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Journal articles on the topic 'Air Fuel Ratio (AFR)'
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1
Kim, J., T. Kang, and S. K. Kauh. "Transient air-fuel ratio control of a multi-point injection engine with an integration-type ultrasonic flowmeter." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 3 (2001): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011525719.
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An integration-type flowmeter, composed of an ultrasonic flowmeter and an integration circuit, is used to measure the air mass for transient air-fuel ratio (AFR) control of a port fuel injection (PFI) spark ignition engine. Also, the air mass and required fuel mass in the cylinder are accurately calculated for precise AFR control. The proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of measuring air mass inducted through a throttle valve. Air mass passing into a cylinder is estimated using the measured air mass at the throttle valve and intake manifold pressure. A simple two-constant fuel model is used for a dynamic fuel model. Control parameters from the air and fuel dynamics are applied to minimize AFR excursions, and a four-cylinder, 1.51 PFI engine was used to demonstrate this AFR control strategy. Results show that the AFR followed a command value with a peak error of 4 per cent during throttle transients at various operating points.
2
Wu, Wei Bin, Tian Sheng Hong, Jin Xing Guo, Xian Mao Liu, Xie Ming Guo, and Sheng Hao Wu. "Study of Air-Fuel Ratio Analyzer Based on CAN Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.946.
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Air-Fuel Radio (AFR) analyzer technology is basically mastered by monopolies of developed country nowadays. Due to the lack of development in China, it has a strong practical value to study the accurate, rapid response and portable air-fuel ratio analyzer. This article is based on the AFR calculation model microcomputer hardware and software system design, background monitoring software design and debugging and measurement system, and on the choice of universal oxygen sensor calibration laboratory, establishing a wide-range of oxygen sensor output voltage and AFR model. The main features of AFR analyzer are measurement and display of air-fuel ratio, excess air coefficient or oxygen content, via RS232 communication with host computer or via Control Area Network (CAN) bus and vehicle ECU communication function. Test results showed that the error can be controlled at ± 0.03 λ range when comparing the Analyzer measurement values to calculated values. Compared with American Innovate company LM-2 air-fuel ratio analyser, the maximum relative error measured is ±0.08 when exhaust flood or too dilute, the average measurement error is ±0.04 while λ is between 0.8 and 1.3.
3
Rifki Sulthan, Angky Puspawan, and Agus Nuramal. "PENGARUH AIR FUEL RATIO (AFR) TERHADAP EFISIENSI TURBIN GAS." Rekayasa Mekanika 7, no. 2 (2024): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.33369/rekayasamekanika.v7i2.34064.
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Gas turbine efficiency is an indicator to determine the performance of a generator. The greater the efficiency value of the gas turbine in a generator, the better the performance of the generator. One of the things that affect the value of the efficiency of a gas turbine is the air fuel ratio. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) is the ratio of the amount of air and fuel in the combustion process in units of mass or volume. Air fuel ratio is a factor that affects the perfection of the combustion process in the combustion chamber. In the graphic image it can be seen that the lowest AFR values are on July 3 and 4 2022, when the gas turbine produces a loading of 20900 kW and 20100 kW with an AFR value of 39.76 unitless each. Whereas the highest AFR value is on June 28 2022 when the gas turbine produces a loading of 20780 kW with an AFR value of 40.68 unitless. The highest gas turbine efficiency value is on June 30, 2022, at a loading of 20,650 kW with a gas turbine efficiency of 83.3%. The lowest efficiency value is on July 2, 2022, at a load of 20,800 kW with a gas turbine efficiency of 81.05%. From the results of existing data processing and graphs, it can be seen that the value of the air fuel ratio and the efficiency of the gas turbine are inversely proportional, which means that when the value of the air fuel ratio decreases, the value of the efficiency of the gas turbine tends to increase. However, there are some deviations when the value of the air fuel ratio decreases, the efficiency of the gas turbine also decreases. Therefore it can be concluded that the value of the air fuel ratio affects the value of the efficiency of the gas turbine, however, the value of the air fuel ratio is not the only factor that affects the value of the efficiency of the gas turbine.
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Angky, Puspawan, Rifki Sulthan, Agus Suandi, and Yovan Witanto. "THE EFFECT OF AIR FUEL RATIO (AFR) ON EFFICIENCY OF GAS TURBINE ON UNIT 2 OF GAS POWER PLANT PT. PLN (PERSERO) KRAMASAN PALEMBANG-SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE." Teknosia 17, no. 1 (2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/teknosia.v17i1.28754.
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Gas turbine efficiency is an indicator to determine the performance of a generator. The greater the efficiency value of the gas turbine in a generator, the better the performance of the generator. One of the things that affect the value of the efficiency of a gas turbine is the air fuel ratio. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) is the ratio of the amount of air and fuel in the combustion process in units of mass or volume. Air fuel ratio is a factor that affects the perfection of the combustion process in the combustion chamber. In the graphic image it can be seen that the lowest AFR values are on July 3 and 4 2022, when the gas turbine produces a loading of 20900 kW and 20100 kW with an AFR value of 39.76 unitless each. Whereas the highest AFR value is on June 28 2022 when the gas turbine produces a loading of 20780 kW with an AFR value of 40.68 unitless. The highest gas turbine efficiency value is on June 30, 2022, at a loading of 20,650 kW with a gas turbine efficiency of 83.3%. The lowest efficiency value is on July 2, 2022, at a load of 20,800 kW with a gas turbine efficiency of 81.05%. From the results of existing data processing and graphs, it can be seen that the value of the air fuel ratio and the efficiency of the gas turbine are inversely proportional, which means that when the value of the air fuel ratio decreases, the value of the efficiency of the gas turbine tends to increase. However, there are some deviations when the value of the air fuel ratio decreases, the efficiency of the gas turbine also decreases. Therefore it can be concluded that the value of the air fuel ratio affects the value of the efficiency of the gas turbine, however, the value of the air fuel ratio is not the only factor that affects the value of the efficiency of the gas turbine.
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Teng, Qin, Xiang Gong, and Peng An. "Adaptive Prediction of Transient Air Fuel Ratio Based on Forgetting Factor Algorithm for a Coal-Bed Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.814.
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In order to solve the problems of pumping fluctuations and bandwidth limitation to dynamic air fuel ratio (AFR) control for a coal-bed gas engine, adaptive models for air mass flow rate and fuel gas mass flow rate in intake system and exhaust AFR were constructed by a recursive identification method based on the forgetting factor (FF) algorithm. A linear time-varying equation error model was selected as the structure of the adaptive models. Firstly, the throttle position and crankshaft speed signals were used to predict the air and fuel gas flow rates. Secondly, the AFR was predicted in real time according to the estimated air and fuel gas flow rates. The trade-off between tracking ability and noise sensitivity was realized by adjusting a FF. The experiment validations at transient operating conditions of the engine accelerating and decelerating show that, adaptive recursive models of the air and gas flow rates with a larger FF can not only track the averaging values of the flow rates, but also deal with the phase delays introduced by the filter, the AFR adaptive recursive model with a smaller FF can predict transient AFR accurately.
6
Li, Yue, En Zhe Song, Zhan Hu Zhang, Guo Feng Zhao, and Shuai Huang. "Study on the Effect of Fuzzy PID Air-Fuel Ratio Closed Loop Control of a Natural Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.372.
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The air-fuel ratio (AFR) control becomes an important research direction in gas engine. This article conducts air-fuel ratio (AFR) closed loop control research in a CNG engine. The injection pulse width of gas is controlled by a controller, oxygen sensor signal as a feedback signal. In order to make the engine can achieve the anticipated air-fuel ratio under different conditions; we adopt fuzzy self-tuning PID control strategy based on feed forward control. We transformed a 2135G diesel engine into the single fuel gas engine. Experimental investigation on the effect of air-fuel ratio closed loop control .Experimental results shows that, fuzzy self-tuning PID control strategy can control CNG engine air-fuel ratio working in the good condition.
7
Wu, X., K. Li, and D. Jiang. "Investigation of air-fuel ratio control using ionic current signal." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 9 (2007): 1139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto359.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the control of air-fuel ratio (AFR) using an ionic current signal. Experimental measurements have been carried out to study the characteristics of the ionic current signal near ignition poles in a constant-volume combustion bomb. The ionic signal is characterized by a front flame and post flame during combustion. The intensity of the ionic signal strongly depends on the AFR at the time of combustion. The maximum values in both the front flame and the post flame will occur at close to the stoichiometric value. Furthermore, minimum values of the durations from ignition to two peaks will also occur where the AFR is close to the stoichiometric value. From this observation of the ion signal characteristics, a feedback control of AFR in a closed loop is proposed and the algorithm is outlined for detecting whether the mixture is in the lean or the rich combustion condition. Then control logic is given based on the information on lean or rich combustion. A unique condition of combustion around stoichiometry is also discussed. It has been shown that the developed control algorithm covers the entire combustion region: lean, rich, and stoichiometric.
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Suwodjo, Raden Agustinus, and Zulkifilie Ibrahim. "Modeling of the Adaptive HHO Controller to Improve Air-Fuel Ratio of Gasoline Engine." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 133, no. 1 (2025): 160–76. https://doi.org/10.37934/aram.133.1.160176.
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In practice, gasoline engine torque is improved using hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) supplementation, which adheres to the fixed HHO flow rate method. However, the arising hypothesis reveals that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve an engine’s air-fuel ratio (AFR) for various loads, so engine torque is not optimal. The research aims to propose a model of an adaptive HHO controller, which manages the electric current of the HHO generator so that the produced HHO flow rate adapts to engine speed and load variations. Hence, the AFR is optimal for any engine operation. The Matlab-Simulink-based simulation integrates the models of an adaptive HHO controller, a 1500cc gasoline engine coupled with an HHO generator, and a proportional-integral (PI) engine speed controller. Hence, the research can investigate the improvement of engine torque and AFR error against the commanded AFR due to an adaptive HHO flow rate method. The adaptive HHO controller is designed based on fuzzy logic and polynomial function controls involving real-time engine data, such as AFR, mass airflow (MAF), and the commanded AFR issued by the engine control unit (ECU). The research also compares the results due to the fixed and adaptive HHO flow rates. The results show that the proposed adaptive HHO controller consistently improves the AFR error against the commanded AFR by 100%, so the AFR always meets the commanded AFR for various loads at the commanded AFR = 12.6, 14.7, and 15.4. On the contrary, with the same engine operation, the fixed HHO flow rate provides inferior and uneven AFR error improvement (0%-100%), depending on load and the commanded AFR. As an implication, the adaptive HHO controller improves engine torque by 3.06%-53.6%, better than the fixed HHO flow rate method, improving by 0%-31.42%.
9
Wang, Changhui, and Zhiyuan Liu. "Estimation of Individual Cylinder Air-Fuel Ratio in Gasoline Engine with Output Delay." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5908459.
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The estimation of the individual cylinder air-fuel ratio (AFR) with a single universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor installed in the exhaust pipe is an important issue for the cylinder-to-cylinder AFR balancing control, which can provide high-quality torque generation and reduce emissions in multicylinder engine. In this paper, the system dynamic for the gas in exhaust pipe including the gas mixing, gas transport, and sensor dynamics is described as an output delay system, and a new method using the output delay system observer is developed to estimate the individual cylinder AFR. With the AFR at confluence point augmented as a system state, an observer for the augmented discrete system with output delay is designed to estimate the AFR at confluence point. Using the gas mixing model, a method with the designed observer to estimate the individual cylinder AFR is presented. The validity of the proposed method is verified by the simulation results from a spark ignition gasoline engine from engine software enDYNA by Tesis.
10
Meng, Lei, Xiaofeng Wang, Chunnian Zeng, and Jie Luo. "Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method." Energies 12, no. 1 (2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010173.
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The accurate air-fuel ratio (AFR) control is crucial for the exhaust emission reduction based on the three-way catalytic converter in the spark ignition (SI) engine. The difficulties in transient cylinder air mass flow measurement, the existing fuel mass wall-wetting phenomenon, and the unfixed AFR path dynamic variations make the design of the AFR controller a challenging task. In this paper, an adaptive AFR regulation controller is designed using the feedforward and feedback control scheme based on the dynamical modelling of the AFR path. The generalized predictive control method is proposed to solve the problems of inherent nonlinearities, time delays, parameter variations, and uncertainties in the AFR closed loop. The simulation analysis is investigated for the effectiveness of noise suppression, online prediction, and self-correction on the SI engine system. Moreover, the experimental verification shows an acceptable performance of the designed controller and the potential usage of the generalized predictive control in AFR regulation application.
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Setya Rahma, Andy. "PENGARUH SETELAN AFR (AIR FUEL RATIO) TERHADAP UNJUK KERJA MESIN SEPEDA MOTOR SUPRA X 125cc." Mechonversio: Mechanical Engineering Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/mmej.v1i1.350.
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Banyak sekali hal yang mempengaruhi unjuk kerja motor bakar, salah satunya adalah pengaruh dari setelan AFR. Setelan AFR pada motor bakar 4 langkah berfungsi sebagai mekanisme yang berguna untuk campuran bahan bakar dan udara. Penyetelan AFR ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil yang maksimal pengaruh dari beberapa perubahan setelan AFR terhadap unjuk kerja mesin sepeda motor. Penyetelan AFR pada sepeda motor sangat mempengaruhi unjuk kerja mesin, dan setiap motor mempunyai setelan standar dari pabrik hanya saja mayoritas mekanik memiliki beberapa variasi setelan AFR masing-masing. Motor bakar terdiri dari satu atau beberapa silinder yang didalamnya terdapat torak atau piston yang bergerak bolak balik ( translasi ). Di dalam silinder tersebut terjadi reaksi pembakaran yaitu proses oksidasi bahan bakar oleh oksigen dan udara. Gas hasil pembakaran tersebut bertekanan dan bertemperatur tinggi sehingga mampu menggerakkan torak yang kemudian dihubungkan ke batang penghubung dan selanjutnya ke poros engkol. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh setelan AFR terhadap unjuk kerja pada sepeda motor Honda Supra X 125 cc. Serta mengetahui pada setelan AFR berapa yang bisa di nyatakan baik digunakan pada sepeda motor Honda Supra X 125 cc. Hasil dari pengujian dan perhitungan. Didapatkan setelan AFR yang paling baik digunakan pada sepeda motor Honda Supra X 125 cc, yaitu setelan AFR 3/4putaran. Setelan ini mampu menghasilkan daya sebesar 84 HP dan torsi 9,57 Nm. Mampu menghasilkan percepatan 7,14 m/s² serta menghabiskan bahan bakar 349,93 gr/jam pada putaran 2000 rpm.
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Amrullah, Shafwan, and Cyrilla Oktaviananda. "Effect of Air Fuel Ratio to Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Using Downdraft Gasification." R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal 7, no. 1 (2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/r.e.m.v7i1.1640.
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Gasifikasi menggunakan limbah padat kota (MSW) berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas lingkungan dan peningkatan pasokan listrik untuk daerah-daerah yang sulit dijangkau, khususnya di Indonesia. Namun proses gasifikasi membutuhkan proses pengujian kualitas terlebih dahulu agar dapat menghasilkan produk syngas dan kelistrikan yang maksimal. Maka dalam penelitian ini dilakukan proses pengujian pengaruh variasi Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) terhadap kualitas proses gasifikasi (Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE), Carbon Conversion Efficiency (CCE), dan specific fuel consumption (sfc) atau konversi konsumsi spesifik). Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan proses gasifikasi dengan tipe downdraft pada nilai AFR 0,5; 0,51; 0,53; 0,54; 0,55. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan nilai syngas seiring dengan peningkatan nilai AFR. Sedangkan nilai CGE meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya AFR proses gasifikasi MSW. Peningkatan terjadi dari 9 menjadi 13%, meskipun hasil ini masih sangat rendah. Di sisi lain, CCE juga mengalami peningkatan dengan meningkatnya AFR gasifikasi MSW. Peningkatan nilai terlihat dari 33-43%. Hasil ini juga masih tergolong kecil, artinya efisiensi konversi karbon pada proses ini sangat rendah. Pada akhirnya, dapat dilihat bahwa nilai scf menurun dengan meningkatnya AFR. Penurunan yang didapat adalah dari 5,3 menjadi 2.
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Cavina, N., and F. Ponti. "Air Fuel Ratio Estimation Using In-Cylinder Pressure Frequency Analysis." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (2003): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1563242.
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This paper presents an original approach to estimate the air-fuel ratio (AFR) of the mixture that burned inside a given cylinder of a spark-ignited (SI) internal combustion engine, using the information hidden in the corresponding in-cylinder pressure signal. In modern closed-loop fuel injection control strategies, the feedback signal is usually given by one (or more) heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO) sensor(s), mounted in the exhaust manifold(s). The information that such sensors give is related to the stoichiometry of the mixture that burned inside the cylinders. The HEGO sensor is not able to evaluate the AFR value precisely, being only able to determine whether the mixture was rich or lean. This information is sufficient to allow the implementation of a closed-loop strategy for injection time control. Generally speaking, such strategy could be improved in terms of readiness and precision by directly measuring (or by estimating) the actual AFR. Universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensors are still considered expensive and their use is mostly limited to laboratory and racing applications, even if some automotive manufacturers have started installing such sensors on board passenger cars, as part of an effort to comply with ULEV (ultra low emission vehicles) regulations. For this reason the idea of estimating AFR values from other signals has received great attention in the past few years. A new approach based on in-cylinder pressure frequency analysis is presented here.
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Zhai, Y. J., and D. L. Yu. "Radial-basis-function-based feedforward—feedback control for air—fuel ratio of spark ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 3 (2008): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto614.
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In this paper, a feedforward—feedback control is developed for the air—fuel ratio (AFR) of spark ignition engines using neural network estimators. To maintain the AFR at stoichiometric value, the throttle angle change is seen as a disturbance, from which the air flowrate is predicted. The injected fuel is also predicted using the inverse of the fuel injection dynamics. The proposed method is evaluated on an engine simulation benchmark and the performance is shown much improved over proportional—integral control. The new method needs moderate computation and therefore has strong potential to be used in production engines.
15
Thompson, S., and C. Gong. "Intake Manifold Modeling for the Fuel Metering Control of Spark Ignited Engines." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, no. 3 (1997): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801296.
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In order to minimize emissions the Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine needs to be maintained at stoichiometric. Whenever the air and fuel enter the engine’s cylinder the AFR cannot be changed; therefore the problem of AFR control is a problem of intake manifold control. Although the problem of AFR control (and hence of intake manifold modelling) appears to be solved for a fully warmed-up engine the problem of AFR control during the warm-up period remains. This paper addresses this problem by using a novel AFR control strategy, which can be based on a given intake manifold model, to test the AFR control of a partially warmed-up engine. The results of engine tests demonstrate that during the warm-up period tight AFR control is not possible using any of the intake manifold models developed for a fully warmed-up engine. This can only be the result of unmodeled dynamics in the intake manifold and it is therefore concluded that further work in the area of manifold modelling is required. Possible areas of model improvement are indicated.
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Wan, Li Ping, Yan Kun Jiang, and Song Wang. "Study on AFR Control for a PFI Air-Cooled Motorcycle Engine." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1421.
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For PFI (Port Fuel Injection) SI engine, accurate AFR (Air-fuel Ratio) control would keep TWC (Three-Way Catalyst) work in high efficiency range to achieve low pollutants emission. For ZS157FMI-3 motorcycle engine equipped with ZH600 ECS (Electronic Control System), a control strategy with close-loop feedback mode and feed-forward mode was designed for transient, quasi-steady and steady work states. One switching oxygen sensor was installed to form the close loop for quasi-steady and steady work states, and feed-forward control strategy based on a simplified fuel-film model was implemented to cope with transient AFR control. TP (Throttle Position) change rates were selected to be the determinant of which AFR control mode should be activated. For the validation of the control methods, bench tests were carried out in three typical work procedures. The results showed that AFR values of close-loop were close to stoichiometric one with relative error below 3%. AFR in acceleration or deceleration process may exhibit slight fluctuations, but the crest would be eliminated immediately. It concluded that the strategy designed in the study is able to cope with AFR control on variety of operation conditions for the experimental engine.
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Tiara, Miftahul Djana, Rizka Mayasari, Hasrul Anwar, Muhammad Haviz, and Ashruri. "PENGARUH AIR FUEL RATIO (AFR) DAN TEMPERATUR TERHADAP KADAR CO2 DARI GASIFIKASI BIOMASSA KAYU KARET (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS)." Jurnal Redoks 8, no. 1 (2023): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v8i1.9303.
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Proses gasifikasi terjadi di reaktor gasifikasi yang disebut gasifier. Di antara jenis proses gasifikasi, yang paling sederhana dan mampu menghasilkan gas dengan kualitas yang cukup baik adalah jenis gasifikasi downdraft. Dalam penelitian ini akan digunakan gasifier downdraft di mana udara pembakaran akan masuk dari bagian atas atau samping di zona pembakaran dan syngas akan keluar dari bagian bawah reaktor. Pada penelitian ini, gasifikasi biomassa berbahan baku kayu karet dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh AFR dan suhu terhadap nilai kalor dan komposisi syngas dengan menggunakan downdraft gasifier dan batubara sebagai stabilisator. Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat persentase penurunan CO, H2, dan CH4 karena AFR meningkat, pada 0,64 AFR kadar CO2 menurun secara signifikan pada suhu 700ºC - 800ºC yaitu sebesar 6,01% tanpa batubara. Kondisi optimum terbaik terdapat pada suhu 0,64 AFR dan suhu 800ºC, pada kondisi tersebut didapatkan kadar CO2 sebesar 18,77%. Kondisi operasi terbaik pada penelitian terjadi pada air fuel ratio (AFR) 0,64, temperatur 800ºC dengan batubara sebesar 33,95% dan tanpa batubara sebesar 31,54%.
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el Abbassi, Mohamed, Domenico Lahaye, and Cornelis Vuik. "The Effect of Variable Air–Fuel Ratio on Thermal NOx Emissions and Numerical Flow Stability in Rotary Kilns Using Non-Premixed Combustion." Processes 9, no. 10 (2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101723.
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One of the quickest ways to influence both the wall temperature and thermal NOx emissions in rotary kilns is to change the air–fuel ratio (AFR). The normalized counterpart of the AFR, the equivalence ratio, is usually associated with premixed flames and studies of its influence on diffusion flames are inconsistent, depending on the application. In this paper, the influence of the AFR is investigated numerically for rotary kilns by conducting steady-state simulations. We first conduct three-dimensional simulations where we encounter statistically unstable flow at high inflow conditions, which may be caused by vortex stretching. As vortex stretching vanishes in two-dimensional flow, the 2D simulations no longer encounter convergence problems. The impact of this simplification is shown to be acceptable for the thermal behaviour. It is shown that both the wall temperature and thermal NOx emissions peak at the fuel-rich and fuel-lean side of the stoichiometric AFR, respectively. If the AFR continues to increase, the wall temperature decreases significantly and thermal NOx emissions drop dramatically. The NOx validation, however, shows different results and indicates that the simulation model is simplified too much, as the measured NOx formation peaks at significantly fuel-lean conditions.
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Bu, Yu Hong. "Research in Elman Neural Network for AFR Model of Automotive Engine." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.755.
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Air fuel ratio is a key index affecting power performance and fuel economy and exhaust emissions of the gasoline engine, whose accurate model is the foundation of accuracy air fuel ratio control. In the paper, at first, it has studied the Elman neural network (NN) simulation model of Air Fuel ratio physical model of automotive engine. Second, employing the SI-V8 in en-DYNA engine model as experimental device, the paper discussed the structure determination of Elman neural network; finally, it compared model identification performance between Elman and BP neural network. Experiment results show the generalization performance of neural network does not have a linear relationship to the neurons in hidden layer of Elman NN, and the air fuel ratio based on Elman neural network is better than the air fuel ratio model based on BP neural network. The average relative error of Elman NN air fuel ratio model is less than 0.5%, however, which of BP NN is more than 1%.
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Nurlatifah, Ismi, Mutia Amyranti, and Siti Maftukhah. "Konversi Batubara Menjadi Syngas Menggunakan Metode Gasifikasi Dengan Variasi Air Fuel Ratio." UNISTEK 9, no. 2 (2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/unistek.v9i2.2698.
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Batubara merupakan salah satu komoditi sumber daya alam yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas pertambangan di indonesia dan merupakan bahan tambang strategis dalam penyediaan sumber energi. Untuk wilayah Banten batubara banyak ditemukan di daerah Banten Selatan tepatnya di daerah Bayah. Gasifikasi merupakan solusi untuk pemanfaatan batubara. Gasifikasi batubara adalah proses konversi batubara berwujud padat menjadi campuran gas. Reaksi utama yang terjadi adalah reaksi water gas, boundouard dan water gas-shift. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) gasifikasi pada proses gasifikasi batubara Alam Bayah Banten yang menghasilkan gas sintesis dengan Rasio H2/CO ≈ 2. Parameter yang diukur adalah komposisi gas H2 dan CO dengan menggunakan Gas Chromatography. Proses gasifikasi dilakukan dengan reaktor fixed bed tipe updraft menggunakan medium steam pada ukuran batubara 14 mesh sebanyak 300 gram dengan variasi AFR 1,5, 2 dan 2,5 pada temperatur 800oC. Energi aktivasi reaksi gasifikasi dapat diturunkan dengan menggunakan katalis Ca(OH)2 sebanyak 3% dari massa batubara. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh komposisi gas syngas rasio H2/CO terbaik pada nilai AFR 1,5 temperatur 800oC menggunakan katalis Ca(OH)2 yaitu 1,98 dengan komposisi gas H2 33,8% dan gas CO 17,1%.
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Khalida, Zulfa, Hadi Rahmad, Yulia Puspa Dewi, Kartika Chandra, and Eti Putranti. "THERMOELECTRIC TEC UNTUK MEMBANTU MENINGKATKAN MASSA OKSIGEN PADA PROSES PEMBAKARAN MOTOR BAKAR." Jurnal Permadi : Perancangan, Manufaktur, Material dan Energi 6, no. 03 (2024): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52005/permadi.v6i03.156.
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This research was conducted to determine the effect of TEC or air cooling on the torque produced on a 110 cc motorbike. The TEC is connected to the intake manifold using a hose and the exhaust gas is connected to a gas sensor to see the Air Fuel Ratio AFR. This research shows the same results as the theory that decreasing air temperature can fertilize the fuel mixture, which is proven by a decrease in AFR of around 4.8% and this occurs The increase in power at 5600 rpm is 6.8 HP, around 1.8 HP higher than not using TEC.
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Umami, Mahrus Khoirul, Rullie Annisa, Faikul Umam, Hairil Budiarto, and Ibnu Irawan. "Test Equipment Adding Electric Supercharger on Injection Machine for Biofuel Optimization." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132807009.
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One of the problems that occur in our earth is air pollution and the depletion of fossil fuel stocks. Researchers want to make research on how the fuel burns completely, so that the resulting exhaust gas is environmentally friendly. In addition, this research is expected as an education and comparison before and after the turbofan is given. This study will control the AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) in the intake air to get the right ratio of fuel to air stoichiometry. By controlling the air intake into the engine and adding a turbofan using the PID method. The way the turbofan works is using the lamba sensor as system input, then the value of the lamba sensor is entered into the PID method. From the PID value will determine the speed of the brushless motor which aims to get the best AFR. By looking at the lambda sensor output which is close to the setpoint of 0.5, it is expected to produce a more perfect mixture of air and gasoline.
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Rivcky Ubaydillah and Putri Sundari. "Analisis Pengaruh Air-Fuel Ratio Terhadap Efisiensi Ter-mal Pada Regeneration Gas Heater Berbahan Bakar Metana." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Komputer 5, no. 1 (2025): 01–10. https://doi.org/10.51903/juritek.v5i1.3847.
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Regeneration Gas Heater (RGH) merupakan komponen penting dalam proses regenerasi katalis sebelum gas memasuki unit kriogenik. Efisiensi termal RGH dipengaruhi oleh rasio udara-bahan bakar (AFR), yang menentukan kualitas pembakaran dan besarnya kehilangan energi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh AFR terhadap efisiensi termal RGH berbahan bakar metana. Percobaan dilakukan pada heater kapasitas 1001 kW dengan variasi AFR dari 16,1 hingga 17,5 (interval 0,1), di mana dilakukan pengukuran temperatur masuk dan keluar gas, konsumsi bahan bakar, serta analisis termodinamika dan emisi. Hasil menunjukkan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 83,99% terjadi pada AFR 17,2:1. Analisis regresi kuadratik menunjukkan koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 0,906 dengan nilai p < 0,01, menandakan hubungan yang signifikan antara AFR dan efisiensi. Optimasi AFR tidak hanya meningkatkan efisiensi energi, tetapi juga menurunkan emisi CO dan NOx secara signifikan.
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Meng, Lei, Jie Luo, Xu Yang, and Chunnian Zeng. "Intake Air Mass Observer Design Based on Extended Kalman Filter for Air-Fuel Ratio Control on SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 18 (2019): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183444.
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Air-fuel ratio (AFR) control is important for the exhaust emission reduction while using the three-way catalytic converter in the spark ignition (SI) engine. However, the transient cylinder air mass is unable to acquire by sensors directly and it may limit the accuracy of AFR control. The complex engine dynamics and working conditions make the intake air estimation a challenge work. In this paper, a novelty design of intake air observer is investigated for the port-injected SI engine. The intake air dynamical modeling and the parameter fitting have been carried out in detail. Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used to optimize the instantaneous cylinder charge estimation and minimize the effort of pump gas fluctuation, random noise, and measurement noise. The experiment validation has been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Junipitoyo, Bambang. "Pengaruh Pengaturan Air Fuel Ratio Terhadap Torsi dan Daya Mesin Bensin Berbahan Bakar Premium-Compressed Natural Gas." Jurnal Penelitian 3, no. 2 (2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46491/jp.v3e2.21.11-14.
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Sehubungan rendahnya nilai karakteristik dan ditunjukkan pada propertisnya dari compressed natural gas (CNG) dibandingkan dengan premium, maka berdampak penurunan performa engine yang berbahan bakar asal premium.
 Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian pada engine Bensin 2 silinder 650 cc pada variable speed 2000 - 5000 rpm dengan interval 500 rpm, metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai settingan yang optimum adalah dengan mengatur air fuel ratio (AFR). Durasi injeksi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebesar 6 ms melalui mapping pada software AC GAS SYNCHRO 9.1.0. Sedangkan pengaturan AFR dilakukan dengan menambahkan suplai udara melalui blower dan melakukan pengukuran dengan AFR meter berdasarkan kriteria settingan durasi injeksi pada setiap putaran engine.
 Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa melalui pengaturan durasi injeksi dan nilai AFR yang tepat pada engine Bensin berbahan bakar CNG terjadi pada durasi injeksi 6.6 ms dengan penambahan suplai udara pada saluran intake. Hasil yang didapatkan pada pengaturan ini adalah nilai torsi, daya, secara berturut turut sebesar 41,83 Nm, 16,4 kW atau mengalami kenaikan sebesar 1,22 %, 1,12 % terhadap premium. Nilai efisiensi thermal menurun masing-masing sebesar 21,48 %
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Lee, Taehyun, Eungsu Han, Un-Chul Moon, and Kwang Y. Lee. "Supplementary Control of Air–Fuel Ratio Using Dynamic Matrix Control for Thermal Power Plant Emission." Energies 13, no. 1 (2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010226.
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This paper proposes a supplementary control for tighter control of the air–fuel ratio (AFR), which directly affects the environmental emissions of thermal power plants. Dynamic matrix control (DMC) is applied to the supplementary control of the existing combustion control loops and the conventional double cross limiting algorithm for combustion safety is formulated as constraints in the proposed DMC. The proposed supplementary control is simulated for a 600-MW drum-type power plant and 1000 MW ultra-supercritical once-through boiler power plant. The results show the tight control of the AFR in both types of thermal power plants to reduce environmental emissions.
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PALOBORAN, Marthen, Thesya Atarezcha PANGRURUK, and Yunus TJANDI. "Evaluation of Energy Conversion and Distribution on the SI-PFI Engine Fueled by A Gasoline-Bioethanol Blend with AFR Variations." Mechanics 30, no. 5 (2024): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.37170.
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This study aims to investigate the engine performance of spark-ignition engines with port fuel injection using E50 fuel, which contains 50% gasoline or pertalite (in Indonesia) and 50% hydrate bioethanol, at air-fuel ratio variations of 10:1, 12:1, and 14:1. The experiments were conducted using a 1-cylinder, 662 cc engine research test with a constant load of 3 kg and engine speed variations of 1500 and 1800 RPM, as well as a compression ratio of 10:1 and standard ignition timing. The engine ran with E50 fuel, and the experimental results were compared with those of E0 for an air-fuel ratio of 14:1. According to the data, the fuel energy of E50 in an AFR of 14:1 is 0.11 kW higher than that of E0, and it increases by 21.6% when the engine speed increases from 1500 to 1800 RPM. The results also indicate that the efficiency of all performance indicators, such as indicative thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, and mechanical efficiency, is maximized when the engine is operated at an AFR of 10:1 for E50 fuel. Additionally, the volumetric efficiency of E50 reaches its maximum when the fuel is burned at an AFR of 14:1, and it increases as the engine speed increases. However, it should be noted that the brake power decreases due to the frictional power of the fuel increase.
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Umami, Mahrus Khoirul, Ibnu Irawan, Rullie Annisa, and Teguh Prasetyo. "Identifying the potential of waste cooking oil, waste lubricating oil, and tar as alternative fuel for bioethanol processing stoves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2972, no. 1 (2025): 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2972/1/012012.
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Abstract The air mass flow rate greatly influences the optimal flame temperature in the combustion process. Stoves with unstable combustion temperatures result in non-optimal flame temperatures. An unstable combustion temperature is shown by the flame which tends to dim and the temperature decreases. Another impact is the emergence of smoke or exhaust gas which will cause air pollution. The temperature in the stove must be maintained constant to produce a perfect flame. The perfection of combustion is influenced by three factors, namely the ratio of air and fuel (air-fuel ratio, AFR), homogeneity of the mixture, and burning temperature. Based on those situations, this research aims to obtain the ideal air mass rate to obtain good ignition results and low emission values. Three types of liquid waste in the form of waste lubricating oil, waste cooking oil, and tar oil were chosen in the experiment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) testing has obtained chemical formulas for waste lubricating oil, waste cooking oil, and tar. The stoichiometric AFR for these three wastes can be calculated after the chemical reaction on the combustion of each fuel has been determined. AFR stoichiometry is used as a basis for determining the ideal air mass flow rate applied in the experiment. The experimental results show that the highest flame temperature for the waste lubricating oil is 876.8°C at an air mass flow rate of 0.00359 kg/s. The highest flame temperature in combustion with the waste cooking oil fuel is 891.3°C at an air mass flow rate of 0.00213 kg/s. For tar fuel, optimal combustion occurs at an air mass rate of 0.00343 kg/s and produces the highest flame temperature of 787.1°C.
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Gunawan, Wawan, and Bambang Ali Gunawan. "STUDI EFISIENSI BOILER TERHADAP NILAI KALOR BATUBARA PADA BOILER JENIS PULVERIZER COAL KAPASITAS 300 T/H." Jurnal Intent: Jurnal Industri dan Teknologi Terpadu 3, no. 2 (2020): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/intent.v3i2.958.
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Boiler merupakan proses terjadinya pembakaran bahan bakar batubara pada bejana tertutup yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan steam. Steam tersebut dapat menggerakkan turbine-generator untuk menghasilkan listrik. Excess air merupakan persentase oksigen didalam fraksi massa yang terkandung didalam udara hasil pembakaran (flue gas). Nilai excess air dan efisiensi pada mesin boiler dapat diketahui dengan metode analisa deskriptif dan analisa perhitungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh nilai kalor batubara terhadap nilai efisiensi dan pengaruh nilai kalor batubara terhadap excess air dengan menggunakan metode analisa deskriptif. Prosedur perhitungan diawali dengan menghitung entalpi aktual, low heat value, efisiensi aktual pada variasi nilai kalor batubara dan menghitung Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) aktual, Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) ideal, serta excess air pada mesin boiler. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan penggunaan batubara dengan nilai LHV lebih besar menghasilkan nilai efisiensi boiler yang lebih tinggi. Penggunaan batubara dengan LHV 31.773 kJ/kg memberikan nilai efisiensi boiler mencapai 57 % dengan nilai excess air sebesar 63,6 %. Sehingga nilai kalor batubara yang lebih tinggi memerlukan excess air yang lebih rendah serta menghasilkan efisiensi yang lebih tinggi.
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Huang, Q., and D. P. Sansum. "An Experimental Study of a Fluidic Type Fuel Injector in Comparison With a Solenoid Type Injector." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 210, no. 2 (1996): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_254_02.
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An experimental study of a fluidic type fuel injector for spark ignition (SI) engines is described in this paper. The fluidic injector unit consists of four monostable fluidic devices controlled by a solenoid interface and air–fuel mixing nozzles for better fuel atomization. The prototype fluidic injector unit was implemented on a research engine. The results of air–fuel ratio (AFR) variations, engine combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions from the fluidic injector were compared with those from a baseline solenoid type injector. It was demonstrated from single cylinder engine tests that the fluidic system produces 9 to 20 per cent lower hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and 5 to 8 per cent higher indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) than the baseline injection system. This has confirmed the effectiveness of the use of air-assisted fluidic injectors and the fact that improved mixture preparation and better fuel presentation are obtained by the fluidic injector. However, the lean misfire limit by the fluidic injector is reduced by 1 AFR compared to that of the solenoid injector due to large AFR dispersions caused by cyclic fuel delivery variations of the fluidic device. It is envisaged that the fluidic injector potentially offers cost and emission benefits for SI engines when the cyclic flow stability is improved.
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Puleston, P. F., G. Monsees, and S. K. Spurgeon. "Air-fuel ratio and speed control for low emission vehicles based on sliding mode techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 216, no. 2 (2002): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651021541480.
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This paper deals with the combined air-fuel ratio (AFR) and speed control of automotive engines. The robust controller is developed using dynamic sliding mode (SM) control design methods. The proposed controller set-up is tested under realistic operating conditions by means of computer simulation using a comprehensive non-linear model of a four-stroke engine, specifically provided by the automotive industry for these purposes. This accurate industrial model comprises extensive dynamics description and numerous look-up tables representing parameter characteristics obtained from experimental data. The SM controller set-up proves to be robust to model uncertainties and unknown disturbances, regulating effectively the engine speed for a wide range of set-points while maintaining the AFR at the stoichiometric value.
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Choi, Hyuk, Ju-Hong Lee, Ji-Hoon Yu, Un-Chul Moon, Mi-Jong Kim, and Kwang Y. Lee. "One-Step Ahead Control Using Online Interpolated Transfer Function for Supplementary Control of Air-Fuel Ratio in Thermal Power Plants." Energies 16, no. 21 (2023): 7411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217411.
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Recently, the environmental problem has become a global issue. The air to fuel ratio (AFR) in the combustion of thermal power plants directly influences pollutants and thermal efficiency. A research result was published showing that the AFR control performance of thermal power plants can be improved through supplementary control using dynamic matrix control (DMC). However, online optimization of DMC needs an extra computer server in implementation. This paper proposes a practical AFR control with one-step ahead control which does not use online optimization and can be implemented directly in existing distributed control system (DCS) of thermal power plants. Closed-loop transfer function models at three operating points are independently developed offline. Then, an online transfer function using interpolation of offline models is applied at each sampling step. A simple one-step ahead control with online transfer function is applied as a supplementary control of AFR. Simulations with two different type power plants, a 600 MW oil-fired drum-type power plant and a 1000 MW ultra supercritical (USC) coal-fired once-through type power plant, are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed control structure. Simulation results show that the proposed supplementary control can effectively improve the conventional AFR control performance of power plants.
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Alsuwian, Turki, Arslan Ahmed Amin, Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Saleh Almasabi, and Mohammed Jalalah. "Design of Active Fault-Tolerant Control System for Air-Fuel Ratio control of Internal Combustion engine using nonlinear regression-based observer model." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0279101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279101.
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Internal Combustion (IC) engines are prevalent in the process sector, and maintaining sufficient Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) regulation in their fuel system is crucial for enhanced engine performance, fuel economy, and environmental safety. Faults in the AFR system’s sensors cause the engine to shut down, hence, fault tolerance is essential. In order to avoid engine shutdown, this paper offers a novel Active Fault-Tolerant Control System (AFTCS) for air-fuel ratio control of an Internal Combustion (IC) engine in a process plant. In the Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) unit, the proposed AFTCS uses a nonlinear regression-based observer model for analytical redundancy. The suggested system was simulated in the MATLAB / Simulink environment. The proposed system was tested at two different speeds (300 r/min and 600 r/min) and the results show that the system’s response is within the acceptable bound without compromising the stability. The findings also demonstrate the higher fault tolerance capability for sensor defects of the AFR control system, particularly for the MAP sensor (at 300 r/min) in terms of reduced oscillatory response in comparison to the current literature. Compared to the linear regression-based and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based model, the nonlinear regression-based model results in a more accurate estimation of the faulty sensors. The proposed model is also efficient in terms of computation power and response time.
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Warguła, Łukasz, Bartosz Wieczorek, Łukasz Gierz та Bolesław Karwat. "Critical Concerns Regarding the Transition from E5 to E10 Gasoline in the European Union, Particularly in Poland in 2024—A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Problem of Controlling the Air–Fuel Mixture Composition (AFR) and the λ Coefficient". Energies 18, № 4 (2025): 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040852.
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The RED II Directive requires European Union member states to increase the share of renewable energy in the transport sector to at least 14% by 2030. In January 2024, Poland replaced E5 gasoline (95 octane) with E10, which contains up to 10% bioethanol derived from second-generation sources such as agricultural residues. The transition to E10 raises concerns about the ability of engine management systems to adapt to its different air–fuel ratio (AFR) requirements. The AFR for E10 (13.82) is 1.98% lower than for E5 (14.25) and 3.88% lower than for pure gasoline (14.7). Research conducted on a spark-ignition engine (with AFR regulation) using an exhaust gas analyzer demonstrated that during the combustion of E5 and E10 fuels with correctly adjusted AFR and operation at λ = 1, the use of E10 potentially increases CO2 and NOx emissions despite reductions in CO and HC. However, when calibrated for E5 and operated with E10 fuel, an increase in CO2 and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases is observed, along with a reduction in CO and NOx. This phenomenon is attributed to operation with lean mixtures, at λ = 1.02. This study investigates both the theoretical and experimental impact of this fuel transition. Fuel systems typically adjust engine operation based on exhaust gas analysis but cannot recognize fuel type, leading to incorrect λ values when the AFR differs from the ECU’s programming. Effective adaptation would require additional fuel composition sensors and editable ECU mappings. For older vehicles or small non-road engines, manual adjustments to injection or carburetor systems may be necessary.
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Anindito, Dhimas Cahyo, and Muhammad Rasyid Hikmahtiar. "Optimasi AFR pada Gasoline Engine Menggunakan Sistem Controller pada Vehicle Speed Censor." Borobudur Engineering Review 4, no. 01 (2024): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/benr.v4i01.11117.
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The number of motorised vehicles has increased significantly in recent times. Derived petroleum products are still the main fuel for these internal combustion engines. But on the other hand, its availability is decreasing and its price is becoming increasingly expensive. This problem is the background to the importance of efforts to improve the efficiency of fuel consumption in motorised vehicles. One way to improve fuel efficiency is by increasing the optimisation of Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) with a control system. In this research, the control system used is an external engine control system (Honda Verza 150 FI) that works based on vehicle speed data. This control system works by resetting the fuel supply released when the motorbike decelerates so as to produce a better AFR value and more efficient fuel consumption. Based on the results of experimental tests conducted at 5 different deceleration speed variations (40 km/h, 50 km/h, 60 km/h, and 70 km/h) when using a modified ECU there is an increase in AFR value when compared to when using a standard ECU. The highest increase in AFR value occurs at a deceleration speed of 70 km/h with the AFR difference reaching 0.4 when compared to using the standard ECU. As for fuel consumption, the modified ECU is 150 cc more efficient than the standard ECU with the same test distance of 35.2 km
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Setiadi, Bambang, Yuga Rizki Permana, and Veriah Hadi. "Analisis Perbandingan Performa Menggunakan Elektronik Control Unit (Ecu) Standar dan Ecu Racing (Brt Juken 5+) pada Sepeda Motor Mesin K56 E1 Dohc 4 Langkah 150cc." SAINSTECH: JURNAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGKAJIAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 34, no. 1 (2024): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37277/stch.v34i1.1999.
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Perkembangan teknologi bidang otomotif mendorong manusia untuk menciptakan berbagai inovasi, salah satunya berupa alat transportasi yaitu kendaraan sepeda motor. Banyaknya perusahaan otomotif yang mengeluarkan berbagai jenis sepeda motor, mulai dari konvensional menggunakan system karburator sampai dengan teknologi terbaru yaitu sistem EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan performa menggunakan Elektronic Control unit ( ECU ) Standar dan ECU Racing ( BRT JUKEN 5+ ) pada sepeda motor dengan mesin K56 E1 DOHC 4 Langkah 150CC dengan melakukan pengujian Torsi, Daya, Air Fuel Ratio dan kemudian menganalisa konsumsi bahan bakar spesifik. ECU diuji pada Sepeda Motor Dengan Mesin K56 E1 DOHC 4 Langkah 150CC dengan menggunakan Dynotest, yang terhubung dengan komputeruntuk mendapatkan dan mencatat grafik hasil perbandingan daya dan torsi dari ECU. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Daya maksimum pada ECU Racing 17,72 kW pada 9.420 RPM Sedangkan Daya maksimum pada ECU Standar sebesar 17,41 kW pada 9.450 RPM. Torsi maksimum pada ECU Racing 11.51 Nm pada 6.970 RPM Sedangkan Torsi maksimum pada ECU Standar sebesar 10,95 Nm pada 7,390 RPM dan Hasil Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) maksimum pada ECU Racing 16.58 : 1 pada 11.760 RPM Sedangkan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) maksimum pada Elektronic Control unit ( ECU ) Standar sebesar 20.00 : 1 pada 4.430 RPM.
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Chan, S. H., and J. Zhu. "Divergence analysis of an emissions-based air—fuel ratio model and exhaust oxygen estimation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, no. 2 (1997): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526308.
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This paper claims that, instead of relying on direct fuel and air flowrate measurements, exhaust gaseous emissions analysis should be considered as the standard method for the determination of time-resolved air—fuel ratio (AFR), in particular for petrol powered engines. Various sensitivity parameters are defined and the maximum possible relative divergences of the air—fuel ratio are calculated to support the above claim. It is proved that to obtain the air—fuel ratio with the same order of accuracy for a petrol engine near stoichiometric conditions, the resolution of the instruments used for fuel and air flowrate measurements should be at least ten times more accurate than the emission analysers. Estimation of oxygen concentration is also conducted based upon other measurable emission constituents, viz. oxides of carbon (COx) and hydrocarbons. Two methods are proposed, one depends on known air—fuel ratio whereas the other one does not require that the air—fuel ratio is known. Estimation of oxygen concentration using the former method is not affected essentially by the effect of the presence of water vapour in the analyser on the measured emission constituents.
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Carryer, J. E., R. H. Roy, and J. D. Powell. "Estimating In-Cylinder Precombustion Mixture Temperatures Using Acoustic Resonances." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 118, no. 1 (1996): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801129.
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The air-fuel ratio of automotive engines during the warm-up period is difficult to control and contributes a substantial portion of the emissions on the EPA test cycle. High bandwidth estimation of the in-cylinder charge temperature provides opportunities for improvement in spark ignition (SI) engine control algorithms. Pressure sensor based algorithms for estimating air-fuel ratio (AFR) have been shown to be improved by bulk temperature information. This paper explores the suitability of using acoustic resonances to estimate charge temperature in the presence of an unknown AFR and without the ‘sharp’ excitation of diesel or knocking SI combustion. A technique that allows for the estimation of the precombustion average bulk charge temperature during a 1-2 ms interval based on acoustic resonance data gathered from a pressure transducer is described. A parameter estimation algorithm suitable for extracting the required frequency information from short data sets is identified. The variation in temperature estimates as a function of AFR has been explored using a computer simulation that accounts for the change in the ratio of specific heats with changing mixture strength. The performance of the acoustic resonance based temperature estimates has been evaluated by comparing them to predictions based on a polytropic compression.
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Alsuwian, Turki, Umar Riaz, Arslan Ahmed Amin, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Saleh Almasabi, and Mohammed Jalalah. "Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control for Air-Fuel Ratio Control System of Internal Combustion Engine Using Fuzzy Logic and Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control Techniques." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197010.
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Safety and critical applications employ fault-tolerant control systems (FTCS) to increase reliability and availability in the event of a failure of critical components. Process facilities may employ these technologies to cut down on production losses caused by equipment failures that occur on an irregular or unscheduled basis. Air–fuel ratio (AFR) adjustment in the fuel system of internal combustion engines (ICE) is crucial for enhancing engine efficiency, saving fuel energy, and safeguarding the environment. This paper proposes a novel hybrid fault-tolerant control system (HFTCS) for controlling the AFR in ICEs that combines the features of both an active fault-tolerant control system (AFTCS) and a passive fault-tolerant control system (PFTCS). The fault detection and isolation (FDI) unit is designed using fuzzy logic (FL) as part of an AFTCS to give estimated sensor values to the engine controller when the sensor becomes faulty. Super-twisting sliding mode control (ST-SMC) is implemented as part of a PFTCS to maintain AFR by adjusting the throttle actuator in the fuel supply line under faulty conditions. Lyapunov stability analysis is also performed to make sure that the system remains stable in both normal and faulty conditions. According to the results in the Matlab/Simulink environment, the suggested system stays robust and stable during sensor faults. In faulty situations, it also maintains the AFR at 14.6 without any degradation, and a comparison with previous studies is carried out. The study shows that the suggested approach is an innovative and highly dependable solution for AFR control in ICEs, preventing engine shutdown and output loss for higher profitability.
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Yin, Zhao Lei, Zhe Wang, Jun Deng, and Tong Zhang. "Simulation on Combustion Characteristics and External Characteristics of the Linear Engine System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.958.
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A simulation model of the linear engine system is built in this paper. The cylinder pressure data obtained through engine experiments is used to validate the accuracy of the simulation model. Based on the model, the combustion characteristics and external characteristics of the linear engine system were studied. And the maximization model is used to find an optimum operating region of the linear engine. The results show that, as the air fuel ratio(AFR) decreases under a steady engine speed, both the cylinder pressure and brake power increase first and then decrease, reaching their peak value when the AFR is 12. Under this AFR, the maximum brake power is 16.83kW at 6500rpm. Meanwhile, the fuel economy and the power performance reach the optimum combination within 5200rpm and 6500rpm.
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Wojnar, Sławomir, Tomáš Polóni, Peter Šimončič, Boris Rohal̓-Ilkiv, Marek Honek, and Jozef Csambál. "Real-time implementation of multiple model based predictive control strategy to air/fuel ratio of a gasoline engine." Archives of Control Sciences 23, no. 1 (2013): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10170-011-0044-9.
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Abstract Growing safety, pollution and comfort requirements influence automotive industry ever more. The use of three-way catalysts in exhaust aftertreatment systems of combustion engines is essential in reducing engine emissions to levels demanded by environmental legislation. However, the key to the optimal catalytic conversion level is to keep the engine air/fuel ratio (AFR) at a desired level. Thus, for this purposes more and more sophisticated AFR control algorithms are intensively investigated and tested in the literature. The goal of this paper is to present for a case of a gasoline engine the model predictive AFR controller based on the multiple-model approach to the engine modeling. The idea is to identify the engine in particular working points and then to create a global engine's model using Sugeno fuzzy logic. Opposite to traditional control approaches which lose their quality beside steady state, it enables to work with satisfactory quality mainly in transient regimes. Presented results of the multiple-model predictive air/fuel ratio control are acquired from the first experimental real-time implementation on the VW Polo $1390 cm^3$ gasoline engine, at which the original electronic control unit (ECU) has been fully replaced by a dSpace prototyping system which execute the predictive controller. Required control performance has been proven and is presented in the paper.
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Mubarak, Husni, Mahmuddin Mahmuddin, Sungkono Sungkono, and Muhammad Arham. "Efficiency of Boiler and Steam Turbine for Power Plant Unit 2 PT. XYZ." Jurnal Mesin Nusantara 7, no. 1 (2024): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/jmn.v7i1.21676.
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PT. XYZ has an electric power capacity of 70 MW and began operating in 2014 during its operation there has been a decrease in power from 35 MW at the time of commissioning to 32 MW. This study investigates the impact of the air-fuel ratio (AFR) on the efficiency of a thermal system, focusing on the boiler, turbine, and overall thermal cycle efficiency. Variations in excess O2 in flue gas were examined at levels of 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0%. The results reveal that the boiler efficiency peaks at 5.0% excess O2 (73.50%), while an increase in excess O2 or AFR leads to a decrease in efficiency. Turbine efficiency remains relatively stable (74-76%) despite a slight decline with increased AFR. The thermal cycle efficiency reaches its maximum at an AFR of 13.61 (45.60%) but diminishes at higher AFR values.
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Triwiyatno, Aris, Suroto Munahar, M. Munadi, and JOGA DHARMA SETIAWAN. "APPLICATION OF DRIVING BEHAVIOR CONTROL SYSTEM USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TO IMPROVE DRIVING COMFORT BY ADJUSTING AIR-TO-FUEL RATIO." IIUM Engineering Journal 24, no. 2 (2023): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2781.
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Energy-efficient engines were introduced due to limited amount of global energy and the need for engine power to carry vehicle loads. It was discovered that the power factor of these engines was essential in developing automotive technology with subsequent significant effect on driving comfort. Moreover, it was possible to control the power and energy savings of vehicle engines by adjusting the Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR). Therefore, this study focused on achieving AFR values in the stoichiometric range of 14.7 in order to produce good emissions. The technology applied was observed to have some drawbacks, specifically in fulfilling engine power when the vehicle operates with a large load. This led to the development of a new method by designing an AFR control system with due consideration for driving behavior using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The aim was to overcome the problem of meeting engine power and ensuring better efficiency. The driving behavior was classified into through categories including the sporty, standard, and eco schemes. The eco scheme was the smooth behavior of a driver during the movement of the vehicle in a busy urban area, the sporty scheme was the responsive driving behavior when the vehicle operates on the highway at speeds above 80 km/h, and the standard scheme was the behavior between the eco and sporty schemes. Furthermore, the driving behavior in a sporty scheme required the addition of fuel to increase engine power while eco-scheme focused on reducing fuel to increase fuel economy. The findings showed that control system designed was able to improve driving comfort in terms of fuel economy during the eco scheme with an average AFR value of 15.68. The system further reduced the value to 13.66 during the sporty scheme. Furthermore, the AFR under stoichiometry was discovered to have produced the maximum engine power. The system was expected to be incorporated into electric, gas-fired and fuel cell vehicles in the future. ABSTRAK: Faktor kuasa enjin dan enjin cekap tenaga adalah penting dalam membangunkan teknologi automotif. Mesin penjimat tenaga diperlukan kerana jumlah tenaga global yang terhad. Manakala kuasa enjin digunakan bagi membawa muatan kenderaan. Kedua-dua faktor ini sangat mempengaruhi keselesaan pemanduan. Penjimatan kuasa dan tenaga dalam enjin kenderaan boleh dipenuhi dengan mengawal Nisbah Angin kepada Minyak (AFR). Tumpuan kajian semasa adalah berorientasikan ke arah mencapai nilai AFR dalam julat stoikiometri (14.7) atas sebab ingin mencapai pelepasan terbaik. Namun begitu, teknologi ini mempunyai kelemahan terutama dalam memenuhi kuasa enjin apabila kenderaan beroperasi dengan muatan besar. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah berkaitan kaedah baharu bagi mengatasi masalah memenuhi kuasa enjin dan mencapai enjin cekap tenaga dengan mereka bentuk sistem kawalan AFR yang mempertimbangkan tingkah laku pemanduan menggunakan Rangkaian Neural Buatan (ANN). Tingkah laku pemanduan direka bentuk kepada tiga skim: sporty, standard dan eko. Skim eko adalah kelancaran tingkah laku pemandu apabila kenderaan bergerak di kawasan bandar yang sibuk. Skim sporty ialah tingkah laku pemanduan responsif apabila kenderaan beroperasi di lebuh raya pada kelajuan melebihi 80 km/j, dan skema standard ialah tingkah laku antara skim eko dan sporty. Tingkah laku pemanduan dalam skema sporty memerlukan penambahan bahan api bagi meningkatkan kuasa enjin. Sementara itu, tingkah laku pemanduan dalam skim eko memerlukan pengurangan bahan api bagi meningkatkan penjimatan bahan api. Hasil kajian menyatakan sistem kawalan yang direka mampu meningkatkan keselesaan pemanduan dari segi penjimatan bahan api apabila tingkah laku pemandu memasuki skim eko. AFR dicapai pada nilai purata 15.68. Apabila tingkah laku pemandu memasuki skim pemanduan sporty, sistem kawalan boleh mengurangkan AFR dengan nilai purata 13.66. AFR di bawah stoikiometri menghasilkan kuasa enjin maksimum. Pada masa hadapan, sistem ini berpotensi untuk dibangunkan pada kenderaan elektrik, menggunakan gas dan sel bahan api.
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Munahar, S., M. Setiyo, M. M. Saudi, A. Ahmad, and B. C. Purnomo. "Development of a transfer function (TF) model for CNG control system design predictions." BIS Energy and Engineering 1 (November 10, 2024): V124023. https://doi.org/10.31603/biseeng.74.
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Fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles are currently a priority. Alternative fuels are a smart solution for switching towards vehicle technology that produces cleaner emissions and is, therefore, more environmentally friendly. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a promising alternative fuel because it has more affordable energy prices and is more environmentally friendly. The development of CNG as a fuel-efficient vehicle technology requires a reliable control system. However, the development of this technology has complicated variables that affect its performance. For this reason, before designing a control system, it is necessary to model the system so that it can predict the level of success. This research uses the Transfer Function (TF) modeling approach. TF, as a modeling system, uses Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) as a model for achieving the stoichiometric value (17.2) Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR) CNG the control target system. CNG fuel savings are modeled using mathematical equations with external variables as an economizer system with variable road conditions. The AFR CNG lean value (above stoichiometry) describes the condition of achieving fuel savings under conditions when the economizer system is working. When the economizer system works, system modeling shows an increase in AFR above stoichiometry (18.2). This increase shows that fuel savings have been achieved. This research has not combined ignition time and environmental temperature conditions. Therefore, modeling with this variable is important for future research.
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Riaz, Umar, Arslan Ahmed Amin, and Muhammad Tayyeb. "Design of active fault-tolerant control system for Air-fuel ratio control of internal combustion engines using fuzzy logic controller." Science Progress 105, no. 2 (2022): 003685042210947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221094723.
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Background: Fault-Tolerant Control Systems (FTCS) are used in critical and safety applications to improve performance and stability despite failure modes. As a result, costly production losses related to unusual and unplanned shutdowns can be prevented by incorporating these systems in the critical process plant machines. The Internal Combustion (IC) engines are highly used process plant machines and faults in their sensors will cause their shutdown instigating the need to install FTCS in them. Introduction: In this paper, an Active Fault-Tolerant Control System (AFTCS) based on a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is suggested to improve the reliability of the Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) control system of an IC engine. Methodology: For analytical redundancy, a nonlinear Fuzzy Logic (FL) based observer is implemented in the proposed system for the Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) unit for nonlinear sensors of the AFR system. Lyapunov stability analysis was used for designing a stable system in both faulty and normal conditions. To evaluate its performance, this system was developed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Results: The simulation results show that the developed system is robust under sensor fault conditions, retaining stability with a minimum decrease of AFR. This study's comparison with the existing literature demonstrates that the proposed system is effective for maintaining the AFR in IC engines during sensor faulty conditions thus reducing shutdown of engine and production loss for increased profits.
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Wang, Shiwei, and D. L. Yu. "A New Development of Internal Combustion Engine Air-Fuel Ratio Control With Second-Order Sliding Mode." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 129, no. 6 (2007): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789466.
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A novel application of a second-order sliding mode control (SMC) scheme to the air-fuel ratio (AFR) control of automobile internal combustion engines is developed in this paper. In this scheme, the sliding surface S[x(t)] is steered to zero in finite time by using the discontinuous first-order derivative of a control variable u̇c(t), and the corresponding actual control variable uc(t) turns out to be continuous, which significantly reduces the undesired chattering. Its sliding gain is adjusted by a novel radial basis function network based adaptation method derived using the Lyapunov theory. It not only avoids handling the unavailable parameters and variables, but also saves the unnecessary manual adjusting time of the second-order SMC. The proposed method is applied to a widely used engine benchmark, the mean value engine model for evaluation. The simulation results show substantially improved AFR control performance compared with the conventional SMC.
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García-Morales, J., R. F. Escobar-Jiménez, O. J. Ramos-Negrón, D. A. Carbot-Rojas, M. Cervantes-Bobadilla, and J. F. Gómez-Aguilar. "Design of an Adaptive Control to Feed Hydrogen-Enriched Ethanol-Gasoline Blend to an Internal Combustion Engine." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (November 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7413554.
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In this work, an internal combustion (IC) engine air-fuel ratio (AFR) control system is presented and evaluated by simulation. The control scheme aims to regulate the overall air-fuel ratio (AFRoverall) in an IC engine fueled with a hydrogen-enriched ethanol-gasoline blend (E10) as fast as possible. The control scheme designed and developed in this work considers two control laws, a feedback control law to regulate the hydrogen and adaptive nonlinear control law for controlling the E10 mass flow injection. The main contribution of this work is the reduction of the number of controllers used for controlling the overall air-fuel ratio since other control strategies use two controllers for controlling the E10 mass flow injection. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the new control scheme.
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Wang, T., Z. Peng, S.-L. Liu, H.-D. Xiao, and H. Zhao. "Optimization of stratification combustion in a spark ignition engine by double-pulse port fuel injection." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 7 (2007): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto376.
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The potential of lean burn in a spark-ignition (SI) engine with optimized fuel injection was experimentally investigated and numerically simulated. The experiments were carried out on a production SI engine which has a port fuel injection (PFI) system. The previous port electronic fuel injection system was modified and the technique of double-pulse fuel injection (DFI) was employed. By regulating injection timings and proportions of DFI, the air-fuel mixture stratification was significantly improved and the expected lean burn was implemented. The experimental results showed that the reduction of fuel consumption with DFI could be above 10 per cent over quite a wide load range, compared to single fuel injection. With optimized fuel injection timings and double-pulse proportions, the ideal engine performance and emissions can be achieved with a two to three times higher air-fuel ratio (AFR) than single fuel injection. With numerical simulation, the effects of mixture stratification formed by different fuel injection amounts and timings were analysed using a phenomenological model. The mixture in the cylinder was divided into different regions that distribute spherically around the spark plug and consist of a central region of stoichiometric air-fuel mixture and a gradually leaner outside region. Simulation results demonstrated that the improvements in fuel economy and emissions with DFI were mainly attributed to increased stratification zones and a reduced AFR gradient in the stratification zones.
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Al-Hasan, Mohammad Ibrahim, and Muntaser Al-Momany. "THE EFFECT OF ISO‐BUTANOL‐DIESEL BLENDS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE." TRANSPORT 23, no. 4 (2008): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.306-310.
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The effect of iso‐butanol addition to diesel fuel on engine performance parameters has been experimentally investigated. The used engine was a single cylinder four stroke CI engine Type Lister 1–8. The tests were performed at engine speed that ranges from 375 to 625 with an increment of 42 rpm at different loads and with 10, 20, 30 and 40% v/v iso‐butanol‐diesel fuel blends. The overall engine performance parameters measured included air‐fuel ratio (AFR), exhaust gas temperature, brake power (Bp ), brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and brake thermal efficiency (η th ). The experimental results show that AFR, exhaust gas temperature, (Bp ) and (ηbth ) decreased and bsfc increased with iso‐butanol addition compared to net diesel fuel. Also, the obtained results indicate that the engine performance parameters when using up to 30% iso‐butanol in fuel blends are better than that of 40%.
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Genç, A. Umut, and Keith Glover. "Identification of the Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing Engines for AFR Control." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 127, no. 4 (2005): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2101849.
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A control-oriented air-fuel ratio path model is developed to represent a spark-ignited, port-fuel-injected, twin-independent variable cam timing engine. Following a recent publication [Genç et al., SAE 2002-01-2752 (2002)] showing that cam timing not only affects the cylinder air flow but also the transient cylinder fuel flow, this paper constructs a mean value model that describes both air and fuel dynamics. While steady-state engine tests have been performed in order to identify the air path dynamics, a combination of linear and nonlinear identification methods have been used in order to identify the fuel path model including the wall-wetting dynamics. The resulting parameter-varying model has been validated with independent experimental data and can be used in powertrain controller design and development.