Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Air-mobile'

El crecimiento industrial ha acarreado grandes avances tecnológicos para nuestra sociedad. Lamentablemente, el precio a pagar por estos avances ha sido un aumento significativo de los niveles de contaminación del aire en todo el mundo, afectando tanto a zonas urbanas como a las zonas rurales. Por lo general, la monitorización de la calidad aire se realiza mediante estaciones de monitorización fijas. Sin embargo, este método es demasiado costoso, poco escalable y difícil de implementar en nuestras ciudades, las cuales están cada vez más pobladas. El uso de Mobile CrowdSensing, paradigma en el cual la monitorización la realizan los propios usuarios, permite realizar monitorización ambiental utilizando sensores móviles integrados en vehículos. Los posibles escenarios se pueden dividir en dos: entornos urbanos, donde hay un amplio conjunto de vehículos disponibles, y entornos rurales o industriales, donde el tráfico vehicular es escaso y está limitado a las principales arterias de transporte. Teniendo en cuenta estos dos escenarios, esta tesis propone una arquitectura, llamada EcoSensor, que permite monitorizar la contaminación del aire utilizando pequeños sensores de bajo coste instalados en diferentes tipos de vehículos, tales como bicicletas, automóviles o autobuses del sistema de transporte público, en el caso de entornos urbanos, y en drones o UAS en entornos rurales. La arquitectura propuesta está compuesta por tres componentes: un sensor de bajo coste para capturar datos de contaminación, un smartphone para realizar un preprocesamiento de la información y para transmitir los datos hacia un servidor central, y el servidor central, encargado de almacenar y procesar la información de contaminación ambiental. Para entornos urbanos, analizamos diferentes alternativas con respecto al diseño de una unidad de monitorización de bajo coste basada en plataformas de prototipado comerciales como RaspberryPi o Arduino, junto con sensores también de precio reducido. En la tesis realizamos un análisis, y proponemos un proceso, para llevar a cabo la monitorización ambiental utilizando la arquitectura propuesta. Este proceso abarca cuatro operaciones básicas: captura de datos, conversión de unidades, reducción de la variabilidad temporal, e interpolación espacial. Para entornos rurales, proponemos el uso de drones como unidades de sensorización móviles. Específicamente, equipamos el drone con capacidades de monitorización a través de un microordenador RaspberryPi y sensores de calidad del aire de bajo coste. Finalmente, se propone un algoritmo llamado PdUC para controlar el vuelo del UAV con el objetivo de realizar monitorización ambiental, identificando las áreas más contaminadas, y tratando de ese modo de mejorar la precisión general y la velocidad de monitorización. Además, proponemos una mejora a este algoritmo, denominada PdUC-D, basada en la discretización del área a monitorizar dividiéndola en pequeñas áreas (tiles), donde cada tile se monitoriza una sola vez, evitando así realizar muestreos redundantes. En general, verificamos que la monitorización móvil es una aproximación eficiente y fiable para monitorizar la contaminación del aire en cualquier entorno, ya sea usando vehículos o bicicletas en entornos urbanos, o UAVs en entornos rurales. Con respecto al proceso de monitorización ambiental, validamos nuestra propuesta comparando los valores obtenidos por nuestros sensores móviles de bajo coste con respecto a los valores típicos de referencia ofrecidos por las estaciones de monitorización fijas para el mismo período y ubicación, comprobando que los resultados son semejantes, y están acuerdo a lo esperado. Además, demostramos que PdUC-D, permite guiar autónomamente un UAV en tareas de monitorización del aire, ofreciendo un mejor rendimiento que los modelos de movilidad típicos, reduciendo tanto los errores de predicción como el tiempo para cubrir el área completa,
Industrial growth has brought unforeseen technological advances to our society. Unfortunately, the price to pay for these advances has been an increase of the air pollution levels worldwide, affecting both urban and countryside areas. Typically, air pollution monitoring relies on fixed monitoring stations to carry out the pollution control. However, this method is too expensive, not scalable, and hard to implement in any city. The Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) approach, a novel paradigm whereby users are in charge of performing monitoring tasks, allows environment monitoring to be made using small sensors embedded in mobile vehicles. The possible scenarios can be divided into two: urban scenarios, where a wide set of vehicles are available, and rural and industrial areas, where vehicular traffic is scarce and limited to the main transportation arteries. Considering these two scenarios, in this thesis we propose an architecture, called EcoSensor, to monitor the air pollution using small sensors installed in vehicles, such as bicycles, private cars, or the public transportation system, applicable to urban scenarios, and the use of an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) in rural scenarios. Three main components compose our architecture: a low-cost sensor to capture pollution data, a smartphone to preprocess the pollution information and transmit the data towards a central server, and the central server, to store and process pollution information. For urban scenarios, we analyze different alternatives regarding the design of a low-cost sensing unit based on commercial prototyping platforms such as Raspberry Pi or Arduino, and Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) air quality sensors. Moreover, we analyze and propose a process to perform pollution monitoring using our architecture. This process encompasses four basic operations: data reading, unit conversion, time variability reduction, and spatial interpolation. For rural scenarios, we propose the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a mobile sensor. Specifically, we equip the UAV with sensing capabilities through a Raspberry Pi microcomputer and low-cost air quality sensors. Finally, we propose an algorithm, called Pollution-driven UAV Control (PdUC), to control the UAV flight for monitoring tasks by focusing on the most polluted areas, and thereby attempting to improve the overall accuracy while minimizing flight time. We then propose an improvement to this algorithm, called Discretized Pollution-driven UAV Control (PdUC-D), where we discretize the target area by splitting it into small tiles, where each tile is monitored only once, thereby avoiding redundant sampling. Overall, we found that mobile sensing is a good approach for monitoring air pollution in any environment, either by using vehicles or bicycles in urban scenarios, or an UAVs in rural scenarios. We validate our proposal by comparing obtained values by our mobile sensors against typical values reported by monitoring stations at the same time and location, showing that the results are right, matching the expected values with a low error. Moreover, we proved that PdUC-D, our protocol for the autonomous guidance of UAVs performing air monitoring tasks, has better performance than typical mobility models in terms of reducing the prediction errors and reducing the time to cover the whole area.Moreover, we analyze and propose a process to perform pollution monitoring using our architecture. This process encompasses four basic operations: data reading, unit conversion, time variability reduction, and spatial interpolation.
El creixement industrial ha implicat grans avanços tecnològics per a la nostra societat. Lamentablement, el preu que cal pagar per aquests avanços ha sigut un augment significatiu dels nivells de contaminació de l'aire a tot el món, que afecta tant zones urbanes com zones rurals. En general, el monitoratge de la qualitat aire es fa mitjançant estacions de monitoratge fixes. No obstant això, aquest mètode és massa costós, poc escalable i difícil d'implementar a les nostres ciutats, les quals estan cada vegada més poblades. L'ús de Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS), paradigma en el qual el monitoratge el duen a terme els mateixos usuaris, permet realitzar monitorització ambiental tenint sensors mòbils integrats en vehicles. Els possibles escenaris es poden dividir en dos: entorns urbans, on hi ha un ampli conjunt de vehicles disponibles, i entorns rurals o industrials, on el trànsit vehicular és escàs i està limitat a les principals artèries de transport. Tenint en compte aquests dos escenaris, aquesta tesi proposa una arquitectura, anomenada EcoSensor, que permet monitorar la contaminació de l'aire utilitzant petits sensors de baix cost instal·lats en diferents tipus de vehicles, com ara bicicletes, automòbils o autobusos del sistema de transport públic, en el cas d'entorns urbans, i en UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) en entorns rurals. L'arquitectura proposada està composta per tres components: un sensor de baix cost per a capturar dades de contaminació, un smartphone per a realitzar un preprocessament de la informació i per a transmetre les dades cap a un servidor central, i el servidor central, encarregat d'emmagatzemar i processar la informació de contaminació ambiental. Per a entorns urbans, analitzem diferents alternatives pel que fa al disseny d'una unitat de monitoratge (sensor mòbil) de baix cost basada en plataformes de prototipatge comercials com Raspberry Pi o Arduino, juntament amb sensors també de preu reduït. En la tesi fem una anàlisi, i proposem un procés, per a dur a terme el monitoratge ambiental utilitzant l'arquitectura proposada. Aquest procés abasta quatre operacions bàsiques: captura de dades, conversió d'unitats, reducció de la variabilitat temporal, i interpolació espacial. Per a entorns rurals, proposem l'ús de drons o Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) com a unitats de sensorització mòbils. Específicament, equipem el dron amb capacitats de monitoratge a través d'un microordinador Raspberry Pi i sensors de qualitat de l'aire de baix cost. Finalment, es proposa un algorisme anomenat PdUC (Pollution-driven UAV Control) per a controlar el vol del UAV amb l'objectiu de realitzar monitoratge ambiental, que identifica les àrees més contaminades i que, d'aquesta manera, tracta de millorar la precisió general i la velocitat de monitoratge. A més, proposem una millora a aquest algorisme, denominada PdUC-D, basada en la discretització de l'àrea a monitorar dividint-la en xicotetes àrees (tiles), on cada tile es monitora una sola vegada, fet que evita dur a terme mostrejos redundants. En general, verifiquem que el monitoratge mòbil és una aproximació eficient i fiable per a monitorar la contaminació de l'aire en qualsevol entorn, ja siga usant vehicles o bicicletes en entorns urbans, o UAVs en entorns rurals. Pel que fa al procés de monitoratge ambiental, validem la nostra proposta comparant els valors obtinguts pels nostres sensors mòbils de baix cost pel que fa als valors típics de referència oferits per les estacions de monitoratge fixes per al mateix període i ubicació, i es comprova que els resultats són semblants, i estan d'acord amb el resultat esperat. A més, es demostra que PdUC-D permet guiar autònomament un UAV en tasques de monitoratge de l'aire, oferint un millor rendiment que els models de mobilitat típics, reduint tant els errors de predicció com el temps per a cobrir l'àrea completa, i aconseguint una major precisió dins de les àrees més
Alvear Alvear, ÓP. (2018). Mobile Sensing Architecture for Air Pollution Monitoring [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107928
TESIS

The Thesis report analyzes the possibility to store the application inside a secure environment in over the air Environment. The report clearly explains the details about the attributes which are placed in the over the air application management. Different forms of secure elements and how it can be placed inside the secure micro SD card have been discussed. The report gives the clear idea about secure micro SD card architecture. The report describes the OTA (Over the Air) components, Roles and also the process to manage the applications in OTA environment. The report also gives the clear about the protocols ISO 7816-4 which is used to communicate the handset with secure micro SD card. The communication concepts like establishing secure channel between the handset and secure micro SD card also has been discussed. Moreover, secure channel attributes are also discussed. They are Creation session key, MAC Operation and generation of derivation data. Secure micro SD card API‘s are also discussed which is used to communicate with the secure micro SD card .Some of the implementation work has been done by this research. They are >Constructed the Design of Trusted Service Manager (TSM) and Service provider. >Implemented the Functionality of TSM Server (Download Function) and tested the Functionality whether the end terminal (Android Phone) has been able to use the function properly. >Established the secure channel between the Android phone and secure micro SD card. >Loaded the sample application inside the secure micro SD card.

This thesis considers the performance of OFDM in a non-linear satellite channel and mechanisms for overcoming the degradations resulting from the high PAPR in the OFDM signal in the specific satellite architecture. It was motivated by new S-DMB applications but its results are applicable to any OFDM system via satellites. Despite many advantages of OFDM, higher PAPR is a major drawback. OFDM signals are therefore very sensitive to non-linear distortion introduced by the power amplifiers and thus, significantly reduce the power efficiency of the system, which is already crucial to satellite system economics. Simple power amplifier back-off to cope with high OFDM PAPR is not possible. Two transmitter based techniques have been considered: PAPR reduction and amplifier linearization.

In broadband wireless multicarrier communication systems, intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference (ICI) should be reduced. In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the cyclic prefix (CP) guarantees to reduce the ISI interference. However, the CP reduces spectral and power efficiency. In this thesis, iterative interference cancellation (IIC) with iterative decoding is used to reduce ISI and ICI from the received signal in multicarrier modulation (MCM) systems. Alternative schemes as well as OFDM with insufficient CP are considered; filter bank multicarrier (FBMC/Offset QAM) and discrete wavelet transform based multicarrier modulation (DWT-MCM). IIC is applied in these different schemes. The required components are calculated from either the hard decision of the demapper output or the estimated decoded signal. These components are used to improve the received signal. Channel estimation and data detection are very important parts of the receiver design of the wireless communication systems. Iterative channel estimation using Wiener filter channel estimation with known pilots and IIC is used to estimate and improve data detection. Scattered and interference approximation method (IAM) preamble pilot are using to calculate the estimated values of the channel coefficients. The estimated soft decoded symbols with pilot are used to reduce the ICI and ISI and improve the channel estimation. The combination of Multi-Input Multi-Output MIMO and OFDM enhances the air-interface for the wireless communication system. In a MIMO-MCM scheme, IIC and MIMO-IIC-based successive interference cancellation (SIC) are proposed to reduce the ICI/ISI and cross interference to a given antenna from the signal transmitted from the target and the other antenna respectively. The number of iterations required can be calculated by analysing the convergence of the IIC with the help of EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts. A new EXIT approach is proposed to provide a means to define performance for a given outage probability on quasi-static channels.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
This paper describes a new mobile self contained telemetry station designed for field testing of air-to-ground weapons. The telemetry station makes creative use of existing equipment and incorporates a unique dual axis tracking system to provide complete coverage of most missions.

Next generation mobile networks envisage ubiquitous communications at very high data rates. This imposes a major challenge to connectivity and capacity for terrestrial urban mobile communications, where the radio propagation fading is extremely severe. An airbased wireless system is expected to improve the coverage, extend the range, enhance the connectivity and reduce the required transmit power when integrated into a terrestrial wireless network. Existing radio channel models for land mobile satellite systems generally consider mobiles moving along roads in open areas such as main highways with low building densities along the sides of the road. New statistical point-to-area radio channel models are required to predict coverage, including locations near buildings, taking into account the height of the air platform.

There is a growing public concern that emissions of mobile source air toxics (MSATs) from motor vehicles may pose a threat to human health. At present, no state or federal agencies require dispersion modeling of these compounds, but many agencies are concerned about potential future requirements. Current air pollution professionals are familiar with Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for dispersion modeling to produce predicted concentrations for comparison with appropriate standards. This research examined a method in which the potential near-road concentrations of MSATs were calculated. It was believed that by assessing MSATs in much the same way that are used for other pollutants, the model and methods developed in this research could become a standard for those quantifying MSAT concentrations near-roadways. This dissertation reports on the results from short-term (1-hour) and long-term (annual average) MSATs dispersion modeling that has been conducted on seven intersections and seven freeway segments in the state of Florida. To accomplish the modeling, the CAL3QHC model was modified to handle individual MSAT emissions input data and to predict the concentrations of several MSATs around these roadway facilities. Additionally, since the CAL3MSAT model is DOS based and not user-friendly, time was invested to develop a Windows&"174; graphical user interface (GUI). Real-world data (traffic volumes and site geometry) were gathered, worst-case meteorology was selected, mobile source emission factors (EFs) were obtained from MOVES2010a, and worst-case modeling was conducted. Based on a literature search, maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs) were proposed for comparison with the modeled results, for both a short-term (1-hour) averaging time and a long-term (1-year) averaging time. Results from this CAL3MSAT modeling study indicate that for all of the intersections and freeway segments, the worst-case 1-hour modeled concentrations of the MSATs were several orders of magnitude below the proposed short-term MACs. The worst-case 1-year modeled concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the proposed long-term MACs. The 1-year concentrations were first developed by applying a persistence factor to the worst-case 1-hour concentrations. In the interest of comparing the predicted concentrations from the CAL3MSAT persistence factor approach to other dispersion models, two EPA regulatory models (CAL3QHCR and AERMOD) with the ability to account for yearly meteorology, traffic, and signal timing were used. Both hourly and annual MSAT concentrations were predicted at one large urban intersection and compared for the three different dispersion models. The short-term 1-hour results from CAL3MSAT were higher than those predicted by the two other models due to the worst-case assumptions. Similarly, results indicate that the CAL3MSAT persistence factor approach predicted a worst-case annual average concentration on the same order of magnitude as the two other more refined models. This indicated that the CAL3MSAT model might be useful as a worst-case screening approach.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

Although air pollution is one of the largest threats to human health, the data available to the public is often sparse and not very accurate nor updated. For example, there exists only about 5-10 air quality measuring points across the city of Stockholm. This means that the available data is good in close proximity of the sensing equipment but can differentiate much only a couple of blocks away. In order for individuals to receive up to date information around a larger city, stationary measurements are not sufficient enough to get a clear picture of how the current state of the air quality stands. Instead, other methods of collecting this data is needed, for instance by making the measurements mobile. GOEASY is a project financed by the European Commission where Galileo, Europe’s new navigational service, is used to enable more location-based service applications. As part of the GOEASY project is the evaluation of the potential of collaborative applications where users are engaged to help individuals affected by breathing-related diseases such as asthma. This thesis presents the choice of architecture and the implementation of a mobile platform serving this purpose. Using sensors mounted on a range of objects real time air quality data is collected and made available. The result is a mobile platform and connected Android application which by utilizing air quality sensors, reports pollution measurements together with positional coordinates to a central server. Thanks to the features of the underlying systems used, this provides a platform which is accurate and more resilient to exploits compared to traditional location-based services available today. The result allows individuals with respiratory conditions to receive much more accurate and up to date information in a larger resolution. It also serves the purpose of demonstrating the potential of the supporting technology as part of the GOEASY project.
Trots att föroreningar i luften är bland de största hoten mot mänsklig hälsa är den information som finns tillgänglig för allmänheten ofta både gles och inte tillräckligt noggrann eller uppdaterad. Till exempel finns det i hela Storstockholm endast mellan 5–10 luftkvalitetstationer som mäter föroreningar. Detta innebär att den data som finns tillgänglig är bra i närheten av mätutrustningen men kan skilja sig mycket enbart ett par kvarter bort. För att öka mängden information som är tillgänglig till allmänheten räcker inte längre enbart de stationära lösningarna som finns idag för att visa hur de rådande halterna av föroreningar står sig. Andra metoder måste införas, exempelvis genom att nyttja mobila mätningar från en plattform som kan röra sig fritt. GOEASY är ett projekt finansierat av den Europeiska Kommissionen, där Galileo, Europas nya navigationssystem används för att tillåta fler platsbaserade tjänster att äntra marknaden. Som en del av GOEASY projektet ingår evalueringen av potentialen i en applikation där användare samlar in data för att hjälpa individer med andningssvårigheter som astma. Denna avhandling presenterar valen till arkitekturen samt implementationen av en mobil plattform som en del av GOEASY. Lösningen använder sig av mobila luftkvalitetsensorer som kan monteras på en rad olika objekt som samlar data i realtid som görs tillgänglig för allmänheten. Resultatet är en mobil plattform och tillhörande Android applikation som med hjälp av luftkvalitetsensorer rapporterar halten av olika skadliga föroreningar tillsammans med platsinformation till en central server. Tack vare egenskaperna av de underliggande systemen som används, skapas en plattform som är mycket mer precis när det gäller positionering jämfört med liknande system som finns tillgängligt. Det resulterande systemet gör det möjligt för individer med andningssvårigheter att få tillgång till noggrannare samt mer uppdaterad information i större utsträckning än vad som för närvarande är tillgängligt. Systemet fyller även syftet med att demonstrera potentialen i den bakomliggande teknologin som en del av GOEASY.

The last few years have seen a rapid growth in the number of cars equipped with air-conditioning systems. The space available to fit the system is limited and the under bonnet environment is hostile. Moreover, the depletion of the stratospheric ozone has led to legislation on the phasing out of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs ). These substances are used as refrigerants in most refrigeration, heat pump and air-conditioning systems in service today. The aim of this research project was to study existing air-conditioning systems used in automotive applications to develop a model that simulates the components of these systems. This provides a better understanding of the effect of using different refrigerants in the system and its performance. Experimental studies of the performance of the different heat exchanger geometries used provided inputs to the model developed. Automotive air-conditioning condensers and evaporators simulation models were developed and used to compare the performance of these heat exchangers using CFC and HCFC refrigerants and the non-ozone depleting replacements. Thermodynamic properties of the new refrigerants were derived from the equation of state. The evaporator was simulated taking into consideration the mass transfe r associated with the heat transfer in humid conditions. Two types of compact heat exchangers were modelled, round tube with plane fin and plate tube with corrugated fin. These cover most automotive, domestic and industrial applications. The basic performance data of various geometries were determined experimentally. An existing thermal wind tunnel was re-instrumented and modified to improve accuracy at the low air velocities was used in this study. A new data logger linked to a personal computer was used with newly written software to collect and analyse the test data. The results for all geometries tested were correlated and presented in non-dimensional form. The test data were used to determine the effect of various geometrical parameters on the performance for an optimisation of condenser and evaporator designs. The model developed is being used by industrial collaborators for the design of heat exchangers in automotive air-conditioning systems.

Cache County and the Wasatch Front, Utah have persistently experienced some of the nation’s worst air quality over the past decade. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations during wintertime “red air day” episodes frequently exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). We investigate the possible effects of two different economic policies in controlling these regional problems. Adapting a model originally developed to calculate the social investment necessary to control nationwide disease outbreaks, we estimate an optimal preventative capital stock (for example, investment in public transportation) of between $4.1 million and $14.1 million to control red air day episodes in Cache County, and $133 million to $1.6 billion dollars to control such episodes in the Wasatch Front. Further, we find that a seasonal gasoline tax rate of roughly $8 per gallon is necessary for policy makers in the Wasatch Front to impose at the pump if their goal is to maintain concentrations below the NAAQS on average during a typical winter-inversion season. This rate is roughly $2 more than the rate calculated for Cache County in a previously published study.

La tesi si suddivide in quattro parti: due iniziali di tipo compilativo e le altre due sperimentali. Nella prima parte vengono descritti gli UAVs: classificazioni e applicazioni da un punto di vista delle telecomunicazioni e della sicurezza; una seconda parte sempre compilativa, espone invece una panoramica sulle caratteristiche del canale Air-to-Ground e la possibilità di modelling attraverso diversi scenari. La terza parte rappresenta il corpo della tesi, in quanto presenta la descrizione di una campagna di misure condotta in ambiente industriale, fatta con due diversi setup di misure: onde mm e UWB. Dopo la presentazione dello scopo, vengono poi trattati gli esperimenti, descritto l'equipment ed estratte le conclusioni mostrando funzioni come il Power Angle Profile e la Risposta Impulsiva. L'ultimo capitolo tratta infine di una campagna da condurre in ambiente urbano, presentando però solo il piano di misure, in quanto i risultati saranno a breve disponibili.

This collection of published scholarly work concerns the growth and development of community radio and mobile telephony during the period 2000-2009, with reference to specific examples and case studies. The associated report examines the extent that the public are using these media to the benefit of individuals and communities and also suggests that the public have regained use of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of community radio and mobile phones. The over arching hypothesis is that both community radio and mobile telephony are: • providing benefits to society, rangmg from improving daily life and avoiding inconveniences, to ameliorating critical or life-threatening situations and resisting oppression, • re-establishing rights of usage in the electromagnetic spectrum for ordinary members of the public which were surrendered to governmental authorities in the early years of spectrum experimentation, • using the electromagnetic spectrum as a tool for activism, political discussion, social engagement and exchange of information about matters of common interest, • worthy of research and examination to investigate how these two forms of communications media are impacting on the lives of individuals and society as a whole.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-156).
by Rohit Sakhuja.
M.Eng.

Air quality management strategies in the US are developed largely from estimates of emissions, some highly uncertain, rather than actual measurements. Improved knowledge based on measurements of real-world emissions is needed to increase the effectiveness of these strategies. Consequently, the objectives of this research were to (1) quantify relationships among urban emissions sources, land use, and demographics, (2) determine the spatial and temporal variability of emissions, and (3) evaluate the accuracy of official emissions estimates. These objectives guided three field campaigns that employed a unique mobile laboratory equipped to measure pollutant fluxes by eddy covariance. The first campaign, conducted in Norfolk, Virginia, represented the first time fluxes of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured by eddy covariance in an urban environment. Fluxes agreed to within 10% of estimates in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI), but were three times higher than those of an inventory used for air quality modeling and planning. Additionally, measured fluxes were correlated with road density and increased development. The second campaign took place in the Tijuana-San Diego border region. Distinct spatial differences in fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), NOx, and particles were revealed across four sampling locations with the lowest fluxes occurring in a residential neighborhood and the highest ones at a port of entry characterized by heavy motor vehicle traffic. Additionally, observed emissions of NOx and carbon monoxide were significantly higher than those in emissions inventories, suggesting the need for further refinement of the inventories. The third campaign focused on emissions at a regional airport in Roanoke, Virginia. NOx and particle number emissions indices (EIs) were calculated for aircraft, in terms of grams of pollutant emitted per kilogram of fuel burned. Observed NOx EIs were ~20% lower than those in an international databank. NOx EIs from takeoffs were significantly higher than those from taxiing, but relative differences for particle EIs were mixed. Observed NOx fluxes at the airport agreed to within 25% of estimates derived from the NEI. The results of this research will provide greater knowledge of urban impacts to air quality and will improve associated management strategies through increased accuracy of official emissions estimates.
Ph. D.

Environmental factors can have a significant impact on an individual's health and well-being, and a primary characteristic of environments is air quality. Air sensing equipment is available to the public, but it is often expensive,stationary, or unusable for persons without technical expertise. The goal of this project is to develop an inexpensive and portable sensor module for public use. The system is capable of measuring temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit, heat index, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration. The sensor module, referred to as the "sniffer," consists of a printed circuit board that interconnects a carbon dioxide sensor, a temperature/humidity sensor, an Arduino microcontroller, and a Bluetooth module. The sniffer is small enough to be worn as a pendant or a belt attachment, and it is rugged enough to consistently collect and transmit data to a user's smartphone throughout their workday. The accompanying smartphone app uses Bluetooth and GPS hardware to collect data and affix samples with a time stamp and GPS coordinates. The accumulated sensor data is saved to a file on the user's phone, which is then examined on a standard computer.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
In light of recent drastic changes in national security concerns, new systems are being considered for future military implementation. One of the major systems under consideration by the Advanced Research Projects Agency is the Mobile Offshore Base (MOB). The MOB entails essentially two to six self- propelled, floating platforms that are connected and used for military presence and/or war-fighting purposes. This thesis examines the question of whether the MOB should legally be considered a warship, a merchant vessel, or structure/ installation. This question is Important for the answer implies where on the ocean and under what circumstances the placement of the system complies with international law. After a brief review of the national policy with respect to presence and the problem of reduced access to overseas bases, the thesis examines the legal implications of the MOB. The legal analysis starts with the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) that entered into force December 16, 1994. Gaps in UNCLOS definitions and policy are explained by general concepts of international law and, where needed, municipal law. The thesis concludes the MOB should be considered a ship and should be given warship status by the United States Govemment

Environmental indicators were developed and evaluated to assess the impact of mobile sources on emissions, air quality, exposure and health. Different levels of indicators are discussed, from single species to multipollutant indicators. Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and elemental carbon (EC) were chosen as indicators of mobile sources because emissions of these pollutants are largely attributed to mobile sources and ambient concentrations have a close response to the change in mobile source emissions. These pollutants were used in the construction of the integrated mobile source indicators (IMSI). The IMSI have larger spatial representativeness and stronger associations with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than single pollutants. The use of IMSI in epidemiologic modeling constitutes an alternative approach to assess the health impact of pollutant mixtures and can provide support for the setting of multipollutant air quality standards. The human health benefits of reducing mobile sources emissions were more consistent using multipollutant indicators. Indicator values and uncertainties, in the form of indicator sets, are presented with their associated outcomes and attributes to be useful for policy makers who are interested not only in the value of the indicators, but also in their associated uncertainties and their applicability at other times and other regions.

The following thesis titled, Atlanta Automotive Particulate Matter Exposure and Evaluation, presents data obtained as a part of a joint project with Emory University, Rollin's School of Public Health. The Atlanta Commuters Exposure (ACE) Study uses both real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques for ambient aerosol concentrations. The ACE study is unique in that it will correlate the ambient aerosol concentrations with the concurrent health measurements. The primary objective of this thesis is to measure the concentration, size distribution and the chemical composition of PM2.5 inside the vehicle cabin for several commuters. The vehicles followed a scripted route along roadways in the Atlanta metropolitan region during periods of peak traffic volume, while the compact air sampling package of both real-time and time-integrated instruments recorded data. Real-time measurements for Particulate Matter (PM) were made using compact Optical Particle Counters (OPC), a Condensation Particle Counter, and a MicroAethalometer. The time-integrated measurements for Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC), particulate elemental concentrations, and speciated organics required filter collection methods. Thus a compact air-sampling package was created to combine both sets of real-time and time-integrated instruments. The following results are presented for the first four commutes. The framework for analyzing and presenting results is developed, and will be used for future commutes.

Recently, wireless network technology has grown at such a pace that scientific research has become a practical reality in a very short time span. One mobile system that features high data rates and open network architecture is 4G. Currently, the research community and industry, in the field of wireless networks, are working on possible choices for solutions in the 4G system. The researcher considers one of the most important characteristics of future 4G mobile systems the ability to guarantee reliable communications at high data rates, in addition to high efficiency in the spectrum usage. On mobile wireless communication networks, one important factor is the coverage of large geographical areas. In 4G systems, a hybrid satellite/terrestrial network is crucial to providing users with coverage wherever needed. Subscribers thus require a reliable satellite link to access their services when they are in remote locations where a terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable. The results show that good modulation and access technique are also required in order to transmit high data rates over satellite links to mobile users. The dissertation proposes the use of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access) for the satellite link by increasing the time diversity. This technique will allow for an increase of the data rate, as primarily required by multimedia applications, and will also optimally use the available bandwidth. In addition, this dissertation approaches the use of Cooperative Satellite Communications for hybrid satellite/terrestrial networks. By using this technique, the satellite coverage can be extended to areas where there is no direct link to the satellite. The issue of Cooperative Satellite Communications is solved through a new algorithm that forwards the received data from the fixed node to the mobile node. This algorithm is very efficient because it does not allow unnecessary transmissions and is based on signal to noise ratio (SNR) measures.

Long and short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) are linked to adverse heath endpoints. Evidence indicates that PM composition such as metals and organic carbon (OC) might drive the health effects. As airborne pollutants show significant intracity spatiotemporal variation, mobile sampling and distributed monitors are utilized to capture the variation pattern. The measurements are then fed to develop models to better characterize the relationship between exposure and health outcomes. Two sampling campaigns were conducted. One was sole mobile sampling in 2013 summer and winter in Pittsburgh, PA. Thirty-six sites were chosen based on three stratification variables: traffic density, proximity to point sources, and elevation. The other one was hybrid sampling network, incorporating a mobile sampling platform, 15 distributed monitors, and a supersite. We designed two case studies (transect and downtown), selected 14 neighborhoods (~1 km2), and conducted sampling in 2016 summer/fall and winter. Spatial variation of PM2.5 mass and composition was studied in the 2013 campaign. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to analyze concentrations of 26 elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Cd, Sb, and Pb. Trace elements had a broad range of concentrations from 0 to 300 ng/m3. Comparison of data from mobile sampling with stationary monitors showed reasonable agreement. We developed Land use regression (LUR) models to describe spatial variation of PM2.5, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, and Zn. Independent variables included traffic influence, land-use type, and facility emissions. Models had an average R2 of 0.57 (SD = 0.16). Traffic related variables explained the most variability with an average R2 contribution of 0.20 (SD = 0.20). Overall, these results demonstrated significant intra-urban spatial variability of fine particle composition. Spatial variation of OC was based on the 2013 campaign as well. We collected organic carbon (OC) on quartz filters, quantified different OC components with thermaloptical analysis, and grouped them based on volatility in decreasing order (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, and pyrolyzed carbon (PC)). We compared our ambient OC concentrations (both gas and particle phase) to similar measurements from vehicle dynamometer tests, cooking emissions, biomass burning emissions, and a highway traffic tunnel. OC2 and OC3 loading on ambient filters showed a strong correlation with primary emissions while OC4 and PC were more spatially homogenous. While we tested our hypothesis of OC2 and OC3 as markers of fresh source exposure for Pittsburgh, the relationship seemed to hold at a national level. Land use regression (LUR) models were developed for the OC fractions, and models had an average R2 of 0.64 (SD = 0.09). We demonstrate that OC2 and OC3 can be useful markers for fresh emissions, OC4 is a secondary OC indicator, and PC represents both biomass burning and secondary aerosol. People with higher OC exposure are likely inhaling more fresh OC2 and OC3, since secondary OC4 and PC varies much less drastically in space or with local primary sources. With the 2016 hybrid sampling campaign, we addressed the intracity exposure patterns, as they could be more complex than intercity ones because of local traffic, restaurants, land use, and point sources. This network studied a wide range of pollutants (CO2, CO, NO2, PM1 mass and composition, and particle number PN). Mobile measurements and distributed monitors show good agreement. PN hotspots are strongly associated with restaurants and highway traffic. PN at sites with large local source impacts tends to have larger diurnal variation than daily variation, while CO in downtown center shows the opposite trend. PN exhibits the largest spatial and temporal variations. Spatial variation is generally larger than temporal variation among all five pollutants (CO2, NO2, CO, PN, and PM1). These findings provide quantitative comparison between spatial and temporal variation in different scales, and support the theoretical validity of developing long-term exposure models from short-term mobile measurement. A combined sampling network with mobile and distributed monitor could prove more valuable in studying intracity air pollution. In the 2016 hybrid sampling campaign, we also studied spatial variability of air pollution in the vicinity of monitors. Monitoring network is essential for protecting public health, though evaluation is needed to assess spatial representativeness of monitors in different environments. Mobile sampling was conducted repeatedly around 15 distributed monitors. Substantial short-range spatial variability was observed. Spatial variation was consistently larger than temporal variation for NO2 and CO at different sites. Ultrafine particles were highly dynamic both in space and time. PM1 was less spatially and temporally variable. Urban locations had more frequent episodic source plume events compared with background sites. Using a single monitor measurement to represent surrounding ~1 km2 areas could introduce an average daily exposure misclassification of 46 ppb (SD = 26) for CO (30% of regional background), 3 ppb (SD = 2) for NO2 (43% of background), 4007 #/cm3 (SD = 1909) for ultrafine particle number (64% of background), and 1.2 μg/m3 (SD = 1.0) for PM1 (13% of background). Exposure differences showed fair correlation with traditional land use covariates such as traffic and restaurant density, and the magnitude of misclassification could be even bigger for urban neighborhoods.

The topic of the thesis is a conceptual design of a roadable aircraft. The comparison of existing concepts is made, as well as description of proposed solution, aircraft mass analysis, basic aerostatic calculations, flight and gust envelope calculation and a design of truss construction of the fuselage. The CS-VLA, alternatively ELSA-K, has been used as a certification base. The compliance to this certification specification is one of the goals of this thesis.

Les aérosols sont une composante variable de l'atmosphère, ayant un rôle important et complexe sur la qualité de l'air et le climat. La plupart des observations d'aérosols au sol sont limitées à des emplacements fixes, ce qui réduit la connaissance sur leur variabilité spatiale. Afin de compléter cette information, un système mobile d’observation des aérosols (MAMS - Mobile Aerosol Monitoring System) a été mis au point pour explorer la variabilité verticale et spatiale des propriétés optiques et microphysiques des aérosols. MAMS est un « laboratoire » conçu sur un véhicule, se distinguant des autres plateformes transportables par sa capacité à effectuer des mesures au cours du mouvement. Equipé d'instruments de télédétection et in situ, MAMS a exploré la variabilité des aérosols au travers de campagnes mobiles sur routes dans diverses situations. Ce travail présente les études de variabilité et des événements remarquables observés en France et en Chine. L’une des variables aérosols recherchée est leur concentration massique et leur distribution verticale. Ce défi est relevé dans ce travail. Le système mobile offre une grande flexibilité, et un bon rapport coût-efficacité, car il permet de réagir rapidement en cas d’événements aérosols soudains, tels que des épisodes de pollution, poussières, incendies ou éruptions volcaniques, démontrant son utilité pour les réseaux d’observation recherche et opérationnels. Les applications de la plateforme d'exploration mobile pour les activités de validation des missions spatiales d’observation de la Terre et de l’atmosphère, pour l’évaluation des modèles et les campagnes d’intercomparaison d’instruments sont présentées. Des nouvelles perspectives, tant au niveau instrumental que méthodologique, sont introduites, laissant la place à des améliorations dans les observations mobiles des aérosols
Aerosols are a variable component of the atmosphere, having an important and complex role on air quality and climate. Most of the ground-based aerosol observations are limited to fixed locations, narrowing the knowledge on their spatial variability. In order to overcome this issue, a compact Mobile Aerosol Monitoring System (MAMS) has been developed to explore the vertical and spatial variability of aerosol optical and microphysical properties. MAMS is a vehicle-based laboratory, distinguished by other transportable platforms through its ability to perform measurements during the movement. Equipped with remote sensing and in situ instruments, MAMS explored the aerosol variability through mobile on-road campaigns in various situations. This work presents variability studies and remarkable events observed both in France and in China. One of the researched aerosol variables is their mass concentration and vertical distribution. This challenge is taken up in this work. The mobile system presents a great flexibility and is cost-effective, being able to respond quickly in case of sudden aerosol events such as pollution episodes, dust, fire or volcano outbreaks, proving to be a useful platform for aerosol observation and operational networks. Applications of the mobile exploratory platform for validation activities of space missions observing the Earth and the atmosphere, for models’ evaluation and for instrument intercomparison campaigns are presented. New perspectives, both on instrumental and methodology levels are introduced, leaving place for improvements in the mobile aerosol observations

The mobile cooling and climate control industry provides a range of diverse solutions concerning the maintenance of temperature for comfortable living and safe transportation of goods over long distances. One of the major focuses of the industry is the transport sector for which products like cooling boxes and mobile air conditioners are exclusively designed for commercial and leisure purposes. However, the associated emissions released due to their use and the impact they have in the wake of the global climate crisis has led the industry to initiate activities and set targets to address this issue. This study aims to draw sustainable strategy recommendations to the mobile cooling and climate control industry by conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of four products and a materiality assessment for a company manufacturing cooling boxes and mobile air conditioners, therefore accelerating the industry’s transition towards sustainability. The objectives are to identify potential material and process-related environmental hotspots over the life cycle of the products and carry out a materiality assessment that identifies topics of materiality for the company, this to outline strategies based on the results of both the LCA and the materiality assessment to improve the company’s sustainability in its operations. The results of the LCA highlighted the role of the use phase as one of the main contributors to the environmental impact from the use of cooling boxes and mobile air conditioners, while the manufacturing of the products and the end-of-life phase are shown to contribute also to the overall impact. Furthermore, different sensitivity scenarios revealed the potential that different materials, the use of batteries and the implementation of a take-back system have to decrease the environmental impacts of the products. From the materiality assessment fourteen material topics were identified to have significance and priority to the company. Based on these results, a total of nine strategies addressing the sustainability of the company and its products were outlined. Across the assessment, three key focus aspects were observed which can facilitate the sustainability transition of the company and industry: energy both in products and operations, collaboration with stakeholders, and circular economy principles and product innovation. Efforts within these areas can potentially improve the industry’s ability to tackle pressures from climate change and the increasing future demand. This study also exemplifies the potential benefits of a synergy between LCA and materiality assessment. It was observed that aiding the materiality assessment with the LCA results provides more tangibility to the results and decreases the subjectivity from the assessment in order to set future sustainability targets.
Mobilkylnings- och klimatkontrollsindustrin erbjuder många lösningar till temperaturhållning för bekvämt boende och säker transport av gods. Ett viktigt fokus för industrin är transportsektorn där produkter som kylboxar och mobil luftkonditionering specialkonstruerad för kommersiell och rekreationell användning. Växthusgasutsläppen från produkterna under användning har mot bakgrund av den globala klimatkrisen fått industrin att sätta mål och starta ett arbete för att minska utsläppen. Den här studien avser att ge hållbara strategier och rekommendationer till mobilkylnings- och klimatkontrollsindustrin genom att genomföra livscykelanalys (LCA) av fyra produkter och en materialanalys till ett företag som tillverkar kylboxar och mobila luftkonditioneringar för att driva industrins övergång till hållbarhet. Målen är att identifiera material- och processrelaterade miljöbelastningar över hela livscykeln av produkterna och genomföra en materialitetstsanalys för att identifiera materialitetsämnen. Utifrån LCA och materialitetsanalysen går att göra strategier att förbättra företagets hållbarhetsarbete. Resultat från LCAn visade vikten av användningsfasen som stod för den största miljöpåverkan från kylboxar or mobil luftkonditionering. Tillverkning och end-of-life hade också påverkan. Känslighetsanalyser visade också den potential materialval, batterianvändning och retursystem har att minska miljöpåverkan från produkter. Fjorton materialitetsämnen utpekades från materialitetsanalysen som viktiga för företaget. Dessa hanteras genom nio strategier som togs fram. Genom analys var tre övergripande fokusområden identifierade som kan underlätta företagets och industris hållbarhetsövergång. De är: energianvändning i både produkterna och företagets arbete, samarbeten med stakeholders samt cirkulär ekonomi och produktinnovation. Ansträngningar inom dessa områden kam förbättra industris förmåga att tackla trycket från klimatkrisen och ökad framtida efterfrågan. Studien visar också på synergin mellan LCA och materialitetsanalys. Att använda resultat från LCA i materialitetsanalysen gav tydligare resultat och minskar subjektiviteten vilket ger bättre förutsättningar när hållbarhetsmål ska sättas.

The drivers of human health and changing climate are important areas of environmental and atmospheric studies. Among many environmental factors present in our biosphere, small particles, also known as ultrafine particles or UFPs, have direct and indirect pathways to affect human health and climatic processes. The rapid change in their properties makes UFPs dynamic and often challenging to quantify their effect on health and radiative forcing. To reduce uncertainty in the climate effects of UFPs and to strengthen the evidence on health effects, accurate characterizations of physical and chemical properties of UFPs are needed. In this thesis, two broad aspects of UFPs were investigated: (1) the development of particle instrumentation to study particle properties; and (2) measurement of physical and chemical properties of UFPs relevant to human health and climate. These two broad aspects are divided into four specific aims in this thesis. The measurement of UFP concentration at different locations in an urban location, from roadside to various residential areas, can be improved by using a mobile particle counter. A TSI 3786 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) was modified for mobile battery-power operation. This design provided high-frequency, one second time resolution measurements of particle number and carbon dioxide (CO2). An independent electric power system, a central controller and robust data acquisition system, and a GPS system are the major components of this mobile unit. These capabilities make the system remotely deployable, and also offer flexibility to integrate other analog and digital sensors. A Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (V-TDMA) system was designed and built to characterize the volatility behavior of UFPs. The physical and chemical properties of UFPs are often challenging to measure due to limited availability of instruments, detection limit in terms of particle size and concentration, and sampling frequency. Indirect methods such as V-TDMA are useful, for small mass (<1 µg/m3), and nuclei mode particles (<30nm). Another advantage of V-TDMA is its fast response in terms of sampling frequency. A secondary motivation for building a V-TDMA system was to improve instrumentation capability of our group, thus enabling study of kinetic and thermodynamic properties of novel aerosols. Chapter four describes the design detail of the built V-TDMA system, which measures the change in UFP size and concentration during heated and non-heated (or ambient) condition. The V-TDMA system has an acceptable penetration efficiency of 85% for 10 nm and maintains a uniform temperature profile in the heating system. Calibration of V-TDMA using ammonium sulfate particles indicated that the system produces comparable evaporation curves (in terms of volatilization temperature) or volatility profiles to other published V-TDMA designs. Additionally the system is fully programmable with respect to particle size, temperature and sampling frequency and can be run autonomously after initial set up. The thesis describes a part of yearlong study to provide a complete perspective on particle formation and growth in a rural and agricultural Midwestern site. Volatility characterizations of UFPs were conducted to enable inference about particle chemistry, and formation of low volatile core or evaporation resistant residue in the UFP in the Midwest. This study addresses identification of the volatility signature of particles in the UFP size range, quantification of physical differences of UFPs between NPF1 and non-NPF events and relation of evaporation resistant residue with particle size, seasonality and mixing state. K-means clustering was applied to determine three unique volatility clusters in 15, 30, 50 and 80 nm particle sizes. Based on the proposed average volatility, the identified volatility clusters were classified into high volatile, intermediate volatile and least volatile group. Although VFR alone is insufficient to establish chemical composition definitively, least volatile cluster based on average volatility may be characteristically similar to the pure ammonium sulfate. The amount of evaporation residue at 200 °C was positively correlated with particle size and showed significant correlation with ozone, sulfur dioxide and solar radiation. Residue also indicated the presence of external mixture, often during morning and night time. Air quality science and management of an accidental urban tire fire occurring in Iowa City in May and June of 2012 were investigated. Urban air quality emergencies near populated areas are difficult to evaluate without a proper air quality management and response system. To support the development of an appropriate air quality system, this thesis identified and created a rank for health-related acute and chronic compounds in the tire smoke. For health risk assessment, the study proposed an empirical equation for estimating multi-pollutant air quality index. Using mobile measurements and a dispersion model in conjunction with the proposed air quality index, smoke concentrations and likely health impact were evaluated for Iowa City and surrounding areas. It was concluded that the smoke levels reached unhealthy outdoor levels for sensitive groups out to distances of 3.1 km and 18 km at 24 h and 1h average times. Tire smoke characterization was another important aspect of this study which provided important and new information about tire smoke. Revised emission factors for coarse particle mass and aerosol-PAH and new emission factors and enhancement ratios values for a wide range of fine particulate mass, particle size (0.001-2.5 µm), and trace gas were estimated. Overall the thesis added new instrumentation in our research group to measure various physical properties such as size, concentration, and volatility UFP. The built instruments, data processing algorithm and visualization tools will be useful in estimation of accurate concentration and emission factors of UFP for health exposure studies, and generate a fast response measurement of kinetic and thermodynamics properties of ambient particles. This thesis also makes a strong case for the development of an air quality emergency system for accidental fires for urban location. It provides useful evaluation and estimation of many aspects of such system such as smoke characterization, method of air quality monitoring and impact assessment, and develops communicable method of exposure risk assessment.

Global mobility, wireless technology and networked society are transforming the airport territory. These changes (hard factors) have been analysed in airport planning and transportation studies (Koll-Schretzenmayr 2003; Banister 2003; Schaafsma 2003; Knippenberger &Wall 2010; Salewski & Michaelli 2011; Convenz & Thierstein ed. 2014 et al) and architecture and design (Edwards 1998; Blow 2005; Cuadra 2002; Uffelen 2012; Gensler 2013 et al). But design strategies focusing on the passenger experience (soft factors) have not yet been thoroughly assimilated by architecture and design. On the theoretical level this dissertation spans the analysis of current methodologies in social studies (e.g. Castells 1996; Gottdiener 2000; Cresswell 2006; Urry, 2007; Elliott & Urry 2010; Adey 2010 et al) and their relation to architectural and urban studies concepts for the airport. The latter includes the “Airport as City” (Güller & Güller 2000), “Aviopolis – A Book about Airports” (Fuller & Harley 2005) and “Aerotropolis” (Kassarda 2010). This dissertation also explores IT and aviation industry interests at the interface between technology and air travellers. In this light aviation industry research and solutions (Amadeus 2011, SITA 2013) are important to consider, as well the philosophy behind who travels and for what purpose (Sloterdijk 1998; Koolhaas 1998; Gottdiener 2000; Urry 2007; Birtchnell & Caletrio 2014 et al). Here, the author’s previous field research at Frankfurt International Airport is relevant. We live more mobile lifestyles, we work in hybrid spaces (Suoza 2006; Duffy 2010 et al), and we consequently need to share information and collaborate differently. Using constant travellers as a case study, the impact of physical and informational mobility on perceptions of and behavioural patterns in the airport can lead to a deeper understanding of mobile work and the air travel experience. New design strategies can be developed from research about constant travellers, and the results may improve their work and air travel experience. The author’s combination of design approaches from architecture and social science (sociology and psychology) methodologies can better address the real needs of constant travellers in hybrid workspaces. It is hoped that this dissertation will inspire airport architects and designers, interaction designers and the aviation industry to pay more attention to users’ needs in their design processes.

Augmentation du rendement d'un capteur solaire (jusqu'à 28%) par disposition de chicanes modifiant la trajectoire de l'air en créant des sillages le plus souvent turbulents, des chicanes fixées sur l'absorbeur créant en plus de leur effet aéraulique un effet d'ailettes et de chicanes transversales fixées sur l'isolant

Providing mobile broadband (MBB) coverage to passengers in planes (and other yingobjects) has been one of the very important requirements by airline industry for sometime. With the emergence of high-capacity wireless network concepts, there is a renewedeort in dening systems based on 5G (also dened as NR, new radio) for air-to-ground(A2G) communication. When passenger planes have been taken into consideration, a fewhundreds of passengers may need to be supported, thus requiring a high-capacity backhaullink. When 5G is used for such A2G link, beamforming and other advanced physicallayer techniques can be used between the ground stations and ying objects to obtainhigh-data rate and reliable new radio link. This masters thesis work includes link andsystem level evaluations of such NR systems when beamforming, large bandwidth, higherantenna gains, coordination between ground stations, etc., are deployed. The evaluationswere carried out in Ericsson's internal state-of-the-art simulators. The study providesbaseline for system design principles for future A2G system based on NR. Also a properpropagation model for A2G communication has been identied and beamforming solutionwith other related techniques that could be used in A2G scenario have been investigated.
Att tillhandahålla mobil bredbandstäckning till passagerare i flygplan (samt andraluftburna föremål) har varit ett viktigt krav från flygsindustrin på senare tid. Medframväxten av trådlösa nätverkskoncept med hög kapacitet har en förnyad insats uppståttför att definiera system baserade på 5G (också kallat New Radio (NR)) för Airplane-to-Ground (A2G) kommunikation. För passagerarplan så kan hundratals passagerare behövatäckning, vilket kräver en backhaul-länk med hög kapacitet. När 5G används för en sådanA2G-länk så kan såkallad lobformning och andra avancerade tekniker användas mellanmarkstationerna och flygande objekt för att erhålla hög datahastighet och tillförlitlig radiolänk. I denna uppsats ingår länk- och systemnivåutvärderningar av sådana NR-systemnär lobformning, stor bandbredd, antenn-amplifikation, koordinering mellan markstationeretc utplaceras. Utvärderingarna genomfördes i Ericssons interna simulatorer. Studienger vägledning för principer inom systemdesign för framtida A2G-system baserat på NR.En lämplig utbredningsmodell för radiovågor för A2G-kommunikation har identifieratsoch en metod för lobformning och andra relaterade tekniker som kan användas i A2Gscenariothar också undersökts.

L'objectif de ce mémoire était une contribution à la conception et à la réalisation d'une station ambulatoire à vocation strictement agricole répondant aux exigences du cahier de charges défini par les experts agronomes. Cette station a pour but de doter l'exploitant agricole moderne d'une aide climatologique de précision et ceci en temps réel avec un cout relativement dérisoire. Le mémoire présente l'architecture de cet instrument compose d'un ensemble de capteurs et d'une électronique organisée autour d'un microcontrôleur et d'un composant FPGA. Un chapitre est consacré à l'organisation logicielle et le mémoire se termine par la présentation des résultats d'une validation sur site d'une année. En conclusion nous envisagerons l'évolution ultérieure de ce dispositif et son extension au domaine du suivi de la pollution atmosphérique.

La contaminación ambiental es uno de los principales problemas que afecta a nuestro planeta. El crecimiento industrial y los aglomerados urbanos, entre otros, están contribuyendo a que dicho problema se diversifique y se cronifique. La presencia de contaminantes ambientales en niveles elevados afecta la salud humana, siendo la calidad del aire y los niveles de ruido ejemplos de factores que pueden causar efectos negativos en las personas tanto psicológicamente como fisiológicamente. Sin embargo, la ubiquidad de los microcomputadores, y el aumento de los sensores incorporados en nuestros smartphones, han hecho posible la aparición de nuevas estrategias para medir dicha contaminación. Así, el Mobile Crowdsensing se ha convertido en un nuevo paradigma mediante el cual los teléfonos inteligentes emergen como tecnología habilitadora, y cuya adopción generalizada proporciona un enorme potencial para su crecimiento, permitiendo operar a gran escala, y con unos costes asumibles para la sociedad. A través del crowdsensing, los teléfonos inteligentes pueden convertirse en unidades de detección flexibles y multiuso que, a través de los sensores integrados en dichos dispositivos, o combinados con nuevos sensores, permiten monitorizar regiones de interés con una buena granularidad tanto espacial como temporal. En esta tesis nos centramos en el diseño de soluciones de crowdsensing usando smartphones donde abordamos problemas de contaminación ambiental, específicamente del ruido y de la contaminación del aire. Con este objetivo, se estudian, en primer lugar, las propuestas de crowdsensing que han surgido en los últimos años. Los resultados de nuestro estudio demuestran que todavía hay mucha heterogeneidad en términos de tecnologías utilizadas y métodos de implementación, aunque los diseños modulares en el cliente y en el servidor parecen ser dominantes. Con respecto a la contaminación del aire, proponemos una arquitectura que permita medir la contaminación del aire, concretamente del ozono, dentro de entornos urbanos. Nuestra propuesta utiliza smartphones como centro de la arquitectura, siendo estos dispositivos los encargados de leer los datos de un sensor móvil externo, y de luego enviar dichos datos a un servidor central para su procesamiento y tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la orientación del sensor y el período de muestreo, dentro de ciertos límites, tienen muy poca influencia en los datos capturados. Con respecto a la contaminación acústica, proponemos una arquitectura para medir los niveles de ruido en entornos urbanos basada en crowdsensing, y cuya característica principal es que no requiere intervención del usuario. En esta tesis detallamos aspectos tales como la calibración de los smartphones, la calidad de las medidas obtenidas, el instante de muestreo, el diseño del servidor, y la interacción cliente-servidor. Además, hemos validado nuestra solución en escenarios reales para demostrar el potencial de la solución alcanzada. Los resultados experimentales muestran que, con nuestra propuesta, es posible medir niveles de ruido en diferentes zonas urbanas o rurales con un grado de precisión comparable al de los dispositivos profesionales, todo ello sin requerir intervención del usuario, y con un consumo reducido en cuanto a recursos del sistema. En general, las diferentes contribuciones de esta tesis doctoral ofrecen un punto de partida para nuevos desarrollos, ofreciendo estrategias de calibración y algoritmos eficientes de cara a realizar medidas representativas. Además, una importante ventaja de nuestra propuesta es que puede ser implementada de forma directa tanto en instituciones públicas como no gubernamentales en poco tiempo, ya que utiliza tecnología accesible y soluciones basadas en código abierto.
La contaminació ambiental és un dels principals problemes que afecten el nostre planeta. El creixement industrial i els aglomerats urbans, entre altres, estan contribuint al fet que aquest problema es diversifique i es cronifique. La presència de contaminants ambientals en nivells elevats afecta la salut humana, sent la qualitat de l'aire i els nivells de soroll exemples de factors que poden causar efectes negatius en les persones, tant psicològicament com fisiològicament. No obstant això, la ubiqüitat de les microcomputadores i l'augment dels sensors incorporats als nostres telèfons intel·ligents han fet possible l'aparició de noves estratègies per a mesurar aquesta contaminació. Així, el mobile crowdsensing s'ha convertit en un nou paradigma mitjançant el qual els telèfons intel·ligents emergeixen com a tecnologia habilitadora, i l'adopció generalitzada d'aquest proporciona un enorme potencial per al seu creixement, ja que permet operar a gran escala i amb uns costos assumibles per a la societat. A través del crowdsensing, els telèfons intel·ligents poden convertir-se en unitats de detecció flexibles i multiús que, a través dels sensors integrats en els esmentats dispositius, o combinats amb nous sensors, permeten monitoritzar regions d'interès amb una bona granularitat, tant espacial com temporal. En aquesta tesi ens centrem en el disseny de solucions de crowdsensing usant telèfons intel·ligents, on abordem problemes de contaminació ambiental, específicament del soroll i de la contaminació de l'aire. Amb aquest objectiu, s'estudien, en primer lloc, les propostes de crowdsensing que han sorgit en els últims anys. Els resultats del nostre estudi demostren que encara hi ha molta heterogeneïtat en termes de tecnologies utilitzades i mètodes d'implementació, encara que els dissenys modulars en el client i en el servidor semblen ser dominants. Pel que fa a la contaminació de l'aire, proposem una arquitectura que permeta mesurar la contaminació d'aquest, concretament de l'ozó, dins d'entorns urbans. La nostra proposta utilitza telèfons intel·ligents com a centre de l'arquitectura, sent aquests dispositius els encarregats de llegir les dades d'un sensor mòbil extern, i d'enviar després aquestes dades a un servidor central per al seu processament i tractament. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que l'orientació del sensor i el període de mostratge, dins de certs límits, tenen molt poca influència en les dades capturades. Pel que fa a la contaminació acústica, proposem una arquitectura per a mesurar els nivells de soroll en entorns urbans basada en crowdsensing, i la característica principal de la qual és que no requereix intervenció de la persona usuària. En aquesta tesi detallem aspectes com ara el calibratge dels telèfons intel·ligents, la qualitat de les mesures obtingudes, l'instant de mostratge, el disseny del servidor i la interacció client-servidor. A més, hem validat la nostra solució en escenaris reals per a demostrar el potencial de la solució assolida. Els resultats experimentals mostren que, amb la nostra proposta, és possible mesurar nivells de soroll en diferents zones urbanes o rurals amb un grau de precisió comparable al dels dispositius professionals, tot això sense requerir intervenció de l'usuari o usuària, i amb un consum reduït quant a recursos del sistema. En general, les diferents contribucions d'aquesta tesi doctoral ofereixen un punt de partida per a nous desenvolupaments, i ofereixen estratègies de calibratge i algorismes eficients amb vista a realitzar mesures representatives. A més, un important avantatge de la nostra proposta és que pot ser implementada de forma directa tant en institucions públiques com no governamentals en poc de temps, ja que utilitza tecnologia accessible i solucions basades en el codi obert.
Environmental pollution is one of the main problems that affect our planet. Industrial growth and urban agglomerations, among others, are contributing to the diversification and chronification of this problem. The presence of environmental pollutants at high levels affect human health, with air quality and noise levels being examples of factors that can cause negative effects on people both psychologically and physiologically. Traditionally, environmental pollution is measured through monitoring centers, which are usually fixed and have a high cost. However, the ubiquity of microcomputers and the increase in the number of sensors embedded in our smartphones, have paved the way for the appearance of new strategies to measure such pollution. Thus, Mobile Crowdsensing has become a new paradigm through which smartphones emerge as an enabling technology, and whose widespread adoption provides enormous potential for growth, allowing large-scale operations, and with costs acceptable to our society. Through crowdsensing, smartphones can become flexible and multipurpose detection units that, through the sensors integrated into these devices, or combined with new sensors, allow monitoring regions of interest with good spatial and temporal granularity. In this thesis, we focus on the design of crowdsensing solutions using smartphones. We deal with environmental pollution problems, specifically noise and air pollution. With this objective, the crowdsensing proposals that have emerged in recent years are studied in the first place. The results of our study show that there is still a lot of heterogeneity in terms of technologies used and implementation methods, although modular designs at both client and server seem to be dominant. Concerning air pollution, we propose an architecture that allows measuring air pollution, specifically ozone, in urban environments. Our proposal uses smartphones as the center of the architecture, being these devices responsible for reading the data obtained by an external mobile sensor, and then sending such data to a central server for processing and analysis. In this proposal, several problems have been analyzed with regard to the orientation of the external sensor and the sampling time, and the proposed solution has been validated in real scenarios. The results obtained show that the orientation of the sensor and the sampling period, within certain limits, have very little influence on the captured data. Also, by comparing the heat maps generated by our solution with the data from the existing monitoring stations in the city of Valencia, we demonstrate that our approach is capable of providing greater data granularity. Concerning noise pollution, we propose an architecture to measure noise levels in urban environments based on crowdsensing, and whose main characteristic is that it does not require user intervention. In this thesis, we detail aspects such as the calibration of smartphones, the quality of the measurements obtained, the sampling instant, the server design, and the client-server interaction. Besides, we have validated our solution in real scenarios to demonstrate the potential of the proposed solution. Experimental results show that, with our proposal, it is possible to measure noise levels in different urban or rural areas with a degree of precision comparable to that of professional devices, all without requiring the intervention of the user, and with reduced consumption of system resources. In general, the different contributions of this doctoral thesis provide a starting point for new developments, offering efficient calibration strategies and algorithms to make representative measurements. Besides, a significant advantage of our proposal is that it can be implemented straightforwardly by both public and non-governmental institutions in a short time, as it relies on accessible technology and open source software
Zamora Mero, WJ. (2018). Crowdsensing solutions for urban pollution monitoring using smartphones [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115483
TESIS

L’impact sanitaire lié à la pollution de l’air nécessite une estimation précise de celle-ci. Les réseaux de stations de mesures des agences de surveillance de la qualité de l’air (AIRPARIF en Île-de-France) ne sont pas suffisamment denses pour renseigner sur l’hétérogénéité de la pollution en ville. Et, les modèles haute résolution simulant les champs de concentration de polluants en 3D ont une large couverture spatiale mais sont limités par leurs incertitudes. Ces deux sources d’information exploitées indépendamment ne permettent pas d’évaluer finement l’exposition d’un individu. Nous proposons deux approches pour résoudre ce problème : (1) par la mesure directe des polluants avec des capteurs mobiles à bas coût et des instruments de référence. Des niveaux de pollution très variables ont été constatés entre les microenvironnements et dans une même pièce. Ces capteurs devraient être déployés en grand nombre pour palier à leurs contraintes techniques. Les instruments de référence, très coûteux et volumineux, ne peuvent être utilisés que ponctuellement. (2) en combinant les concentrations simulées par le modèle Parallel Micro-SWIFT-SPRAY (PMSS) à Paris avec une résolution horizontale de 3 mètres et les mesures des stations de surface AIRPARIF. Nous avons déterminé des « zones de représentativité » - zones géographiques où les concentrations sont très proches de celle de la station - uniquement à partir des sorties du modèle PMSS. Ensuite, nous avons développé un modèle bayésien pour propager la mesure des stations dans ces zones
The harmful effects of air pollution need a high-resolution concentration estimate. Ambient pollutant concentrations are routinely measured by surface monitoring sites of local agencies (AIRPARIF in Paris area, France). Such networks are not dense enough to represent the strong horizontal gradients of pollutant concentrations over urban areas. And, high-resolution models that simulate 3D pollutant concentration fields have a large spatial coverage but suffer from uncertainties. Those both information sources exploited independently are not able to accurately assess an individual’s exposure. We suggest two approaches to solve this problem : (1) direct pollution measurement by using low cost mobile sensors and reference instruments. A high variability across pollution levels is shown between microenvironments and also in the same room. Mobile sensors should be deployed on a large scale due to their technical constraints. Reference instruments are very expensive, cumbersome, and can only be used occasionally. (2) by combining concentration fields of the Parallel Micro-SWIFT-SPRAY (PMSS) model over Paris at a horizontal resolution of 3 meters with AIRPARIF local ground stations measurements. We determined “representativeness areas” - perimeter where concentrations are very close to the one of the station location – only from PMSS simulations. Next, we developed a Bayesian model to extend the stations measurements within these areas

This paper examines the model-based design of thermal systems in mobile machines with a focus on heat exchanger design. An industry project is described in which the vapor compression cycle for the air-conditioning system was modeled using the software SimulationX. By modeling heat exchanger sections separately, multiple flow arrangements could be tested without the need for physical prototypes. The paper presents this work in the context of the full model-based design process including extensions for hardware in the loop (HiL) testing of control units and operator training using virtual machines.

Nowadays, mobile phones have greater functionality; a camera, color LCD screen, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, IrDA and others. In the near future wider variety of new functionalities will be added, from high quality voice, high definition video to high data rate wireless channels. As consumer electronics integrate greater functionality and high operating frequencies, their emissions will exceed the specified limits, most of these emissions will be a result of the internal interferences in the mobile phone. Moreover higher operating frequencies will be required to improve the quality of these functionalities, something that will make it more difficult to control these interferences. Internal or external sources of electromagnetic interference can degrade the performance of sensitive analog/digital circuits inside the mobile phone. Moreover the electronic device must satisfy a host of global regulations that limit it’s susceptibility to these interferences, as well as the interference emitted by the device itself.

Therefore designing a new electronic device to perform new and exciting functions will not be a pleasant task if it can not meet certain specifications and function as required to adhere to certain global regulations.

This thesis project investigates the sources of interference inside a mobile phone; mainly the electromagnetic interferences and its effect on the radio transceiver focusing on the GSM receiver sensitivity. This report is a result of intensive research, an investigation of possible sources of interference, also actual measurements were performed; RSSI, OTA and sniffing measurements; to identify the physical sources of interferences, and their effect on the receiver sensitivity. Finally solutions were recommended and implemented to suppress the interferences due to different sources, mainly through filtering, shielding or proper grounding of signals and components/subsystems in the mobile phone.

De par ses caractéristiques, l’environnement urbain influe significativement sur le climat observé dans et à la périphérie des villes. Il est communément admis que le centre des villes présente fréquemment des températures d’air plus élevées que celles mesurées dans les zones rurales environnantes. Ce phénomène appelé îlot de chaleur urbain intéresse les enjeux relatifs à la santé publique, au confort urbain et à la demande énergétique. Ce travail de thèse propose de caractériser le phénomène d’îlot de chaleur à partir de l'association d'un zonage climatique et de mesures mobiles à haute résolution spatiale dans la canopée urbaine. Il repose sur une approche méthodologique en trois temps. Une classification climatique ("Local Climate Zones" (LCZ)) est tout d'abord appliquée à l'agglomération de Nancy. Ce découpage climatique du territoire sert de support à la réalisation de mesures embarquées effectuées en période estivale à l'aide d'un véhicule instrumenté. Celles-ci ont pour but d'observer in situ les spécificités climatiques des LCZ recensées dans l'agglomération. L'association d'une base de données de relevés météorologiques et de la classification LCZ permet de caractériser le comportement climatique du milieu urbain et de comparer le comportement de différentes typologies de quartiers en présence d'un îlot de chaleur urbain. Cette démarche propose également un cadre théorique pour le développement d'un modèle de diagnostic à partir d'indicateurs urbains et climatiques, avec la perspective de construction d'un outil de prise en compte de l'îlot de chaleur dans le processus de planification urbaine
Urban environment impacts significantly the climate observed within and around cities. In this context, city centers frequently present higher air temperatures than those measured in the rural areas nearby. This phenomenon called urban heat island impacts major issues such as public health, urban comfort and energy demand. This Ph.D. thesis proposes to characterize the urban heat island phenomenon based on the combination of a climatic zoning and high spatial density mobile measurements performed within the urban canopy layer. This study is divided into three steps. A climate classification ("Local Climate Zones" (LCZ)) is first applied to the conurbation of Nancy, France. This climatic zoning is used in order to perform mobile measurements thanks to an instrumented vehicle. These measurements target to observe the climatic patterns of the LCZ built in this conurbation. The combination of meteorological database and LCZ classification scheme allows to characterize the urban climate behavior and to compare the thermal behavior of different neighbourhood types. This approach provides a theoretical framework for the development of a diagnosis model based on urban and climatic indicators. It also brings outlooks regarding the building of a decision-support tool that aims to supply information about urban heat island adapted to the urban planners needs