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1
Palmiste, Ülar, Tauno Meier, Jarek Kurnitski, and Hendrik Voll. "Experimental testing of exterior wall mounted mechanical ventilation exhaust air outlet devices." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124602001.
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The purpose of the study was to experimentally test the performance of four types of wall-mounted mechanical ventilation exhaust air outlet devices. A full-scale mock-up of a segment of an external wall with an exhaust air outlet was constructed. The tested exhaust air devices include a gravity louver, fixed-blade louver, louver plate, and exhaust nozzle. The performance assessment included two types of experiments over the exhaust airflow rate range of 25–94 l/s at isothermal conditions with no influencing wind: (i) the particle tracer method with smoke to visualize the exhaust air jets from the outlets, and (ii) the tracer gas method to measure the dilution of CO2 concentration in the exhaust air jet. Furthermore, the aerodynamic performance was comparatively evaluated in terms of pressure drop and exhaust air face velocity at the outlet. The qualitative comparison of airflow patterns by smoke visualization showed notable differences between the tested device types. Concentration decrease evaluation indicated that the exhaust air pollutants are more efficiently transported away from the building wall by exhaust outlets that discharge at 0–45 degrees downwards from the horizontal plane. Discharge angles 60–90 degrees downwards produced a wall-attached jet and the pollutant tracer concentration remained relatively high in the vicinity of the wall.
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Kruk, I. S., Yu V. Chigarev, and V. Romanyuk. "Determination of kinematic parameters of falling drops of standard solution of pesticides during spraying, taking into account geometric dimensions variability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 58, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2020-58-3-352-363.
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Expansion of range of applied pesticides and liquid mineral fertilizers necessitates continuous improvement of spray nozzle design, allowing to create a monodisperse spray and ensure high-quality application of chemical agents at low doses and minimal losses. The issue of studying the process of falling drops with varying geometric dimensions remains sore. Studies of drop movement in air environment make it possible to determine the falling speed and coordinates on the treated surface, to substantiate the design, dimensions, optimal operating modes and parameters of sprayers and devices for protecting the spray cone from direct exposure to wind, which is especially important at the design stage of sprayer for field spraying machines. The paper presents simulation of process of falling drops of pesticide standard solution in resisting environment, considering geometric dimensions variability. An equation for drop radius variability depending on the unit motion horizontal transverse variability, formula for variability of intensity of drop decrease depending on the initial conditions and state of environment are obtained. Dependence between coefficients of drop displacement along the horizontal transverse to the unit movement axis and time is obtained, expressions for variability of drop radius depending on the horizontal displacement and the equation for variability of velocity and vertical coordinate of drop movement on time are presented. The coefficient of mass transfer from the drop surface is determined depending on the resistance coefficient, initial velocity, medium density at the border of drop and plant medium subjected to treatment. The results obtained can be used in mechanical engineering for design and testing of sprayers and nozzles, design of wind protection devices for spray cones of standard solutions of pesticides in field sprayers, in simulation of process of drop movement with varying mass.
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Yuan, Guo Zheng, Xia Chen, and Xue Feng Shu. "Failure Analysis of the Solder Joints in Flip-Chip BGA Packages under Free-Drop Test." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.628.
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The failure of plastic ball grid array under intense dynamic loading was studied in the project. This paper presents the drop test reliability results of SnPb flip-chip on a standard JEDEC drop reliability test board. The failure mode and mechanism of planar array package in the drop test was comprehensively analyzed. High acceleration dropping test method was used to research the reliability of BGA (ball grid array) packages during the free-drop impact process. The model RS-DP-03A drop device was used to simulate the falling behavior of BGA chip packages under the real conditions, The drop condition meets the JEDEC22-B111 standards (pulse peak 1500g, pulse duration 0.5 ms) when dropping from the 650mm height . In the testing, according to the real-time changes of dynamic voltage, the relationship between drop times and different phases of package failure was analyzed. With the dye-penetrated method and optical microscopy, it was easy to observe the internal crack and failure locations. The growth mechanism of the cracks in solder joints under the condition of drop-free was analyzed and discussed.
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Shikani, Alan H., Elamin M. Elamin, and Andrew C. Miller. "The Shikani HME: A New Tracheostomy Heat and Moisture Exchanger." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 2921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00107.
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Purpose Tracheostomy patients face many adversities including loss of phonation and essential airway functions including air filtering, warming, and humidification. Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) facilitate humidification and filtering of inspired air. The Shikani HME (S-HME) is a novel turbulent airflow HME that may be used in-line with the Shikani Speaking Valve (SSV), allowing for uniquely preserved phonation during humidification. The aims of this study were to (a) compare the airflow resistance ( R airflow ) and humidification efficiency of the S-HME and the Mallinckrodt Tracheolife II tracheostomy HME (M-HME) when dry (time zero) and wet (after 24 hr) and (b) determine if in-line application of the S-HME with a tracheostomy speaking valve significantly increases R airflow over a tracheostomy speaking valve alone (whether SSV or Passy Muir Valve [PMV]). Method A prospective observational ex vivo study was conducted using a pneumotachometer lung simulation unit to measure airflow ( Q ) amplitude and R airflow , as indicated by a pressure drop ( P Drop ) across the device (S-HME, M-HME, SSV + S-HME, and PMV). Additionally, P Drop was studied for the S-HME and M-HME when dry at time zero (T 0 ) and after 24 hr of moisture testing (T 24 ) at Q of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L/s. Results R airflow was significantly less for the S-HME than M-HME (T 0 and T 24 ). R airflow of the SSV + S-HME in series did not significant increase R airflow over the SSV or PMV alone. Moisture loss efficiency trended toward greater efficiency for the S-HME; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The turbulent flow S-HME provides heat and moisture exchange with similar or greater efficacy than the widely used laminar airflow M-HME, but with significantly lower resistance. The S-HME also allows the innovative advantage of in-line use with the SSV, hence allowing concurrent humidification and phonation during application, without having to manipulate either device.
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Gorobey, V. P., V. Y. Moskalevich, and Z. A. Godzhaev. "Device Substantiation for Generating Artificial Rain Drops by Pneumohydraulic Liquid Spraying." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2021-15-2-53-60.
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The authors studied the pneumohydraulic device indicators for spraying liquids for irrigation, nutrition and protection of agricultural plants, taking into account the principles of water and energy conservation, based on preliminary gas saturation of sprayed water and the use of a cavitation effect in the design of the aerator unit during ejection and supply of air under pressure. (Research purpose) To determine the technological parameters of a pneumohydraulic device for spraying liquids to obtain controlled dispersive artificial rain and substantiate the choice of its optimal technical parameters depending on the operating modes. (Materials and methods) The authors used an algorithm for calculating parameters in EXCEL or WPS spreadsheet processor and mathematical expressions. (Results and discussion) The authors theoretically determined the minimum and maximum calculated parameters of the constructive solution geometry for spraying the liquid phase: water nozzle, air nozzle channel, mixing cell, middle annular gap, outlet nozzle. They changed indicators of operating water pressure – 0.20; 0.25; 0.30 and 0.35 megapascals; air – 0.25 and 0.30 megapascals, provided the water flow rate from 0.002 to 0.010 liter per second and air – from 0.0005 to 0.0090 kilogram per second. With an increase in the water flow rate within the specified limits and the ejection coefficient from 0.5 to 0.9, a linear increase in the average annular gap diameter from 2 to 15 millimetres was revealed, as well as a nonlinear dependence of the increase in the sprayer mixing cell diameter from 5 to 20 millimetres. The authors showed the possibility of reducing the mixing cell diameter if the water pressure was increased from 0.25 to 0.35 megapascal's and the air pressure was from 0.20 to 0.30 megapascals. They obtained the parameters values for the designed and experimental samples development, which turned out to be significantly less than when operating in the air ejection mode: the outlet nozzle and the middle annular gap – by 16 percent, the air nozzle – by 23, the diameter of the mixing cell – by 50 percent or more. (Conclusions) The authors obtained calculated data to optimize technological parameters and design solutions, which would speed up the manufacture of designed and model samples of the device and its experimental testing for the generation of dispersive artificial rain drops.
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Gradetsky, V. G., M. M. Knyazkov, E. A. Semenov, and A. N. Sukhanov. "Dynamic Processes in Vacuum Contact Devices of Robots for Vertical Motion in the Water Environment." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 20, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.20.417-421.
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The results of experimental investigation intended to improve movement conditions for pneumatic robots on vertical surfaces under water are discussed. Features of the movement of vacuum contact devices for the simulation of mathematical model of the vacuum contact device with surfaces under water are presented. The experimental studies made it possible to obtain additional data on the dynamics of attachment, to obtain transient processes for air-water flow through ejector and to correct the results obtained earlier. For the purpose of analytical study of dynamic processes occurring in the system of vacuum contact devices, and taking into account the complexity of the description of nonlinearities, linearized simplified models of the system "air ejector — contact device — water environment" were developed. Vacuum contact devices are designed to provide guaranteed contact with vertical surfaces, plane slopes or horizontal surfaces on which the underwater robot performs its movement, carrying out the prescribed technological tasks, for example, in dry wells of nuclear power plants, on the surfaces of ship hulls, on the surfaces of underwater structures. The models took into account the forces of adhesion to the surfaces under water — the forces from the pressure drop, the friction force, the contact and vacuum interaction, the elasticity of suction caps. As a result of the solution of the model problem, the values of mechanical parameters, as well as the values of vacuum and flow in the cavity of variable volume as functions of changing the gap between the end of the corrugated membrane and the surfaces are obtained explicitly. As a result of the study of dynamic processes occurring in simplified models of vacuum contact devices "air ejector — contact surface — water environment", the transient characteristics of the change in the operating forces and pressures over time, as well as the dependence of the normal and tangential components of the forces on the depth of immersion in water were obtained. The variants of the designs of vacuum contact devices with surfaces in the water environment are investigated, and the modernization of the laboratory test bench for testing vacuum contact devices under water is carried out.
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Cordes, A. Laura, B. Tim Pychynski, C. Corina Schwitzke, D. Hans-Jörg Bauer, A. Thiago P. de Carvalho, and B. Hervé P. Morvan. "Experimental study of the pressure loss in aero-engine air-oil separators." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1242 (June 21, 2017): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.41.
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ABSTRACTThe results of extensive experimental testing of an aero-engine air-oil separator are presented and discussed. The study focuses on the pressure loss of the system. Oil enters the device in the form of dispersed droplets. Subsequently, separation occurs by centrifuging larger droplets towards the outer walls and by film formation at the inner surface of a rotating porous material, namely an open-cell metal foam. The work described here is part of a study led jointly by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the University of Nottingham (UNott) within a recent EU project.The goal of the research is to increase the separation efficiency to mitigate oil consumption and emissions, while keeping the pressure loss as low as possible. The aim is to determine the influencing factors on pressure loss and separation efficiency. With this knowledge, a correlation can eventually be derived. Experiments were conducted for three different separator configurations, one without a metal foam and two with metal foams of different pore sizes. For each configuration, a variety of engine-like conditions of air mass flow rate, rotational speed and droplet size was investigated. The experimental results were used to validate and improve the numerical modelling.Results for the pressure drop and its dependencies on air mass flow rate and the rotational speed were analysed. It is shown that the swirling flow and the dissipation of angular momentum are the most important contributors to the pressure drop, besides the losses due to friction and dissipation caused by the flow passing the metal foam. It was found that the ratio of the rotor speed and the tangential velocity of the fluid is an important parameter to describe the influence of rotation on the pressure loss. Contrary to expectations, the pressure loss is not necessarily increased with a metal foam installed.
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Amaluddin, Fitroh, and Andy Haryoko. "ANALISA SENSOR SUHU DAN TEKANAN UDARA TERHADAP KETINGGIAN AIR LAUT BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER." Antivirus : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Informatika 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/antivirus.v13i2.843.
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Tsunamis are natural events that can occur any time without prior warning. Some mitigation efforts both through physical construction consist of sea wave height detection sensors such as DT-Sense Barometric Pressure & Temperature sensors, Infrared sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. However, the sensors have a low accuration and difficult installation. Therefore a device designed to provide temperature and air pressure data based on a microcontroller with higher accuracy, and easier installation. The device are made using a DS18B20 temperature sensor, then air pressure using BMP180 sensor. Sea wave height measurement system based on the working principle of air pressure at sea level. This tool is able to work well at altitudes with a minimum temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Based on the results of air trials on water levels obtained every 0.1 meter increase in sea air, air pressure increases by 0.02 mb (millibar) or 0.12 mb / meter. While testing the air pressure against the temperature obtained is higher, the air temperature at sea level will increase. Each time the air pressure changes by 1.00 mb, the air temperature at sea level will change an average of around 0.46 degrees Celsius. In other words if the temperature decreases around 1 degree Celsius, then the air pressure also drops by 2.00 mb or around 16.67 meters.
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Alexander, A. Michel, and Richard W. Haskins. "New Field System for Measuring Degree of Consolidation of Concrete During Vibration." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1574, no. 1 (January 1997): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1574-16.
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Significant progress has been made in the development of a field prototype device for slipform pavers to measure the degree of consolidation of concrete during vibration. The device operates on the principle that since air is an insulator and fresh concrete is a conductor, electrical impedance measurements can indicate the release of air during the consolidation of fresh concrete. When the air is released from the fresh concrete through the process of vibration, the electrical impedance of the concrete drops in value. The device, which is based on the impedance bridge, is portable, battery-powered, noise resistant, and easy to operate. Fresh concrete has been found to be equivalent to an RC (resistor and capacitor in parallel) circuit in terms of its electrical response. Limited tests indicate that the entrapped air is released at a faster rate than entrained air, creating two distinct parts to the AC-resistance curve against time of vibration. The intersection of these two curves represents the point at which consolidation is complete. The system has a 0- to 15-V analog meter to indicate that point of completion. Project constraints did not permit the research to be completed by testing its performance on a slipform paver. However, the likelihood of commercialization has been augmented since a prototype and specifications now exist for a portable field meter.
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Bakar, Noor Haznida, Koay Mei Hyie, A. Jumahat, Eli Nadia A. Latip, Anizah Kalam, and Z. Salleh. "Influence of Different Matrices on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Treated Kenaf Composites." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.136.
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This study investigated the mechanical behavior of the treated and untreated kenaf with different matrix resin (epoxy and polyester) using the tensile and low velocity test. The long kenaf fibre was treated with 6% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for twelve hours in room temperature. The tensile properties of composites at different weight percentage (10,15,20 and 25%) were studied by using Instron Universal Testing Machine according to the standard ASTM D638. Impact test was conducted using an instrumented drop tower device at 10J incident energy level according to the standard ASTM D3763. The results of the study indicated that the epoxy resin reinforced with treated kenaf fibre exhibited higher tensile properties. On the other hand, the impact properties of polyester resin reinforced with treated kenaf fibre show better matrix bonding compared to those with epoxy resin matrices.
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Kim, J. Y., J. S. Hardy, and K. S. Weil. "Silver-copper oxide based reactive air braze for joining yttria-stabilized zirconia." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0088.
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We investigated a new method of ceramic-to-metal joining, referred to as reactive air brazing, as a potential method of sealing ceramic components in high-temperature electrochemical devices. Sessile drop wetting experiments and joint strength testing were conducted using yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates and CuO–Ag-based air brazes. Results from our studies indicate that the wettability of the braze improves substantially with increasing CuO content, over a compositional range of 1–8 mol% CuO, which is accompanied by an increase in the bend strength of the corresponding brazed YSZ joint. The addition of a small amount of TiO2 (0.5 mol%) to the CuO–Ag braze further improves wettability due to the formation of a titanium zirconate reaction product along the braze/substrate interface. However, with one notable exception, the bend strength of these ternary braze joints remained nearly identical to those measured in comparable binary braze joints. Scanning electron microscopy analysis conducted on the corresponding fracture surfaces indicated that in the binary braze joints, failure occurs primarily at the braze/YSZ interface. Similarly in the case of the ternary, TiO2-doped brazes joint failure occurs predominantly along the interface between the braze filler metal and the underlying titanium zirconate reaction layer.
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Abou-Chakra, H., U. Tüzün, I. Bridle, M. Leaper, M. S. A. Bradley, and A. R. Reed. "An investigation of particle degradation by impact within a centrifugal accelerator type degradation tester." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 217, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440803322328908.
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There are several testing devices that are used throughout the world for quantifying particle degradation by impact against a solid surface. Some devices use pressurized air to accelerate particles so that they impinge upon a target, some use a vacuum system or mechanical devices to accelerate the particles. Others attempt to drop particles from a height to achieve the required velocity. All previous testers have some disadvantage associated with them, the most common being poor control over particle velocity. Because it is well known that impact velocity is the single most important controlling factor in particle degradation, this is a major disadvantage. The second major disadvantage of most previous work is that it involves only single or small numbers of particles, making it very difficult to scale to bulk. The purpose of this work was to design and construct an improved testing method in a pilot bench-scale unit for assessing degradation by impact. This test facility can control both the velocity of the particles and the angle of impact. Benefits associated with this facility are that the particle velocity is very closely controlled, the tester is portable, and only a small quantity of test material is required for each test.
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Bakar, Noor Haznida, Koay Mei Hyie, Anizah Kalam, Z. Salleh, Noel Imang, and Fabinus Dualis. "Kevlar Reinforcement in Treated Kenaf Composites: Tensile and Impact Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.68.
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This research was carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of hybridization composite material which used treated kenaf long fibre with Kevlar reinforcement and polyester as matrix. The purpose of this research is to improve the tensile strength and impact resistance quality of kenaf fibre, so it can be widely used in automotive, military and marine application. From this study, hybrid composites were fabricated by hand lay up and cold press method. The hybrid composites were studied by experimental using Instron Universal Testing Machine according to the standard ASTM D3039. Impact test were conducted using drop tower device according to the standard ASTM D3763. It is clearly observed that the mechanical properties were increased with the addition of weight percentage of woven Kevlar in the kenaf composites. The highest energy was recorded at by hybrid composite in combination of 20 wt% Kevlar. The structure observation of impacted hybrid samples showed that as the impact energy increased, the energy absorbed was also increased. It is found that reinforcing kenaf fibre composite with woven Kevlar can improve mechanical properties of kenaf fibre.
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Habera, Łukasz, and Kamil Hebda. "Badania porównawcze liniowych ładunków kumulacyjnych." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 6 (June 2021): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.06.02.
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The fireground tests are the best method for verifying the operation effectiveness of the entire shooting device or its component parts in real conditions. The purpose of the fireground tests presented herein was the physical verification of linear shaped charge (LSC) ability to perforate multi-layered target, reflecting the material and geometrical conditions of a borehole. The series of shooting tests included tests of three types of linear shaped charges selected for use in perfo-fracturing devices. The following shaped charges were tested: LSC in lead enclosure, having φ = 40 mm circular cross-section with shaped recess; LSC with copper liner in 20/30 mm steel trapezoid enclosure; LSC with liner made of solid copper, in 20/40 mm steel trapezoidal enclosure.During testing, the cumulative jet velocity was recorded using voltage type probes, arranged between the individual layers of a target composed of steel and concrete materials. The research method adapted for the project purposes was aimed at verification of the following thesis: whether the proposed shaped charges fulfil the technical and performance conditions for their effective application in the oil industry. The criterion adopted was the ability – or lack of ability – to perforate the multi-layered barrier in the form of two steel plates and concrete casting. The testing stand, single-use by its nature, was each time composed of concrete block having 400 mm ´ 250 mm ´ 150 mm dimensions and 20 MPa static compressive strength, on which two steel plates were placed parallel to each other with 20 mm spacing. The thickness of the plates was 5 mm and 10 mm respectively. The tested shaped charge was placed on the top steel plate at a distance of one calibre – that is the distance equal to the opening of the trapezoidal shaped charge and full diameter of circular cross-section charge. Furthermore, within media interface planes (steel/air, air/steel; steel/concrete), the set of voltage-type measuring probes was installed, in the form of single electric wires (φ = 0.25 mm). At an instant when they break (circuit break) as a result of cumulative jet operation, voltage drop in the subsequent measuring probes will act as a logical gate of start-stop type, or in other words the zero-one (0–1) type gate. The readings of individual probes breakage times allowed in addition to determine the velocity of the cumulative jet and to estimate its braking dynamics while passing through the subsequent elements of multi-layered target.
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Mattei, Tobias A., Kalyani Nair, Martin Morris, Deric Cole, Michael Flatt, Carlos R. Goulart, Brian Kroeter, Shavonna Warren, and Julian J. Lin. "Design and benchmark testing of a bicorporal pump for the treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 11, no. 2 (February 2013): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.10.peds12119.
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Object Addressing overdrainage and its associated complications is still one of the greatest challenges for future shunt designs for normal-pressure hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Nevertheless, as evidenced by tap test procedures, a small amount of CSF drainage seems to be enough to relieve patients' symptoms in most cases and, therefore, in opposition to other types of hydrocephalus, continuous CSF drainage may not be absolutely warranted. In such a clinical scenario, intermittent controlled drainage of a small amount of CSF during specific periods of the day through a 2-system pump may provide several advantages over continuous drainage of current single-system shunts. The goal in this study was to design and test an innovative concept of a bicorporal pump composed of a 2-part system. The first component was designed to be implanted in the patient and act as a pump connected to standard catheter tubing. The second component was designed to be used as an external device outside of the body and function as a power supply and control system. Ultimately, flow will only occur when the system is powered by the external device. Methods Testing and comparisons were performed to evaluate free fluid flow and the maximal flow after pumping in the standing and supine positions. After this, the authors compared the hydrodynamic effects of 2 different housing systems (2- and 3-in systems). An attenuation test was performed to show the effects of electromagnetic forces at progressively increasing distances. Finally, a biocompatibility report of the raw material used in the pilot design was completed. Results In the supine position, the effect of pumping was observed to increase the volumetric flow at a rate similar to or higher than that yielded in the free-flow tests. In relation to the attenuation test, it was observed that the volume drops off fairly quickly as the air gap distance was increased until ultimately reaching zero, with approximately 15 mm between the 2 components. In relation to the testing force, the 2-in housing model showed a considerable increase in the required electromagnetic force over the 3-in housing. Conclusions The authors successfully designed and tested a new intermittent drainage system through a bicorporal shunt, which provides several advantages over current single-system continuous drainage pumps. According to the authors' benchmark results, the 3-in housing model seems to be a better choice as it requires less force from the external electromagnet control. Moreover, attenuation tests demonstrated that, for proper functioning, the gap distance between the external and implanted devices should not be greater than 15 mm. Such initial benchmark results confirm the feasibility of such innovative design and provide support for future testing of the system in in vivo animal models and in future clinical series.
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Kłosowiak, R., J. Bartoszewicz, and R. Urbaniak. "Portable Heat Pump Testing Device." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 20, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2015-0044.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the design and working principle of a portable testing device for heat pumps in the energy recirculation system. The presented test stand can be used for any refrigerating/reverse flow cycle device to calculate the device energy balance. The equipment is made of two portable containers of the capacity of 250 liters to simulate the air heat source and ground heat source with a system of temperature stabilization, compressor heat pump of the coefficient of performance (COP) of = 4.3, a failsafe system and a control and measurement system.
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Wang, Ji Mei, Zhi Jiang Ji, and Jing Wang. "A New Testing System for Air Ion: Static Ion Testing System." Advanced Materials Research 96 (January 2010): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.96.257.
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The static ion testing system is designed to evaluate air ion concentration for functional materials. It is mainly composed of following parts, collector, data-conversion device and output terminal. The testing system can test negative air ion and positive air ion, which can be tested depends on the electrical field of the collector. The software of output terminal can store all the testing process information in the output terminal. In order to scientifically test the air ion concentration, the whole testing system are designed without any dynamic device. With the whole design, the static ion testing system fulfills automatically and accurately works without technician’s supervision. The system also automatically records the testing process, maps the variation curves, and analyzes the testing results.
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Benreguig, Pierre, and Jimmy Murphy. "Modelling Air Compressibility in OWC Devices with Deformable Air Chambers." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 11, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080268.
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Air compressibility effects play an important role in large-scale Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converters. Air compressibility is however not scalable with Froude similarity law. An existing scaling method enables correctly reproducing the air compressibility at the model scale, but its implementation is effortful and becomes cumbersome for floating devices and tests at relatively large scales (1/15th–1/2th). Air compressibility is therefore commonly ignored in model-scale tank testing of conventional OWC devices, which can lead to substantially unrealistic results on the device performance relative to the full-scale device. In the case of the Tupperwave device, which is a closed circuit OWC device, correctly modelling air compressibility during tank testing is however essential because the device relies on air compressibility to work. In this paper, a new method for modelling air compressibility at the model scale is presented. The method uses variable volume chambers, which mimic air compressibility by storing energy under the form of strain energy. This method reduces the difficulties of implementation and enhances the application of the existing method to larger scales. Various applications to this method are identified and described, including the presentation of a novel OWC concept.
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NISHIYAMA, Yoshimasa, Yasutaka TAGAWA, and Masashi YASUDA. "Control of a 6DOF Microvibration Testing Device Using Air Actuators." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 66, no. 643 (2000): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.66.771.
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Sahoo, D. K., J. V. Mane, P. Srivastava, A. K. Kohli, and G. Ganesh. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Drop Testing of Cocam-120-an Industrial Radiography Device." Procedia Engineering 173 (2017): 1918–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.12.252.
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Santos, Thiago, Luiz C. Wrobel, Nick Hopper, and Maria Kolokotroni. "Numerical Design and Laboratory Testing of Encapsulated PCM Panels for PCM-Air Heat Exchangers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020676.
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Heat transfer between encapsulated PCM panels and air plays an important role in PCM-Air heat exchangers. A new design for the encapsulation panel was developed considering practical aspects such as the cost of production and ease of manufacturing, in addition to heat transfer and pressure drop. A number of encapsulated panel surfaces were first investigated via 3D CFD simulations and compared with an existing panel in use by a commercial PCM-Air heat exchanger manufacturer. After validation, 2D CFD simulations were carried out for 32 different geometries to select the most effective design, which was fabricated and tested in the laboratory. Laboratory parameters tested included heat transfer, pressure drop and melting/solidifying. The laboratory results confirmed the improvements of the new panel in comparison with the existing panel and a flat panel. It was found that the proposed design doubled the heat transfer, holds 13.7% more material and the fan can overcome the increased pressure drop.
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Tenelsen, Florian, Dennis Brueckner, Thomas Muehlbauer, and Marco Hagen. "Validity and Reliability of an Electronic Contact Mat for Drop Jump Assessment in Physically Active Adults." Sports 7, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7050114.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the concurrent validity and the test–retest reliability of an electronic contact mat for drop jump assessment in physically active adults. Seventy-nine young, physically active adults participated in the validity study, and 49 subjects were recruited for the reliability study. The motor task required subjects to perform two-legged drop jumps using drop heights of 24, 43, and 62 cm as well as one-legged drop jumps with the left and right leg using a drop height of 24 cm. Ground contact times were simultaneously quantified with an electronic contact mat, a force plate (i.e., gold standard), and a light-barrier system (another criterion device). Concurrent validity was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), systematic bias, limits of agreement, and linear regression analysis. Test–retest reliability (one week apart) was determined by calculating the ICC, the standard error of measurement (SEM), the coefficient of variation (CV), and Lin´s concordance correlation coefficient (рc). Further, we determined the minimal detectable change (MDC95%). Irrespective of drop height and jump condition, good agreements between testing devices (ICC ≥ 0.95) were shown. Compared to the force plate (−0.6 to 3.1 ms) but not to the light-barrier system (31.4 to 41.7 ms), the contact mat showed low systematic bias values. In terms of test–retest reliability, our analyses showed that the measuring devices are in agreement (ICC: 0.70–0.92; SEM: 8.5–18.4 ms; CV: 3.6–6.4%). Depending on the measurement device, drop height, and jump condition, a MDC95% value ranging from 23.6 to 50.9 ms represents the minimum amount of change needed to identify practical relevant effects in repeated measurements of drop jump performance. Our findings indicate that the electronic contact mat is a valid and reliable testing device for drop jump assessment from different drop heights in young physically active adults.
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Kooistra-Manning, Emily A., Lane G. Huston, Jack L. Skinner, and Jessica M. Andriolo. "Air Driven Electrospinning of CNT Doped Conductive Polymer Fibers for Electronics." MRS Advances 5, no. 52-53 (2020): 2693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.337.
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AbstractAn electrostatic and air driven (EStAD) electrospinning device was used to achieve deposition of polymer fiber mats that carry electrical charge. The EStAD device does not require the polymer stream to contact a deposition electrode, thereby allowing enhanced control and processing versatility over production of conductive polymer materials. Direct current (DC) conductivity in the fiber mats was enabled through the use of a composite multi-walled carbon nanotube-polyethylene oxide (MWCNT-PEO) blend for electrospinning (ES). The electrospun fiber mats contained three different concentrations of MWCNTs. Conductivity and resistance were measured for each concentration as an electrospun fiber mat and compared to that of a drop-cast thin film. Results showed that at 7.51 wt% MWCNTs, conductivity in the electrospun fiber mats began to approach that of the drop-cast thin films at 1.76E-01 S/cm. At the lowest weight percent tested (3.37 wt%), conductivity was still measurable at approximately 8.48E-05 S/cm and was comparable to results reported previously using traditional ES methods.
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Javaudin, Olivier, A. Baillon, N. Varin, C. Martinaud, T. Pouget, C. Civadier, B. Clavier, and A. Sailliol. "Air-drop blood supply in the French Army." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 164, no. 4 (February 12, 2018): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000886.
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BackgroundHaemorrhagic shock remains the leading cause of preventable death in overseas and austere settings. Transfusion of blood components is critical in the management of this kind of injury. For French naval and ground military units, this supply often takes too long considering the short shelf-life of red blood cell concentrates (RBCs) and the limited duration of transport in cooling containers (five to six days). Air-drop supply could be an alternative to overcome these difficulties on the condition that air-drop does not cause damage to blood units.MethodsAfter a period of study and technical development of packaging, four air-drops at medium and high altitudes were performed with an aircraft of the French Air Force. After this, one air-drop was carried out at medium altitude with 10 RBCs and 10 French lyophilised plasma (FLYP). A second air-drop was performed with a soldier carrying one FLYP unit at 12 000 feet. For these air-drops real blood products were used, and quality control testing and temperature monitoring were performed.ResultsThe temperatures inside the containers were within the normal ranges. Visual inspection indicated that transfusion packaging and dumped products did not undergo deterioration. The quality control data on RBCs and FLYP, including haemostasis, suggested no difference before and after air-drop.DiscussionThe operational implementation of the air-drop of blood products seems to be one of the solutions for the supply of blood products in military austere settings or far forward on battlefield, allowing safe and early transfusion.
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Oh, Sung Hoon. "The Development of a Drop Test Device for the Performance Test of the Landing Gear of an Unmanned Aircraft." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 4219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4219.
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An unmanned aircraft as a growth engine recently emerging in the airline industry is expanding its range from conventional military purposes into the development direction for civilian use. As such, necessary skills, components and equipment is being developed at a rapid pace and the testing equipment and techniques for checking the reliability and durability of the developed technology is also needed. But so far, performance testing standards for the newly developed product is not clear and accordingly lacks the testing equipment and techniques. In the case of landing gear, it plays an important role for the safety of the aircraft during the take-off and landing and such importance is becoming clear for an unmanned aircraft as well. However, the research and development of the drop test device for testing the performance of the landing gear is yet insufficient. As such, by developing an improved version of the drop test device from its predecessor to inspect the safety and durability of the landing gear, we hope to increase the safety and reliability of the landing gear as well as having a goal of developing a checking device for the landing gear to be developed in the future.
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Et. al., A. R. Vijay Babu,. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON A SOLAR AIR HEATER WITH AND WITHOUT OBSTACLE." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.341.
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In this paper convection form of heat transfer is used to convert cold air to hot air. Forced convection is preferred for this experimental analysis; obstacles are also used to analyze the temperature level of air with the help of Air Heating Solar Device (AHSD). Semi Annular fins are used as obstacles for this experimental verification. The outlet temperature and pressure drop of SAH were determined by changing the fin densities with the help of software tool FLUENT. The analysis result shows that the outlet temperature is more and pressure drop was less in the case of SAH with obstacles when compared to the SAH without obstacles.
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Pallegedara, Achala, Martin Petřík, and Petr Štemberk. "Design of Portable Device for Rapid Temperature Testing of Concrete Specimens: System Circuit Design Phase." Advanced Materials Research 1054 (October 2014): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1054.11.
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The project described in this paper is based on sequential development of a temperature controlled weather condition emulator for testing of concrete samples in different temperature levels at varying period of time. The device can be used to test concrete samples when engineer wants to realize the concrete behaviour under extreme conditions such as cold, very high temperature or drastic drops of temperature incurred in a short period and importantly test for concrete samples during hydration. As an initial phase of the development process, entire system architecture is sub-phased to modular form and hence formulated each module for simulation before realizing of the final fabrication of the actual system. The main objective in this phase is to design the electronic circuit to control the attached thermoelectric Peltier which is the main subject of the heat source temperature controller. Since, mathematical modelling of dynamics of the Peltier systems are not well defined and assured to be highly non-linear in behaviour, controlling of the system is driven to be selected by a fuzzy inference engine. Modelling, analysis and simulation of the system dynamics of the Peltier has already been completed in last phase. Design of electronic controller is detailed in the paper with an experimental performance evaluation plot based on extreme loading conditions of the cooling-heating device. Uncertainty incurred in temperature measurements is also provided with experimental data obtained from the proposed system circuit. Characteristics of the proposed emulator are discussed with given significant constrains. Finally, obtained experimental data from the circuit is satisfied with the expected once therefore, this phase can be concluded for developing an optimized fuzzy controller to control the device as final step of the device.
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Prstic, Suzana, and Avram Bar-Cohen. "“Heat Shield”—An Enhancement Device for an Unshrouded, Forced Convection Heat Sink." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 2 (February 16, 2006): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2188955.
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The inherent advantages of forced air cooling have led to the widespread use of fully and partially shrouded heat sinks for the thermal management of high power microprocessors. The superior thermal performance that is achievable in the fully shrouded configuration is accompanied by a significant pressure drop penalty. The concept introduced in the current study, employs a thin sheet-metal “heat shield,” placed around a partially shrouded heat sink, to channel the flow directly into the heat sink. A combined numerical and experimental study has shown that the use of this “heat shield” can substantially enhance heat sink thermal performance, in a channel geometry and air flow range typical of commercial chip packages; making it comparable to that of a fully shrouded heat sink, with a substantially lower pressure drop (∼50%). In addition, this thermal enhancement device can be easily retrofitted into existing systems; improving performance without major channel and/or fan modifications.
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Afshari, Alireza, Lars Ekberg, Luboš Forejt, Jinhan Mo, Siamak Rahimi, Jeffrey Siegel, Wenhao Chen, Pawel Wargocki, Sultan Zurami, and Jianshun Zhang. "Electrostatic Precipitators as an Indoor Air Cleaner—A Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 8774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218774.
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Many people spend most of their time in an indoor environment. A positive relationship exists between indoor environmental quality and the health, wellbeing, and productivity of occupants in buildings. The indoor environment is affected by pollutants, such as gases and particles. Pollutants can be removed from the indoor environment in various ways. Air-cleaning devices are commonly marketed as benefiting the removal of air pollutants and, consequently, improving indoor air quality. Depending on the type of cleaning technology, air cleaners may generate undesired and toxic byproducts. Different air filtration technologies, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) have been introduced to the market. The ESP has been used in buildings because it can remove particles while only causing low pressure drops. Moreover, ESPs can be either in-duct or standalone units. This review aims to provide an overview of ESP use, methods for testing this product, the performance of existing ESPs concerning removing pollutants and their byproducts, and the existing market for ESPs.
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Menzies, M. A. "Integrated air data sensors." Aeronautical Journal 105, no. 1046 (April 2001): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400002546x.
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Abstract Avionics Specialties in partnership with Honeywell has developed an integrated air data pressure sensor known as the integrated multi-function probe (IMFP). This continuously flow-aligned pressure-sensing device was developed using a multidisciplinary design approach encompassing computational fluid dynamic, (CFD), flow analysis, and experimentation. The computational investigation was performed using the finite element code, CFDesign, by Blue Ridge Numerics and consisted of pressure distribution studies for varying flows around conical sections. The application and integration of this technology to previously developed flow alignment and pressure transducing products lead to design similarity analysis saving considerable development time. Initial experimentation used to develop and refine the design and analysis consisted of laboratory bench testing, low and high-speed wind tunnel investigations, and subsonic flight-testing. Final performance verification was accomplished through data reduction and analysis of an extensive flight test program using a Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon. The analysis, design and performance verification of this innovative pressure-sensing device was investigated for direct comparison to conventional Pitot-static performance with particular emphasis toward military fighter aircraft applications.
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Jiang, Zhi Cai, Xue Ding, Hang Zhao, and Zhong Di Su. "Research on Pressure Drop Transfer Standard Based on CFD." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.1105.
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The pressure drop transfer standard is a major measurement element in the pressure drop measurement device as a traceability element. This paper analyzed the air flow in the capillary tubes, and mathematical model of pressure drop transfer standard was got by the differential pressure at inlet non-laminar flow part and differential pressure in the laminar flow part. A CFD method adopting laminar model is used to confirm the theory. The pressure drop value was calculated by the diameters and length of all capillary tubes measured by OGP video measuring systems, and the result shows the calculated value was verified by the calibration value.
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Pramana, Rozeff. "Perancangan Sistem Kontrol dan Monitoring Kualitas Air dan Suhu Air Pada Kolam Budidaya Ikan." Jurnal Sustainable: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian dan Industri Terapan 7, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/sustainable.v7i1.435.
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The quality and the temperature of pond water is an important parameter that need to get attention in fish cultivation. Every type of fish has their own characteristic towards water condition and pond temperature. The monitoring of water quality in cultivation pond is done manually and it takes a lot of time. The purpose of this research is to design web-based control system device and monitoring the quality of the water of fish cultivation pond including salinity, temperature and the hardness in real time using special application. This device design consists of salinity sensor, hardness sensor, and temperature sensor. Temperature can be controlled and monitored automatically on the application via computer/laptop. The result of this research is temperature drop by 0,1 oC on a 10 liters pond that takes 18 seconds, and to decrease the temperature of 1 oC takes 180 seconds (3 minutes). To raise the temperature of 0,1 oC takes 264 seconds or 4,4 minutes, and to raise the temperature of 1 oC takes 2640 seconds or 44 minutes. The percentage of error for sensor reading is ranged 2,4% - 3,9%.
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Wajdi, Halim, Novian Anggis Suwastika, and Rahmat Yasirandi. "Iot architecture that supports the stimulation of gross motor development in children aged 5-6 years using drop box game." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 6, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v6i2.1958.
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Gross motor development in children influences the development of self-confidence and the concept of self-formation as they mature. Many people assume that gross motor development is often ruled out compared to other aspects of child development because the perception of gross motor development will automatically increase with age, when in fact the gross motor development must continue to be stimulated so that it develops perfectly. The activity used in this research is the game of putting balls into a hole by moving the game box (Drop Box). This research aims to build a device that has been designed and assess the ability/performance of the system based on the parameters of functionality, the accuracy of values , and reading speed. In this research, the Drop Box game implements Internet of Things (IoT) to support recording activities and processing data obtained from recording children's activities. In this research also proposed a suitable IoT architecture and has been applied in the development of the Drop Box game device. We carry out functional system testing and system performance testing based on accuracy parameters and speed-reading parameters. The test results show that the functionality of the system runs with an average of 100%. For system performance, the result is 86.59% for 20 ms as the optimal delay in testing accuracy and 79 ms for reading speed.
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Ji, Hong Wei, Yong Wang, and Xin Yu Wang. "High-Speed Image Measurement Technology and its Application under Toner Drop Impact Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.66.
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A transport package cushioning property evaluation test system is established to achieve the goal of high-precision, real-time, non-contact, and full-field measurement. It consists of a shock testing machine, a shock measuring instrument and a high-speed image acquisition and processing system. High-speed imaging measurement techniques and digital image processing method are used to make a comprehensive assessment on the cushioning properties of air-cushion package. In this paper, the developed system was used to measure the drop shock responses of the toner and air cushion deformation under drop impact test.
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Liu, Xiaochen, Xiaohua Liu, Tao Zhang, and Ying Xie. "Experimental analysis and performance optimization of a counter-flow enthalpy recovery device using liquid desiccant." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 6 (May 30, 2018): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418780852.
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The liquid desiccant enthalpy recovery is an efficient way to save energy in air-conditioning systems. In this study, a counter-flow liquid desiccant enthalpy recovery device was proposed and experimentally analyzed. Enthalpy transfer capacity, enthalpy efficiency and pressure drop per height of packing were used as indices to describe its performances. Based on the experiment results, the heat and mass transfer model of a packed tower was used to simulate and optimize the performance of this device. The maximum enthalpy efficiency and enthalpy transfer capacity were achieved when the optimal air velocity (1.9–2.1 m/s in this study) maintained to be slightly below the air velocity at the loading point and the thermal capacity ratio of air to desiccant ( m*) equaled to 1. These conclusions are valuable to both design and operation of such an enthalpy recovery device. Practical application: A counter-flow enthalpy recovery device with liquid desiccant was proposed and experimentally investigated. Based on the experiment results, a numerical model for this device was built and validated. The optimal air and desiccant mass fluxes were analyzed to maximize the enthalpy efficiency of this device, which could be higher than the conventional device with cross-flow pattern. These results could provide guidelines for both design and operation management of counter-flow enthalpy recovery devices in liquid desiccant-based air-conditioning systems.
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Chmielniak, Tadeusz, Daniel Czaja, and Sebastian Lepszy. "Selection of the air heat exchanger operating in a gas turbine air bottoming cycle." Archives of Thermodynamics 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2013-0031.
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Abstract A gas turbine air bottoming cycle consists of a gas turbine unit and the air turbine part. The air part includes a compressor, air expander and air heat exchanger. The air heat exchanger couples the gas turbine to the air cycle. Due to the low specific heat of air and of the gas turbine exhaust gases, the air heat exchanger features a considerable size. The bigger the air heat exchanger, the higher its effectiveness, which results in the improvement of the efficiency of the gas turbine air bottoming cycle. On the other hand, a device with large dimensions weighs more, which may limit its use in specific locations, such as oil platforms. The thermodynamic calculations of the air heat exchanger and a preliminary selection of the device are presented. The installation used in the calculation process is a plate heat exchanger, which is characterized by a smaller size and lower values of the pressure drop compared to the shell and tube heat exchanger. Structurally, this type of the heat exchanger is quite similar to the gas turbine regenerator. The method on which the calculation procedure may be based for real installations is also presented, which have to satisfy the economic criteria of financial profitability and cost-effectiveness apart from the thermodynamic criteria.
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Di, Yu Hui, and Jing Jiang. "Testing and Analysis of Roof Garden on the Residential Building in Xi'an." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.376.
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Through an actual test of the planting on the roof, observes the main climatic factors of roof surfaces about the the grass layer of green roof and the concrete roof.Study and analysis the variation of the temperature and the relative humidity of surface temperature and the air inside and outside during the daytime. Studies have shown that the application of green roof can change the temperature and humidity to decrease the temperature of the roof surface.Thereby reduces the indoor air temperature and drop the outdoor local relative humidity.
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Agirre, Julen, Borja Erice, David Abedul, Eneko Saenz de Argandoña, Nagore Otegi, and Lander Galdos. "A Laboratory-Scale Instrumented Forging Hammer as an Intermediate Strain Rate Testing Device." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125001002.
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Mechanical characterisation of metallic materials at intermediate strain rates is essential to calibrate and validate computational models for industrial applications such as high-speed forming processes i.e. hammer forging, blanking, forming, etc. The most common devices that perform medium to high loading rate experiments are the servo-hydraulic universal testing machines and Split Hopkinson bar systems. Here we analyse the possibility of employing an in-house designed and constructed DirectImpact Drop Hammer (DIDH) for material mechanical characterisation at medium strain rates, ranging from 100 to 300 s-1. To show the suitability of the DIDH for mechanical characterisation, uniaxial compression experiments on S235JR structural steel are conducted and compared with finite element (FE) simulations performed with an elasticthermoviscoplastic material model previously calibrated with Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests.
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Arifin, Jaenal, Danny Kurnianto, and Eto Salam. "Rancang Bangun Deteksi Air Hujan dengan Report Via SMS Berbasis Arduino Uno." Electrician 13, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/elc.v13n2.2107.
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Intisari---Sistem kendali secara otomatis di bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi belakangan ini berkembang dengan pesat sehingga menghasilkan inovasi baru. Menjemur pakaian merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang sering dilakukan didalam kehidupan. Menjemur pakaian sering kali ditinggal pergi, sehingga tidak sempat lagi untuk mengangkat jemuran pada waktu hujan turun. Ini bisa menjadi masalah, dalam penelitian ini mengusulkan solusi berupa perangkat yang dapat memberi tahu kondisi cuaca hujan. Perangkat deteksi air hujan ini dibuat dengan menggunakan papan konduktor PCB sebagai sensor air hujan, motor DC berfungsi menutup dan membuka tempat jemuran, mikrokontroler arduino uno digunakan sebagai pengendali utama perangkat ini dan modem wavecome digunakan untuk mengirim sms berupa pemberitahuan ketika hujan turun. Perangkat deteksi air hujan ini dapat bekerja sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan. Pengujian perangkat ini meliputi pengujian catu daya, sensor air hujan, pengujian driver motor L293D dan pengiriman pesan sebagai notifikasi sms hujan dan tidak hujan. Kata kunci--- Sensor Air Hujan, Arduino UNO, Modem Wavecom, Motor DC Abstract---Automatic control systems in science and technology have recently been developed rapidly in order to produce new innovations. Drying clothes is one of daily life activities. Drying clothes is usually left open in the field using clothesline, so that there is not enough suitable time to carry the clothes when rain fall from the sky. This can be a problem, so that in this study, we propose a device that can inform the condition during the rain. This rainwater detection device is created by using a PCB conductor board as a rainwater sensor, the DC motor whose function is to close and open the clothesline, the Arduino Uno microcontroller which is used as the main controller of this device and the wavecome modem that is used to send SMS notifications when the rain come. This rainwater detection device can work as expected. Testing on this device consists of testing the power supply, testing the rainwater sensors, testing the L293D motor driver and testing sending messages as a notification whether there is rain or not. Keywords---Rain Water Sensor, Arduino UNO, Wavecom Modem, DC Motor.
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Derbiszewski, Bogdan, Michał Głogowski, Łukasz Szymański, Tomasz Olejnik, and Andrzej Obraniak. "Preliminary testing of innovative ventilation fittings." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400029.
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The article primarily presents a schematic idea of the operation of innovative ventilation shapes with adjustable performance. Then, it was pre-verified by measuring static pressure on the walls of ordinary fittings and innovative T-type fittings. The presented fittings have features that allow for very precise control of the performance of ventilation streams in various configurations. The most important diagrams in the article show that there are simple methods for distributing air streams, even in mutually perpendicular channels leading to minimized flow losses. The presented results of comparative tests carried out on ordinary and innovative T-shaped fittings show very favorable tendencies which are characterized by a several-dozen-percent drop in pressure in similar measurement ranges.
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Sardana, Pranshul, Mohit Kalra, and Amit Sardana. "Design, Fabrication, and Testing of an Internet Connected Intravenous Drip Monitoring Device." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8010002.
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This paper proposes a monitoring system retro-fittable for existing Intravenous (IV) infusion setup. Traditionally, doctors and nurses use their experience to estimate the time required by an IV bottle to empty which makes the IV therapy vulnerable to human error. The current study proposes an internet connected monitoring platform for IV drip chambers. The device enables doctors and nursing staff to monitor the drip parameters wirelessly while emphasizing on low costs and high degree of reliability. It has two main units, namely chamber unit and pole unit. Chamber unit houses two types of sensors, optical based for drop detection and capacitive based for level detection, both of which are placed on the chamber unit. The pole unit majorly consists of a microcontroller and a GSM-based (Global System Mobile Communication) communication module. In addition, the device was tested along with various parameters like accuracy, readout stability, change in fluid used, changes in ambient conditions, end chamber conditions, optical unit malfunctions. Finally, the monitored data was securely and reliably transmitted to commercial cloud service using HTTP API calls (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) (Application Programming Interface). This data was stored and visualized for ease of readability for nurses and doctors.
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Войновский, Максим, and Maksim Voynovskiy. "The shock absorber (absorbing device) installed on a rolling stock reduce the longitudinal forces acting on the locomotive and wagons." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2014, no. 4 (December 5, 2014): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23045.
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Development of a new draft gear require large material expenditures. Possibility of modeling different types of tests is allowed to achieve the required performance at the design stage of shock absorber. The article deals with the modeling pile driver test as a kind of bench test. Proposes mathematical model of drop work testing of elastomer draft gear working in laminar mode fluid flowing. Received power characteristics of the device, it was found that the device have time to recover between repeated blows
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Táboas, Francisco, and Francisco Vázquez. "Pressure Drops and Energy Consumption Model of Low-Scale Closed Circuit Cooling Towers." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060974.
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Heat transfer models of closed-circuit cooling towers are available in the literature. Using these models, traditional parametric studies show how the inlet conditions of the streams influence the cooling capacity. This type of analysis could yield to suboptimal operation of the cooling tower since optimal heat and mass transfer processes do not necessarily imply an energy efficient cooling device. The optimal design of closed-circuit cooling towers should include any evaluation of pressure loses associated with the three streams involved. Air-water biphasic pressure drop across tube bundles in such devices was not sufficiently investigated in literature. The proposed literature correlations depend on geometry parameters, and these parameters are not known. In this work, an experimental device has been designed and constructed to study pressure drops, and an energy consumption model has been developed. The pressure drop was successfully calculated modifying a general correlation proposed for two phase flow across tube bundles. The energy model results show that the optimum was obtained where the intube water Reynolds number is near the transition region, and at air velocities near 1 m/s.
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Mat Jusoh, Firdaus, Henry Nasution, Azhar Abdul Aziz, Sumeru, Afiq Aiman Dahlan, Hishammudin Mohd Jamil, and Mohamad Fitri Khamis. "Performance of Automotive Air-Conditioning System by Using Ejector as an Expansion Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.216.
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An automotive air conditioning system that uses thermal expansion valve (TEV) as an expansion device. The pressure drop from the condenser and evaporator pressure is considered an isenthalpic process (constant enthalpy), where this process causes energy loss (entropy generation) in the expansion process. The ejector recovers energy losses, which was previously lost in the expansion valve, and an ejector can be used to generate isentropic condition in the expansion process. The use of an ejector as an expansion device in this study can reduce power consumption of the compressor and increase cooling capacity of the evaporator. The experiments were conducted with temperature set-points of the conditioned space of 21, 22 and 23°C with internal heat loads of 100, 200 and 400 W. Measurements were taken during the one hour experimental period at a time interval of five minutes. The experiment results indicate that the ejector system is better than TEV and save fuel.
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Khanam, Jobeda J., Simon Y. Foo, Zhibin Yu, Tianhan Liu, and Pengsu Mao. "Efficient, Stable, and Low-Cost PbS Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Cr–Ag Electrodes." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091205.
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PbS quantum dots (QDs) are a promising nanostructured material for solar cells. However, limited works have been done to explore the active layer thickness, layer deposition techniques, stability improvement, and cost reduction for PbS QD solar cells. We address those issues of device fabrication herein and suggest their possible solutions. In our work, to get the maximum current density from a PbS QD solar cell, we estimated the optimized active layer thickness using Matlab simulation. After that, we fabricated a high-performance and low-cost QD photovoltaic (PV) device with the simulated optimized active layer thickness. We implemented this low-cost device using a 10 mg/mL PbS concentration. Here, spin coating and drop-cast layer deposition methods were used and compared. We found that the device prepared by the spin coating method was more efficient than that by the drop cast method. The spin-coated PbS QD solar cell provided 6.5% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for the AM1.5 light spectrum. Besides this, we observed that Cr (chromium) interfaced with the Ag (Cr–Ag) electrode can provide a highly air-stable electrode.
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Varoto, Paulo Sergio, and Leopoldo Pisanelli Rodrigues de Oliveira. "On the Force Drop Off Phenomenon in Shaker Testing in Experimental Modal Analysis." Shock and Vibration 9, no. 4-5 (2002): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/675674.
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The Electrodynamic Vibration Exciter (shakers) has been one of the most employed excitation sources in modal tests. The shaker is an electromechanical device that provides a mechanical motion due to the input signal sent to its coil. Despite being widely used, it is well known that the shaker interacts with the structure under test. In particular, when the structure passes through a given resonance, the force delivered by the shaker abruptly decreases, causing the so called drop off phenomenon. This paper aims to study this force drop off phenomenon in the single shaker modal testing. Analytical models are developed to help in understanding the physical principles involved in the interaction between the shaker and the structure under test. Experimental analyses are performed using different shakers as well as excitation signals, in order to evaluate the effects of the input signal, as well as the power amplifier operational modes, on the structure dynamics. Preliminary tests revealed that significant distortions might occur during vibration tests using shakers and these distortions significantly affect the determination of the structure response.
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Fujita, Tomoyuki, Satsuki Fukushima, Hiroki Hata, Yusuke Shimahara, Yuta Kume, Yorihiko Matsumoto, Kizuku Yamashita, and Junjiro Kobayashi. "Irrigation Device Successfully Tests Valve Competence during Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 12, no. 4 (July 2017): e10-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000385.
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Minimally invasive mitral valve repair has become standard. We hypothesized that reproducible water testing with less air contaminations may help achieve successful repair and prevent air embolism. We used a long shaft irrigation device connected to an infuser pump to water test mitral valve repair in 104 consecutive patients with severe mitral regurgitation due to type II mitral valve dysfunction. All patients underwent mitral valve repair via small right thoracotomy. Water testing was performed by simultaneously monitoring root pressure to confirm valve competence and adequate leaflet coaptation with suitable pressure. Irrigation was stopped when root pressure reached 60 mm Hg. Simultaneous transesophageal echocardiography showed a negligible amount of air introduction. Predischarge echocardiography revealed residual mitral regurgitation of less than or equal to 1 in all patients, and no patient experienced any major adverse event such as stroke or perioperative myocardial infarction. This novel water test allowed us to correctly check mitral valve competence and reduce air contamination.
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Wu, Po-Tsung, Chang-Lin Chen, and Tsair-Chun Liang. "Design and testing of an optical routing device with reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer and interleaver functions." Optical Engineering 57, no. 05 (May 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.5.056109.
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Qin, Hai Jie, Wei Ying Zhu, and Wei Zhong Li. "An Experiment and Simulation Study on Performance of Finned Tube Condenser." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.814.
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In this paper, a finned tube condenser performance test platform by using hot water as heat transfer medium in the pipe was established. The air side correlations of pressure drop and heat transfer were acquired based on lots of testing datas.A segment by segment model of the finned tube condenser used in these correlations was proposed and a simulation program was developed by using Visual C++ programming tools. Experiment and simulation results show that the air side correlations of pressure drop and heat transfer are fitting well with experimental datas. The deviation between the experimental and calculated values is within ±5%.The deviation of Nu Number is within ±10% and the deviation of the pressure loss is within±15%.
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Bainschab, Markus, and Alexander Bergmann. "An Intrinsically Pressure Insensitive Low Cost Particle Number Diluter Featuring Flow Monitoring." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 10, 2018): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130981.
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We present a low cost Particle Number (PN) diluter including mass flow monitoring. The device consists of a commercial hypodermic needle, a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter. and a custom-made flow sensor. The flow sensor is used to monitor the diluter’s performance and enable in-time replacement of the low cost elements used. Neither the sampling flow rate nor the pressure drop drastically change the dilution factor introduced by the presented device. This makes the presented device especially useful for particle number measurements at positions close to the tailpipe of internal combustion engine powered vehicles, where aggravating, fast pressure pulsations complicate correct sampling.