensers is essential if their performance is to be improved under these conditions. For known flow patterns, improved fan designs are possible and flow distortions can be reduced by means of extended surfaces or skirts, windwalls and screens. Spray cooling of the inlet air or the addition of an evaporative cooling system can also be considered for improving performance under extreme conditions. The present numerical study models the air flow field about and through an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions. The performance of the fans is modeled with the aid of a novel numerical approach known as the “actuator disc model”. Distorted airflow patterns that significantly reduce fan performance in certain areas and recirculatory flows that entrain hot plume air are found to be the reasons for poor ACSC performance. It is found that the reduction in fan performance is the main reason for the poor ACSC performance while recirculation of hot plume air only reduces performance by a small amount. Significant improvements in ACSC performance are possible under these conditions if a cost effective skirt is added to the periphery of the ACSC while the installation of a screen under the ACSC has very little effect.
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Honing, Werner. "Steam flow distribution in air-cooled condenser for power plant application." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2540.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Air-cooled steam condensers are used in arid regions where adequate cooling water is not available or very expensive. In this thesis the effect of steam-side and air-side effects on the condenser performance, steam distribution and critical dephlegmator length is investigated for air-cooled steam condensers as found in power plants. Solutions are found so that no backflow is present in the condenser. Both single and two-row condensers are investigated. The tube inlet loss coefficients have the largest impact on the critical dephlegmator tube length in both the single and two-row condensers. The critical dephlegmator tube lengths were determined for different dividing header inlet geometries and it was found that a step at the inlet to the dividing header resulted in the shortest tubes. Different ambient conditions were found to affect the inlet steam temperature, the steam flow distribution, heat rejection distribution and the critical dephlegmator length for the single and two-row condensers. There were differences in the steam mass flow distributions for the single and two-row condensers with opposite trends being present in parts of the condenser. The single-row condenser’s critical dephlegmator tube lengths were shorter than those of the two-row condenser for the same ambient conditions. Areas of potential backflow change with different ambient conditions and also differ between a single and two-row condenser. The two-row condenser always have an area of potential backflow for the first row at the first condenser fan unit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Droë lug-verkoelde stoom kondensors word gebruik in droë gebiede waar genoegsame verkoelingswater nie beskikbaar is nie of baie duur is. In hierdie tesis word die effek van stoomkant en lugkant effekte op die vermoë van die kondensor, die stoomvloeiverdeling en kritiese deflegmator lengte ondersoek vir lug-verkoelde stoom kondensors soos gevind in kragstasies. Dit word opgelos sodat daar geen terugvloei in enige van die buise is nie. ʼn Enkel- en dubbelry kondensor word ondersoek. Die inlaatverlieskoëffisiënte van die buise het die grootste impak op die lengte van die kritiese deflegmator buise in beide die enkel- en dubbelry kondensors. Die kritiese deflegmator buis lengtes is bereken vir verskillende verdeelingspyp inlaat geometrië en dit is gevind dat ʼn trap by die inlaat van die verdeelingspyp die kortste buise lewer. Dit is gesien dat verskillende omgewingskondisies die inlaat stoom temperatuur, die stoomvloeiverdeling, die warmteoordrag verdeling en die kritiese lengte van die deflegmator buise vir die enkel- en dubbelry kondensor. Daar was verskille tussen die stoomvloeiverdelings vir die enkel- en dubbelry met teenoorgestelde neigings in dele van die kondensor. Die kritiese deflegmator buis lengte vir die enkelry kondensor was korter as die vir die dubbelry kondensor vir dieselfde omgewingskondisies. Die areas in die kondensor waar terugvloei moontlik kan plaasvind in die kondensor verander met ongewingskondisies en verskil vir die enkel- en dubbelry kondensers. Die dubbelry kondensor het altyd ʼn area van moontlike terugvloei vir die eerste buisry by die eerste kondensor waaiereenheid.
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Louw, Francois G. "Performance trends of a large air-cooled steam condenser during windy conditions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6593.
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Joubert, Retief. "Influence of geometric and environmental parameters on air-cooled steam condenser performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4153.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) are used in the power generation industry to directly condense turbine exhaust steam in areas where cooling water is expensive or unavailable. Large axial flow fans force ambient air through A-frame heat exchanger bundles made up of a number of rows of finned tubes through which the steam is ducted and consequently condensed during the heat transfer process to the air. The heat rejection rate or performance of an ACSC is proportional to the air mass flow rate, determined by fan volumetric performance, and the temperature difference between the finned tubes and the air. The air flow through a 30 fan ACSC (termed the generic ACSC) operating under windy conditions is solved using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT and the required data is extracted from the solution to calculate performance trends. It is found that fan performance is reduced due to a combination of factors. The first is additional upstream flow losses caused by separated flow occurring primarily at the leading edge of the ACSC and secondarily at the fan bellmouth inlets. The second factor leading to reduced fan performance is the presence of distorted flow conditions at the fan inlets. Hot plume air recirculation is responsible for decreased ACSC thermal performance due to increased fan inlet air temperatures. It is found that reduced fan performance is the greater contributor to reduced ACSC performance. The performance effects of varying two geometrical parameters of the generic ACSC, namely the fan platform height and the windwall height, are investigated under windy conditions. It is found that each parameter is linked to a specific mechanism of performance reduction with the fan platform height affecting fan performance and the windwall height affecting recirculation. The respective platform and windwall heights specified for the generic ACSC are found to provide acceptable performance results. To mitigate wind induced performance reductions a number of modification and additions to the ACSC are investigated. These primarily aim at improving fan performance and included the addition of walkways or skirts, the addition of wind screens beneath the fan platform, removing the bellmouth fan inlets, using different types of fans and increasing fan power. The addition of a periphery walkway and windscreens is considered to be the most practical methods of improving ACSC performance under windy conditions. The generic ACSC is modified to include both modifications and under high wind conditions the performance is found to increase measurably. The modifications also resulted in the ACSC performance being less sensitive to wind direction effects.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lugverkoelde kondensators word in die kragopwekkings industrie gebruik om turbine uitlaatstoom te kondenseer, veral in gebiede waar verkoelingwater duur of onbeskikbaar is. Aksiaalvloei-waaiers forseer omgewingslug deur A-raam warmteuitruiler bondels wat bestaan uit verskeie rye vinbuise. Die uitlaatstoom vloei in die vinbuise en kondenseer as gevolg van die warmteoordrag na die lug. Die warmteoordragkapasiteit van die lugverkoelde stoom kondensator is eweredig aan die massavloei-tempo van die lug, wat bepaal word deur die waaierwerkverigting, en die temperatuur verskil tussen die vinbuise en die lug. Die lugvloei deur 'n 30 waaier lugverkoelde stoom kondensator (genoem die generiese lugverkoelde stoom kondensator) onderworpe aan winderige toestande word opgelos deur die gebruik van die kommersiële vloeidinamika-pakket, FLUENT. Die nodige data is onttrek uit die oplossing en werkverrigting neigings is bereken. Dit is gevind dat waaierwerkverigting verminder as gevolg van 'n kombinasie van faktore. Die eerste is bykomende vloeiverliese wat veroorsaak word deur vloeiwegbreking wat plaasvind primêr by die voorste rand van die lugverkoelde stoom kondensator asook by die klokvormige waaier-inlate. 'n Tweede faktor wat lei tot vermindere waaierwerkverigting is die teenwoordigheid van lugvloeiversteurings by die waaier-inlate. Hersirkulering van warm pluim lug is ook verantwoordelik vir verminderde lugverkoelde stoom kondensator werkverrigting. Daar word bevind dat die vermindering in waaierwerkverrigting die grootste bydraende faktor tot vermindere lugverkoelde stoom kondensator werkverrigting is. Die effek van verandering van twee geometriese lugverkoelde stoom kondensator parameters, naamlik die waaierplatformhoogte en die windwandhoogte is ondersoek onder winderige toestande. Daar word bevind dat elk van die parameters gekoppel is aan 'n spesifieke meganisme van vermindere lugverkoelde stoom kondensator verrigting: Die waaierplatformhoogte beïnvloed waaierverrigting terwyl die windwandhoogte hersirkulering beinvloed. Daar word ook bevind dat die onderskeie waaierplatform- and windwandhoogtes van die generiese lugverkoelde stoom kondensator, van so 'n aard is dat dit aanvaarbare werkverrigting tot gevolg het. Om verlaging in werksverrigting in winderige toestande te verminder is verskeie modifikasies en byvoegings tot die lugverkoelde stoom kondensator ondersoek wat primêr gemik is op verbetering in waaierwerkverigting. Die ondersoek dek die byvoeging van 'n loopvlak, die byvoeging van windskerms onder die waaierplatform, verwydering van die klokvormige waaier-inlate, die gebruik van verskillende waaiers en die verhoging van waaierdrywing. Daar was besluit dat die byvoeging van 'n loopvlak rondom die rand van die lugverkoelde stoom kondensator en die byvoeging van windskerms die mees praktiese manier was om die lugverkoelde stoom kondensator verigting te verbeter. Die generiese lugverkoelde stoom kondensator was aangepas om beide veranderings in te sluit en meetbare verbetering in werkrigting was verkry. Die veranderings het ook meegebring dat die lugverkoelde stoom kondensator minder sensitief is vir windrigting effekte.
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Owen, Michael Trevor Foxwell. "A numerical investigation of air-cooled steam condenser performance under windy conditions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4101.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is aimed at the development of an efficient and reliable method of evaluating the performance of an air-cooled steam condenser (ACSC) under windy conditions, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A two-step modelling approach is employed as a result of computational limitations. The numerical ACSC model developed in this study makes use of the pressure jump fan model, amongst other approximations, in an attempt to minimize the computational expense of the performance evaluation. The accuracy of the numerical model is verified through a comparison of the numerical results to test data collected during full scale tests carried out on an operational ACSC. Good correlation is achieved between the numerical results and test data. Further verification is carried out through a comparison to previous numerical work. Satisfactory convergence is achieved for the most part and the few discrepancies in the results are explained. The effect of wind on ACSC performance at El Dorado Power Plant (Nevada, USA) is investigated and it is found that reduced fan performance due to distorted flow at the inlet of the upstream fans is the primary contributor to the reduction in performance associated with increased wind speed in this case. An attempt is subsequently made to identify effective wind effect mitigation measures. To this end the effects of wind screens, solid walkways and increasing the fan power are investigated. It is found that the installation of an appropriate wind screen configuration provides a useful means of reducing the negative effects of wind on ACSC performance and an improved wind screen configuration is suggested for El Dorado. Solid walkways are also shown to be beneficial to ACSC performance under windy conditions. It is further found that ACSC performance increases with walkway width but that the installation of excessively wide walkways is not justifiable. Finally, increasing the fan power during periods of unfavourable ambient conditions is shown to have limited benefit in this case. The model developed in this study has the potential to allow for the evaluation of large ACSC installations and provides a reliable platform from which further investigations into improving ACSC performance under windy conditions can be carried out.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is daarop gemik om die ontwikkeling van 'n geskikte en betroubare metode van evaluering van die verrigting van ’n lugverkoelde stoom-kondensator (air-cooled steam condenser, ACSC) onder winderige toestande, met behulp van numeriese vloei-dinamika. ’n Twee-stap modelleringsbenadering is aangewend as gevolg van rekenaar beperkings. Die numeriese ACSC-model wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel is, maak gebruik van die druksprong waaier model, asook ander benaderings, in ’n poging om die berekeningskoste van die verrigting-evaluering te verminder. Die akkuraatheid van die numeriese model is bevestig deur middel van ’n vergelyking van die numeriese resultate met toetsdata ingesamel tydens die volskaal toetse uitgevoer op ’n operasionele ACSC. Goeie korrelasie is bereik tussen die numeriese resultate en toetsdata. Verdere bevestiging is uitgevoer deur middel van ’n vergelyking met vorige numeriese werk. Bevredigende konvergensie is in die algemeen bereik en die paar verskille in die resultate word verduidelik. Die effek van wind op ACSC verrigting by El Dorado Power Plant (Nevada, VSA) is ondersoek, en daar is bevind dat verlaagde waaierverrigting, as gevolg van vervormde vloei by die inlaat van die stroomop waaiers, die primêre bydraer is tot die afname in ACSC werkverrigting geassosieer met verhoogde windsnelheid in hierdie geval. ’n Poging word dan aangewend om effektiewe wind-effek velagingsmaatreëls te identifiseer. Windskerms, soliede wandelvlakke en die verhoging van die waaierkrag word gevolglik ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat die installasie van ’n toepaslike windskerm-opset ’n nuttige middel tot ’n vermindering van die negatiewe effekte van wind op ACSC verrigting bied, en ’n verbeterde windskerm opset is voorgestel vir El Dorado. Soliede wandelvlakke word ook aanbeveel as voordelig vir ACSC verrigting onder winderige toestande. Dit is verder bevind dat die ACSC prestasie verhoog met wandelvlak breedte, maar dat die installasie van ’n te ruim wandelvlak nie regverdigbaar is nie. Ten slotte, word bewys dat die verhoging van die waaierkrag tydens periodes van ongunstige omgewingsomstandighede ’n beperkte voordeel in hierdie geval het. Die model wat ontwikkel is in hierdie studie het die potensiaal om voorsiening te maak vir die evaluering van groot ACSC- installasies en bied ’n betroubare platform vanwaar verdere ondersoeke tot die verbetering van ACSC verrigting onder winderige toestande uitgevoer kan word.
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Hyden, Kathryn R. "Controlling Condensate Outlet Temperature on an Air Cooled Condenser in MATLAB/Simulink." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1403036613.
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Subramaniam, Vishwanath. "Design of Air-cooled Microchannel Condensers for Mal-distributed Air Flow Conditions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5088.
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Air-cooled condensers are routinely designed for a variety of applications, including residential air-conditioning systems. Recent attempts at improving the performance of these heat exchangers have included the consideration of microchannel tube, multilouver fin heat exchangers instead of the more conventional round tube-plate fin designs. In most packaged air-conditioning systems, however, the condenser surrounds the compressor and other auxiliary parts in an outdoor unit, with an induced draft fan at the top of this enclosure. Such a configuration results in significant mal-distribution of the air flow arriving at the condenser, and leads to a decrease in performance. This work addresses the issue of mal-distribution by adapting the air-side geometry to the expected air flow distribution. A microchannel tube, multilouver fin condenser is first designed to transfer the desired heat rejection load for an air-conditioning system under uniform air flow conditions. Tube-side pass arrangements, tube dimensions, and fin and louver geometry are varied to arrive at a minimum mass, 2.54 kg condenser that delivers the desired heat load of 14.5 kW. The design model is then used to predict the performance of the condenser for a variety of air flow distributions across the heat exchanger. It is found that for a 50% air flow mal-distribution, the required condenser mass increases to 2.73 kg. The air-side geometry (fin density and height) of the condenser is then systematically changed to optimally distribute the air-side surface area across the condenser to best address the mal-distributed air flow. It is found that linear fin density and height variations from the mean value of 40% and 20%, respectively, keeping the mean fin density and height the same, reduce the required condenser mass to 2.65 kg even for this mal-distributed air-flow case. The influence of geometry variations on heat transfer coefficients, fan power and other performance measures is discussed in detail to guide the judicious choice of surface area and tube-side flow area allocations for any potential air flow mal-distribution. The results from this study can be used for the design of air-cooled condensers under realistic flow conditions.
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Bredell, J. R. (Johann Richard). "Numerical investigation of fan performance in a forced draft air-cooled steam condenser." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21201.
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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Forced draft air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) consisting of multiple fan units are used in direct cooled power plants to condense steam in a closed steam cycle. Axial flow fans located below an A-frame configuration of finned tube heat exchanger bundles, force ambient air through the system. In so doing, heat from the condensing steam is rejected to the environment via the finned tubes. The performance of an air-cooled system is proportional to the air mass flow rate and the temperature difference between the finned tubes and the ambient air. A variation in either will directly affect the efficiency of the steam turbines. Air flow distortions at the fan inlet caused by structures, wind and other fans may result in a significant reduction in flow rate as well as fan blade vibration. This phenomenon has an adverse affect on the cooling capacity of an ACSC, and consequently turbine performance, due to a decrease in air mass flow rate. In this study the effect of inlet flow distortions on fan performance (i.e. flow rate and fan shaft power) in an ACSC is numerically investigated by modelling a section (or sector) of such a system using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT. Fan performance at different platform heights, and corresponding different degrees of inlet flow distortions, is investigated. The performance of two types of axial flow fans are also compared. The two fans have the same diameter, number of blades and rotational speed, but feature different blade designs, and hub-tip-ratios of respectively 0.153 and 0.4. A fan model based on blade element theory, better known as an actuator disc model, is used to numerically model the fans. Previous experimental studies have shown that a solid walkway installed along the edge or periphery of an ACSC platform can significantly increase the flow rate through the fans situated along the platform edge. The effects of such a walkway, and other windscreens on fan performance, are numerically investigated. Numerical predictions correlate with earlier experimental results: the flow rate and fan shaft power are decreased by inlet flow distortions. It was found that the fan with a hub-tip-ratio of 0.4 was less affected by these flow distortions. The addition of a walkway increased the flow rate through the edge fan by up to 48 %. It is furthermore shown that wind effects can only be accurately modelled if the entire ACSC is considered.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geforseerde-trek lugverkoelde kondensators wat bestaan uit ʼn aantal waaier-eenhede, word in direk-verkoelde kragstasies gebruik om stoom in ʼn geslote stoomkringloop te kondenseer. Aksiaalvloei-waaiers wat onder ʼn A-raam-konfigurasie van vinbuisbundels geïnstalleer is, forseer omgewingslug deur die stelsel. Sodoende word die hitte van die kondenserende stoom aan die omgewing oorgedra deur middel van die vinbuise. Die warmteoordragkapasiteit van ʼn lugverkoelde kondensator is eweredig aan die massavloei-tempo van die lug, asook die temperatuurverskil tussen die vinbuise en die lug. ʼn Verandering in enige van dié faktore sal die benuttingsgraad van die stoomturbines direk beïnvloed. Lugvloeiversteurings by die waaier-inlate wat veroorsaak word deur geboue, wind en ander waaiers kan lei tot aansienlike verlagings in vloeitempo deur die waaiers. Sekondêre effekte soos waaierlemvibrasie kan ook veroorsaak word. In hierdie studie word die effek van inlaatvloeiversteurings op waaierwerkverrigting (dws vloeitempo en waaierdrywing) ondersoek deur ʼn seksie (of sektor) van ʼn lugverkoelde kondensator te modelleer deur gebruik te maak van die kommersiële numeriese vloeidinamika-pakket, FLUENT. Waaierwerkverrigting word by verkillende platformhoogtes, en gevolglik verskillende grade van inlaatvloeiversteurings, ondersoek. Twee verskillende waaiers word ook vergelyk. Die waaiers het dieselfde diameter, aantal lemme en rotasiespoed, maar het verkillende lem ontwerpe, en naaf-lempunt-verhoudings van onderskeidelik 0.153 en 0.4. ʼn Waaiermodel wat gebaseer is op lem-element-teorie, beter bekend as ʼn aksie-skyf-model, word gebruik om die waaiers numeries te modelleer. Vorige eksperimentele studies het bewys dat ʼn loopvlak om die rand van lugverkoelde kondensators die vloeitempo deur waaiers aansienlik kan verhoog. Die effek van so ʼn loopvlak, en ander windskerms word numeries ondersoek. Numeriese voorspellings stem ooreen met eksperimentele resultate: die vloeitempo en waaierdrywing word verlaag deur inlaat-vloeiversteurings. Dit is bevind dat die waaier met ʼn naaf-lempunt-verhouding van 0.4, minder beïnvloed word deur vloeiversteurings. ʼn Loopvlak het die vloeitempo deur die randwaaier met tot 48 % verhoog. Dit is ook bewys dat windeffekte alleenlik gemodelleer kan word deur die hele lugverkoelde kondensator in ag te neem.
Books on the topic "Air cooled condenser"
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Rooyen, J. A. van. Performance trends of an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions: PIER final project report. Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2008.
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Maulbetsch, John S. Effect of wind on the performance of air-cooled condensers: Final project report. Sacramento, California]: California Energy Commission, 2010.
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Performance trends of an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions: PIER final project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2008.
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van, Rooyen J. A., Kröger Detlev G, California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and University of Stellenbosch. Institute for Thermodynamics and Mechanics., eds. Performance trends of an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions: PIER final project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2008.
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Method of testing for rating remote mechanical-draft air-cooled refrigerant condensers. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2006.
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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Remote-Type Air Cooled Refrigerant Condensers over 50 Tons. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Remote-Type Air Cooled Refrigerant Condensers over 50 Tons. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Remote-Type Air Cooled Refrigerant Condensers between 30 to 50 Tons. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Remote-Type Air Cooled Refrigerant Condensers between 30 to 50 Tons. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Method of Testing for Rating Remote Mechanical-Draft Air-Cooled Refrigerant Condensers (A S H R a E Standards, 20-1997). Amer Society of Heating, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Air cooled condenser"
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Panchal, Sanish, Kushang Prajapati, and Suhasini M. Kulkarni. "Behavior of Single Pylon of Air Cooled Condenser Support Structure Under Seismic and Wind Forces." In Engineering Vibration, Communication and Information Processing, 87–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1642-5_8.
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Hussain, Taliv, Adnan Hafiz, and Akramuddin. "Exergy Analysis of an Air Conditioning System Using Air-Cooled Condenser at Different Ambient Conditions with Different Volume Flow Rates of Air." In Proceedings of International Conference in Mechanical and Energy Technology, 597–605. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2647-3_55.
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Sudani, Jay, Rutvesh Rathod, Harsimran Kassowal, Sunny Patel, Karan Panchal, and Sodagudi Francis Xavier. "Computational Assessment of the Performance of an Air-Cooled Condenser Fan at Different Blade Pitch Angles and Speeds." In Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 1, 429–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2666-4_42.
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Khaldi, Fouad, and Mounir Aksas. "A Modified Solar/Gas Thermodynamic Hybridization Scheme in ISCC Plants for Reducing the Air-Cooled Condenser Power Consumption." In Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind Vol II, 983–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18215-5_88.
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Ekmekci, Ismail, and Kemal Ermis. "Energy Efficiency Study on Air-Cooled Condensers." In Sustainable Aviation, 125–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34181-1_12.
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Acosta, Carlos. "Numerical Analysis of a Water-Cooled Condenser at Startup Conditions for Refrigeration Applications Supported with Experiments." In Heat Transfer - Design, Experimentation and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97203.
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Refrigeration for commercial purposes is one of the industrial sectors with the largest energy consumption in the global market. Therefore, research and development of more efficient components such as compressors, condensers, and refrigerants continue to render promising results in terms of GWP and operational costs. However, Due to the urgency typically found in industry to develop prototypes, finding scalable solutions can be challenging. Arguably, this is the case for condenser and evaporators that are designed and assembled under the assumption that refrigeration systems operate at steady condition, where in real circumstances such systems operate under transients based on ambient temperatures or unfavorable startup conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize the thermal and fluid dynamics behavior of refrigerant R404a in a water-cooled condenser at startup conditions. The boundary conditions to solve the CFD simulations are taken from experimental values and set as user defined functions in a commercial software. The results displayed the time dependent oscillatory phase-transition details of the refrigerant throughout the domain.
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Nicolaides, Demetris. "Close Encounter of the Philosophical Kind." In In Search of a Theory of Everything, 5–6. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098353.003.0002.
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It’s an imaginative encounter between the modern physicist and the ancient natural philosophers, during a beautiful hot summer day, where the physicist takes a first glance at their rational views of nature. Old sage Thales, playing by a river, is in search of something. Atomist Democritus is staring curiously in the void. Legendary Pythagoras solves all mathematical irrationalities. Anaximander is concerned with cosmic justice. For Heraclitus everything is constantly changing; for Parmenides nothing ever is. Anaximenes cools down when his condensed sweat rarefies and evaporates. Anaxagoras finds everything, in everything, to be a puzzle. Zeno can’t even get the door. Melancholy Empedocles leaps through the Air over a Fire but lands safely on Earth, in fact in the Water. Brilliant Aristotle is meticulously studying them all. Everyone’s senses are keen. But so is everyone’s intellect contemplating it all. What a beautiful day! What a beautiful nature! What is her nature?
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Whiteman, C. David. "Pressure and Winds." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0012.
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Atmospheric pressure at a given point in the atmosphere is the weight of a vertical column of air above that level. Differences in pressure from one location to another cause both horizontal motions (winds) and vertical motions (convection and subsidence) in the atmosphere. Vertical motions, whether associated with high and low pressure centers or with other meteorological processes, are the most important motions for producing weather because they determine whether clouds and precipitation form or dissipate. The location of high and low pressure centers is a key feature on weather maps, providing information about wind direction, wind speed, cloud cover, and precipitation. Pressure-driven winds carry air from areas where pressure is high to areas where pressure is low. However, the winds do not blow directly from a high pressure center to a low pressure center. Because of the effects of the rotation of the earth and friction, winds blow clockwise out of a high pressure center and counterclockwise into a low pressure center in the Northern Hemisphere. These wind directions are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere. The strength of the wind is proportional to the pressure difference between the two regions. When the pressure difference or pressure gradient is strong, wind speeds are high; when the pressure gradient is weak, wind speeds are low. As air flows out of a high pressure center, air from higher in the atmosphere sinks to replace it. This subsidence produces warming and the dissipation of clouds and precipitation. As air converges in a low pressure center, it rises and cools. If the air is sufficiently moist, cooling can cause the moisture to condense and form clouds. Further lifting of the air can produce precipitation. Thus, rising pressure readings at a given location indicate the approach of a high pressure center and fair weather, whereas falling pressure readings indicate the approach of a low pressure center and stormy weather. The vertical motions caused by the divergence of air out of a high pressure center or the convergence of air into a low pressure center are generally weak, with air rising or sinking at a rate of several cm per second, and they cannot be measured by routine weather observations.
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Lynch, David K. "Cirrus: History and Definition." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0005.
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The most distinguishing physical property of cirrus (cirrostratus and cirrocumulus) is their composition. Cirrus are made predominantly or wholly of ice, whereas the majority of clouds (both in name and number) are composed of water droplets. That most clouds were composed of water droplets was probably well known to the ancients, who must surely have encountered fog in valleys and mountains. Yet the presence of ice in cirrus is not easily experienced in everyday life. To answer the question Who discovered that cirrus are made of ice? we have to trace developments in meteorology back almost 2500 years. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-428 B.C.) might have deduced that cirrus were made of ice. Using an inductive approach based on measurements and observations, Anaxagoras knew that clouds were made of water and that air was colder aloft. He believed that warm, moist air convected upward and that the water vapor cooled, condensed, and ultimately froze at great heights to become hail. We do not know if Anaxagoras considered cirrus explicitly because what little is left of his writings do not mention any cloud recognizable as cirrus (Gershenson and Greenberg 1964). Two thousand years passed before any substantial progress was made on cirrus. In 1637 Descartes (1596-1650) published Discours de la methode (Descartes 1637) in three parts: Dioptrics, Meteorology, and Geometry. In Dioptrics he set forth the law of refraction (Snell’s law) and in Meteorology he applied the law to the rainbows by performing numerical ray traces. Although he almost certainly knew the principle of minimum deviation, there is nothing in his writings that explicitly refers to it. In the ninth discourse on Meteorology, Descartes conjectures that the common 22° halo was due to refraction through ice crystals. . . . around the heavenly bodies there sometimes appear certain circles . . . they are round . . . and always surround the sun or some other heavenly body . . . they are colored, which shows that there is refraction. But the circles are never seen where it rains, which shows that they are not caused by the refraction which occurs in drops of water or in hail, but by that which is caused in those small little stars of transparent ice . . . those that we have observed most often have had their diameters at around 45° . . . (Olscamp 1965) . . .
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McFarland, Ben. "The Triple-Point Planet." In A World From Dust. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275013.003.0008.
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Let’s move to a vantage point a little quieter: the surface of the moon. It is so still that Neil Armstrong’s footprints remain undisturbed. The only reason the US flag there appears to “fly” is that a wire holds it up. The moon and Mercury stayed still as Mars, Venus, and Earth moved on down the road of geological development. The moon is a “steady” environment, a word whose Middle English roots are appropriately tangled with the word for “sterile.” Nothing moves on the moon, but in its sky Mars, Venus, and Earth move in their orbits, just as they moved on in complexity 4 billion years ago. Out of the whole solar system, Mars and Venus are the most like Earth in size, position, and composition. Mars is smaller, but Venus could be Earth’s twin in size. If Earth and Venus were separated at birth, then something happened to obscure the family resemblance: liquid water brought life. To chemists, liquid is the third phase of matter, between solid and gas, and its presence made all the difference. Mars gleams a bright blood red even to the naked eye, while Venus is choked with thick yellow bands of clouds. Mars is cold enough to have carbon dioxide snow, while Venus is hot enough to melt tin and boil water. Earth’s blue oceans and green continents provide a bright, primary contrast. These three siblings have drastically different fortunes. At first, they looked the same, colored with black mafic basalt and glowing red magma. The original planets were all so hot that their atmospheres were driven off into space. The oceans and the air came from within. Steam condensed into oceans on each planet’s cool basalt surface. Oceans changed the planet. Water is a transformative chemical, small yet highly charged, seeping into the smallest cracks, dissolving what it can and carrying those things long distances. Venus, Earth, and Mars do not look like the moon because they have been washed in water. Mars is dry now, but the Curiosity rover left no doubt that the red planet was first blue with water.
Conference papers on the topic "Air cooled condenser"
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Nadig, Ranga, and Dave Sanderlin. "Admission of Bypass Steam Into a Water Cooled Condenser and Air Cooled Condenser: Similarities, Differences and Areas of Concern." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32249.
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In power plant locations with adequate supply of cooling water the steam from the steam turbine is condensed in a water cooled condenser. In most instances circulating water from the cooling tower is used to condense the turbine exhaust steam. In other instances once through cooling is deployed wherein water from a lake, river or sea is used to condense the turbine exhaust steam. In water challenged locations or locations where wet cooling cannot be deployed due to permitting or regulatory issues, the steam from the steam turbine is condensed in an air cooled condenser (ACC) wherein ambient air is used to cool and condense the turbine exhaust steam. In a combined cycle plant, during normal operation, the water or air cooled condenser condenses the turbine exhaust steam. During bypass operation, when the steam turbine is out of service, the high-pressure steam from the HRSG is attemperated in a pressure reducing/desuperheating (PRD) valve and then admitted into the water cooled or air cooled condenser. The bypass steam flow is substantially higher than the design turbine exhaust steam flow and the duration of bypass operation can vary from a few hours to several weeks. The requirements for admission of bypass steam into a water cooled condenser are substantially different from that for an air cooled condenser. In a water cooled condenser the bypass steam is admitted in the steam dome. The bypass steam as well as the turbine exhaust steam is condensed outside the tubes. In an air cooled condenser the bypass steam is admitted in the large diameter steam duct. The bypass, as well as the turbine exhaust steam (normal operation), is condensed inside the tubes. There are similarities and differences in the requirements for admission of bypass steam into a water cooled and air cooled condenser. The differences must be identified and addressed to ensure safe and reliable performance of the condenser.
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Goodremote, Charles E., Leon A. Gunily, and Norman F. Costello. "Compact Air Cooled Air Conditioning Condenser." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880445.
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O’Donovan, A., R. Grimes, E. J. Walsh, J. Moore, and N. Reams. "Steam-Side Characterisation of a Modular Air-Cooled Condenser." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87846.
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Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and a growing collective environmental awareness has led to the development of alternative methods of power generation such as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). Although almost all existing CSP plants currently use water-cooled condensers, limited water supplies in the designated desert regions for such power plants, the high costs associated with providing cooling water and environmental considerations will all restrict the future use of water-cooled condensers. Air-cooled condensers (ACCs) are therefore proposed, despite evidence to suggest that they suffer from significant inefficiencies [1]. It has been suggested that a modular design, addressed in this paper, could offer solutions to issues with current ACC technologies. To fully characterise the modular ACC design it is necessary to quantify the steam-side characteristics. A series of tests were performed under vacuum conditions representative of an operational condenser. The condenser vacuum was measured for a series of incremental fan rotational speeds, to determine both the qualitative and quantitative relationship between fan speed and condenser pressure. Results indicate that for a given steam mass flow rate, the condenser pressure decreases with increasing fan rotational speed. Furthermore, the choice of vacuum pump, used to displace air leakages, was shown to have a significant influence on the steam-side response. Larger displacement-capacity vacuum pumps permit lower condenser pressures. The steam condensation pressure drop through the condenser tubes was also measured. Results for the measured pressure drop revealed a large level of momentum recovery, which is not uncommon in steam condensation processes. Experimental frictional pressure drops were determined and these compared favourably with certain two-phase frictional pressure drop correlations. In particular, the Lockhart & Martinelli correlation was found to be most capable of predicting the frictional pressure drop trends encountered during testing. The large level of agreement between the measurements and predictions provide confidence in future use of the Lockhart & Martinelli correlation to predict frictional pressure losses.
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Adibfar, Akbar, and Maryam Refan. "The Air Cooled Condenser for Dry Countries." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88033.
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A reliable and economic power production in thermal power plants depends highly upon the optimum selection of site equipment and their best possible arrangement. One of the most significant systems which play a crucial role in power production is the Cooling System. Playing the most pivotal role in back pressure of steam turbine, this system directly affects the power plant efficiency. This study analyzes the techno-economic aspect of Cooling System — with the special focus on ACC (Air Cooled Condenser) — due to the following advantages: Since ACC does not need water as the cooling medium, (not requiring medium fluid), it is been preferred over other cooling systems in dry regions. In addition to resolving the problem of water shortage in power plants, where there are environmental or geographical limitations, ACC is the best solution. The studies show that in the peak demand times, ACC has a much greater potential in higher power production in comparison to other dry cooling systems and thus can encourage the financer to consider ACC as an optimum alternative.
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Arruda de Oliveira, Renato, Luiz Machado, and Willian Moreira Duarte. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONER WITH WATER-COOLED AND AIR-COOLED CONDENSER." In 18th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2020.cit20-0498.
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Maulbetsch, John S., Michael N. DiFilippo, and Joseph O’Hagan. "Effect of Wind on Air-Cooled Condenser Performance." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63157.
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This paper documents the results of a field tests to determine the effect of wind on the performance of air-cooled condensers (ACCs) at power plants. Continuous measurements of wind speed, wind direction, cell inlet temperature and air flow and plant operating variables were made for several days at the El Dorado Energy Center. ACC performance was shown to be affected both by hot air recirculation and by fan performance degradation. Average recirculation, defined as the difference between the average cell inlet temperature and the far-field inlet temperature, was usually less than 3 °F. Occasional excursions to 4 to 10 °F were noted. Fan performance degradation is more difficult to quantify or generalize. Under low wind conditions this was typically close to the design value. The reduction in air flow, estimated from inlet velocity measurements would sometimes exceed 60 to 70% of the average flow in cells near the edge of the ACC during high wind conditions. Fan performance degradation appears to be the more important mechanism. Comparisons with flow modeling results support design recommendations for suppressing unfavorable flow patterns under the ACC.
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Walsh, E. J., R. Grimes, and G. Griffin. "Flow Distribution Measurements From an Air Cooled Condenser in a ~400MW Power Plant." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62538.
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The use of air cooled condensers in power generation is increasing in many arid regions of the world. The classical A-frame condenser design is implemented in most new installations despite significant empirical evidence that such designs suffer from poor efficiencies and weather effects, and therefore provide significant scope for improvements. An inefficient condenser results in higher back pressure on the turbine, over-sized condensers and increased fan power. This paper addresses the flow distribution from an air cooled condenser for a ∼400MW gas and steam power plant. The results indicate that the flow patterns from the large scale fans results in a severe inhomogeneous distribution of cooling on the condenser fins. These region of high and low velocity are closely related to the outlet flow pattern from the fans, where in the hub region the air mass flow rate is reduced, while in the tip region it is increased. These measurements provide an excellent basis for both understanding the existing deficiencies of the A-frame designs and moreover provide direction for improved designs in the future.
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Heinlein, Gregory S., and Ahmad Fakheri. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AN INNOVATIVE NATURALLY AIR COOLED CONDENSER." In First Thermal and Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfesc1.tia.013227.
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Moore, J., R. Grimes, and E. J. Walsh. "Performance Analysis of a Modular Air Cooled Condenser for a Concentrated Solar Power Plant." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87873.
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The use of air cooled condensers in power generation facilities is increasing in arid regions around the world. There is a specific requirement for more efficient air cooling technologies to be developed for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. This paper aims at determining the effects of various condenser design features on CSP plant output. In particular this paper considers a modular condenser and focuses on designing a suitable compact heat sink to be coupled with a variable speed fan array. Tube banks with radial fins have been used for decades to heat and cool gases and numerous correlations exist to predict the performance of such a heat exchanger. The initial design of this air-cooled condenser is essentially a tube bundle consisting of 6 rows of helically finned round tubes in an equilateral staggered arrangement. A laboratory-scale steady state test facility was designed to investigate the accuracy of the relevant correlations for the given design. Due to an undesired phenomenon which exists in multi-row condensers known as backflow, an investigation was performed to analyze the performance of the tube bank with fewer tube rows. The thermal and hydraulic performance for a tube bundle with a different number of tube rows was measured and found to be within 10–18% of the existing correlations. New correlations for heat transfer and pressure drop for the given design are presented for greater accuracy in the calculation of the condenser performance. These correlations, based on the measured data were combined with performance characteristics from a steam turbine to model the thermodynamic plant performance incorporating the various condenser designs. The investigation shows that for each condenser size, design and ambient temperature, an optimum fan speed exists which maximizes plant output. Further analysis shows that for a 1000 module condenser, a 4 row condenser results in the highest plant output, with a loss in efficiency due to condenser operation of 1.85%. A 2 row condenser also performs relatively well with 600 or more modules. This analysis shows that a condenser consisting of a series of such modules, can tightly control and optimize the net plant output power by simply varying fan speed.
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Chiriac, Florea, Anica Ilie, and Rodica Dumitrescu. "Ammonia Condensation Heat Transfer in Air-Cooled Mesochannel Heat Exchangers." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43628.
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A mathematical model is formulated in this paper for the prediction of the heat rejection rate, assuming that the total heat transfer area of the mesochannel condenser is made up of 2 different areas, corresponding to superheated vapor state and the two-phase flow state. Each of these areas is considered as an independent heat exchanger (Mamani et al., 1999). The tested mesochannel condenser, manufactured by a Romanian company for automotive air-conditioning systems, is made of aluminum, based on an extrusion process; an oven brazing process was used for the headers to tubes joints. Maximum heat rejection rate represents the criteria used in order to optimize the geometrical configuration of the condenser. This theoretical study resulted in an optimized geometrical configuration of the mesochannel condenser (Heun et al., 1996a; Heun et al., 1996b). Experimental research has been carried out using a mesochannel condenser of optimized geometrical configuration. In order to ensure a quasi-state operating regime, the air-cooled mesochannel condenser was mounted inside an air loop, having multiple regulating and control means for the following parameters: inlet air dry bulb temperature, inlet air wet bulb temperature, and inlet air flow rate. The authors of the present paper develop a comparative analysis of theoretical vs. experimental heat rejection rate and heat transfer coefficient for an ammonia air-cooled mesochannel condenser.
Reports on the topic "Air cooled condenser"
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Mortensen, Ken. Improved Performance of an Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) Using SPX Wind Guide Technology at Coal-Based Thermoelectric Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1025180.
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Gregory L. Mines and Daniel S. Wendt. Air-Cooled Condensers for Next Generation Geotherm. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1107261.
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Daniel S. Wendt and Greg L. Mines. Interim Report: Air-Cooled Condensers for Next Generation Geothermal Power Plants Improved Binary Cycle Performance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1016197.
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Manohar S. Sohal. Improving Vortex Generators to Enhance the Performance of Air-Cooled Condensers in a Geothermal Power Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/911582.
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Parker, Danny S., John R. Sherwin, and Richard Raustad. Improving Best Air Conditioner Efficiency by 20-30% through a High Efficiency Fan and Diffuser Stage Coupled with an Evaporative Condenser Pre-Cooler. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130754.
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