Journal articles: 'Air – Pollution – South Africa'

1

Wells, B. "SOUTH AFRICA, HUMPTY DUMPTY AND AIR POLLUTION." Clean Air Journal 7, no. 6 (December 3, 1988): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/1988/7/6.7211.

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Barnes, Brendon, Angela Mathee, Elizabeth Thomas, and Nigel Bruce. "Household energy, indoor air pollution and child respiratory health in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2009/v20i1a3296.

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Indoor air pollution due to the indoor burning of polluting fuels has been associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) amongst children less than five years old. This paper reviews evidence of the association between household energy, indoor air pollution and child ALRI in South Africa. Studies show evidence consistent with the international literature with the likelihood of ALRI between 2 and 4 amongst children living in households using polluting fuels compared to households using electricity. Indoor air pollution is responsible for the deaths of up to 1 400 children annually. Interven-tions have demonstrated 46 – 97% lower pollution concentrations compared to open fires. However, the sustainability of selected interventions has been questioned in certain contexts. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and highlights opportunities for further research.

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Aghedo, A. M., M. G. Schultz, and S. Rast. "The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric chemistry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 4, 2006): 5797–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-5797-2006.

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Abstract. We investigate the relative importance of African biomass burning, biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), lightning and anthropogenic emissions to the tropospheric ozone budget over Africa and globally using a coupled global chemistry climate model. Our model studies indicate that the photochemical surface ozone concentration may rise by up to 50 ppbv in the burning region during the biomass burning seasons. Biogenic VOCs contribute between 5–20 ppbv to the near surface ozone concentration over the tropical African region. The impact of lightning on surface ozone is negligible, while anthropogenic emissions contribute a maximum of 10 ppbv to the surface ozone over Nigeria, South-Africa and Egypt. The annual average of the surface and column ozone over Africa shows that biomass burning is the single most important emission source affecting the African region, while biogenic emissions have the highest contribution during the rainy seasons. The contributions of African emissions to global tropospheric ozone burden (TOB) are about 9 Tg, 13 Tg, 8 Tg and 4 Tg for African biomass burning, biogenic VOC, lightning and anthropogenic emissions respectively. These correspond to 2.4%, 3.4%, 2.1% and 1% of the global tropospheric ozone budget respectively. Over Africa itself, the contribution of each of these emission types is only 2.4 Tg, 2.2 Tg, 1.4 Tg and 0.8 Tg respectively. Outside the continent, African biogenic VOC emissions yield the highest contribution to the TOB. Our model calculations suggest that about 70% of the tropospheric ozone produced from emissions in Africa is found outside the continent, thus exerting a noticeable influence on a large part of the tropical troposphere. Latin America experiences the highest impact of African emissions, followed by southeast and south-central Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East for all the emission categories; while Canada, the United States, Russia, Mongolia, China and Europe experience the least impact of African emissions.

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Aghedo, A. M., M. G. Schultz, and S. Rast. "The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 5 (February 22, 2007): 1193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1193-2007.

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Abstract. We investigate the influence of African biomass burning, biogenic, lightning and anthropogenic emissions on the tropospheric ozone over Africa and globally using a coupled global chemistry climate model. Our model studies indicate that surface ozone concentration may rise by up to 50 ppbv in the burning region during the biomass burning seasons. Biogenic emissions yield between 5–30 ppbv increase in the near surface ozone concentration over tropical Africa. The impact of lightning on surface ozone is negligible, while anthropogenic emissions yield a maximum of 7 ppbv increase in the annual-mean surface ozone concentration over Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt. Our results show that biogenic emissions are the most important African emission source affecting total tropospheric ozone. The influence of each of the African emissions on the global tropospheric ozone burden (TOB) of 384 Tg yields about 9.5 Tg, 19.6 Tg, 9.0 Tg and 4.7 Tg for biomass burning, biogenic, lightning and anthropogenic emissions emitted in Africa respectively. The impact of each of these emission categories on African TOB of 33 Tg is 2.5 Tg, 4.1 Tg, 1.75 Tg and 0.89 Tg respectively, which together represents about 28% of the total TOB calculated over Africa. Our model calculations also suggest that more than 70% of the tropospheric ozone produced by each of the African emissions is found outside the continent, thus exerting a noticeable influence on a large part of the tropical troposphere. Apart from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, Latin America experiences the largest impact of African emissions, followed by Oceania, the Middle East, Southeast and south-central Asia, northern North America (i.e. the United States and Canada), Europe and north-central Asia, for all the emission categories.

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Abiodun, B. J., A. M. Ojumu, S. Jenner, and T. V. Ojumu. "The transport of atmospheric NOx and HNO3 over Cape Town." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 2 (January 20, 2014): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-559-2014.

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Abstract. Cape Town, the most popular tourist city in Africa, usually experiences air pollution with unpleasant odour in winter. Previous studies have associated the pollution with local emission of pollutants within the city. The present study examines the transport of atmospheric pollutants (NOx and HNO3) over South Africa and shows how the transport of pollutants from the Mpumalanga Highveld, a major South African industrial area, may contribute to the pollution in Cape Town. The study analysed observation data (2001–2008) from the Cape Town air-quality network and simulation data (2001–2004) from a regional climate model (RegCM) over southern Africa. The simulation accounts for the influence of complex topography, atmospheric conditions, and atmospheric chemistry on emission and transport of pollutants over southern Africa. Flux budget analysis was used to examine whether Cape Town is a source or sink for NOx and HNO3 during the extreme pollution events. The results show that extreme pollution events in Cape Town are associated with the lower level (surface – 850 hPa) transport of NOx from the Mpumalanga Highveld to Cape Town, and with a tongue of high concentration of HNO3 that extends from the Mpumalanga Highveld to Cape Town along the south coast of South Africa. The prevailing atmospheric conditions during the extreme pollution events feature an upper-level (700 hPa) anticyclone over South Africa and a lower-level col over Cape Town. The anticyclone induces a strong subsidence motion, which prevents vertical mixing of the pollutants and caps high concentration of pollutants close to the surface as they are transported from the Mpumalanga Highveld toward Cape Town. The col accumulates the pollutants over the city. This study shows that Cape Town can be a sink for the NOx and HNO3 during extreme pollution events and suggests that the accumulation of pollutants transported from other areas (e.g. the Mpumalanga Highveld) may contribute to the air pollution in Cape Town.

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Aucamp, P. J. "Pollution research in the Republic of South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 5, no. 4 (March 18, 1986): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v5i4.1002.

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Pollution is a complex and wide subject. It is endeavoured to categorize it in manageable subdivisions. Since very little information is available on the expenditure on research by the industry, the paper concentrates on the expenditure by the public sector. Research on water pollution is funded by the WRC, the CSIR and the Departments of Water Affairs and Health. The latter is the main source of funds for air-pollution research. The Department of the Environment funds several projects on the abatement of pollution, especially by solid wastes. Some universities conduct research on pollution abatement. With reference to some projections of future developments, the conclusion is reached that much more funds are needed to combat pollution.

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Edlund, Karl Kilbo, Felicia Killman, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Leo Stockfelt, and Janine Wichmann. "Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031359.

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We assessed the health risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ambient air pollution and its trace elemental components in a rural South African community. Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. PM2.5 samples were previously collected, April 2017 to April 2018, and PM2.5 mass determined. The filters were analyzed for chemical composition. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) health risk assessment method was applied. Reference doses were calculated from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and US EPA reference concentrations. Despite relatively moderate levels of PM2.5 the health risks were substantial, especially for infants and children. The average annual PM2.5 concentration was 11 µg/m3, which is above WHO guidelines, but below South African NAAQS. Adults were exposed to health risks from PM2.5 during May to October, whereas infants and children were exposed to risk throughout the year. Particle-bound nickel posed both non-cancer and cancer risks. We conclude that PM2.5 poses health risks in Thohoyandou, despite levels being compliant with yearly South African NAAQS. The results indicate that air quality standards need to be tightened and PM2.5 levels lowered in South Africa.

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8

Tularam, Hasheel, Lisa F. Ramsay, Sheena Muttoo, Bert Brunekreef, Kees Meliefste, Kees de Hoogh, and Rajen N. Naidoo. "A hybrid air pollution / land use regression model for predicting air pollution concentrations in Durban, South Africa." Environmental Pollution 274 (April 2021): 116513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116513.

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9

Wichmann, J., and K. V. V. Voyi. "AIR POLLUTION EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA: NEED FOR FRESHENING UP." Epidemiology 16, no. 5 (September 2005): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200509000-00031.

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10

Abiodun, B. J., A. M. Ojumu, S. Jenner, and T. V. Ojumu. "Transport of atmospheric NOx and HNO3 over Cape Town." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 5 (May 3, 2013): 11827–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-11827-2013.

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Abstract. Cape Town, the most popular tourist city in Africa, usually experiences air pollution with unpleasant odour in winter. Previous studies have associated the pollution with local emission of pollutants within the city. The present study examines the transport of atmospheric pollutants (NOx and HNO3) over South Africa and shows how the transport of pollutants from the Mpumalanga Highveld may contribute to the pollution in Cape Town. The study analysed observation data (2001–2008) from Cape Town air quality network and simulation data (2001–2004) from regional climate model (RegCM4) over southern Africa. The simulation accounts for the influence of complex topography, atmospheric condition, and atmospheric chemistry on emission and transport of pollutants over southern Africa. Flux budget analysis was used to examine whether Cape Town is a source or sink for NOx and HNO3 during the extreme pollution events. The results show that extreme pollution events over Cape Town are associated with the low-level (surface–850 hPa) transport of NOx from the Mpumalanga Highveld to Cape Town, and with a tongue of high concentration of HNO3 that extends from the Mpumalanga Highveld to Cape Town along the south coast of South Africa. The prevailing atmospheric conditions during the extreme pollution events feature an upper-level (700 hPa) anticyclonic flow over South Africa and a low-level col over Cape Town. The anticyclonic flow induces a strong subsidence motion, which prevents vertical mixing of the pollutants and caps high concentration of pollutants close to the surface as they are transported from the Mpumalanga Highveld toward Cape Town, while the col accumulates the pollutants over the city. This study shows that Cape Town can be a sink for the NOx and HNO3 during extreme pollution events and suggests that the accumulation of pollutants transported from other areas (e.g. Mpumalanga Highveld) may contribute substantially to the air pollution in Cape Town.

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11

Balmer, M. "Household coal use in an urban township in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i3a3382.

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Coal is used as a domestic source of energy by low-income households in South Africa. Coal is an affordable fuel source and provides a dual utility – it warms the house and allows cooking to take place in the same appliance utilising only one fuel. Despite affordability and accessibility of the fuel, the use of coal results in extremely high levels of air pol-lution and concomitant respiratory diseases – an estimated $160 million per annum in South Africa. Access to electricity does not result in households switching away from coal since electricity and elec-trical appliances are regarded as unaffordable. This paper presents information collected during a base-line energy survey in an electrified urban township in South Africa, and outlines the way in which coal is used and purchased by poor households. An alternative fire lighting method, proven to reduce smoke and air pollution form coal fires has been demonstrated to households with promising results. An integrated approach, addressing energy efficient housing design, the supply of clean and efficient energy appliances together with the use of the alter-native fire lighting method, is recommended to address pollution from household coal use.

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12

van Horen, Clive, Riëtte Nel, and Petro Terblanche. "Indoor air pollution from coal and wood use in South Africa: an overview." Energy for Sustainable Development 3, no. 1 (May 1996): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60179-9.

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13

S, Muttoo, Naidoo R, Jeena P, and Asharam K. "Air Pollution Exposure and Infant Lung Function in the MACE Cohort, South Africa." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000609000.48206.68.

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14

Batterman, S. A., S. M. Chernyak, Y. Gounden, M. Matooane, and R. N. Naidoo. "Organochlorine pesticides in ambient air in Durban, South Africa." Science of The Total Environment 397, no. 1-3 (July 2008): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.033.

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15

Shirinde*, Joyce, Janine Wichmann, and Kuku Voyi. "Association between Wheeze and Selected Air Pollution Sources in an Air Pollution Priority Area in South Africa: a Cross - Sectional Study." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.o-258.

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16

Goodrich, Jaclyn M., Poovendhree Reddy, Rajen N. Naidoo, Kareshma Asharam, Stuart Batterman, and Dana C. Dolinoy. "Prenatal exposures and DNA methylation in newborns: a pilot study in Durban, South Africa." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18, no. 7 (2016): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6em00074f.

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17

Herbst, L., and H. Rautenbach. "Climate change impacts on mean wind speeds in South Africa." Clean Air Journal 25, no. 2 (December 3, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972x/2015/v25n2a2.

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Climate change could potentially affect a number of variables that impact the dispersal of and human exposure to air pollutants, as well as climate dependent sectors such as wind energy. This study attempted to quantify the projected changes in seasonal daily mean wind speeds for South Africa around the mid-21st century (2051-2075) under two different atmospheric heat pathways. Seasonal daily mean wind speed increases rarely reach 6% and decreases occur to a maximum of 3% and are variable between different seasons and areas within the country. In all seasons except December-January-February, wind speeds are projected to increase in the Highveld region, suggesting that air pollution dispersing conditions could increase. Wind direction at the 850hPa-level show minor changes, except over the Western and Eastern Cape provinces.

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18

Tshehla, Cheledi E., and Caradee Y. Wright. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of PM10 from Industrial Point Sources in a Rural Area in Limpopo, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183455.

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Air pollution from industrial point sources accounts for a large proportion of air pollution issues affecting many communities around the world. However, emissions from these sources are technically controllable by putting in place abatement technologies with feasible and stringent regulatory conditions in the operation licenses. Pollution from other sources such as soil erosion, forest fires, road dust, and biomass burning, are subject to several unpredictable natural or economic factors. In this study, findings from dispersion modelling and spatial analysis of pollution were presented to evaluate the potential impacts of PM10 emissions from point sources in the Greater Tubatse Municipality of Limpopo, South Africa. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) was used to model nested horizontal grids down to 10 km for meteorology and 4 km resolution for air pollution was used for simulation of PM10. An analysis of annual and seasonal variations of PM10 emissions from point sources was undertaken to demonstrate their impact on the environment and the surrounding communities based on 2016 emissions data. A simple Kriging method was used to generate interpolation surfaces for PM10 concentrations from industrial sources with the purpose of identifying their areas of impact. The results suggest that valley wind channeling is responsible for the distribution of pollutants in a complex terrain. The results revealed that PM10 concentrations were higher closer to the sources during the day and distributed over a wide area during the night.

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19

De Wet, T. J., and J. H. Van Heerden. "The dividends from a revenue neutral tax on coal in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 473–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i3.3301.

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South Africa is endowed with a significant proportion of the worlds coal reserves, which is used relatively cheaply to supply in more than 75 per cent of the country's energy needs. In terms of its per capita South Africa is one of the largest air polluters in the world. Even higher on the list of social preferences in South Africa, however, is the problem of unemployment, which also ranks amongst the highest in the world. In this paper we use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate fiscal policy scenarios that address both these problems, and try to establish a double dividend, namely a reduction in CO2 levels of pollution as well as a reduction in unemployment levels.

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20

Morakinyo, Oyewale Mayowa, Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola, and Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu. "Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070751.

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Urban air pollution from gaseous pollutants is a growing public health problem in many countries including South Africa. Examining the levels, trends and health risk of exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants will assist in understanding the effectiveness of existing control measures and plan for suitable management strategies. This study determined the concentration levels and non-cancer risk of CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 at an industrial area in Pretoria West, South Africa. We utilised a set of secondary data for CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 that was obtained from a monitoring station. Analysis of the hourly monitored data was done. Their non-cancer risk (HQ) was determined using the human health risk assessment model for different age categories. The annual levels of NO2 (39.442 µg/m3), SO2 (22.464 µg/m3), CO (722.003 µg/m3) and the 8-hour concentration of CO (649.902 µg/m3) and O3 (33.556 µg/m3) did not exceed the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards for each pollutant. The HQ for each pollutant across exposed groups (except children) was less than 1. This indicates that the recorded levels could not pose non-cancer risk to susceptible individuals.

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21

Rousseau, A. P. "Omega – An Industrial Resource." Journal of Navigation 41, no. 02 (May 1988): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300009280.

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This paper was originally presented at a meeting of the International Omega Association in October 1987. It describes the operational use of the Omega system for daytime air-pollution monitoring and control, and for night-time low-level pest-spraying operations in South Africa.

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22

Henneman, Lucas R. F., Peter Rafaj, Harold J. Annegarn, and Carmen Klausbruckner. "Assessing emissions levels and costs associated with climate and air pollution policies in South Africa." Energy Policy 89 (February 2016): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.11.026.

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23

Barnes, Brendon, Angela Mathee, and Elizabeth Thomas. "The impact of health behaviour change intervention on indoor air pollution indicators in the rural North West Province, South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i3a3220.

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Indoor air pollution has been associated with a number of health outcomes including child lower respiratory infections such as pneumonia. Behavi-oural change has been promoted as a potential intervention strategy but very little evidence exists of the impact of such strategies on actual indoor air pollution indicators particularly in poor rural contexts. The aim of this study was to evaluate a community counselling intervention on stationary levels of PM10 and carbon monoxide (CO) as well as CO measured on children younger than five. Using a quasi-experimental design, baseline data was collected in an intervention (n=36) and a control (n=38) community; the intervention was implemented in the intervention community only; and follow-up data was collected one year later amongst the same households. Despite the fact that indoor air pollution was reduced in both communities, the intervention group performed significantly better than the control group when stratified by burning location. The net median reductions associated with the intervention were: PM10=57%, CO=31% and CO (child)=33% amongst households that burned indoor fires. The study provides tentative evidence that a health behaviour change is associated with reductions in child indoor air pollution exposure. The intervention is relatively inexpensive and easy to replicate. However, more powerful epidemiological studies are needed to determine the impact on health outcomes.

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24

Wright, C., M. A. Oosthuizen, and M. Steyn. "Integrating Air-related Health Surveillance into Air Quality Management: Perceptions and Practicalities." Clean Air Journal 21, no. 1 (June 3, 2012): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2012/21/1.7074.

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Health surveillance is presently not an integral part of air quality management in South Africa, although ambient air pollution standards are derived from health effects of personal exposure. In a survey to air quality officials and environmental health practitioners (n = 361 ), respondents were asked to comment on a discussion document regarding ways to put health onto the air quality management agenda. Less than 7% of the sample (n = 23) responded, the most likely reasons being: overloaded staff; lack of knowledge about air quality-related health; and apathy. All respondents acknowledged their support of the concepts, one suggested inclusion of PM25 and airspora over and above criteria pollutants, and one mentioned use of an indicator 'number of complaints of visual air pollution and odour'. In general, it would appear that the links between air quality and health risks are not well understood and, more importantly, assessing airrelated health outcomes with respect to air quality is not a part of Local Municipalities' Integrated Development Plans. To motivate for necessary changes in Health Information Systems and data management, evidence of valuable application is required. Without readily available health facility and local municipality-specific data on respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, it will prove difficult to track whether implemented air pollution mitigation measures will have positive health impacts.

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Tularam, Hasheel, Lisa F. Ramsay, Sheena Muttoo, Rajen N. Naidoo, Bert Brunekreef, Kees Meliefste, and Kees de Hoogh. "Harbor and Intra-City Drivers of Air Pollution: Findings from a Land Use Regression Model, Durban, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155406.

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Multiple land use regression models (LUR) were developed for different air pollutants to characterize exposure, in the Durban metropolitan area, South Africa. Based on the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) methodology, concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured over a 1-year period, at 41 sites, with Ogawa Badges and 21 sites with PM Monitors. Sampling was undertaken in two regions of the city of Durban, South Africa, one with high levels of heavy industry as well as a harbor, and the other small-scale business activity. Air pollution concentrations showed a clear seasonal trend with higher concentrations being measured during winter (25.8, 4.2, 50.4, and 20.9 µg/m3 for NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively) as compared to summer (10.5, 2.8, 20.5, and 8.5 µg/m3 for NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively). Furthermore, higher levels of NO2 and SO2 were measured in south Durban as compared to north Durban as these are industrial related pollutants, while higher levels of PM were measured in north Durban as compared to south Durban and can be attributed to either traffic or domestic fuel burning. The LUR NO2 models for annual, summer, and winter explained 56%, 41%, and 63% of the variance with elevation, traffic, population, and Harbor being identified as important predictors. The SO2 models were less robust with lower R2 annual (37%), summer (46%), and winter (46%) with industrial and traffic variables being important predictors. The R2 for PM10 models ranged from 52% to 80% while for PM2.5 models this range was 61–76% with traffic, elevation, population, and urban land use type emerging as predictor variables. While these results demonstrate the influence of industrial and traffic emissions on air pollution concentrations, our study highlighted the importance of a Harbor variable, which may serve as a proxy for NO2 concentrations suggesting the presence of not only ship emissions, but also other sources such as heavy duty motor vehicles associated with the port activities.

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Thabethe, Nomsa Duduzile Lina, Kuku Voyi, and Janine Wichmann. "Association between ambient air pollution and cause-specific mortality in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg, South Africa: any susceptible groups?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 31 (April 7, 2021): 42868–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13778-w.

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AbstractStudies have confirmed that adverse human health effects that are associated with exposure to air pollution may differ depending on other factors such as age, gender, environmental conditions, and socio-economic factors. This study was conducted to assess the association between ambient air pollution and cause-specific mortality in the three big cities in South Africa and to determine the susceptible groups thereof. Cause-specific mortality data for all ages and PM10, NO2, and SO2 in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg for the period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010 were obtained. Statistical analyses were done to estimate the associations between air pollutants and cause-specific mortality. Susceptibility was therefore investigated in stratified analyses by sex and age (≥60 years) and environmental conditions (heat and cold) followed by models with interaction terms. Our estimates showed independent associations between these air pollutants, environmental conditions, and susceptible groups.

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van Zyl, H. D., and R. G. Heath. "Assessment of point and non-point pollution associated with the power generation sector in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.082.

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Access to water and water availability remains a key factor in ensuring the sustainability of development in Southern Africa. The need for guidelines to improve management of this valuable resource, and to regulate pollutant discharge, is therefore of national interest. A new and growing threat to our natural water resources is non-point source (NPS) pollution. The important distinction between point pollution and NPS pollution is that the latter is difficult to identify and the entry point of contamination to resources is diffuse and not limited to a single location. NPS pollution associated with power generation includes, but is not limited to, atmospheric deposition resulting from emissions (air and water), leachate from coal storage piles and runoff from impervious areas which are covered with dust fallout from coal and ash handling operations. Emissions of primary concern are sulfur, nitrogen and mercury.

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28

Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan, Martin Röösli, Nino Künzli, Apolline Saucy, Temitope Christina Adebayo-Ojo, Mohamed F. Jeebhay, Mohammed Aqiel Dalvie, and Kees de Hoogh. "Comparing Methods to Impute Missing Daily Ground-Level PM10 Concentrations between 2010–2017 in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073374.

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Good quality and completeness of ambient air quality monitoring data is central in supporting actions towards mitigating the impact of ambient air pollution. In South Africa, however, availability of continuous ground-level air pollution monitoring data is scarce and incomplete. To address this issue, we developed and compared different modeling approaches to impute missing daily average particulate matter (PM10) data between 2010 and 2017 using spatiotemporal predictor variables. The random forest (RF) machine learning method was used to explore the relationship between average daily PM10 concentrations and spatiotemporal predictors like meteorological, land use and source-related variables. National (8 models), provincial (32) and site-specific (44) RF models were developed to impute missing daily PM10 data. The annual national, provincial and site-specific RF cross-validation (CV) models explained on average 78%, 70% and 55% of ground-level PM10 concentrations, respectively. The spatial components of the national and provincial CV RF models explained on average 22% and 48%, while the temporal components of the national, provincial and site-specific CV RF models explained on average 78%, 68% and 57% of ground-level PM10 concentrations, respectively. This study demonstrates a feasible approach based on RF to impute missing measurement data in areas where data collection is sparse and incomplete.

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29

Matooane, M., R. Oosthuizen, and J. John. "Self-reported hypertension in eMbalenhle, Mpumalanga, South Africa: findings from a vulnerability to air pollution assessment." Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 26, no. 4 (January 2011): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441468.

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Chetty, S. "A Policy Framework for Epidemiological Studies in Air Pollution: The Multi-Point Plan in South Africa." Epidemiology 18, Suppl (September 2007): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000288372.50539.c8.

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Keen, S., and K. Altieri. "The health benefits of attaining and strengthening air quality standards in Cape Town." Clean Air Journal 26, no. 2 (December 3, 2016): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972x/2016/v26n2a9.

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The link between pollution and poor health and mortality has been established globally. Developing countries carry most of the burden of ill health from air pollution, and urban centres like the City of Cape Town even more so. Effective air quality management to protect human health relies on the attainment of air quality standards. This study uses the Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP) along with a locally derived exposure-response function and air quality monitor data to investigate whether the consistent attainment of current or more stringent air quality standards would avoid loss of life. The results show that attaining the PM10 24-hour mean South Africa National Standard limit and the PM10 and SO2 24-hour mean World Health Organisation guidelines in Cape Town reduces levels of pollutants and does reduce excess risk of mortality in Cape Town.

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Wichmann, Janine, and Kuku Voyi. "Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality in Cape Town, South Africa: 2001–2006." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2012): 3978–4016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9113978.

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Wichmann*, Janine, and Kuku Voyi. "Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality in Cape Town, South Africa: 20012006." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.p1-168.

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Thambiran, Tirusha, and Roseanne D. Diab. "Air pollution and climate change co-benefit opportunities in the road transportation sector in Durban, South Africa." Atmospheric Environment 45, no. 16 (May 2011): 2683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.059.

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Leiman, Anthony, Barry Standish, Antony Boting, and Hugo van Zyl. "Reducing the healthcare costs of urban air pollution: The South African experience." Journal of Environmental Management 84, no. 1 (July 2007): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.05.010.

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Heyneke, E., PR Smit, L. van Rensburg, and GHJ Krüger. "Open-top chambers to study air pollution impacts in South Africa. Part I: microclimate in open-top chambers." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29, no. 1 (June 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2012.688372.

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Formenti, Paola, Stuart John Piketh, Andreas Namwoonde, Danitza Klopper, Roelof Burger, Mathieu Cazaunau, Anaïs Feron, et al. "Three years of measurements of light-absorbing aerosols over coastal Namibia: seasonality, origin, and transport." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (November 30, 2018): 17003–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17003-2018.

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Abstract. Continuous measurements between July 2012 and December 2015 at the Henties Bay Aerosol Observatory (HBAO; 22∘ S, 14∘05′ E), Namibia, show that, during the austral wintertime, transport of light-absorbing black carbon aerosols occurs at low level into the marine boundary layer. The average of daily concentrations of equivalent black carbon (eBC) over the whole sampling period is 53 (±55) ng m−3. Peak values above 200 ng m−3 and up to 800 ng m−3 occur seasonally from May to August, ahead of the dry season peak of biomass burning in southern Africa (August to October). Analysis of 3-day air mass back-trajectories show that air masses from the South Atlantic Ocean south of Henties Bay are generally cleaner than air having originated over the ocean north of Henties Bay, influenced by the outflow of the major biomass burning plume, and from the continent, where wildfires occur. Additional episodic peak concentrations, even for oceanic transport, indicate that pollution from distant sources in South Africa and maritime traffic along the Atlantic ship tracks could be important. While we expect the direct radiative effect to be negligible, the indirect effect on the microphysical properties of the stratocumulus clouds and the deposition to the ocean could be significant and deserve further investigation, specifically ahead of the dry season.

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Korhonen, K., E. Giannakaki, T. Mielonen, A. Pfüller, L. Laakso, V. Vakkari, H. Baars, et al. "Atmospheric boundary layer top height in South Africa: measurements with lidar and radiosonde compared to three atmospheric models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (April 30, 2014): 4263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4263-2014.

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Abstract. Atmospheric lidar measurements were carried out at Elandsfontein measurement station, on the eastern Highveld approximately 150 km east of Johannesburg in South Africa throughout 2010. The height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) top was continuously measured using a Raman lidar, PollyXT (POrtabLe Lidar sYstem eXTended). High atmospheric variability together with a large surface temperature range and significant seasonal changes in precipitation were observed, which had an impact on the vertical mixing of particulate matter, and hence, on the PBL evolution. The results were compared to radiosondes, CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) space-borne lidar measurements and three atmospheric models that followed different approaches to determine the PBL top height. These models included two weather forecast models operated by ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) and SAWS (South African Weather Service), and one mesoscale prognostic meteorological and air pollution regulatory model TAPM (The Air Pollution Model). The ground-based lidar used in this study was operational for 4935 h during 2010 (49% of the time). The PBL top height was detected 86% of the total measurement time (42% of the total time). Large seasonal and diurnal variations were observed between the different methods utilised. High variation was found when lidar measurements were compared to radiosonde measurements. This could be partially due to the distance between the lidar measurements and the radiosondes, which were 120 km apart. Comparison of lidar measurements to the models indicated that the ECMWF model agreed the best with mean relative difference of 15.4%, while the second best correlation was with the SAWS model with corresponding difference of 20.1%. TAPM was found to have a tendency to underestimate the PBL top height. The wind speeds in the SAWS and TAPM models were strongly underestimated which probably led to underestimation of the vertical wind and turbulence and thus underestimation of the PBL top height. Comparison between ground-based and satellite lidar shows good agreement with a correlation coefficient of 0.88. On average, the daily maximum PBL top height in October (spring) and June (winter) was 2260 m and 1480 m, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first long-term study of PBL top heights and PBL growth rates in South Africa.

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Brunke, E. G., C. Labuschagne, F. Slemr, R. Ebinghaus, and H. Kock. "ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY MEASUREMENTS AT CAPE POINT, SOUTH AFRICA." Clean Air Journal 18, no. 1 (June 3, 2010): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2010/18/1.7082.

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Over the 1995-2009 period the gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations have decreased by about 0.04 ng m-3 yr-1 -at Cape Point (CPT). A reduction of the same magnitude is indicated by measurements during intermittent ship cruises, implying a homogeneous distribution of GEM concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and a 30% reduction of its atmospheric burden. Almost all GEM measurements in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) point to a substantial decrease but the trends are inhomogeneous, most likely due to a variable source distribution. However, measurements in the NH during ship cruises suggest a trend of similar magnitude. A decrease in the total atmospheric GEM burden by about 30% is inconsistent with the current mercury budgets. The most probable explanation for this is subsiding re-emissions from the legacy of large past emissions. High-resolution data since 2007 revealed depletion (DES) as well as pollution events (PEs). Both types are embedded in air masses ranging from marine background to continental. The DES observed at Cape Point are a local phenomenon (<100 km) and are the first mercury depletion events reported outside the Polar Regions. In contrast to polar DES, the DES at CPT are not accompanied by concurrent O3 depletion. They mostly appear at wind speeds < 10 m s-1 and their predominating occurrence between 11 and 18 hours suggests a photochemical destruction mechanism which could not be explained yet. GEM correlates with CO, C02, and CH4 during most PES at CPT (GEM levels > 1.3 ng m-3) and with 222Rn during about half the events. Most of the observed GEM/CO emission ratios are within the range bracketed by values reported for biomass burning and industrial/urban emissions, thus suggesting a mixture of both. No significant differences of GEM/CO and GEM/C02 could be found between different source regions defined by backward trajectories. This implies that exceptionally high emissions ascribed to the Gauteng region in global mercury inventories are overestimated.

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Hirsikko, A., V. Vakkari, P. Tiitta, H. E. Manninen, S. Gagné, H. Laakso, M. Kulmala, et al. "Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igeneous Complex, South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2012): 1895–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-1895-2012.

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Abstract. South Africa holds significant mineral resources, with a substantial fraction of these reserves occurring in a large geological structure termed the Bushveld Igeneous Complex (BIC). The majority of the world's platinum group metals (PGMs) and chromium originate from the BIC. Considering the importance of PGMs in the manufacturing of automotive catalytic converters, as well as the relatively poor current state of air quality and the general lack of atmospheric research in the BIC, atmospheric related research in this geographical area is of local (South African) and of international interest. The western limb of the BIC is the most exploited, with at least eleven pyrometallurgical smelters occurring within a 55 km radius. Due to the lure of employment in the industrialised BIC, the area is populated by informal, semi-formal and formal residential developments. In order to investigate the characteristics and processes affecting sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events, air ion and aerosol particle size distribution and concentration measurements were conducted for over two years at Marikana in the heart of the western BIC. Our results indicated that high amounts of Aitken and accumulation mode particles originated from domestic burning for heating and cooking in the morning and evening, while during daytime SO2-based nucleation (from industrial emissions) was the most probable source for large number concentrations of nucleation and Aitken mode particles. Nucleation event day frequency was extremely high, i.e. 86% of the analysed days, which to the knowledge of the authors is the highest frequency ever reported. Secondary particle formation was influenced both by local pollution sources and regional ambient conditions. Therefore, our observation of the annual cycle and magnitude of the particle formation and growth rates during nucleation events were similar to the results from a semi-clean savannah site in South Africa.

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Wernecke, B., B. Language, S. J. Piketh, and R. P. Burger. "Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study." Clean Air Journal 25, no. 2 (December 3, 2015): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972x/2015/v25n2a1.

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The household combustion of solid fuels, for the purpose of heating and cooking, is an activity practiced by many people in South Africa. Air pollution caused by the combustion of solid fuels in households has a significant influence on public health. People mostaffected are those considered to be the poorest, living in low-income settlements, where burning solid fuel is the primary source of energy. Insufficient data has been collected in South Africa to quantify the concentrations of particulate emissions that peopleare exposed to, especially the respirable fraction, associated with the combustion of solid fuels. The aim of this paper is to gain an understanding of the particulate matter (PM) concentrations a person living in a typical household in a low income settlement in theSouth African Highveld is exposed to. It also seeks to demonstrate that the use of solid fuels in the household can lead to indoor air pollution concentrations reaching levels very similar to ambient PM concentrations, which could be well in excess of the NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards, representing a major national public health threat. A mobile monitoring station was used in KwaDela, Mpumalanga to measure both ambient particulate concentrations and meteorological conditions, while a range of dust/particulate monitors were used for indoor and personal particulate concentration measurements. Indoor and personal measurements are limited to the respirable fraction (PM4) as this fraction contributes significantly to the negative health impacts. The sampling for this case study took place from 7-19 August 2014. Highest particulate matter concentrations were evident during the early mornings and the early evenings, when solid fuel burning activities were at their highest. Indoor and personal daily average PM4 concentrations did not exceed the 24h National Ambient PM2.5 Standard of 65 μg/m3 nor did they exceed the 24h National Ambient PM10 Standard of 75 μg/ m3. The outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were found to be below the standards for the duration of the sampling period. The outdoor PM10 concentrations exceeded the standards for one day during the sampling period. Results indicate that, although people in KwaDelamay be exposed to ambient PM concentrations that can be non-compliant to ambient standards, the exposure to indoor air, where solid fuel is burnt, may be detrimental to their health.

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Klingmüller, Klaus, Jos Lelieveld, Vlassis A. Karydis, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov. "Direct radiative effect of dust–pollution interactions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 7397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7397-2019.

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Abstract. The chemical ageing of aeolian dust, through interactions with air pollution, affects the optical and hygroscopic properties of the mineral particles and hence their atmospheric residence time and climate forcing. Conversely, the chemical composition of the dust particles and their role as coagulation partners impact the abundance of particulate air pollution. This results in a change in the aerosol direct radiative effect that we interpret as an anthropogenic radiative forcing associated with mineral dust–pollution interactions. Using the ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric chemistry climate model (EMAC), which combines the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) with the European Centre Hamburg (ECHAM) climate model, including a detailed parametrisation of ageing processes and an emission scheme accounting for the chemical composition of desert soils, we study the direct radiative forcing globally and regionally, considering solar and terrestrial radiation. Our results indicate positive and negative forcings, depending on the region. The predominantly negative forcing at the top of the atmosphere over large parts of the dust belt, from West Africa to East Asia, attains a maximum of about −2 W m−2 south of the Sahel, in contrast to a positive forcing over India. Globally averaged, these forcings partially counterbalance, resulting in a net negative forcing of −0.05 W m−2, which nevertheless represents a considerable fraction (40 %) of the total dust forcing.

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Nault, Benjamin A., Duseong S. Jo, Brian C. McDonald, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Weiwei Hu, Jason C. Schroder, et al. "Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds contribute substantially to air pollution mortality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 14 (July 27, 2021): 11201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021.

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Abstract. Anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (ASOA), formed from anthropogenic emissions of organic compounds, constitutes a substantial fraction of the mass of submicron aerosol in populated areas around the world and contributes to poor air quality and premature mortality. However, the precursor sources of ASOA are poorly understood, and there are large uncertainties in the health benefits that might accrue from reducing anthropogenic organic emissions. We show that the production of ASOA in 11 urban areas on three continents is strongly correlated with the reactivity of specific anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. The differences in ASOA production across different cities can be explained by differences in the emissions of aromatics and intermediate- and semi-volatile organic compounds, indicating the importance of controlling these ASOA precursors. With an improved model representation of ASOA driven by the observations, we attribute 340 000 PM2.5-related premature deaths per year to ASOA, which is over an order of magnitude higher than prior studies. A sensitivity case with a more recently proposed model for attributing mortality to PM2.5 (the Global Exposure Mortality Model) results in up to 900 000 deaths. A limitation of this study is the extrapolation from cities with detailed studies and regions where detailed emission inventories are available to other regions where uncertainties in emissions are larger. In addition to further development of institutional air quality management infrastructure, comprehensive air quality campaigns in the countries in South and Central America, Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East are needed for further progress in this area.

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C, Lokotola, Wichmann J, and Wright C. "Effect modification of temperature on air pollution associated with hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Cape Town, South Africa." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608628.89964.ea.

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Winkler, Harald. "Reducing energy poverty through carbon tax revenues in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 3 (September 22, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i3a2332.

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How much can poverty be reduced through carbon tax revenue? This study analyses specific programmes, with carbon taxes generating revenues and equivalent spending on programmes to reduce energy poverty. The twin challenges of development and climate change could be addressed in this way in South Africa. A simple spreadsheet model was used to estimate revenue available from a carbon tax, given different tax rates and emission projections. Four programmes to reduce energy poverty were quantified: electrification, extended free basic energy, scaling-up sustainable housing, and subsidising rooftop solar for poor households. Matching carbon revenue with equivalent expenditure, the study found that applying all carbon revenue to a single programme could fund the national budget for electrification. Hundreds of thousands, and up to tens of millions, of households could receive free energy in the form of 5 kg of liquefied petroleum gas every month, as well as better houses that are warmer in winter and with fewer health impacts from indoor air pollution. Carbon revenues could fund at least a few hundred thousand improved homes, or subsidies for at least 100 000 rooftop solar systems per year to poor households. Institutional and other constraints would have to be addressed. Carbon revenue could fully fund all four programmes combined into an integrated strategy, in three of the four scenarios. The results suggested that full funding could be available from 2019 or from 2025, dependent on carbon tax revenue scenario. Energy poverty can be reduced by expenditure of carbon tax revenues.

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Von Blottnitz, H. "A comparison of air emissions of thermal power plants in South Africa and 15 European countries." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i1a3292.

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Data recorded in the recently established European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) is potentially useful for benchmarking of the environmental performance of industrial activity against European practice. Entries in the category of large power plants in the reporting year 2001 for 15 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to estimate total and fuel specific emissions of NOx, SO2, particulate matter, and CO2. Since the EPER data quality is unknown and since it records only absolute values for emissions and thus does not allow for an eco-efficiency analysis, environmental or sustainability reports made available online by a subset of the operators were sourced to compile a set of specific emissions (per kWh of electricity generated) for the major fossil fuel types, viz. natural gas, fuel oil, coal and lignite. With a few exceptions, notably for PM10 for eight countries and NOx in one case, the large power plant data reported to the EPER is shown to be sufficiently representative of fossil-fuel based generation of electricity and is trustworthy. The fuel mix differs considerably, and together with the varying standard of pollution control technologies, this results in a wide variation in the combustion-related environmental burdens of the generated electricity. Emissions data for South African thermal electricity generation was sourced from Eskom’s 2000 environmental report; in absolute terms they are the highest in this comparison, and in specific terms amongst the three highest per unit of electricity generated from coal.

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Kahn, M. T. E., and W. Fritz. "Technologies that contribute to reducing environmental impacts of electrical production." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i4a3204.

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The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was attended by approximately 21 000 international delegates in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. The aim was to institute ecologically sound environmental management. Research has shown that fossil fuel or coal fired power plants are the major cause of air pollution in electricity generation. This paper seeks to show technologies that can contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of electricity production, via emission control systems, industry energy policy, renewable energy technologies etc. and the promotion of active research and development in alternative energy applications in Africa. Innovative energy technology research and development and applications such as smaller scale distributed generation and solid state lighting (SSL) are seen as capable of adding a positive contribution in this area.

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Barret, B., P. Ricaud, C. Mari, J. L. Attié, N. Bousserez, B. Josse, E. Le Flochmoën, et al. "Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: a study based upon the assimilation of spaceborne observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 12 (June 26, 2008): 3231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3231-2008.

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Abstract. The transport pathways of carbon monoxide (CO) in the African Upper Troposphere (UT) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) is investigated through the assimilation of CO observations by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in the MOCAGE Chemistry Transport Model (CTM). The assimilation setup, based on a 3-D First Guess at Assimilation Time (3-D-FGAT) variational method is described. Comparisons between the assimilated CO fields and in situ airborne observations from the MOZAIC program between Europe and both Southern Africa and Southeast Asia show an overall good agreement around the lowermost pressure level sampled by MLS (~215 hPa). The 4-D assimilated fields averaged over the month of July 2006 have been used to determine the main dynamical processes responsible for the transport of CO in the African UT. The studied period corresponds to the second AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) aircraft campaign. At 220 hPa, the CO distribution is characterized by a latitudinal maximum around 5° N mostly driven by convective uplift of air masses impacted by biomass burning from Southern Africa, uplifted within the WAM region and vented predominantly southward by the upper branch of the winter hemisphere Hadley cell. Above 150 hPa, the African CO distribution is characterized by a broad maximum over northern Africa. This maximum is mostly controlled by the large scale UT circulation driven by the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) and characterized by the Asian Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) centered at 30° N and the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) on the southern flank of the anticyclone. Asian pollution uplifted to the UT over large region of Southeast Asia is trapped within the AMA and transported by the anticyclonic circulation over Northeast Africa. South of the AMA, the TEJ is responsible for the tranport of CO-enriched air masses from India and Southeast Asia over Africa. Using the high time resolution provided by the 4-D assimilated fields, we give evidence that the variability of the African CO distribution above 150 hPa and north of the WAM region is mainly driven by the synoptic dynamical variability of both the AMA and the TEJ.

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Barret, B., P. Ricaud, C. Mari, J. L. Attié, N. Bousserez, B. Josse, E. Le Flochmoën, et al. "Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: a study based upon the assimilation of spaceborne observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2008): 2863–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-2863-2008.

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Abstract. The transport pathways of carbon monoxide (CO) in the African Upper Troposphere (UT) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) is investigated through the assimilation of CO observations by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in the MOCAGE Chemistry Transport Model (CTM). The assimilation setup, based on a 3-D First Guess at Assimilation Time (3-D-FGAT) variational method is described. Comparisons between the assimilated CO fields and in situ airborne observations from the MOZAIC program between Europe and both Southern Africa and Southeast Asia show an overall good agreement around the lowermost pressure level sampled by MLS (~215 hPa). The 4-D assimilated fields averaged over the month of July 2006 have been used to determine the main dynamical processes responsible for the transport of CO in the African UT. The studied period corresponds to the second AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) aircraft campaign. At 220 hPa, the CO distribution is characterized by a latitudinal maximum around 5° N mostly driven by convective uplift of air masses impacted by biomass burning from Southern Africa, uplifted within the WAM region and vented predominantly southward by the upper branch of the winter hemisphere Hadley cell. Above 150 hPa, the African CO distribution is characterized by a broad maximum over northern Africa. This maximum is mostly controlled by the large scale UT circulation driven by the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) and characterized by the Asian Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) centered at 30° N and the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) on the southern flank of the anticyclone. Asian pollution uplifted to the UT over large region of Southeast Asia is trapped within the AMA and transported by the anticyclonic circulation over Northeast Africa. South of the AMA, the TEJ is responsible for the tranport of CO-enriched air masses from India and Southeast Asia over Africa. Using the high time resolution provided by the 4-D assimilated fields, we give evidence that the variability of the African CO distribution above 150 hPa and north of the WAM region is mainly driven by the synoptic dynamical variability of both the AMA and the TEJ.

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Batterman, S., S. Chernyak, Y. Gouden, J. Hayes, T. Robins, and S. Chetty. "PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Environmental Pollution 157, no. 2 (February 2009): 654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.08.015.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Air – Pollution – South Africa'

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