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Journal articles on the topic 'Air Fuel Ratio (AFR)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kim, J., T. Kang, and S. K. Kauh. "Transient air-fuel ratio control of a multi-point injection engine with an integration-type ultrasonic flowmeter." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 3 (2001): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011525719.

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An integration-type flowmeter, composed of an ultrasonic flowmeter and an integration circuit, is used to measure the air mass for transient air-fuel ratio (AFR) control of a port fuel injection (PFI) spark ignition engine. Also, the air mass and required fuel mass in the cylinder are accurately calculated for precise AFR control. The proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of measuring air mass inducted through a throttle valve. Air mass passing into a cylinder is estimated using the measured air mass at the throttle valve and intake manifold pressure. A simple two-constant fue

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2

Wu, Wei Bin, Tian Sheng Hong, Jin Xing Guo, Xian Mao Liu, Xie Ming Guo, and Sheng Hao Wu. "Study of Air-Fuel Ratio Analyzer Based on CAN Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.946.

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Air-Fuel Radio (AFR) analyzer technology is basically mastered by monopolies of developed country nowadays. Due to the lack of development in China, it has a strong practical value to study the accurate, rapid response and portable air-fuel ratio analyzer. This article is based on the AFR calculation model microcomputer hardware and software system design, background monitoring software design and debugging and measurement system, and on the choice of universal oxygen sensor calibration laboratory, establishing a wide-range of oxygen sensor output voltage and AFR model. The main features of AF

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3

Rifki Sulthan, Angky Puspawan, and Agus Nuramal. "PENGARUH AIR FUEL RATIO (AFR) TERHADAP EFISIENSI TURBIN GAS." Rekayasa Mekanika 7, no. 2 (2024): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.33369/rekayasamekanika.v7i2.34064.

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Gas turbine efficiency is an indicator to determine the performance of a generator. The greater the efficiency value of the gas turbine in a generator, the better the performance of the generator. One of the things that affect the value of the efficiency of a gas turbine is the air fuel ratio. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) is the ratio of the amount of air and fuel in the combustion process in units of mass or volume. Air fuel ratio is a factor that affects the perfection of the combustion process in the combustion chamber. In the graphic image it can be seen that the lowest AFR values are on July 3 an

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4

Angky, Puspawan, Rifki Sulthan, Agus Suandi, and Yovan Witanto. "THE EFFECT OF AIR FUEL RATIO (AFR) ON EFFICIENCY OF GAS TURBINE ON UNIT 2 OF GAS POWER PLANT PT. PLN (PERSERO) KRAMASAN PALEMBANG-SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE." Teknosia 17, no. 1 (2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/teknosia.v17i1.28754.

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Gas turbine efficiency is an indicator to determine the performance of a generator. The greater the efficiency value of the gas turbine in a generator, the better the performance of the generator. One of the things that affect the value of the efficiency of a gas turbine is the air fuel ratio. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) is the ratio of the amount of air and fuel in the combustion process in units of mass or volume. Air fuel ratio is a factor that affects the perfection of the combustion process in the combustion chamber. In the graphic image it can be seen that the lowest AFR values are on July 3

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5

Teng, Qin, Xiang Gong, and Peng An. "Adaptive Prediction of Transient Air Fuel Ratio Based on Forgetting Factor Algorithm for a Coal-Bed Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.814.

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In order to solve the problems of pumping fluctuations and bandwidth limitation to dynamic air fuel ratio (AFR) control for a coal-bed gas engine, adaptive models for air mass flow rate and fuel gas mass flow rate in intake system and exhaust AFR were constructed by a recursive identification method based on the forgetting factor (FF) algorithm. A linear time-varying equation error model was selected as the structure of the adaptive models. Firstly, the throttle position and crankshaft speed signals were used to predict the air and fuel gas flow rates. Secondly, the AFR was predicted in real t

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6

Li, Yue, En Zhe Song, Zhan Hu Zhang, Guo Feng Zhao, and Shuai Huang. "Study on the Effect of Fuzzy PID Air-Fuel Ratio Closed Loop Control of a Natural Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.372.

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The air-fuel ratio (AFR) control becomes an important research direction in gas engine. This article conducts air-fuel ratio (AFR) closed loop control research in a CNG engine. The injection pulse width of gas is controlled by a controller, oxygen sensor signal as a feedback signal. In order to make the engine can achieve the anticipated air-fuel ratio under different conditions; we adopt fuzzy self-tuning PID control strategy based on feed forward control. We transformed a 2135G diesel engine into the single fuel gas engine. Experimental investigation on the effect of air-fuel ratio closed lo

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7

Wu, X., K. Li, and D. Jiang. "Investigation of air-fuel ratio control using ionic current signal." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 9 (2007): 1139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto359.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate the control of air-fuel ratio (AFR) using an ionic current signal. Experimental measurements have been carried out to study the characteristics of the ionic current signal near ignition poles in a constant-volume combustion bomb. The ionic signal is characterized by a front flame and post flame during combustion. The intensity of the ionic signal strongly depends on the AFR at the time of combustion. The maximum values in both the front flame and the post flame will occur at close to the stoichiometric value. Furthermore, minimum values of the dura

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8

Suwodjo, Raden Agustinus, and Zulkifilie Ibrahim. "Modeling of the Adaptive HHO Controller to Improve Air-Fuel Ratio of Gasoline Engine." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 133, no. 1 (2025): 160–76. https://doi.org/10.37934/aram.133.1.160176.

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In practice, gasoline engine torque is improved using hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) supplementation, which adheres to the fixed HHO flow rate method. However, the arising hypothesis reveals that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve an engine’s air-fuel ratio (AFR) for various loads, so engine torque is not optimal. The research aims to propose a model of an adaptive HHO controller, which manages the electric current of the HHO generator so that the produced HHO flow rate adapts to engine speed and load variations. Hence, the AFR is optimal for any engine operation. Th

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9

Wang, Changhui, and Zhiyuan Liu. "Estimation of Individual Cylinder Air-Fuel Ratio in Gasoline Engine with Output Delay." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5908459.

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The estimation of the individual cylinder air-fuel ratio (AFR) with a single universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor installed in the exhaust pipe is an important issue for the cylinder-to-cylinder AFR balancing control, which can provide high-quality torque generation and reduce emissions in multicylinder engine. In this paper, the system dynamic for the gas in exhaust pipe including the gas mixing, gas transport, and sensor dynamics is described as an output delay system, and a new method using the output delay system observer is developed to estimate the individual cylinder AFR. With the

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10

Meng, Lei, Xiaofeng Wang, Chunnian Zeng, and Jie Luo. "Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method." Energies 12, no. 1 (2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010173.

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The accurate air-fuel ratio (AFR) control is crucial for the exhaust emission reduction based on the three-way catalytic converter in the spark ignition (SI) engine. The difficulties in transient cylinder air mass flow measurement, the existing fuel mass wall-wetting phenomenon, and the unfixed AFR path dynamic variations make the design of the AFR controller a challenging task. In this paper, an adaptive AFR regulation controller is designed using the feedforward and feedback control scheme based on the dynamical modelling of the AFR path. The generalized predictive control method is proposed

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11

Setya Rahma, Andy. "PENGARUH SETELAN AFR (AIR FUEL RATIO) TERHADAP UNJUK KERJA MESIN SEPEDA MOTOR SUPRA X 125cc." Mechonversio: Mechanical Engineering Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/mmej.v1i1.350.

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Banyak sekali hal yang mempengaruhi unjuk kerja motor bakar, salah satunya adalah pengaruh dari setelan AFR. Setelan AFR pada motor bakar 4 langkah berfungsi sebagai mekanisme yang berguna untuk campuran bahan bakar dan udara. Penyetelan AFR ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil yang maksimal pengaruh dari beberapa perubahan setelan AFR terhadap unjuk kerja mesin sepeda motor. Penyetelan AFR pada sepeda motor sangat mempengaruhi unjuk kerja mesin, dan setiap motor mempunyai setelan standar dari pabrik hanya saja mayoritas mekanik memiliki beberapa variasi setelan AFR masing-masing. Motor bakar

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12

Amrullah, Shafwan, and Cyrilla Oktaviananda. "Effect of Air Fuel Ratio to Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Using Downdraft Gasification." R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal 7, no. 1 (2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/r.e.m.v7i1.1640.

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Gasifikasi menggunakan limbah padat kota (MSW) berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas lingkungan dan peningkatan pasokan listrik untuk daerah-daerah yang sulit dijangkau, khususnya di Indonesia. Namun proses gasifikasi membutuhkan proses pengujian kualitas terlebih dahulu agar dapat menghasilkan produk syngas dan kelistrikan yang maksimal. Maka dalam penelitian ini dilakukan proses pengujian pengaruh variasi Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) terhadap kualitas proses gasifikasi (Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE), Carbon Conversion Efficiency (CCE), dan specific fuel consumption (sfc) atau konversi konsumsi spesifik).

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13

Cavina, N., and F. Ponti. "Air Fuel Ratio Estimation Using In-Cylinder Pressure Frequency Analysis." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (2003): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1563242.

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This paper presents an original approach to estimate the air-fuel ratio (AFR) of the mixture that burned inside a given cylinder of a spark-ignited (SI) internal combustion engine, using the information hidden in the corresponding in-cylinder pressure signal. In modern closed-loop fuel injection control strategies, the feedback signal is usually given by one (or more) heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO) sensor(s), mounted in the exhaust manifold(s). The information that such sensors give is related to the stoichiometry of the mixture that burned inside the cylinders. The HEGO sensor is not able t

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14

Zhai, Y. J., and D. L. Yu. "Radial-basis-function-based feedforward—feedback control for air—fuel ratio of spark ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 3 (2008): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto614.

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In this paper, a feedforward—feedback control is developed for the air—fuel ratio (AFR) of spark ignition engines using neural network estimators. To maintain the AFR at stoichiometric value, the throttle angle change is seen as a disturbance, from which the air flowrate is predicted. The injected fuel is also predicted using the inverse of the fuel injection dynamics. The proposed method is evaluated on an engine simulation benchmark and the performance is shown much improved over proportional—integral control. The new method needs moderate computation and therefore has strong potential to be

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15

Thompson, S., and C. Gong. "Intake Manifold Modeling for the Fuel Metering Control of Spark Ignited Engines." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, no. 3 (1997): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801296.

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In order to minimize emissions the Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine needs to be maintained at stoichiometric. Whenever the air and fuel enter the engine’s cylinder the AFR cannot be changed; therefore the problem of AFR control is a problem of intake manifold control. Although the problem of AFR control (and hence of intake manifold modelling) appears to be solved for a fully warmed-up engine the problem of AFR control during the warm-up period remains. This paper addresses this problem by using a novel AFR control strategy, which can be based on a given intak

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16

Wan, Li Ping, Yan Kun Jiang, and Song Wang. "Study on AFR Control for a PFI Air-Cooled Motorcycle Engine." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1421.

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For PFI (Port Fuel Injection) SI engine, accurate AFR (Air-fuel Ratio) control would keep TWC (Three-Way Catalyst) work in high efficiency range to achieve low pollutants emission. For ZS157FMI-3 motorcycle engine equipped with ZH600 ECS (Electronic Control System), a control strategy with close-loop feedback mode and feed-forward mode was designed for transient, quasi-steady and steady work states. One switching oxygen sensor was installed to form the close loop for quasi-steady and steady work states, and feed-forward control strategy based on a simplified fuel-film model was implemented to

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17

Tiara, Miftahul Djana, Rizka Mayasari, Hasrul Anwar, Muhammad Haviz, and Ashruri. "PENGARUH AIR FUEL RATIO (AFR) DAN TEMPERATUR TERHADAP KADAR CO2 DARI GASIFIKASI BIOMASSA KAYU KARET (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS)." Jurnal Redoks 8, no. 1 (2023): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v8i1.9303.

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Proses gasifikasi terjadi di reaktor gasifikasi yang disebut gasifier. Di antara jenis proses gasifikasi, yang paling sederhana dan mampu menghasilkan gas dengan kualitas yang cukup baik adalah jenis gasifikasi downdraft. Dalam penelitian ini akan digunakan gasifier downdraft di mana udara pembakaran akan masuk dari bagian atas atau samping di zona pembakaran dan syngas akan keluar dari bagian bawah reaktor. Pada penelitian ini, gasifikasi biomassa berbahan baku kayu karet dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh AFR dan suhu terhadap nilai kalor dan komposisi syngas dengan menggunakan downdraf

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18

el Abbassi, Mohamed, Domenico Lahaye, and Cornelis Vuik. "The Effect of Variable Air–Fuel Ratio on Thermal NOx Emissions and Numerical Flow Stability in Rotary Kilns Using Non-Premixed Combustion." Processes 9, no. 10 (2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101723.

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One of the quickest ways to influence both the wall temperature and thermal NOx emissions in rotary kilns is to change the air–fuel ratio (AFR). The normalized counterpart of the AFR, the equivalence ratio, is usually associated with premixed flames and studies of its influence on diffusion flames are inconsistent, depending on the application. In this paper, the influence of the AFR is investigated numerically for rotary kilns by conducting steady-state simulations. We first conduct three-dimensional simulations where we encounter statistically unstable flow at high inflow conditions, which m

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19

Bu, Yu Hong. "Research in Elman Neural Network for AFR Model of Automotive Engine." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.755.

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Air fuel ratio is a key index affecting power performance and fuel economy and exhaust emissions of the gasoline engine, whose accurate model is the foundation of accuracy air fuel ratio control. In the paper, at first, it has studied the Elman neural network (NN) simulation model of Air Fuel ratio physical model of automotive engine. Second, employing the SI-V8 in en-DYNA engine model as experimental device, the paper discussed the structure determination of Elman neural network; finally, it compared model identification performance between Elman and BP neural network. Experiment results show

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20

Nurlatifah, Ismi, Mutia Amyranti, and Siti Maftukhah. "Konversi Batubara Menjadi Syngas Menggunakan Metode Gasifikasi Dengan Variasi Air Fuel Ratio." UNISTEK 9, no. 2 (2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/unistek.v9i2.2698.

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Batubara merupakan salah satu komoditi sumber daya alam yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas pertambangan di indonesia dan merupakan bahan tambang strategis dalam penyediaan sumber energi. Untuk wilayah Banten batubara banyak ditemukan di daerah Banten Selatan tepatnya di daerah Bayah. Gasifikasi merupakan solusi untuk pemanfaatan batubara. Gasifikasi batubara adalah proses konversi batubara berwujud padat menjadi campuran gas. Reaksi utama yang terjadi adalah reaksi water gas, boundouard dan water gas-shift. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) gasifikasi pada pro

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21

Khalida, Zulfa, Hadi Rahmad, Yulia Puspa Dewi, Kartika Chandra, and Eti Putranti. "THERMOELECTRIC TEC UNTUK MEMBANTU MENINGKATKAN MASSA OKSIGEN PADA PROSES PEMBAKARAN MOTOR BAKAR." Jurnal Permadi : Perancangan, Manufaktur, Material dan Energi 6, no. 03 (2024): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52005/permadi.v6i03.156.

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This research was conducted to determine the effect of TEC or air cooling on the torque produced on a 110 cc motorbike. The TEC is connected to the intake manifold using a hose and the exhaust gas is connected to a gas sensor to see the Air Fuel Ratio AFR. This research shows the same results as the theory that decreasing air temperature can fertilize the fuel mixture, which is proven by a decrease in AFR of around 4.8% and this occurs The increase in power at 5600 rpm is 6.8 HP, around 1.8 HP higher than not using TEC.

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22

Umami, Mahrus Khoirul, Rullie Annisa, Faikul Umam, Hairil Budiarto, and Ibnu Irawan. "Test Equipment Adding Electric Supercharger on Injection Machine for Biofuel Optimization." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132807009.

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One of the problems that occur in our earth is air pollution and the depletion of fossil fuel stocks. Researchers want to make research on how the fuel burns completely, so that the resulting exhaust gas is environmentally friendly. In addition, this research is expected as an education and comparison before and after the turbofan is given. This study will control the AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) in the intake air to get the right ratio of fuel to air stoichiometry. By controlling the air intake into the engine and adding a turbofan using the PID method. The way the turbofan works is using the lamba s

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23

Rivcky Ubaydillah and Putri Sundari. "Analisis Pengaruh Air-Fuel Ratio Terhadap Efisiensi Ter-mal Pada Regeneration Gas Heater Berbahan Bakar Metana." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Komputer 5, no. 1 (2025): 01–10. https://doi.org/10.51903/juritek.v5i1.3847.

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Regeneration Gas Heater (RGH) merupakan komponen penting dalam proses regenerasi katalis sebelum gas memasuki unit kriogenik. Efisiensi termal RGH dipengaruhi oleh rasio udara-bahan bakar (AFR), yang menentukan kualitas pembakaran dan besarnya kehilangan energi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh AFR terhadap efisiensi termal RGH berbahan bakar metana. Percobaan dilakukan pada heater kapasitas 1001 kW dengan variasi AFR dari 16,1 hingga 17,5 (interval 0,1), di mana dilakukan pengukuran temperatur masuk dan keluar gas, konsumsi bahan bakar, serta analisis termodinamika dan emisi. Ha

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24

Meng, Lei, Jie Luo, Xu Yang, and Chunnian Zeng. "Intake Air Mass Observer Design Based on Extended Kalman Filter for Air-Fuel Ratio Control on SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 18 (2019): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183444.

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Air-fuel ratio (AFR) control is important for the exhaust emission reduction while using the three-way catalytic converter in the spark ignition (SI) engine. However, the transient cylinder air mass is unable to acquire by sensors directly and it may limit the accuracy of AFR control. The complex engine dynamics and working conditions make the intake air estimation a challenge work. In this paper, a novelty design of intake air observer is investigated for the port-injected SI engine. The intake air dynamical modeling and the parameter fitting have been carried out in detail. Extended Kalman F

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25

Junipitoyo, Bambang. "Pengaruh Pengaturan Air Fuel Ratio Terhadap Torsi dan Daya Mesin Bensin Berbahan Bakar Premium-Compressed Natural Gas." Jurnal Penelitian 3, no. 2 (2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46491/jp.v3e2.21.11-14.

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Sehubungan rendahnya nilai karakteristik dan ditunjukkan pada propertisnya dari compressed natural gas (CNG) dibandingkan dengan premium, maka berdampak penurunan performa engine yang berbahan bakar asal premium. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian pada engine Bensin 2 silinder 650 cc pada variable speed 2000 - 5000 rpm dengan interval 500 rpm, metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai settingan yang optimum adalah dengan mengatur air fuel ratio (AFR). Durasi injeksi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebesar 6 ms melalui mapping pada software AC GAS SYNCHRO 9.1.0. Sedangkan pe

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Lee, Taehyun, Eungsu Han, Un-Chul Moon, and Kwang Y. Lee. "Supplementary Control of Air–Fuel Ratio Using Dynamic Matrix Control for Thermal Power Plant Emission." Energies 13, no. 1 (2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010226.

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This paper proposes a supplementary control for tighter control of the air–fuel ratio (AFR), which directly affects the environmental emissions of thermal power plants. Dynamic matrix control (DMC) is applied to the supplementary control of the existing combustion control loops and the conventional double cross limiting algorithm for combustion safety is formulated as constraints in the proposed DMC. The proposed supplementary control is simulated for a 600-MW drum-type power plant and 1000 MW ultra-supercritical once-through boiler power plant. The results show the tight control of the AFR in

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27

PALOBORAN, Marthen, Thesya Atarezcha PANGRURUK, and Yunus TJANDI. "Evaluation of Energy Conversion and Distribution on the SI-PFI Engine Fueled by A Gasoline-Bioethanol Blend with AFR Variations." Mechanics 30, no. 5 (2024): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.37170.

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This study aims to investigate the engine performance of spark-ignition engines with port fuel injection using E50 fuel, which contains 50% gasoline or pertalite (in Indonesia) and 50% hydrate bioethanol, at air-fuel ratio variations of 10:1, 12:1, and 14:1. The experiments were conducted using a 1-cylinder, 662 cc engine research test with a constant load of 3 kg and engine speed variations of 1500 and 1800 RPM, as well as a compression ratio of 10:1 and standard ignition timing. The engine ran with E50 fuel, and the experimental results were compared with those of E0 for an air-fuel ratio of

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Umami, Mahrus Khoirul, Ibnu Irawan, Rullie Annisa, and Teguh Prasetyo. "Identifying the potential of waste cooking oil, waste lubricating oil, and tar as alternative fuel for bioethanol processing stoves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2972, no. 1 (2025): 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2972/1/012012.

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Abstract The air mass flow rate greatly influences the optimal flame temperature in the combustion process. Stoves with unstable combustion temperatures result in non-optimal flame temperatures. An unstable combustion temperature is shown by the flame which tends to dim and the temperature decreases. Another impact is the emergence of smoke or exhaust gas which will cause air pollution. The temperature in the stove must be maintained constant to produce a perfect flame. The perfection of combustion is influenced by three factors, namely the ratio of air and fuel (air-fuel ratio, AFR), homogene

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Gunawan, Wawan, and Bambang Ali Gunawan. "STUDI EFISIENSI BOILER TERHADAP NILAI KALOR BATUBARA PADA BOILER JENIS PULVERIZER COAL KAPASITAS 300 T/H." Jurnal Intent: Jurnal Industri dan Teknologi Terpadu 3, no. 2 (2020): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/intent.v3i2.958.

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Boiler merupakan proses terjadinya pembakaran bahan bakar batubara pada bejana tertutup yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan steam. Steam tersebut dapat menggerakkan turbine-generator untuk menghasilkan listrik. Excess air merupakan persentase oksigen didalam fraksi massa yang terkandung didalam udara hasil pembakaran (flue gas). Nilai excess air dan efisiensi pada mesin boiler dapat diketahui dengan metode analisa deskriptif dan analisa perhitungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh nilai kalor batubara terhadap nilai efisiensi dan pengaruh nilai kalor batubara terhadap exce

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30

Huang, Q., and D. P. Sansum. "An Experimental Study of a Fluidic Type Fuel Injector in Comparison With a Solenoid Type Injector." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 210, no. 2 (1996): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_254_02.

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An experimental study of a fluidic type fuel injector for spark ignition (SI) engines is described in this paper. The fluidic injector unit consists of four monostable fluidic devices controlled by a solenoid interface and air–fuel mixing nozzles for better fuel atomization. The prototype fluidic injector unit was implemented on a research engine. The results of air–fuel ratio (AFR) variations, engine combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions from the fluidic injector were compared with those from a baseline solenoid type injector. It was demonstrated from single cylinder engine tests t

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Puleston, P. F., G. Monsees, and S. K. Spurgeon. "Air-fuel ratio and speed control for low emission vehicles based on sliding mode techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 216, no. 2 (2002): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651021541480.

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This paper deals with the combined air-fuel ratio (AFR) and speed control of automotive engines. The robust controller is developed using dynamic sliding mode (SM) control design methods. The proposed controller set-up is tested under realistic operating conditions by means of computer simulation using a comprehensive non-linear model of a four-stroke engine, specifically provided by the automotive industry for these purposes. This accurate industrial model comprises extensive dynamics description and numerous look-up tables representing parameter characteristics obtained from experimental dat

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Choi, Hyuk, Ju-Hong Lee, Ji-Hoon Yu, Un-Chul Moon, Mi-Jong Kim, and Kwang Y. Lee. "One-Step Ahead Control Using Online Interpolated Transfer Function for Supplementary Control of Air-Fuel Ratio in Thermal Power Plants." Energies 16, no. 21 (2023): 7411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217411.

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Recently, the environmental problem has become a global issue. The air to fuel ratio (AFR) in the combustion of thermal power plants directly influences pollutants and thermal efficiency. A research result was published showing that the AFR control performance of thermal power plants can be improved through supplementary control using dynamic matrix control (DMC). However, online optimization of DMC needs an extra computer server in implementation. This paper proposes a practical AFR control with one-step ahead control which does not use online optimization and can be implemented directly in e

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Alsuwian, Turki, Arslan Ahmed Amin, Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Saleh Almasabi, and Mohammed Jalalah. "Design of Active Fault-Tolerant Control System for Air-Fuel Ratio control of Internal Combustion engine using nonlinear regression-based observer model." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0279101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279101.

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Internal Combustion (IC) engines are prevalent in the process sector, and maintaining sufficient Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) regulation in their fuel system is crucial for enhanced engine performance, fuel economy, and environmental safety. Faults in the AFR system’s sensors cause the engine to shut down, hence, fault tolerance is essential. In order to avoid engine shutdown, this paper offers a novel Active Fault-Tolerant Control System (AFTCS) for air-fuel ratio control of an Internal Combustion (IC) engine in a process plant. In the Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) unit, the proposed AFTCS uses

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Warguła, Łukasz, Bartosz Wieczorek, Łukasz Gierz та Bolesław Karwat. "Critical Concerns Regarding the Transition from E5 to E10 Gasoline in the European Union, Particularly in Poland in 2024—A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Problem of Controlling the Air–Fuel Mixture Composition (AFR) and the λ Coefficient". Energies 18, № 4 (2025): 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040852.

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The RED II Directive requires European Union member states to increase the share of renewable energy in the transport sector to at least 14% by 2030. In January 2024, Poland replaced E5 gasoline (95 octane) with E10, which contains up to 10% bioethanol derived from second-generation sources such as agricultural residues. The transition to E10 raises concerns about the ability of engine management systems to adapt to its different air–fuel ratio (AFR) requirements. The AFR for E10 (13.82) is 1.98% lower than for E5 (14.25) and 3.88% lower than for pure gasoline (14.7). Research conducted on a s

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Anindito, Dhimas Cahyo, and Muhammad Rasyid Hikmahtiar. "Optimasi AFR pada Gasoline Engine Menggunakan Sistem Controller pada Vehicle Speed Censor." Borobudur Engineering Review 4, no. 01 (2024): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/benr.v4i01.11117.

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The number of motorised vehicles has increased significantly in recent times. Derived petroleum products are still the main fuel for these internal combustion engines. But on the other hand, its availability is decreasing and its price is becoming increasingly expensive. This problem is the background to the importance of efforts to improve the efficiency of fuel consumption in motorised vehicles. One way to improve fuel efficiency is by increasing the optimisation of Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) with a control system. In this research, the control system used is an external engine control system (Hon

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Setiadi, Bambang, Yuga Rizki Permana, and Veriah Hadi. "Analisis Perbandingan Performa Menggunakan Elektronik Control Unit (Ecu) Standar dan Ecu Racing (Brt Juken 5+) pada Sepeda Motor Mesin K56 E1 Dohc 4 Langkah 150cc." SAINSTECH: JURNAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGKAJIAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 34, no. 1 (2024): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37277/stch.v34i1.1999.

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Perkembangan teknologi bidang otomotif mendorong manusia untuk menciptakan berbagai inovasi, salah satunya berupa alat transportasi yaitu kendaraan sepeda motor. Banyaknya perusahaan otomotif yang mengeluarkan berbagai jenis sepeda motor, mulai dari konvensional menggunakan system karburator sampai dengan teknologi terbaru yaitu sistem EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan performa menggunakan Elektronic Control unit ( ECU ) Standar dan ECU Racing ( BRT JUKEN 5+ ) pada sepeda motor dengan mesin K56 E1 DOHC 4 Langkah 150CC dengan melakukan peng

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Chan, S. H., and J. Zhu. "Divergence analysis of an emissions-based air—fuel ratio model and exhaust oxygen estimation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, no. 2 (1997): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526308.

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This paper claims that, instead of relying on direct fuel and air flowrate measurements, exhaust gaseous emissions analysis should be considered as the standard method for the determination of time-resolved air—fuel ratio (AFR), in particular for petrol powered engines. Various sensitivity parameters are defined and the maximum possible relative divergences of the air—fuel ratio are calculated to support the above claim. It is proved that to obtain the air—fuel ratio with the same order of accuracy for a petrol engine near stoichiometric conditions, the resolution of the instruments used for f

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Carryer, J. E., R. H. Roy, and J. D. Powell. "Estimating In-Cylinder Precombustion Mixture Temperatures Using Acoustic Resonances." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 118, no. 1 (1996): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801129.

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The air-fuel ratio of automotive engines during the warm-up period is difficult to control and contributes a substantial portion of the emissions on the EPA test cycle. High bandwidth estimation of the in-cylinder charge temperature provides opportunities for improvement in spark ignition (SI) engine control algorithms. Pressure sensor based algorithms for estimating air-fuel ratio (AFR) have been shown to be improved by bulk temperature information. This paper explores the suitability of using acoustic resonances to estimate charge temperature in the presence of an unknown AFR and without the

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Alsuwian, Turki, Umar Riaz, Arslan Ahmed Amin, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Saleh Almasabi, and Mohammed Jalalah. "Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control for Air-Fuel Ratio Control System of Internal Combustion Engine Using Fuzzy Logic and Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control Techniques." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197010.

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Safety and critical applications employ fault-tolerant control systems (FTCS) to increase reliability and availability in the event of a failure of critical components. Process facilities may employ these technologies to cut down on production losses caused by equipment failures that occur on an irregular or unscheduled basis. Air–fuel ratio (AFR) adjustment in the fuel system of internal combustion engines (ICE) is crucial for enhancing engine efficiency, saving fuel energy, and safeguarding the environment. This paper proposes a novel hybrid fault-tolerant control system (HFTCS) for controll

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Yin, Zhao Lei, Zhe Wang, Jun Deng, and Tong Zhang. "Simulation on Combustion Characteristics and External Characteristics of the Linear Engine System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.958.

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A simulation model of the linear engine system is built in this paper. The cylinder pressure data obtained through engine experiments is used to validate the accuracy of the simulation model. Based on the model, the combustion characteristics and external characteristics of the linear engine system were studied. And the maximization model is used to find an optimum operating region of the linear engine. The results show that, as the air fuel ratio(AFR) decreases under a steady engine speed, both the cylinder pressure and brake power increase first and then decrease, reaching their peak value w

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Wojnar, Sławomir, Tomáš Polóni, Peter Šimončič, Boris Rohal̓-Ilkiv, Marek Honek, and Jozef Csambál. "Real-time implementation of multiple model based predictive control strategy to air/fuel ratio of a gasoline engine." Archives of Control Sciences 23, no. 1 (2013): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10170-011-0044-9.

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Abstract Growing safety, pollution and comfort requirements influence automotive industry ever more. The use of three-way catalysts in exhaust aftertreatment systems of combustion engines is essential in reducing engine emissions to levels demanded by environmental legislation. However, the key to the optimal catalytic conversion level is to keep the engine air/fuel ratio (AFR) at a desired level. Thus, for this purposes more and more sophisticated AFR control algorithms are intensively investigated and tested in the literature. The goal of this paper is to present for a case of a gasoline eng

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Mubarak, Husni, Mahmuddin Mahmuddin, Sungkono Sungkono, and Muhammad Arham. "Efficiency of Boiler and Steam Turbine for Power Plant Unit 2 PT. XYZ." Jurnal Mesin Nusantara 7, no. 1 (2024): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/jmn.v7i1.21676.

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PT. XYZ has an electric power capacity of 70 MW and began operating in 2014 during its operation there has been a decrease in power from 35 MW at the time of commissioning to 32 MW. This study investigates the impact of the air-fuel ratio (AFR) on the efficiency of a thermal system, focusing on the boiler, turbine, and overall thermal cycle efficiency. Variations in excess O2 in flue gas were examined at levels of 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0%. The results reveal that the boiler efficiency peaks at 5.0% excess O2 (73.50%), while an increase in excess O2 or AFR leads to a decrease in efficiency. Turbine

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Triwiyatno, Aris, Suroto Munahar, M. Munadi, and JOGA DHARMA SETIAWAN. "APPLICATION OF DRIVING BEHAVIOR CONTROL SYSTEM USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TO IMPROVE DRIVING COMFORT BY ADJUSTING AIR-TO-FUEL RATIO." IIUM Engineering Journal 24, no. 2 (2023): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2781.

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Energy-efficient engines were introduced due to limited amount of global energy and the need for engine power to carry vehicle loads. It was discovered that the power factor of these engines was essential in developing automotive technology with subsequent significant effect on driving comfort. Moreover, it was possible to control the power and energy savings of vehicle engines by adjusting the Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR). Therefore, this study focused on achieving AFR values in the stoichiometric range of 14.7 in order to produce good emissions. The technology applied was observed to have some dr

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Munahar, S., M. Setiyo, M. M. Saudi, A. Ahmad, and B. C. Purnomo. "Development of a transfer function (TF) model for CNG control system design predictions." BIS Energy and Engineering 1 (November 10, 2024): V124023. https://doi.org/10.31603/biseeng.74.

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Fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles are currently a priority. Alternative fuels are a smart solution for switching towards vehicle technology that produces cleaner emissions and is, therefore, more environmentally friendly. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a promising alternative fuel because it has more affordable energy prices and is more environmentally friendly. The development of CNG as a fuel-efficient vehicle technology requires a reliable control system. However, the development of this technology has complicated variables that affect its performance. For this reason, b

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Riaz, Umar, Arslan Ahmed Amin, and Muhammad Tayyeb. "Design of active fault-tolerant control system for Air-fuel ratio control of internal combustion engines using fuzzy logic controller." Science Progress 105, no. 2 (2022): 003685042210947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221094723.

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Background: Fault-Tolerant Control Systems (FTCS) are used in critical and safety applications to improve performance and stability despite failure modes. As a result, costly production losses related to unusual and unplanned shutdowns can be prevented by incorporating these systems in the critical process plant machines. The Internal Combustion (IC) engines are highly used process plant machines and faults in their sensors will cause their shutdown instigating the need to install FTCS in them. Introduction: In this paper, an Active Fault-Tolerant Control System (AFTCS) based on a Fuzzy Logic

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Wang, Shiwei, and D. L. Yu. "A New Development of Internal Combustion Engine Air-Fuel Ratio Control With Second-Order Sliding Mode." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 129, no. 6 (2007): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789466.

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A novel application of a second-order sliding mode control (SMC) scheme to the air-fuel ratio (AFR) control of automobile internal combustion engines is developed in this paper. In this scheme, the sliding surface S[x(t)] is steered to zero in finite time by using the discontinuous first-order derivative of a control variable u̇c(t), and the corresponding actual control variable uc(t) turns out to be continuous, which significantly reduces the undesired chattering. Its sliding gain is adjusted by a novel radial basis function network based adaptation method derived using the Lyapunov theory. I

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García-Morales, J., R. F. Escobar-Jiménez, O. J. Ramos-Negrón, D. A. Carbot-Rojas, M. Cervantes-Bobadilla, and J. F. Gómez-Aguilar. "Design of an Adaptive Control to Feed Hydrogen-Enriched Ethanol-Gasoline Blend to an Internal Combustion Engine." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (November 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7413554.

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In this work, an internal combustion (IC) engine air-fuel ratio (AFR) control system is presented and evaluated by simulation. The control scheme aims to regulate the overall air-fuel ratio (AFRoverall) in an IC engine fueled with a hydrogen-enriched ethanol-gasoline blend (E10) as fast as possible. The control scheme designed and developed in this work considers two control laws, a feedback control law to regulate the hydrogen and adaptive nonlinear control law for controlling the E10 mass flow injection. The main contribution of this work is the reduction of the number of controllers used fo

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Wang, T., Z. Peng, S.-L. Liu, H.-D. Xiao, and H. Zhao. "Optimization of stratification combustion in a spark ignition engine by double-pulse port fuel injection." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 7 (2007): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto376.

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The potential of lean burn in a spark-ignition (SI) engine with optimized fuel injection was experimentally investigated and numerically simulated. The experiments were carried out on a production SI engine which has a port fuel injection (PFI) system. The previous port electronic fuel injection system was modified and the technique of double-pulse fuel injection (DFI) was employed. By regulating injection timings and proportions of DFI, the air-fuel mixture stratification was significantly improved and the expected lean burn was implemented. The experimental results showed that the reduction

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Al-Hasan, Mohammad Ibrahim, and Muntaser Al-Momany. "THE EFFECT OF ISO‐BUTANOL‐DIESEL BLENDS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE." TRANSPORT 23, no. 4 (2008): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.306-310.

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The effect of iso‐butanol addition to diesel fuel on engine performance parameters has been experimentally investigated. The used engine was a single cylinder four stroke CI engine Type Lister 1–8. The tests were performed at engine speed that ranges from 375 to 625 with an increment of 42 rpm at different loads and with 10, 20, 30 and 40% v/v iso‐butanol‐diesel fuel blends. The overall engine performance parameters measured included air‐fuel ratio (AFR), exhaust gas temperature, brake power (Bp ), brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and brake thermal efficiency (η th ). The experimental re

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Genç, A. Umut, and Keith Glover. "Identification of the Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing Engines for AFR Control." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 127, no. 4 (2005): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2101849.

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A control-oriented air-fuel ratio path model is developed to represent a spark-ignited, port-fuel-injected, twin-independent variable cam timing engine. Following a recent publication [Genç et al., SAE 2002-01-2752 (2002)] showing that cam timing not only affects the cylinder air flow but also the transient cylinder fuel flow, this paper constructs a mean value model that describes both air and fuel dynamics. While steady-state engine tests have been performed in order to identify the air path dynamics, a combination of linear and nonlinear identification methods have been used in order to ide

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