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Journal articles on the topic 'Air Force Materiel Command'
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1
Barzelay, Michael, and Fred Thompson. "Responsibility Budgeting at the Air Force Materiel Command." Public Administration Review 66, no. 1 (January 2006): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00561.x.
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Ledwith, Matthew C., Ross A. Jackson, Amanda M. Reboulet, and Thomas P. Talafuse. "Ethics and Education." International Journal of Responsible Leadership and Ethical Decision-Making 1, no. 1 (January 2019): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrledm.2019010103.
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Education is a frequent area of concern when attempting to improve organizational performance. In this paper, absorbing Markov chains were used to assess education levels of civil servants within Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). The results suggest that AFMC will have 47% of its workforce with an advanced, college degree by the year 2030. Given an increasingly educated workforce within AFMC, ethical implications for management strategy were explored. Specifically, the authors examined the ethics of managing a highly-educated workforce in ways which are procedurally similar to those used for a workforce which was historically less educated. Through a thematic bifurcation, ethical solutions were presented which will either provide more autonomy for the highly-educated workforce or attempt to change the internal credentialing process so that the current management strategies are aligned to a more appropriately-educated workforce.
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Colson, Robert, Steven Coyle, Wayne Kachel, and Nalni Dhar. "Air Force Materiel Command Is Implementing a Compliance through Pollution Prevention (CTP2) Process to Reduce Environmental Burden and Total Ownership Cost to the War Fighter." Federal Facilities Environmental Journal 12, no. 2 (2001): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffej.1006.
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Huber, Andreas, and Matthias Gerdts. "A dynamic programming MPC approach for automatic driving along tracks and its realization with online steering controllers * *This material is partly based upon work supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Air Force Materiel Command, USAF, under Award No, FA9550-14-11-0298." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 8686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1529.
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Alley, W. D. "Computer-aided design/drafting management within the united states air force logistics command civil engineering organization." Computers & Structures 41, no. 6 (January 1991): 1169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(91)90254-j.
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Pugh, James. "The Royal Air Force, Bomber Command and the Use of Benzedrine Sulphate: An Examination of Policy and Practice During the Second World War." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 4 (October 17, 2016): 740–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416652717.
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This article explores the development of policy in the Royal Air Force (RAF) relating to the use of Benzedrine, a potent amphetamine, by aircrews during the Second World War. This policy evolved from total prohibition in September 1939 to cautious approval for the use of the drug on operations in November 1942. Such caution reflected the subjective evidence available about Benzedrine, the media profile of the substance, and wider social and cultural factors relating to the use of drugs during this period. This challenges our understanding of drug history, demonstrating that while amphetamines were framed as a ‘miracle drug’, more nuanced, functional interpretations of the substance were in evidence. In turn, the article examines evidence from the operational context, including new data gathered from questionnaires and interviews with former Bomber Command aircrew and existing oral history material held by the Imperial War Museum. Both policy discussions and operational evidence allows for a re-evaluation of the arguments of Nicholas Rasmussen, who suggests the RAF made use of Benzedrine as a frontline ‘psychiatric medicine’. Such conclusions downplay the significance the RAF attached to the drug’s effects on wakefulness and concerns about the drug’s effects on wellbeing.
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Tanner, Carole, and Charles Moening. "MIL-PRF-1540, A Performance Specification for Design and Product Verification of Space Hardware." Journal of the IEST 41, no. 2 (March 14, 1998): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.41.2.y448857752727765.
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Acquisition reform has caused the cancellation or conversion of many military specifications and standards. One of the standards targeted for conversion by Air Force Material Command (AFMC) was MIL-STD-1540. The standard provides details for the testing of launch, upper stage, and space vehicles. AFMC requested that MIL-STD-1540C be converted from a standard to an alternative form of documentation. To answer this request, The Aerospace Corporation and Space and Missile Systems Center used an innovative approach to develop a document that retained the value of the original standard. The new document is MIL-PRF-1540 (a Military Performance Specification). MIL-PRF-1540 is intended for use in the Request For Proposal (RFP) instructions for new procurements of space hardware. The value of MIL-STD-1540C was retained by incorporating it into the already existing MIL-HDBK-340. The revised handbook, MIL-HDBK-340A, is referenced by MIL-PRF-1540 as guidelines only.
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He, Ya Qun, Ji Jun Li, Tao Wang, and Sheng Li Hou. "The Determination of Low Consumption Repairable Air Materiel Consumption Quota." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4840.
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Aiming the problem of low consumption air materiel repairable parts consumption quota, the paper creates a calculation model, gives the methods and processes solving the model, and explain the solving process with examples specifically, for the development of air material consumption quota provides an effective approach for air force air materiel system.
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Zakharov, A. O. "THE MEDALS OF INDONESIA FOR WEST IRIAN CAMPAIGNS." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-170-177.
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Indonesian struggle for West Irian was an essential aspect of Indonesian politics since early fifties. Indonesian Government managed to annex West Irian in the sixties due to a substantial material, technical and diplomatic support by the Soviet Union. The USSR stopped its support in 1965, when Indonesian Army under command of General Suharto undertook a terrific massacre of Indonesian communists, backed by the USA. The first President of Indonesia Sukarno was removed from his post. Suharto turned President and proclaimed the New Order (Orde Baru), manifesting itself in the Army rule over the nation. Despite strong positions of Suharto and his associates, there were many different factions in the Army, while Suharto managed to dismiss all disloyal generals. He also instituted new military orders to praise his loyal servants — The Navy Star (Bintang Jalasena), the Army Meritorious Service Star (Bintang Kartika Eka Pakçi), and Air Force Star (Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa) — in 1968. A year later, the West Irian open vote confirmed its joining with Indonesia, supported by the Indonesian military surveyors and army presence. Till the end of the sixties, there were constant tensions in West Timor. Indonesian Government instituted two campaign medals for operations in this area — the Satya Dharma Medal and the Raksaka Dharma / GOM IX Medal. The paper examines these two decorations and their context.
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Smith, M. T. "Air Force Systems Command Approach to R&M." IEEE Transactions on Reliability R-36, no. 3 (August 1987): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.1987.5222381.
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Lang, Thomas E., and Ronald G. McGarvey. "Determining Reliable Networks of Prepositioning Materiel Warehouses for Public-Sector Rapid Response Supplies." Advances in Operations Research 2016 (2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1285406.
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Events such as natural disasters or combat operations require a rapid response capability from humanitarian service providers and military organizations. Such organizations can decrease their response times through theprepositioningof materiel in forward warehouses, reducing the time needed to transport items to the site of need. A particular challenge to the development of networks of prepositioning warehouses is that the warehouses themselves may be impacted by the very disruptions that drive demands for prepositioned materials. The objective of this research is to identify a reliable networkposture, which is a set of utilized facility locations and an allocation of materiel to those locations, that can satisfy time-sensitive delivery requirements to potential locations around the globe, ensuring that demands can be satisfied even in the event of loss of access to a subset of storage sites (along with said sites’ materiel), all at minimum total cost. We develop new optimization formulations to account for differing levels of network reliability, all reflecting the time-sensitive environment faced by rapid response operations. We demonstrate an application of this methodology using rapid response material prepositioned by the US Air Force.
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Leak, Chris. "Epilogue to MERIT: Lessons Learned in Developing an Interactive Environmental Database." Journal of the IEST 42, no. 4 (July 14, 1999): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.42.4.kp2r7pj019u316l7.
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MERIT, Mission Environmental Requirements Integration Technology, is an interactive environmental database developed by the Air Force Wright Laboratory's Flight Dynamics Directorate (currently the Air Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory). The purpose of this MS Windows-based application is to quickly and accurately estimate, during the early conceptual design stage, the environments to which stores carried externally on fighter/attack aircraft will be exposed throughout all phases of the life cycle (such as manufacturing, deployment, storage, and operational usage). MERIT is currently used at approximately 75 locations within 25 companies and government agencies. During the development of the MERIT system, many important lessons were learned regarding the creation of environmental databases to support materiel acquisition functions (such as design, test, and maintenance). In this paper, the scope and capabilities of MERIT will be described in more detail. The basis for the lessons learned will be explained and illustrated through examples from the system's development history.
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SOPÓCI, Milan, and Marek WALANCIK. "THE CONCEPT OF CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT COMMAND, CONTROL AND RECONNAISSANCE OF AIR FORCE." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 18, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2016.18.1.8.
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TARASOV, S. A. "THE PECULIARITIES OF PERSONNEL WORK ON COMPLETING COMMAND POSITIONS OF THE RED ARMY AIR FORCE IN 1944–1945." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 9, no. 3 (2020): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2020-9-3-187-199.
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The article is devoted to the issues of staffing the command positions of the Red Army Air Force in the third period of the Great Patriotic War and the role of personnel bodies in their resolution. It is noted that the activities of the military tribunals in this period are characterized by a high percentage of convictions of the command staff of the Red Army and references are made to documents confirming the existence of facts of unjustified prosecution of command personnel. During this period, the main principles for selecting officers for further career advancement were the level of their professional skills and political reliability.
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Brown, Gerald G., Robert F. Dell, Heath Holtz, and Alexandra M. Newman. "How US Air Force Space Command Optimizes Long-Term Investment in Space Systems." Interfaces 33, no. 4 (August 2003): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.33.4.1.16369.
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Smith, Richard D. "R&M 2000 An Air Force Logistics Command Challenge Do It Now." IEEE Transactions on Reliability R-36, no. 3 (August 1987): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.1987.5222384.
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Curatola, John M. "Atomic Dysfunction." Vulcan 6, no. 1 (October 22, 2018): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00601003.
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Following World War II the US believed its atomic monopoly was the primary tool to offset large, standing communist ground forces within the Soviet orbit. However, both the newly established and civilian-run Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) along with the nascent US Air Forces’ Strategic Air Command (SAC) were models of dysfunction. In the late 1940s neither the civilians nor the military were capable of fulfilling the requirements outlined in the envisioned atomic air offensives of the time. Apart from their internal problems, both the AEC and SAC failed to properly coordinate with each other for effective transfer of bomb material, requisite training, and standing up the required number of atomic ordnance assembly teams. As a result, the American atomic monopoly from 1945–1950 was largely a bluff with few men, materials, and resources to serve as the nation’s primary strategic offense.
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Wallace, David M. "Air Force Rescue at the MGM Hotel Fire in Las Vegas." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 1 (1985): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00032726.
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One of the worst hotel fires in the USA occurred at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, on November 21, 1980. This tragedy claimed 84 lives and injured 300 others. The toll might have been higher were it not for Air Force assistance.Nine U.S. Air Force helicopters responded swiftly to the scene in answer to the city of Las Vegas plea for help. The call came from the Metropolitan Police Department at 7:38 a.m. and got an immediate response from the Nellis Air Force Base (AFB) Consolidated Command Post. By 7:55 a.m., the first Huey helicopter was airborne. Less than 20 minutes later it was hovering over the MGM Grand Hotel. Evacuation of survivors began immediately, according to Major Larry B. Doege, commander of Detachment 1, 57th Fighter Weapons Wing.
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Hoare, Peter. "Navigating Lancasters in WW II." Journal of Navigation 60, no. 2 (April 20, 2007): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463307004249.
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This paper describes the air navigation techniques and drills used by Lancasters of the Pathfinder Force of Royal Air Force Bomber Command in early 1945. A brief description is given of the equipment and fixing aids available to the navigator and the environment in which he worked. The paper is based on the author's personal experience and with reference to the log and chart of an operation in which he took part. A running commentary on the navigational aspects of the operation is also given.
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Huang, Min Chuan, Chao Yen Wu, and Jang Ruey Tzeng. "Taiwan Air Force Logistics System of Research Governance." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.393.
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Taiwan Air Force attempts to dress the century into the military logistics fleet management information governance challenges and solutions for the problem, I explore the Department of Defense and the Air Force General Command of the face when the United States, China, Taiwan triangular relationship and interaction development, I Taiwan, F100, F104 old multi-session retreat, an opportunity to the international situation easy to help the world's consumption of the United States, IDF130 French Mirage 2000 aircraft with 60 U.S. F16A / B fighters, 150. 1979 to 1996 while the Air Force replacement of old aircraft and the Army a total of 340 aircraft and five companies. Up to five kinds of aircraft types, there are cross-generational, cross-type, cross-border differences, and my task, repair, supplies, etc. have a direct long-term implications. Was the need to actively seek foreign buyers, so the secret meaning to contact the French Mirage 2000 fighter procurement, Taiwan also has four planes incompatible and independent logistics system? At this point the core operation of the Air Force logistics management, and supply sources and the implementation of cross-system benefits, there are still logistical bar code conversion, how to face the army in 1990, the Air Force effective governance, effective logistics to enhance the Air Force repair capability to ensure air superiority over the Taiwan Strait security and integration of armed forces combat capability. We provide this experience for the successful teaching of business management related discussions to enhance the graduate student's thinking and decision-making capacity.
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Soleh, Billy Tunas, and Yetty Supriyati. "Education Program Evaluation of Air Force Unit Command School (SEKKAU) In the Development of Human Resources." IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management) 3, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijhcm.03.02.08.
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The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical and analytic data on substantive and important issues that affect the implementation of the Air Force Unit Command School’s education program. The study was conducted from 1 January 2019 to 30 June 2019 at Air Force Unit Command School (Sekkau) in Jakarta. This study used a qualitative approach with the CIPP model to evaluate the results and benefits of implementing education at Sekkau. Respondents in this study were Sekkau’s students who were studying at the time of data gathering, former Sekkau’s student serving in Air Force units, as well as instructors and officers who have authority on policies of applied at Sekkau. The informants in this study were Air Force Chief of Staff (Kasau), Assistant to Chief of Air Force Staff for Personnel (Aspers Kasau), Commander of Air Force Education and Training Command (Dankodiklatau), Head of Air Force Education Service (Kadisdikau), Sekkau Commander, and Sekkau alumni batch 104 of the 2017 academic year. The sampling procedure for this population used multi-stage (clustering). The sample selection for the survey was carried out using a purposive sampling method of 15 respondents distributed proportionally consisting of Kasau, Aspers Kasau, Dankodiklatau, Kadisdikau, Dansekkau, and Sekkau alumni of the batch 104 of the 2017 academic year. The selection of population and respondent samples, especially in modeling, was adjusted to environmental conditions and the number of interviewees to be taken i.e. those who were considered to be able to represent and understand the issues under study.The findings are: (1) the educational program of Sekkau is in accordance with the background or context of the program, which is seen based on aspects of needs, aspects of the problem and aspects of objectives, (2) the available support for education program at Sekkau in general is in a sufficiently supportive condition for the effectiveness of the education and training program for students which is seen based on aspects of human resources, budget, and the curriculum (3) implementation of educational programs were well done based on aspects of timeliness, application of learning methods, evaluation and monitoring, development of human resources, recruitment of teaching staff and staff and services to students, (4) the achieved results of the educational program at Sekkau in general was quite good from the aspect of responsiveness, toughness and vigour. The novelty of this research is that the evaluation of education program of Sekkau was obtained through two design models, namely using the David Stufflebeam CIPP evaluation model and the Four Models Kirkpatrick evaluation model that has never been done before. The results of program evaluation in this study were also obtained through the match between the idealism of evaluation criteria that were built with real conditions in the field that were different from previous studies. These are the novelties resulting from this research.
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TRIPP, ROBERT S., and LARRY B. RAINEY. "DESIGN OF A CONTROL ROOM FOR THE AIR FORCE LOGISTICS COMMAND lpar;AFLC) COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATION AND INTELLIGENCE (C3I) SYSTEM." Cybernetics and Systems 17, no. 2-3 (January 1986): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969728608927440.
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Brocklebank, Roy. "WORLD WAR III – The 1960's Version." Journal of Navigation 58, no. 3 (August 19, 2005): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463305003413.
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This article is based on a lecture to the Royal Institute of Navigation History of Air Navigation Group at Tangmere Museum on 12 May 2004. The author served as a navigator-radar – or a radar bomb aimer – within RAF Bomber Command during the mid-1960s. This article is based on his experience of this time in Bomber Command and describes how the Medium Bomber Force would have carried out their war operations had nuclear deterrence failed. In its day these plans were TOP SECRET.
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Worrall, Richard John. "‘Crossing the Red Line?’: The Air Staff, Sir Arthur Harris, and the Magdeburg Operation of 21/22 January 1944." War in History 27, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 689–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344518791206.
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On 21/22 January 1944, RAF Bomber Command conducted an area-bombing attack on the city of Magdeburg. The outcome was hardly pleasing, marked by high losses and inaccurate bombing. However, most notable was the rancorous aftermath, in which a full-blown row would erupt between the Air Ministry and Bomber Command Headquarters. This stemmed from the Air Staff perceiving that Sir Arthur Harris had ‘crossed a red line’ in his non-cooperation with their bombing policy. But the truth was much less clear-cut, as this article will show. Nonetheless, the Magdeburg operation led to a new Directive on 28 January 1944, which would force Harris’s cooperation in a combined Anglo-American assault against the German aircraft industry.
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A.A. VOSTROKNUTOV. "Command and Control of the Soviet Air Force during Combat Actions in Afghanistan (1979-1989)." Military Thought 26, no. 001 (March 31, 2017): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/mth.48907737.
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Lee, Euipyeong. "Analysis of the Plan to Receive Emergency Fire Response Teams for Large-Scale Disasters in Japan." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.4.91.
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In the event of large-scale disasters requiring state-level responses in Korea, the Fire Commissioner of the National Fire Agency (NFA) mobilizes the fire-fighting forces from the cities or provinces of the entire country. Korea does not have a suitable system to receive support in disaster-affected cities or provinces. There is, however, a system to support disaster-ravaged cities or provinces in accordance with the fire-fighting force mobilization system under the Framework Act on Fire Services. Unlike Korea, Japan mobilizes registered emergency fire response teams (EFRTs) to address large-scale disasters. In addition, fire departments of all prefectures and municipalities have established plans to receive EFRTs to prepare for large-scale disasters within their jurisdictions. This study analyzes the plan to receive EFRTs when large-scale disasters occur and EFRTs are mobilized in disaster sites in Japan. The receiving plan includes the following: procedure for requesting EFRT mobilization; establishment of a fire support coordination headquarters within the emergency operations headquarters of prefectures; establishment of command headquarters and command support headquarters in municipalities; establishment of air command headquarters in the fire air corps of prefectures; and appointment of the heads of command for support units and command support teams. Additionally, the plan addresses the establishment of advance points, hutment places, fueling stations, command systems, communication operation systems, task assignment systems, and unit movement and withdrawal procedures.
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Tripp, Robert S., John M. Pearson, and Larry B. Rainey. "A SMALL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF CYBERNETIC TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE AIR FORCE LOGISTICS COMMAND (AFLC) COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATION, AND INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM." Cybernetics and Systems 19, no. 5 (January 1988): 441–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969728808902179.
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Simon, Robert, Martha A. Schmidt, and Nancy Courville. "Test and Evaluation of an Air Force Non-Developmental Item (NDI) Computer System." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 17 (October 1988): 1162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201708.
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The Air Force is fielding a computer-based command and control system to support fighter base mission requirements. The acquisition strategy for this system was to purchase it as a Non-Developmental Item (NDI). Since the hardware and software were in the Air Force inventory, it was determined that system development was not necessary. Initial implementation and installation occurred without system-level specifications or performance requirements. This paper presents the results of a Human Factors Engineering evaluation of the system from three perspectives: an Expert's view, a Military Standard view, and a User's view. Two primary lessons resulted from the evaluation: First, the multi-perspective evaluation technique is valuable and highly recommended for use in other HFE evluations. Second, the purchase of NDI or commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items should be viewed from the systems perspective, i.e., even though subsystems may be NDI, the system may be developmental.
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Lee, Do hyeon, Chang-Joo Kim, Man Jung Heo, Joo Wan Hwang, Hee Gyeong Lyu, and Jun Yeop Lee. "Development of Real-Time Maneuver Library Generation Technique for Implementing Tactical Maneuvers of Fixed-Wing Aircraft." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (January 16, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7025374.
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This study develops the real-time maneuver library generation technique for performing aggressive maneuvers of fixed-wing aircraft. Firstly, the general maneuver libraries are defined, and then 7th-order polynomials are used to create the maneuver libraries. The attitude command attitude hold (ACAH) system, the rate command rate hold (RCRH) system, and the speed command speed hold (SCSH) system using the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control technique are designed to minimize the complexity of the flight control system (FCS) and to reduce the weight and volume of the payload. Moreover, the FCS is used for implementing tactical maneuvers. Finally, flight simulations are implemented for the longitudinal loop and Immelmann-turn maneuvers to check the usefulness of the proposed maneuver library generation technique. This study can affect the development of flight techniques for aircraft tactical maneuvers and the modification of air force operational manuals.
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McClernon, Christopher K., Victor S. Finomore, Terence S. Andre, Forrest S. Jeffery, and Oliver N. Myers. "Evaluation of Digital Checklists for Command and Control Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601255.
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Checklists are a critical component of most any military operation and both the construction of and presentation of checklists can affect the performance and efficiency of these operations. The purpose of this research project is to compare methods for displaying and executing checklists in a command and control operation to increase both performance and efficiency. The NORAD/NORTHCOM Command Center (N2C2) uses a paper checklist system to facilitate responding to any number of disasters, to include air catastrophes. This project investigated the potential effectiveness of a digital system that could take the place of the paper system that is currently being used. A between groups experimental design was used to analyze the relative effectiveness of each method. Each group of subjects was introduced to a timed task on different checklist systems and asked to complete an Air Force Academy Command Center checklist as accurately and as quickly as possible. Performance and subjective assessments of each system were analyzed and compared. The data showed that a linear digital checklist takes a longer amount of time than both a paper checklist and hierarchical digital checklist. In addition, the subjective data showed that the hierarchical system and paper system were easier to use and navigate than the linear system.
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Vallance, A. G. B. "Command and staff training in the Soviet air force and the RAF—a suitable case for comparison?" Defense Analysis 6, no. 1 (March 1990): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430179008405434.
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Petersen, Nikolaj. "SAC at Thule: Greenland in U.S. Polar Strategy." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 2 (April 2011): 90–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00138.
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This article discusses the so-called polar strategy of the U.S. Strategic Air Command (SAC) from 1958, when SAC decided to build Thule Air Force Base in Greenland, until 1968, when Airborne Alert flights over Greenland were abandoned after a fully armed B-52 crashed near Thule. The article traces the implementation of the polar strategy from a “bottom-up” perspective, concentrating on deployments and rotations to Thule and training missions and operations out of Thule. The analysis, based on U.S. Air Force unit histories and Danish military reports, shows that the early polar strategy operated under difficult conditions but gradually became more feasible. In 1957 the strategy was implemented at Thule, but paradoxically it did not come to full fruition until the introduction of the B-52, which was not dependent on support from Thule. By 1960, SAC had left Thule, the emblem of the early polar strategy, but SAC bombers continued to fly missions in Greenland's airspace until 1968.
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McCoy, M. S. "System of systems force structure optimisation." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1109 (July 2006): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001354.
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Abstract A system of systems study plan was developed and a prototype was executed to optimise a recommended military force structure. This methodology defined the optimal force structure, using constrained optimisation to reflect budget limitations and desired mission performance. The force structure included surface and air assets, a command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) architecture, and a recommended logistics infrastructure. A second aspect of the study plan defined the total acquisition strategy, which accounted for: retiring legacy assets, extending the service life of existing assets until new replacements became available, and acquiring new assets for deployment, within the budget allocation. This methodology combined various modeling and simulation techniques to meet three study objectives. First, a nonlinear mixed integer programming model maximised performance, subject to cost constraints, cost as an independent variable (CAIV). Second, a dynamic programming model scheduled the transition from the legacy force structure to the future force, defined by the previous modeling technique. Third, a process simulation model simulated performance, over a one-year time period, for 25 areas of responsibility and five missions. This model verified performance estimates generated by the previous models.
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Baharudin, Indah Satria, and Sopian Efendi. "IMPLEMENTATION OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER BASED ON THE 1945 STATE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA." PRANATA HUKUM 16, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36448/pranatahukum.v16i01.239.
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The unclear regulation on the power of President as the highst war Command of the Army, Navy And Air Force, raises the problems in the practices of Indonesian State. It has the scope and implementation of power of President based on Article 10 Constitution. The method of this research used this paper is juridical normative, juridical historic, and juridical comparative. The research was undertaken on library research to collect primary, and tertiary data. The result of research, showed that scope of President power based on article 10 of the 1945 Constitution include the financial, personal, and National defense. Implementation of President power based on Article 10 of the 1945 Constitution as long as the Presdiden government of Indonesia has implementatition. The was Command, was used as power instrument.
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Pierce, Penny F., Margaret M. McNeill, and Susan F. Dukes. "An Occupational Paradox: Why Do We Love Really Tough Jobs?" Critical Care Nurse 38, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2018919.
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BACKGROUND Sometimes we come upon unexpected or counterfactual results during research that make us wonder and lead us into unknown territory. Such was the experience of a team of Air Force researchers exploring aeromedical evacuation crew members’ experiences of safety and patient care concerns throughout the en route care system. OBJECTIVE To explore what it is about the aeromedical evacuation crew members’ occupation that generates a strong motivation to the mission despite the demands it places on its workers. METHODS Eight focus groups were conducted with 69 Air Force aeromedical evacuation and staging facility active duty, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve Command nurses and medical technicians between May 2012 and April 2013 at 5 locations in the contiguous and outside the contiguous United States. RESULTS An unexpected finding was that despite the austere nature of the Air Force en route care mission and the acuity of the patients being transported, nurses and medical technicians were passionate about bringing home the wounded, sick, and injured warriors and were committed to providing the best and safest care possible. CONCLUSIONS It is plausible that a high level of commitment and mission focus contributes significantly to the safety and well-being of those transported. Still, we must wonder why nurses and technicians voluntarily serve in such a demanding and sometimes dangerous occupation, and yet find such a high degree of satisfaction and contentment with this type of job.
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Luchnikov, E. A., O. G. Chernikov, and E. M. Mavrenkov. "Medical Support of Combat Operations and Naval Air Force Losses in the Great Patriotic War." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma62818.
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The paper addresses the contribution of the Naval Air Force and its medical service to the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Organizational and staff structure, medical support of combat operations, the dynamics, level and structure of operational attrition and non-battle sanitary losses of the Naval Air Force air and ground crews are studied by categories and by the periods of the war, including the major operations, separately for each fleet. Detailed analysis of the experience of search and rescue operations and aeromedical evacuation as specific components of the medical service of the Naval Air Force is presented. The management procedures of medical supplies and recreation of the air crews to prevent their exhaustion are studied. For instance, since it was impossible to provide professional and specialized medical aid to the wounded from the fleet air force units, it had to be provided at the naval and combined-arms levels of medical evacuation. Only a small number of air base infirmaries were staffed by qualified surgeons. Difficulties in organizing the medical supplies were caused by frequent movements of air force units, often in the closest vicinity to the enemy; and also, by the lack of special unified medical packs. Based on the experience of medical support for search and rescue operations, the most effective search and rescue of flight personnel was organized using water-planes. During the war, naval aviation pilots evacuated thousands of wounded people to the rear of the country. The specifics of the fleet aviation missions characterize the structure of sanitary losses and their ratio to the irretrievable losses of flying personnel during the four years of the war. Due to a significant combat load on the pilots, the command was obliged to organize their rehabilitation in the form of short-term vacation at adapted recreation centers. Based on the information available from literature and archive sources, the successful experience and faults in the medical support of the combat missions of the Air Force as the striking component of the Navy during the Great Patriotic War are analyzed, and respective detailed conclusions are made.
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Cho, Sooyoung, Ho Joon Lee, and Ju Lee. "Study on Multi-DOF Actuator for Improving Power Density." Energies 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214204.
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This study focuses on improving the power density of a spherical multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) actuator. A spherical multi-DOF actuator that can operate in three DOFs is designed. The actuator features a double air gap to reduce eddy current loss. However, a multi-DOF actuator driven by a single actuator exhibits low power density. Therefore, a Halbach magnet array is applied to improve the power density of a spherical multi-DOF actuator, and its output characteristics are compared with those of an existing spherical multi-DOF actuator via finite element analysis. Additionally, the output characteristics are analyzed based on changes in the coil pitch angle and magneto-motive force of the rotating winding. Furthermore, it is necessary for a spherical multi-DOF actuator to move to the command position. Hence, a stability analysis is performed to ensure that the spherical multi-DOF actuator is stably driven based on the command position.
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Young, Ken. "A Most Special Relationship: The Origins of Anglo-American Nuclear Strike Planning." Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 2 (April 2007): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.5.
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This article examines a hitherto unexplored aspect of the Anglo-American “special relationship,” the development of arrangements to coordinate U.S. and British forces in a joint nuclear strike against the Soviet Union. During the early Cold War, British political leaders and military officers struggled for a closer relationship with the U.S. Air Force in the hope of gaining greater insight into U.S. war plans, predicated as they were on nuclear strikes launched from bases in England. U.S. willingness to supply nuclear (and later thermo-nuclear) bombs for delivery by British bombers prompted bilateral talks from 1956 about their deployment in a joint air offensive. This prospective partnership raised difficult issues for the UK Air Staff, which was committed to the maintenance of an independent nuclear deterrent and countervalue rather than counterforce targeting. Nevertheless, the advantages of joint strike planning were such that by 1962 Bomber Command's planning had become fully integrated with that of Strategic Air Command.
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LIPOVŠEK, MITJA. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES AIR FORCE: NOW AND 20 YEARS IN THE FUTURE." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2017 ISSUE 19/3 (September 15, 2017): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.19.3.6.
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Povzetek V članku Slovensko vojaško letalstvo danes in čez 20 let nas avtor skozi kratko zgodovino vojaškega letalstva v Sloveniji popelje do trenutnih karakteristik slov-enskega vojaškega letalstva. V nadaljevanju avtor s pomočjo dejstev slovenske vojaške obrambne politike in fokusiranja Slovenske vojske (SV) na bataljonske bojne skupine predlaga karakteristike v razvoju slovenskega vojaškega letalstva, ki morajo poleg vloge podpore bojnim enotam SV temeljiti na združenih funkci-jah, kot so poveljevanje in kontrola (PINK); ognjena podpora; premik in manever; zaščita in vzdržljivost združenega bojevanja. Najpomembnejše vprašanje pa je, kaj je treba narediti, da bodo te karakteristike oblikovane na temeljih združenih funkcij. Vsekakor ima slovenska obrambna politika, podprta z vojaškim načinom mišljenja, pomembno vlogo pri postavitvi teh značilnosti. Ključne besede: slovensko vojaško letalstvo, karakteristike, zavezništvo, združene funkcije. Abstract This article, ‘The Characteristics of the Slovenian Armed Forces Air Force (SA-FAF) : now and 20 years in the future’, will lead us through a brief history to-wards the characteristics of today’s Slovenian Armed Forces Air Force. In addi-tion, the article will, with the help of the Slovenian security policy through the Slovenian Armed Forces, whose focus is on Battalion Battle Groups, present the future characteristics of the Slovenian Armed Force Air Force, which, besides fulfilling a supporting role, should be built on a foundation of the joint functions – command and control (C2); intelligence; fire power movement and manoeu-vres; protection; and sustainment – of joint warfare. However, the key question is: what decisions should be made and what action taken to get us from here to there? Slovenian security policy, supported by a military way of thinking, plays the key role, and is the enabler for building new future characteristics based on joint functions. Key words Slovenian Armed Forces Air Force (SAFAF), characteristics, alliance, joint func-tions
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TARASOV, S. A. "THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PERSONNEL AGENCIES IN COMMAND POSTS RECRUITMENT OF THE RED ARMY AIR FORCE IN 1941–1943." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 9, no. 1 (2020): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2020-9-1-85-99.
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Lovalekar, Mita, Caleb D. Johnson, Shawn Eagle, Meleesa F. Wohleber, Karen A. Keenan, Kim Beals, Bradley C. Nindl, and Christopher Connaboy. "Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among US Air Force Special Tactics Operators: an economic cost perspective." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, no. 1 (December 2018): e000471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000471.
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ObjectivesMusculoskeletal injuries (MSI) are an important concern in military populations. The purpose of this study was to describe the burden of MSI and associated financial cost, in a sample of US Air Force Special Operations Command Special Tactics Operators.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, medical records of the Operators were reviewed during the years 2014–2015. MSI that occurred during a 1-year period prior to the date of review were described. MSI attributes described included incidence, anatomic location, cause, activity when MSI occurred, type and lifetime cost of MSI estimated using the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System.ResultsA total of 130 Operators participated in the study (age: 29.1±5.2 years). The 1-year cumulative incidence of MSI was 49.2 injured Operators/100 Operators/year. The most frequent anatomic location and sublocation for MSI were the lower extremity (40.9% of MSI) and shoulder (20.9%), respectively. Lifting was a common cause of MSI (21.8%). A large per cent of MSI (55.5%) occurred while Operators were engaged in either physical or tactical training. Common MSI types were pain/spasm/ache (44.5%). Many MSI (41.8%) were classified as potentially preventable by an injury prevention training programme. The total lifetime cost of these MSI was estimated to be approximately US$1.2 million.ConclusionMSI are an important cause of morbidity and financial cost in this sample of Air Force Special Tactics Operators. There is a need to develop a customised injury prevention programme to reduce the burden and cost of MSI in this population.
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Mizerov, Ivan I. "Combat Actions of the 1st and 3rd Air Armies in the First Rzhev-Sychev Operation: Losses and Their Replacement." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-1-145-159.
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The article discusses the combat work of the Red Army air force (the 1st and the 3rd air armies of the Western and Kalinin fronts, respectively) during the Rzhev-Sychev operation, focusing on the role of field aircraft repair for the replacement of losses suffered in the battle, and for maintaining the overall combat capability of the air forces in the offensive zone. The author suggests considering the battle of Rzhev as one of the largest and longest aviation battles of the Great Patriotic War. The paper offers a comparative analysis of the number of forces involved in the Rzhev-Sychevsky operation with other large-scale air operations. Drawing on hitherto unstudied sources from the collections of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and on statistical data, the author explains the tactical application of aviation in the Central part of the Soviet-German front in the summer and autumn of 1942, as well as the patterns and main causes of losses during the military operation. The author emphasizes the critical importance of field repair for an accelerated recovery of air force strike capabilities; this gave the Soviet units significant advantages over the German Luftwaffe in the region. As the paper shows, the command of the 1st and 3rd air armies were fully aware of the importance of field repair and gave it thoughtful consideration; already during the intense fighting, measures were taken to share the gained experience with other units.
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Evans, Sarah E., and Gregory Steeger. "Deployment-to-dwell metrics and supply-based force sustainment." Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdal-05-2017-0009.
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Purpose In the present fast-paced and globalized age of war, special operations forces have a comparative advantage over conventional forces because of their small, highly-skilled units. Largely because of these characteristics, special operations forces spend a disproportionate amount of time deployed. The amount of time spent deployed affects service member’s quality of life and their level of preparedness for the full spectrum of military operations. In this paper, the authors ask the following question: How many force packages are required to sustain a deployed force package, while maintaining predetermined combat-readiness and quality-of-life standards? Design/methodology/approach The authors begin by developing standardized deployment-to-dwell metrics to assess the effects of deployments on service members’ quality of life and combat readiness. Next, they model deployment cycles using continuous time Markov chains and derive closed-form equations that relate the amount of time spent deployed versus at home station, rotation length, transition time and the total force size. Findings The expressions yield the total force size required to sustain a deployed capability. Originality/value Finally, the authors apply the method to the US Air Force Special Operations Command. This research has important implications for the force-structure logistics of any military force.
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Ferguson, Jane M. "Spitfires Sprouting in the Burmese Spring: The Real-life Quest for Historic Fantasy Aircraft in Contemporary Myanmar." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 8, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.11.
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AbstractIn 2013, a group of British aviation archaeologists began excavating in Myanmar in search of some 140 mint-condition crated Royal Air Force (RAF) Spitfire Mk XIV aircraft. According to their story, at the end of the Second World War, Allied forces in Burma were left with these unassembled aircraft. Without the funds to send them home, but unwilling to let the planes fall into enemy hands, they buried the crated planes in Mingaladon, Meiktila and Myitkyina. Like legends of pirate treasure, the story of these buried Spitfires carries with it fantastic aura and intrigue. For aviation fans, the pirate's gold is an iconic aircraft, meaningful in patriotic narratives for its role in the Battle of Britain. This paper will discuss this story as a form of military history folklore which is stoked by the orientalist perception that Burma/Myanmar's decades of military regimes and purported isolation indirectly ‘“preserved” the crated aircraft in time. As this paper will demonstrate, Burmese and others in Southeast Asia have their own legends of buried war materiel and treasure. This point, though largely lost on British aviation enthusiasts in their quest for their Spitfire ‘holy grail’, nevertheless crucially enabled their quest to manifest itself.
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Hernandez, Stephen. "A Case Report of Air Force Reserve Nurses Deployed to New York City for COVID-19 Support." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_2 (September 1, 2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab090.
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ABSTRACT Initial DoD support of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) operations for New York City (NYC) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relief included the deployment of military medics to the Javits New York Medical Station and USNS Comfort. When Air Force (AF) Reservists arrived in NYC, 64th Air Expeditionary Group leaders worked with FEMA, Task Force New York/New Jersey, and NYC chains of command to send Airmen to NYC hospitals, including Lincoln Medical Center (LMC). Within 72 hours of arrival, 60 AF Reservists, including 30 registered nurses and 3 medical technicians, integrated into LMC to provide support during April and May 2020. This assistance began during the peak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Air Force nurses provided over 6,000 hours of care to over 800 patients in the emergency department and ad hoc intensive care and medical-surgical units. As infections declined, AF nurses shifted to providing care in established units. In these units, AF nurses provided patient care and worked directly with LMC nurses to provide directed teaching experiences to improve their comfort and competency with caring for acutely ill COVID-19 patients. The deployment of AF Reservists into civilian facilities was a success and bolstered the capability of three facilities struggling to care for SARS-CoV-2 patients. This effort was recognized by military and civilian healthcare leaders and resulted in over 600 military medical personnel being sent to support 11 NYC public hospitals.
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Tinker, Hugh. "Burma's Struggle for Independence: The Transfer of Power Thesis Re-examined." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007824.
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On 3 May 1945, British—Indian forces landed in Rangoon. The Japanese had pulled out. The city was liberated. On 16 June there was a victory parade, though the final victory over Japan was still distant and most of their conquests were intact. Admiral Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander, took the salute while detachments representing the one million men under his command passed by in massed array. Famous regiments from Britain, India and Nepal; the Royal Navy; the Royal Air Force; men from the United States Air Force. It was an impressive sight, though the ceremony took place in pouring rain. Amongst them all was a somewhat ragged band representing the Burma National Army which, having been raised by the Japanese, had fought for three months alongside the British. Watching the parade from the central dais was a young man dressed in the uniform of a Japanese Major-General, though he also wore an arm-band with a conspicuous red star. The outfit was incongruously crowned by a pith sun-helmet—a topi. Probably most foreigners present assumed he was a Chinese officer. He was actually Bogyoke Aung San, commander of the BNA.
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Garner, Birtice, Kathleen Richardson, and Daniel Castro-Lacouture. "Design-Build Project Delivery in Military Construction: Approach to Best Value Procurement." Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 1, no. 1 (June 2, 2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v1i1.121.
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Design-Build is rapidly becoming one of the most commonly used project delivery methods in the facility construction industry. The United States Air Force and the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) are expected to establish a target of 75% of all Military Construction (MILCON) projects delivered using the Design-Build method. The use of this delivery method will bring significant changes in the relationships between the various parties associated with facility project delivery when compared to the traditional Design-Bid-Build method. This paper demonstrates that Design-Build delivery with a best value selection is an important tool in accomplishing AFRC’s cost efficient, rapid response transformation goals applicable to facility construction. Three hundred thirty two projects in program years 2002 through 2006, constructed using both traditional Design-Bid-Build or Design-Build delivery methods, were examined. Parameters used for comparisons were construction cost and schedule growth, project cost, vertical versus horizontal construction, and number of days required to prepare solicitation documents, advertise and accomplish construction award. This research reveals significant project schedule advantages with Design-Build best value selection delivery. The advantages are apparent in both pre and post construction award activities. Potential Design-Build cost advantages are hindered by Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations requiring firm fixed price contracts at construction award.
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Ross, E. Clarke. "Futurism in Policy Analysis." News for Teachers of Political Science 51 (1986): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0197901900003573.
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Michael Genovese's summer 1985 article, “Politics and Science Fiction Films,” is an excellent introduction to the broader topic of futurism and forecasting as methods of public policy analysis. These methods can be an interesting and challenging aspect of a graduate public administration course in public policy analysis.“The future does not simply happen. We create it. We can choose our future.” Accepting this assumption, I have integrated futures studies and forecasting into the Troy State University European Region graduate public administration course, “Policy and Decision Making in Government.” The course is a required component of a master's degree program offered under contract with the U.S. Air Force European Command. I have taught the course seven times, at bases in England, Turkey, Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands.
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McManus, William F. "Burn Mass Casualty Management: Lessons Learned." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044241.
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Successful management of a mass casualty situation involving 45 injured marines following a fire in Japan demonstrates the important principles of triage, patient movement, quality patient care, logistics, communication and medical direction.Following the accident, the US Army Institute of Surgical Research assembled a burn team consisting of three surgeons, three nurses, one microbiologist and eleven clinical specialists (three of whom were inhalation therapy technicians) and the equipment and supplies necessary to treat and transport these patients. The US Air Force Military Airlift Command transported the team and equipment to Japan in a C–141 Starlifter Medevac plane and pre-positioned a second C–141 in Japan for the return flight. Additional ventilators and supplies were mobilized from Japan, Okinawa, the Philippines and Alaska.
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Hunter, Alex. "The Cycles of Defense Acquisition Reform and What Comes Next." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 1 (October 2018): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i1.3.
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Many aspects of war and national defense appear to run in cycles. Indeed, the identification and explanation of these cycles is a favorite pastime of military scholars. Historians and political scientists characterize war as alternating cycles of offensive and defensive dominance. The idea of cyclicality may in fact be hardwired into academic discussions and understandings of war. For example, early war theorist Carl von Clausewitz described an ever-changing character of war undergirded by war’s fundamentally unchanging nature. Because the dominant theoretical understanding of war is that it holds a mixture of both fixed and constantly evolving elements, our concept of war may inherently lend itself to the idea of cycles. At the same time, however, the identification of cycles in war and national defense can be seen empirically. For example, the United States defense budget since World War II is notoriously cyclical, running through peaks and troughs in constant dollar terms roughly every fifteen to twenty years. Since peak defense funding periods do not always align with periods of war, it is not the dynamics of war alone that drive cyclical United States defense budgets but a mix of phenomena that includes economic cycles. Hence, in noting the cyclical nature of many aspects of defense, historians must further investigate to determine what dynamics and constraints may be at play in driving the cycle. While commercial technology continues as a driver of acquisition speed, especially for IT; the decentralization of acquisition decision- making and the delegation of decision authority to the military de- partments will likely encourage different priority balances to emerge in different sectors of the acquisition system. The delegation of acquisition authority to the United States Army has resulted in a significant internal reorganization of its acquisition functions. The Army is, for the first time, establishing a command focused on bringing together the wide variety of acquisition stake- holders in one structure, the Army Futures Command. Army Futures Command will bring the system for deciding requirements for new capabilities together with the acquisition process. In effect, the Army consolidates acquisition responsibilities within the service more closely under the control of the Army Chief of Staff, to whom the commander of Army Futures Command will report. The Army Futures Command will pursue a new modernization strategy, built around six major priorities, and hopes to significantly accelerate the delivery of new capability. By centralizing responsibility for requirements setting and acquisition execution in one command, the Army hopes to reduce the friction (and timespan) of coordinating across the Army’s multiple major communities. By contrast, the United States Air Force plans to extend its delegation of acquisition authority from OSD by redelegating this authority down to program executive officers and empowering program managers. This redelegation may reflect the relative maturity of the Air Force’s major programs, such as the KC-46 tanker and the B-21 bomber, where the high level strategic issues are decided (notably in both cases with cost control as the major priority), and the focus is on program execution. Matters of program execution are often best handled at the program level or as close to it as possible. However, less mature parts of the Air Force acquisition portfolio, such as recent efforts to design new systems for command and control and systems de- signed to approach space as a warfighting domain, may use the same decentralized authority to achieve different objectives. Notably, Air Force acquisition executive Will Roper is using the prototyping authority granted by Congress to rapidly demonstrate critical high-performance technologies, such as hypersonic strike systems called for in the National Defense Strategy. Decentralizing and distributing acquisition authority within military departments may lead to a variety of microcosms within the acquisition system where the balance of acquisition priorities is different. Other trends, however, will impact the acquisition system across its entire scope. Another major trend is the increasing functionality of weapon systems defined by software over hardware. The capability seen in the Air Force’s flight lines, in the Army’s motor pools, or in the Navy’s homeports is increasingly determined by lines of code rather than steel and aluminum. This trend has major implications for the acquisition system because it presents challenges to its basic structure, which was originally de- signed around an industrial production model. Software-defined systems break down the boundaries around which many organizations and processes are organized. Software-based systems don’t graduate from development to production to sustainment like hardware-based systems, presenting challenges to government budgeting mechanisms that are leading to calls for new funding categories that can deal with the iterative nature of software development and production. Consider the idea that a system which can send and receive electrons may serve many purposes, such as a communications device, a sensor, a weapon, and an electronic defense system. Software-based capabilities are steadily spreading, and they are a powerful reason why Under Secretary of Defense Ellen Lord appointed a special assistant, Jeff Boleng, for software acquisition. Boleng will “help oversee the development of software development policies and standards across DoD and offer advice on commercial software development best practices to Pentagon leadership . . . .” Perhaps the perfect embodiment of this trend towards software-driven capabilities is in artificial intelligence. How this trend will affect the balance of acquisition priorities in the future is difficult to predict, but one thing seems likely: change will remain dynamic rather than static, leading to continuous acquisition reform cycles for the years to come.