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Journal articles on the topic "Air Products and Chemicals, inc"
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Sicilia, David B. "Out of Thin Air: A History of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1940–1990. ByAndrew J. Butrica · New York: Praeger, 1990. xix + 319 pp. Charts, illustrations, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $29.95." Business History Review 65, no. 4 (1991): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117278.
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Thilmany, Jean. "Taking the Mechanical Pulse." Mechanical Engineering 126, no. 05 (May 1, 2004): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2004-may-3.
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This article provides details of various applications of data acquisition systems. As data acquisition hardware is coupled with the software, which users can adapt for their own unique applications, data acquisition systems can be configured to fulfil a range of purposes. They are used for test and measurement and for industrial automation, and can serve as the eyes of a production line or the nose of a sensor. At Innoventor Inc., St. Louis, engineers have created vision inspection systems and pick-and-pack equipment for customers; they’ve designed machine control systems and robotics. According to an engineer in the company, data acquisition systems are a check on the confidence that today’s computer-aided design and analysis software engender. Data acquisition systems can be customized for a testing situation or environment. In addition to acquiring data from prototypes, a system can be configured to measure products on a manufacturing line or measure the line itself. Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois used data acquisition software and hardware to develop their Smart Sensor Developer Kit, a chemical microsensor that can identify almost any air bound gaseous chemical.
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Sampepana, Eldha, and Saibun Sitorus. "Identifikasi Komponen Senyawa Kimia Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Kromatografi Gas - Spektrometer Massa (GC-MS)." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 8, no. 16 (August 25, 2016): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v8i16.1560.
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Air Product, 2014, Cellulosic Biofuels (Pembakaran/Gasifikasi Lignin Hidrolisis). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. http://www.airpro-ducts.co.id/industries/Energy/Bioenergy/Cellulosic-Biofuels/product-list/ com-bustiongasification-of-hydrolyis-lignin-cellulosic-biofuels.aspx?itemId =8F39-9214FA4A462FA14588FE4F 86D3C2, Diakses tanggal 27 Oktober 2014Alejandro R., L. Serranoa, A. Morala, A. Pereza dan L. Jimeneza, 2007, Bioresource Tehnology, 98 (3): 554-559.Andaka Ganjar, 2011, Hidrolisis Ampas Tebu Menjadi Furfural Dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat, Jurnal Teknologi, Volume 4 Nomor 2, Desember 2011, 180-188Anindyawati, Trisanti, 2009, Prospek Enzim dan Limbah Lignoselulosa Untuk Produksi Bioetanol, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi-LIPI, CibinongAnnisa, Gina, 2012, Hidrodeoksigenasi Bio-Oil menggunakan katalis CoMo/C untuk Optimalisasi Produksi Alkana dan Alkohol, Skripsi Universitas Indonesia, Depok.Artati, K., Enny, E., Novia Margareta, H. Widhie Vissia, 2010, Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Sebagai Suhu Hidrolisa Selulosa Dari Ampas tebu dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat. Ekuilibrum Volume 9 Nomor 1 Januari 2010 Hal. 1-4. ISSN 1412-9124Darnako, 1992, Potensi Pemanfataan Limbah Lignoselulosa Kelapa Sawit Melalui Bioonversi, Berita Penelitian Perkebunan, 2 (2) : 85 – 87.Dea, I. A., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Sakarifikasi dan fermentasi Alkoholik, Institut Teknologi Bandung, BandungDinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, 2013, Komoditi Kelapa Sawit, SamarindaFadiarwaty Diyah dan Susanto Herri, 2005, Penghematan Konsumsi Katalis Dalam Proses Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Untuk Produksi Furfural, Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Volume 4 Nomor 3 Desember 2005 hal. 279 – 286Hambali, E., S. Mujdalipah, A. H. Tambunan, A. W. Pattiwiri dan Roy H. 2007, Teknologi Bioenergi, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Hidajati, Nurul, 2006, Pengolahan Tongkol Jagung Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Furfural, Jurnal Ilmu Dasar Volume 8 No. 1, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. SurabayaIriani, P. I., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Skarifikasi dan Fermentasi Alkoholik, Diakses dari http://www.sith.itob.ac.id pada tanggal 16 April 2012.Juwita Rinna, Syarif Rizki Lailan, Tuhuloala Abubakar, 2012, Pengaruh dan Konsentrasi Asam Terhadap Sintesis furfural Dari Sekam Padi. Konversi, Volume 1 Nomor 1, Oktober 2012. Hal. 34 -38.Ketaren, S., 2005, Minyak dan Lemak Pangan., Universitas Indonesia Press, JakartaKirk, R. E., dan Othmer, D., 1995, Furan Derivatives : Supplement Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons. New YorkLewis, J. Richard., 2001, Condensed Chemical Dictionary Fourteenth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.Nist Standard Reference Data, 2011, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- Material Measturement Laboratory. The U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. AmericaOthmer dan Kirk, 1969, Furfural and other furan compounds,”encyclopedia of chemical Technology2nd. Ed., Vol.10Padil, Yelmida A., dan Masfika Candra, 2011, Optimasi Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Dengan Ekstrak Abu Tks Menggunakan Rancangan Percobaan Response Surface Methode. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi 10 (1), Maret 2011: 42-46.Peby, Agrian 2010, Biomass to liquid: Proses Konversi tandan kosong sawit kelapa sawit menjadi biooil dengan metode pirolisis, Skripsi, Universitas Indonesia, DepokPurwito dan Firmanti, 2005, Pemanfaatan Limbah Sawit dan Asbuton Untuk Bahan Pencegah Seranggan Rayap Tanah: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, BandungRohana Aulina Nova, Mardiah Elida dan Afrizal, 2013, Produksi Selulase Dari Aspergillus Niger Dan Kemampuannya Menghidrolisis Ampas Tebu, Jurnal Kimia Unand (ISSN No. 2303-3401), Volume 2 Nomor 2, Mei 2013Roliadi, H dan Fatriasari, W., 2011, Kemungkinan Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Papan Serat Berkerapatan Sedang, Universitas Sriwijaya, PalembangSampepana, Eldha, Yustini Eka Paluphy, Renaldi Adhytia, Amiroh, 2013, Optimalisasi Proses Hidrolisis Furfural dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit, Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Samarinda, SamarindaSugiarta, Karmila Dian, 2009, Prarancangan Pabrik Furfural Dari Sekam Padi Dengan Proses Quaker Oats Kapasitas 1.550 Ton Per Tahun, Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, SurakartaSuharto, 2006, Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Sawit untuk Produksi Commercial Grade Furfural, Laporan Akhir Kumulatif – Program Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK, LIPISunarko, 2007, Petunjuk Praktis Budi Daya dan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Sun, Y. dan Cheng, J., 2002, Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review, Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 1-11Suryadi, H., T., Katsuragi, N., Yoshida, S. Suzuki, dan Y. Tani., 2000, Polyol production by culture of methanol utilizing yeast. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 89 (3): -Taherzadeh, M. J., dan Karimi, K., 2007, Enzyme-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: A review, BioResources, 2(4), 707-738Wahyuni, Susilowati Ari, Setyaningsih Ratna, 2004, Optimasi Produksi Xilitol Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Hidrolisat Hemiselulosa Bagase Oleh Candida Tropicalis. Biofarmasi 2 (1): 29-34, Pebruari 2004, ISSN: 1693-2242Wijanarko Anondho, Witono Anton Johanes, Wiguna Satria Made, 2006, Tinjauan Komprehensif Perancangan Awal Pabrik Furfural Berbasis Ampas Tebu Di Indonesia, Journal Of The Indonesian Oil And Gas Community. Published By “Komunitas Migas Indonesia”, ISSN: 1829-9466Wijaya Mohammad, Noor Erliza, Irawadi Tedja Tun Dan Pari Gustan, 2008, Perubahan Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Struktur Kimia Asap Cair Dari Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Pinus, Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan 1(2): 73-77 (2008)Wilson, W.C., 1941,"Furan", Org. Synth, Coll. Vol. 1: 274
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Tao, John, and Vincent Magnotta. "How Air Products and Chemicals “Identifies and Accelerates”." Research-Technology Management 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2006.11657393.
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McFadden, Roger D. "The Business Case for Transitioning to Safer Chemicals." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 21, no. 3 (October 14, 2011): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ns.21.3.g.
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Emerging domestic and international chemical regulations and a heightened consumer awareness of chemicals of concern in products is challenging American businesses to reevaluate and reconsider their approaches to supply chain management and product design. Some of these companies recognize business opportunities and are responding proactively with innovative strategies and tactics. This article describes steps that Staples Inc., the world's largest office products provider, is taking to meet demand for products that are safer and more sustainable. In trying to meet the demand for safer products, Staples faces significant barriers, including the complexity of supply chains, data gaps, and confidential business information. New collaborations between companies, government, and advocates, and improved tools and criteria for defining safer products enhance the ability of businesses, like Staples, to meet new consumer demands.
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Rybin, Boris, Ruslan Safin, Irina Zavrazhnova, Shamil Mukhametzyanov, Dmitry Rybin, and Albina Gazizulina. "Chemical Safety of Furniture Products." Coatings 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110708.
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At present, technical regulations are adopted for furniture products of various types, establishing the protection of human health from the influence of harmful substances in the parts and assemblies of wood products and wood materials. The technical regulation adopted the requirements for ensuring chemical safety in the design and manufacture of furniture. The technical regulation is based on the condition of furniture products, eliminating the risk of harm to human health due to exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of harmful chemicals in indoor air. Such substances include free formaldehyde, migrating from the volume of chipboard and glue interlayers when gluing and veneering furniture parts and assemblies. Harmful chemicals are vapor-gas mixtures of solvents, the migration of which is observed from solid lacquer membrane of protective and decorative coatings of parts and components of furniture into the indoor air environment. These chemicals are present in the construction and auxiliary materials in the development of furniture. It is desirable that manufacturers of furniture products determine in advance, at the stage of its design, the level of safety when using certain raw materials. For this purpose, a technique is proposed that allows us to determine the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the premises with the selected materials, design and manufacturing technology of furniture products. Preliminary calculations based on the proposed method, allows us to determine the life of the furniture, in which the harmful substances migrating into the air environment of the premises will be within the permissible concentrations. This allows certifying the manufactured furniture products for chemical safety with the assignment of certain quality parameters. The proposed technique may be useful for enterprises focused on the production of furniture products.
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Ibrahim ALshaer, Fatima, Dalal Fuad ALBaharna, Hafiz Omer Ahmed, Mohammed Ghiyath Anas, and Jasem Mohammed ALJassmi. "Qualitative Analysis of Air Freshener Spray." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (November 5, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9316707.
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Air fresheners contain various chemicals that may or may not be harmful to human health and the environment. These products are widely used in different settings such as homes, schools, offices, and hospitals with ignorance of their real ingredients and their relative health effects. Thus, this preliminary study was carried out to identify the presence of different compounds in spray air fresheners that were not disclosed on the product’s label. Four different brands of spray air fresheners were selected randomly from a local store, in which two were of mid-to-high cost and the remaining two of low cost. The samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry headspace, in which single components of the samples were identified by the mass spectrometry detector. The results were shown as a chromatogram of several peaks, each representing different compounds. The chemicals found in the samples include; lilial, galaxolide, benzenemethanol, musk ketone, butylated hydroxytoluene, and linalool. These chemicals may cause irritation and other health problems. However, none of them were revealed on the product’s label. The study concludes that air fresheners need to be free of any toxic or harmful chemicals and include natural ingredients instead.
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Markova, Olga L., M. N. Kiryanova, E. V. Ivanova, and E. V. Zaritskaya. "WAYS FOR MINIMIZING THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF TOBACCO AEROSOL COMPONENTS DURING PASSIVE SMOKING." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 6 (October 28, 2019): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-6-682-687.
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Introduction. There are reported air quality assessment findings in enclosed spaces in experimental conditions using two kinds of nicotine-containing products - cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS), seem to be the most common types of smoking. Мaterial and Methods. In the process of the experiment concentrations of tobacco aerosol components, i.e.: 12 chemicals and two aerosols were measured. Studies were carried out in isolated rooms under monitored microclimate parameters and uniform air mixing. Groups of volunteers using cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems and the control non-smoker group participated in the study; everybody gave their informed consent for participation in the experiment. Control of background indices for comparison of air quality in rooms where tobacco products were being smoked was carried out. Results. Our studies allowing to identify chemicals evolving into the air of enclosed rooms where “PARLAMENT Aqua Blue” cigarettes were smoked or electronic tobacco delivery systems “CRICKET Classic 3.0” were used, to estimate total amount of chemicals in air. Prevailing chemicals affecting human health, which can be recommended for the use in calculations and air study of enclosed rooms exposed to tobacco aerosol, were identified. Estimated values of adverse chemical concentrations, air flow and air expenditure rate, resulting from experimental data allow designing ventilation system with regard to hygienic requirements based on maximum allowable concentration values for atmospheric air. Conclusions. Suggested recommendations on calculation of ventilation parameters to produce comfortable human environment in passive smoking conditions will improve air quality in public buildings.
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Zaritskaya, Ekaterina V., I. Sh Yakubova, A. Yu Mikheeva, and L. A. Alikbaeva. "Hygienic assessment of chemical composition of pollutants generated in various ways of consumption nicotine-containing product." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 6 (July 29, 2020): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-6-638-644.
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Introduction. Lack of studies proving or denying passive smoker health risks caused by electronic cigarettes prevented from introducing restrictive measures and considering them to be tobacco products as early as in 2013. Indoor air pollution by consumed nicotine-containing products in extra-low concentrations which could be detected using high-tech lab mass-spectrometry techniques was the object of study. Material and methods. “Unknown composition” air sampling was carried out in the process of simulation tests. Three types of tobacco products were used in the tests: tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine-delivery system (ENDS), battery-powered heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes (IQOS) with tobacco sticks. “Unknown composition” air samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds, medium volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (total and separately 16 priority PAHs, inorganic elements (Si, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni). Sampling was carried out three times a day on separate days for each type of product and control, a total of 12 “unknown composition” air samples being collected. The study of “unknown composition” air samples was carried out at the accredited chemical-analytical center “Arbitrazh” of the D.I. Mendeleev Institute of Metrology (accreditation certificate РОСС RU.0001.510650).Results. A total number of 115 chemicals were determined, and among them, substances significant concentrations of which are most likely related to tobacco or nicotine consumption, as compared to control, and depend on the type of nicotine-containing product, were identified. Statistically significant concentration excess (р≤ 0.05), as compared to control, was seen for 27 chemicals in indoor air polluted by-products of consumed tobacco cigarettes; when using electronic nicotine-delivery system (ENDS) the excess (р≤ 0.05) was shown for 2 chemicals, i.e.: acenaphthylene and benz(a)perene, and when using heat-not-burn tobacco products (IQOS) the excess of studied chemical concentrations in comparison with control was not reported.Conclusion. Findings of comparative analysis of “unknown composition” air sampling give evidence that a much larger number of harmful chemicals at significantly exceeded concentrations (р≤ 0.05), including those causing human health risks, is released when smoking cigarettes, as compared to using ENDS or IQOS.
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Whitlatch, Adam, and Suzaynn Schick. "Thirdhand Smoke at Philip Morris." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 12 (July 20, 2018): 1680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty153.
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Abstract Introduction Thirdhand cigarette smoke is the fraction of cigarette smoke that remains in the environment long after a cigarette is extinguished. Methods The Truth Tobacco Industry Documents collection at the University of California San Francisco was searched for information on thirdhand smoke. Results In 1991, scientists at Philip Morris Inc conducted some of the first studies on thirdhand cigarette smoke. For 110 days, 8 hours a day, they ran sidestream cigarette smoke through a 30 m3 room that contained carpet, curtain, and textured wallpaper. The room was ventilated with clean air every night. By comparing the chemicals in the air during the 8-hour smoking period and during the clean air ventilation period, they showed that some smoke chemicals persist in the air 12 hours after smoking. By extracting the nicotine and nitrosamines from samples of the carpet, curtain, and wallpaper, they found that high concentrations of nicotine and the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) persisted in the room for more than 50 days; that surface chemistry affected nitrosamine concentrations; and that the concentration of NNK in the room, 110 days after the last cigarette was extinguished, could exceed the mass of NNK that entered the room as smoke. Conclusions These data, from a controlled environment where the total number of cigarettes smoked is known, provide further evidence that cigarette smoke chemicals remain in the environment for months after smoking, that they reemit back into the air, and that they react to form new toxins and carcinogens. Smoke-free policies are the best method to reduce exposure to thirdhand smoke. Implications This unpublished, original research from Philip Morris Inc demonstrates that majority of the nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the secondhand smoke from each cigarette smoked indoors remains on indoor surfaces for months after the cigarette is extinguished. It also demonstrates that elevated concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, formaldehyde, and the gas-phase nitrosamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, can be found in the air for more than 12 hours after smoking; that surface chemistry affects nitrosamine formation and persistence; and that the amount of the carcinogenic nitrosamine NNK that persists months after smoking ends can exceed the amount that actually came out of the cigarettes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Air Products and Chemicals, inc"
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Sullivan, P. Brian. "Action plan to implement satellite video communications at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1989. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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McHale, Katherine. "Corporate video, the use of television at Air Products and Chemicals, inc. a case study /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1986. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Brown, Veronica M. "Development of improved methods for the characterisation of organic chemicals emitted into indoor air by building and furnishing products." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8078.
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A wide range of organic compounds are released from building and furnishing products and these have the potential to adversely affect indoor air quality. There are growing international requirements for testing and controlling these emissions for the protection of public health. The test methods require specialist analytical chemistry facilities based on thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). This project has addressed the need for better performance and greater automation of the analysis, as well as development of simpler screening tests. A variety of products were tested using screening techniques, with an emission cell method being used as a reference test. Short duration tests, using a micro-scale chamber at slightly elevated temperature, were shown to have the potential to predict emissions occurring during longer term reference tests. Multi-sorbent air sampling tubes, that have the potential to extend the volatility range of compounds determined by a single TD/GC/MS analysis, were compared with Tenax TA tubes specified by current standard methods. This showed no difference in performance for the range of compounds for which Tenax is optimal, with improved performance for a number of more volatile compounds. The determination of formaldehyde was investigated using 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine as a derivatising agent, followed by TD/GC/MS. The results showed the possibility of this method being developed as an alternative to the current standard method that involves solvent elution and liquid chromatography. The performance of a newly developed time-of-flight mass spectrometer was compared with a standard quadrupole instrument. This showed its potential, with the use of re-collection, to extend the concentration range of compounds quantified from a single air sample, of particular benefit for the determination of carcinogens. New compound identification software was applied to increase automation of analysis of the TD/GC/MS data. Good correlation with manual processing was achieved, demonstrating the possibility of routine application to material emissions testing.
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Tang, Cheng-Yu, and 唐政猷. "Enterprise Growth Strategies of International Gas Manufacturer- Case Study of “Air Products & Chemicals Inc. in Semiconductor Industry”." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99094406329164014994.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理學院高階主管管理碩士學程
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Air Products & Chemicals Inc. is one of worldwide leading industrial gas and chemicals supplier (bellow called Air Products), especially Air Products is the only one vendor who supplies series of not only gas products but also chemical products, the headquarter is located at Allen Town of Pennsylvania of US. Air products was founded by Mr. Leonard P. Pool in 1940 at Detroit, in the beginning , primary business was supplying “industrial gas” (especially Oxygen) to users in various industries. Air Products owns more than thirty gas factories and seventing thousands employees in worldwide about one hundred countries and has business relationship with more than one hundred thousands customers, yearly revenue exceeds six billion US dollars. Look at the history of six foure years corporation development, Air Products has been using inner resources and organized operations to pursue growth, so called “ internal growth”. By the way, Air Products has been acquiring or setting up alliance relationship with other enterprises to pursue growth too, so called “ external growth”. After acquisition, enterprise which is acquired need to be fully integrated into the enterprise who proceeds the acquisition, then keep pursuing growth. The process of integration is between “external growth “ & “internal growth”. Currently Air Products meets the challenges of low margin generation’s coming and a lot of issues relative with subsidiaries, acquired units and the further cooperation with alliance partners. Determination, revise and execution of growth strategies definitely influence Air Products’ external running. Air Products’growth strageties as below : 1. External growth: include acquisition and alliance. 2. Internal growth: (1) internal marketing strategy: include “one company policy”, matrix organization, use SAP, change priorities, customer engagement roadmap, Corporate Development Office and strategy (2) external marketing strategy: include focus on electronic industry, focus on materials & supporting equipment, bundle selling, cross selling, e-commerce.
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Earnest, Clive Matthew Jr. "A two-zone model to predict inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals in cleaning products." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-05-137.
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The use of cleaning products can lead to indoor concentrations of toxic air contaminants above regulatory levels. Studies show that the use of cleaning products is related to adverse respiratory health effects in adults ranging from irritation to asthma. Yet exposure to these chemicals is poorly understood. This thesis summarizes the current state of knowledge of inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals in consumer cleaning products. A new two-compartment model that treats personal air space as distinct from bulk room air is presented. The model accounts for air exchange between the two compartments and fresh air, dynamic source characteristics (i.e., the time-varying liquid concentrations and emission rates of pollutants within a mixture), the characteristics of chemical use (e.g., how frequently a cleaning chemical is applied to a new area), and reactive chemistry with ozone. The model’s applicability is restricted by limited data available for parameterization. Key components that are missing include composition data for consumer cleaning products and activity patterns. Extensive effort went into calculating the air exchange rate between the two zones.
Twelve computational fluid dynamic simulations and two model scenarios were completed. The predicted concentration in the inner-zone (Cin) was divided by the room concentration predicted by the traditional well-mixed model (Cwm). Concentration ratios (Cin/Cwm) ranged from 1.1 to 700. In terms of real cleaning events, results indicate that the beginning (where the only emission source is near the person) of events taking place in large indoor environments with high air exchange rates are the situations for which well-mixed models are most likely to fail in predicting actual exposures.text
Books on the topic "Air Products and Chemicals, inc"
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Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 2000.
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H. A. "Hap." Wagner. Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 2000.
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H. A. "Hap." Wagner. Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 2000.
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Butrica, Andrew J. Out of thin air: A history of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1940-1990. New York: Praeger, 1990.
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Commission, Great Britain Competition. Taminco NV and Air Products and Chemicals Inc: A report on the proposed acquisition by Taminco NV of the European methylamines and derivatives business of Air Products and Chemicals Inc. London: The Stationery Office, 2004.
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., ed. Daubert Coated Products, Inc., Dixon, Illinois. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1993.
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Hanley, Kevin. Daubert Coated Products, Inc., Dixon, Illinois. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1993.
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Hanley, Kevin W. Daubert Coated Products, Inc., Dixon, Illinois. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1993.
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Morley, J. Clinton. Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., Distribution Products Division, Urbana, Ohio. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1998.
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Morley, J. Clinton. Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., Distribution Products Division, Urbana, Ohio. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Air Products and Chemicals, inc"
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Bandini, Stefania, and Sara Manzoni. "Product Design as Product Revise: The Case of Chemical Compounds." In AI*IA 2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 159–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45411-x_17.
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Bejarano, Ana, and Gerardo Puopolo. "Bioformulation of Microbial Biocontrol Agents for a Sustainable Agriculture." In Progress in Biological Control, 275–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_16.
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AbstractThe application of microbial based biopesticides has become a sustainable alternative to the use of chemicals to prevent yield losses due to plant pathogens. However, microbial based biopesticides are often unsuccessfully formulated and do not meet the demanding regulatory standards required by the agencies, which hinders their commercialization. Hence, an outline on the approaches to attain more effective formulations might be useful for the development of future more effective products.With this aim, this chapter reports the current state of biocontrol strategies and describes the principles of microbial biocontrol formulations. Emphasis is placed on techniques and tools available for the development and characterisation of microbial products. To provide glimpses on the possible formulations, the different existing additives, carriers, inoculation techniques and formulation types are exhaustively reviewed. Finally, requirements and principles for efficacy evaluation of plant protection products in the European Union are included (see Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_11, 10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_18 and 10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_19).
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Flick, Ernest W. "AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC." In Industrial Surfactants, 2–4. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-8155-1332-2.50006-7.
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"Ferox Manufactured Products and Air Products and Chemicals: A Joint Venture." In Managing in Emerging Market Economies, edited by Daniel S. Fogel, 85–102. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429037580-4.
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Ding, Amy Wenxuan. "Countering Chemical Terrorism." In Social Computing in Homeland Security, 114–33. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-228-2.ch008.
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An industrialized society makes widespread use of toxic chemicals, transported daily in large amounts on the roads or by rail. Approximately 800,000 shipments of hazardous substances, including chemical and petroleum products, travel daily throughout the United States by ground, rail, air, water, and pipeline (DOT, 1998). Although nearly all of these materials safely reach their destinations, many are explosive, flammable, toxic, and corrosive and can be extremely dangerous if released improperly. These materials frequently are transported over, through, and under areas that are densely populated or populated by schools, hospitals, or nursing homes, where the consequences of an acute release could result in environmental damage, severe injury, or death (DOT, 1999; AAR, 2004). According to the U.S. Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system, 643 incidents involving chemicals in the highest-ranked group—designated as those that are easy to obtain, travel far by air if released, are highly toxic, and could be used as weapons—occurred in 15 U.S. states between October 2006 and February 2007. These 643 chemical incidents affected 225 victims (who could be associated with more than one chemical) and resulted in 1,200 persons being evacuated. Table 8.1 displays the disposition of most affected people. For an industrial chemical incident, the type of chemical agent involved (if released) is normally known during the occurrence. On the basis of the agent’s characteristics and possible poisonous effects, an event-based, specific response and associated medical rescue procedure can be generated and implemented to handle and control the situation.
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Chandra, Dinesh, Pallavi, Anupam Barh, and Ishwar Prakash Sharma. "Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 318–38. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3126-5.ch020.
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Conventional agriculture plays a substantial role in meeting the food demands of a growing human population, which has led to an increased reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Chemical fertilizers are industrially manipulated substances and composed of known amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In appropriate and misuse use of chemical fertilizers causes air and ground water pollution by eutrophication of water bodies and causing health problem in human. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to emphasize the importance and use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) as a gateway to sustainable agriculture that could ensure plant productivity and quality agricultural practices in an environment friendly manner. In this respect, efforts have been made to products of nutrient rich high-quality food in feasible way to ensure bio-safety. The innovative aspect of farm production attracts the need of biological based organic fertilizers, an exclusive alternative to agro-chemicals. Organic farming is one of such strategies that not only ensures food safety but also adds to the biodiversity of soil. The eco-friendly approaches trigger a wide range of application of PGPB that leads to improved plant growth, soil health, nutrient uptake and plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. PGPB is an essential component of organic farming and play crucial role in maintaining long term soil fertility and sustainability and would be a viable alternative for farmers to increase productivity per unit area in organic farming for an era of prosperity and clean environment.
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Moerman, Frank Theo, and Kostadin Fikiin. "Guiding Principles for Hygienic Design of Evaporators to Mitigate Contamination-Related Risks in Air Blast Freezing Systems." In Handbook of Research on Advances and Applications in Refrigeration Systems and Technologies, 490–542. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8398-3.ch014.
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Evaporator coils, fins and drain pans in blast freezers may act as a source of microbial, physical and chemical contamination (representing Critical Control Points within a HACCP study). For instance, the evaporator might contaminate unpacked food products passing through the freezer with undesirable ingredients remaining from a previous product being frozen. Drain pans below the refrigerating coils and fans also require paramount attention, due diligence and professional care to ensure that both frozen foods and freezer interior are kept at the highest possible hygienic level. This book chapter is, therefore, focussing on knowledge-based hygienic design of evaporators in air blast freezing systems (e.g., proper production and mounting of refrigerating coils, drain pans and fans, along with suitable materials of construction to reduce frosting, microbial fouling and corrosion) with the ultimate aim of acquiring a safe environment and extended shelf life of unwrapped products. An overview of the existing types of air blast freezers is presented for that purpose. Furthermore, the today's state of the art is introduced to food chain operators who are not enough familiar with hygienic design. Typical contamination problems and measures for contamination control are discussed as well.
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Osho, Michael Bamitale. "Industrial Enzyme Technology." In Research Advancements in Pharmaceutical, Nutritional, and Industrial Enzymology, 375–94. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5237-6.ch017.
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Biotechnology, being the application of biological organisms and their components in pharmaceutical and other industrial processes, has emerged as the basic transformation tool for starch hydrolysis enzyme. Several advantages over chemical catalysts under mild environmental conditions with efficiency and high specificity have been accrued to this fact. Such include ingredient substitution through continuous fermentation, increased products yield and plant capacity, processing aid substitution, more efficient processing, less undesirable products with improved products. This chapter reports on the molecular properties of thermostable enzymes such as alpha-amylases, alpha-glucosidases, glucoamylases pullulanases as relates to pharmaceutical industries; highlights various technology development, continuous solid-state fermentation, metabolic engineering, sol-gel immobilized enzyme arrays often use in enzyme industries. The new modern biotechnology leads to improvement in the effects of various physiological conditions which may allow various industrial processes to carry out lower energy consumption, harmless to the environment, high efficiency, and the product's properties enhancement.
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Sánchez, Caio G., Renata Andrade Figueiredo, Flávio Augusto Bueno Figueiredo, Elisabete Maria Saraiva Sánchez, Jesús Arauzo, Alberto Gonzalo Callejo, and Rolando Zanzi Vigouroux. "Liquid Products Characterization from Pyrolysis and Gasification." In Innovative Solutions in Fluid-Particle Systems and Renewable Energy Management, 167–98. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8711-0.ch006.
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In this chapter there is described a tentative of obtain and characterize pyrolysis liquids from cashew nut shell, using a suggested classification of tars. The large amount of tar definitions and measurement methods, as well as the wide spectrum of organic compounds, makes it almost impossible to capture “tars” with a clear definition. And so, in order to facilitate the study of the evolution of liquid fraction composition, the compounds have been grouped according to their chemical nature, but differently from other works, it was extended the range of compounds in order to evaluate the influence of the reactor parameters in liquid fraction compositions. It is described, as well, the pyrolysis and gasification of cashew nut shell, that has been studied in a laboratory scale reactor. It was quantified and classified the production of liquids (tar) and evaluated the final temperature influence (800, 900 and 1000 °C) and the use of N2 in pyrolysis case, and a mixture of N2 and steam or air in the gasification case. Finally, it is described the identification and quantification of tar compositions, by CG-MS and CG-FID analyzes. Around 50 different compounds have been detected in the liquid fraction obtained, most of them being present at very low concentrations and it is observed that in the pyrolysis and gasification processes, phenol and benzene were the major chemical groups, and this fact agree with others works, presented here in a bibliographic revision.
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Kocasoy, Günay. "Economic Instruments for Sustainable Environmental Management." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 192–211. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9723-2.ch010.
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Environmental pollution has been continuously threatening the world. In the combat with environmental pollution problems, waste management authorities, in compliance with the “User Pays Principle-USP”, apply the “Polluter Pays Principle-3Ps” to the waste generators. Thus the resource users and the waste generators will be paying a fee for the resources and services they are using. They can be summarized as water fee, wastewater discharge fee, effluent permit fee, air emission fees, solid waste disposal fee, landfill tax, and hazardous waste tax and product charge, Advance Disposal Fee (ADF), Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (ODC), government product charge and road user fees. The main purpose of charging a fee is to encourage the users and the polluters to reduce the amount of pollutants they are generating and disposing into the environment. These fees can also be named as “a pollution charge fee”, “user charge fee” or “product charge fee”. This chapter outlines the many existing waste fee models.
Conference papers on the topic "Air Products and Chemicals, inc"
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Erickson, Paul A., Robert J. Kamisky, and Nathan Moock. "Coal Based Methanol for Use in Fuel Cells: Research Needed." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52175.
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Recent interest in hydrogen fuel cells and fuel cell vehicles as well as interest in the energy independence of the United States has prompted investigation into the question of using methanol derived from domestic coal as a primary source for hydrogen production. Since 1983 Eastman Chemical Company has been utilizing methanol from high sulfur coal feedstock in the production of acetic anhydride and acetic acid at their Chemicals from Coal Facility in Kingsport, TN. The Chemicals from Coal Facility was the first use of a commercial Texaco coal gasifier to provide clean syngas for the production of acetyl chemicals. Methanol is produced as an intermediate step in the process in a Lurgi fixed catalyst bed gas phase reactor and in a newer “Liquid Phase” slurry process, which was built in 1997 as a joint venture between Eastman, Air Products and Chemicals Inc., and the Department of Energy. Initial testing has indicated that hydrogen can be derived from this coal-based fuel but impurities were seen as problematic, especially for utilization in fuel cells. The coal-derived methanol has since been further refined and distilled, yet no full analysis of the hydrogen produced from this refined product for fuel cell applications has taken place. This paper will discuss the fuel pathway from coal to hydrogen, including a description of the Eastman’s Coal Gasification Process and methanol production facilities as well as the research underway to quantify production of hydrogen from this coal-based methanol utilizing the latest reforming technologies for use in a Polymer Electrolyte (PEM) fuel cell.
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Bin Omar, M. N., T. Morosuk, and G. Tsatsaronis. "Exergy Analyses Applied to an AP-X Process for the Liquefaction of Natural Gas." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87572.
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LNG technology has been in use since the 1960s and is constantly evolving. During the last 20 years the total cost of LNG technology has decreased by approximately 30% due to improvements of the liquefaction process and shipping. One of the last developed processes for the liquefaction of the natural gas is the so-called AP-X process that is patented by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (US Patent No. 6308521), and is now used for industrial applications in the Middle East. The thermodynamic processes within the components of the AP-X process are complex because a mixture is used as a working fluid. This paper discusses the exergetic analysis of the AP-X process.
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Ekoto, Isaac W., William G. Houf, Adam J. Ruggles, Leonard W. Creitz, and Jimmy X. Li. "Large-Scale Hydrogen Jet Flame Radiant Fraction Measurements and Modeling." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90535.
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Analytic methods used to establish thermal radiation hazard safety boundaries from ignited hydrogen plumes are based on models previously developed for hydrocarbon jet fires. Radiative heat flux measurements of small- and medium-scale hydrogen jet flames (i.e., visible flame lengths < 10 m) compare favorably to theoretical calculations provided corrections are applied to correct for the product species thermal emittance and the optical flame thickness. Recently, Air Products and Chemicals Inc. commissioned flame radiation measurements from two larger-scale hydrogen jet flames to determine the applicability of current modeling approaches to these larger flames. The horizontally orientated releases were from 20.9 and 50.8 mm ID pipes with a nominal 60 barg source pressure and respective mass flow rates of 1.0 and 7.4 kg/s. Care was taken to ensure no particles were entrained into the flame, either from the internal piping or from the ground below. Radiometers were used to measure radiative heat fluxes at discrete points along the jet flame radial axis. The estimated radiant fraction, defined as the radiative energy escaping relative to chemical energy released, exceeded correlation predictions for both flames. To determine why the deviation existed, an analysis of the data and experimental conditions was performed by Sandia National Laboratories’ Hydrogen Safety, Codes and Standards program. Since the releases were choked at the exit, a pseudo source nozzle model was needed to compute flame lengths and residence times, and the results were found to be sensitive to the formulation used. Furthermore, it was thought that ground surface reflection from the concrete pad and steel plates may have contributed to the increased recorded heat flux values. To quantify this impact, a weighted multi source flame radiation model was modified to include the influence of planar surface radiation. Model results were compared to lab-scale flames with a steel plate located close to and parallel with the release path. Relative to the flame without a plate, recorded heat flux values were found to increase by up to 50% for certain configurations, and the modified radiation model predicted these heat fluxes to within 10% provided a realistic steel reflectance value (0.8) was used. When the plate was heavily and uniformly oxidized, however, the reflectance was sharply attenuated. Model results that used the surface reflectance correction for the larger-scale flames produced good agreement with the heat flux data from the smaller of the two flames if an estimated reflectance of 0.5 was used, but was unable to fully explain the under predicted heat flux values for the larger flame.
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Huppmann, Gerhard. "The MTU Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule®: Utilization of Biomass and Waste Originated Fuels for Polygeneration in Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97120.
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MTU’s HotModule is a High Temperature Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System. It transfers the chemical energy of the fuel directly to electricity, heat and a useful depleted air with an electrical efficiency in the range of 42 to 52%. It convinces by minimal emissions of contaminants. The produced heat is given by the depleted air at a temperature level of 400 °C; this ensures a multi purpose and valuable utilization of the heat. The HotModule operated with natural gas is demonstrated meanwhile together with our partner Fuel Cell Energy Inc. in approximately 25 field trial plants and reached now a pre-commercial status. It is highly suitable for the utilization of hydrocarboneous gases, such as biogas, sewage gas, coal mine gas, of synthesis gases from thermal gasification processes of different waste material. Such gases are the most important renewable energy resources. In case of a consequent utilization of such gases for Combined Heat and Power Production a contribution of 12% to 15% of stationary consumable energy consumption can be reached. Even lean gases will be converted with high efficiency to electrical power and high exergetic heat. These characteristics recommend the HotModule for applications using the big potential of regenerative and secondary fuels with all their advantages in decentralized consumable energy supply, reduction of dependence on primary energy imports and reduction of greenhouse gas and other contaminants emission. MTU started recently a HotModule fed by methanol from waste material together with BEWAG in Berlin and many experimental work concerning applications with biogas and sewage gas has been performed with promising results. Due to the high electrical efficiency the HotModule saves about 1/3 of CO2 emission in comparison to conventional “prime movers”. If fuels are used, which are originated from renewable sources like biomass via fermentation or gasification, the balance of CO2 is zero within a suitable short period (in comparison to coal, natural gas and oil, where this period is some millions of years). The advantage of the Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule is, that these fuel gases from the renewable sources can be used with the high performance and efficiency of the HotModule, even they are low caloric gases, which decline the electric efficiency of conventional prime movers significantly. The products of the HotModule are: • Electricity: DC for telecommunication and IT - AC to grid or to stand alone networks - Applications for uninterruptible power supply. • Premium Heat: Heat from HotModule is available in form of the depleted air at a high temperature. This high exergetic heat is valuable for steam production, industrial production processes as well as for many other processes e. g. in hospitals, in the food industry, in greenhouse farming. It can also be used in cascades of steam production for additional electricity generation via steam turbines, medium temperature processes like drying, cooking, and at the low temperature end for water heating and space heating and — may be — pool heating. • Cooling Power: Another important heat utilization is the production of cooling power for air conditioning and food storage facilities by thermal driven cooling systems, e. g. absorption chillers or steam injection chillers with the overlapping of the required energy amounts over the year: Cooling in summer, heating in winter. This leads to a thermal full power operation of the HotModule all over the year decreasing the pay back period of such equipment. • Fertilizing atmosphere: The depleted air consists of nitrogen, a small amount of oxygen, lots of water vapour and a substantial amount of CO2 (in the range of 5%vol). No contaminants, no toxic ingredients, no other loads. Mixed with fresh air, this depleted air is a most valuable atmosphere for greenhouse farming: Plants need the right temperature, the CO2-contents increase the growing rate of the plants (e. g. tomatoes need an average of 2%vol of CO2 in atmosphere for optimal growing; CO2-fertilizer) and the high water vapour content saves humidification water.
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Roy, T., R. S. Amano, and J. Jatkar. "A Study of Soil Remediation by Vapor Extraction System and Air Sparging." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60289.
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Soil remediation by heated soil vapor extraction system and air sparging is a new technology developed by Advanced Remedial Technology, Inc. The areas around chemical companies or waste disposal sites have been seriously contaminated from the chemicals and other polluting materials that are disposed off. The process developed by Advanced Remedial Technology, consists of a heater/boiler that pump and circulates hot oil through a one-inch pipeline that is enclosed in a six-inch pipe. This six-inch pipe is vertically installed within the contaminated soil up to a certain depth and is welded at the bottom and capped at the top. Pea gravel or fine sand fills the six-inch pipe and thus acts as a heat transfer medium. The number of heat source pipes and the extraction wells depends on the type of soil, the type of pollutants, moisture content of the soil and the size of the area to be cleaned. The heat source heats the soil, which is transported in the interior part of the soil by means of conduction and convection. This heating of soil results in vaporization of the gases, which are then driven out of the soil by the extraction well. The extraction well consists of the blower which would suck the vaporized gases out of the system. Soil vapor extraction cannot remove contaminants in the saturated zone of the soil that lies below the water table. In that case air sparging may be used. In air sparging system air is pumped into the saturated zone to help flush the contaminants up into the unsaturated zone where the contaminants is removed by SVE well. In our present study we concentrated on modeling one Heated Soil Vapor Extraction System with air sparging and predicting the behavior of different chemicals in the saturated and unsaturated zone of the soil. This analysis uses the species transport and discrete phase modeling to predict the behavior of different chemicals when it is heated and driven out by the sucking well.
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Gupta, A. K., E. Ilanchezhian, and E. L. Keating. "Influence of PVC on the Product Composition of Solid Waste During Thermal Destruction." In ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1994-0457.
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Abstract Equilibrium thermochemical calculations of a mixture of non-plastic and plastic surrogate solid waste are presented here under conditions of pyrolysis and combustion. The non-plastic waste is assumed to be cellulose while the plastic waste constituents contained the following different kinds of materials: polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene tetraphthalic, nylon, latex in the form of rubber, polyurethane, acetate and cellophane. The cellulose represents organic portion of the waste such as paper and cardboard. The mole fractions of different stable and unstable compounds formed during pyrolysis are significantly affected by the chemical properties of the waste. In general the amount of CO and H2O was found to remain very high at temperatures up to 2000K. while the CO2, H2O and CH4 decreased with the increase in temperature. The general trend with combustion at different mole fractions of oxygen was to achieve an increase of CO2, H2O, NO and NO2 while the concentrations of CH4, H2, CO and HCl showed a systematic decrease. The concentration and amount to different compounds formed were significantly affected with the amount of air and the chemical nature of the waste. The adiabatic flame temperature is significantly affected by the chemical composition of the plastic under conditions of combustion in air. Plastics yield significantly higher temperatures than the mixture of plastic and non-plastic waste. Experimental results showed good trend with the calculated results. Pyrolysis of waste at higher temperatures followed by combustion of resulting gases yield higher flame temperature and provides excess enthalpy of flames. The results show significant effect of controlled combustion on the amount and nature of chemical species formed as well as the subsequent flame temperature. This information can assist in developing strategies in the design and operation of facilities being used for the permanent disposal of wastes containing varying amounts of plastics.
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Brasoveanu, Dan, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "A Mathematical Model for Predicting Conditions That Prevent Gaseous Fuel-Air Mixing." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/cie-14683.
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Abstract A unified model is used here to determine the distributions of pressure, temperature and velocity that reduce gaseous fuel-air mixing. The model uses the fuel mass fraction within infinitesimal fluid elements and the total derivative of this fraction with respect to time to quantify the degree and rate of mixing, respectively. An Eulerian representation is used. The model is valid for gaseous fuels that contain a single chemical species and for low-pressure combustors. The model permits the presence of only trace amounts of combustion products within the mixing region. Aside from these restrictions, the mixing model can be applied to a variety of combustor designs and operational conditions. Results show that certain distributions of pressure, temperature and velocity at the fuel-air boundary reduce or even prevent gaseous fuel-air mixing, in particular whenever the logarithmic rate of temperature and the velocity divergence are comparable. These conditions yield low intensity and efficiency combustion as well as high pollutants emission level.
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AlDakhil, Abdulrahman D., Jarallah A. AlSudairy, and Iyad A. AlBuraiki. "Failure Analysis at Steam Condenser Fin Fan Cooler Tubes, Ras Tanura Refinery." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78013.
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A complete Process, Corrosion and Mechanical Engineering assessment was performed at a critical fin fan cooler condenser API 661 design located in Utilities Facilities of Ras Tanura Refinery, owned and operated by Saudi Aramco, the largest oil producer company of the world. The thorough analysis included a thermal engineering by computerized software, to determine heat exchanger efficiency and critical process parameters, a metallurgy microstructure analysis was performed in order to identify the root cause of tube recurrent rupture. The specimen extracted from the crack boundary was analyzed by chemical composition analysis, optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results demonstrate that subject tube cracking initiated on the internal surface, 60 psig steam/condensate side, and is a result of environmental stress corrosion cracking (SCC) induced by ammonia traces. Based on engineering analysis and a cost-effective-benefits study a decision was taken to change the tubes material from original Admiralty Brass to carbon steel SA-179, while the heat transfer area was modified by increasing the fins per unit length from 10fins/inch to 11fins/inch for both objectives, allow eliminating this recurrent failure and improving the air cooled heat exchanger duty by 1.5%.
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Rabovitser, Joseph, Stan Wohadlo, John M. Pratapas, Serguei Nester, Mehmet Tartan, Steven Palm, Steve I. Freedman, and David White. "Experimental Study of a 200 kW Partial Oxidation Gas Turbine (POGT) for Co-Production of Power and Hydrogen-Enriched Fuel Gas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59272.
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Paper presents the results from development and successful testing of a 200 kW POGT prototype. There are two major design features that distinguish POGT from a conventional gas turbine: a POGT utilizes a partial oxidation reactor (POR) in place of a conventional combustor which leads to a much smaller compressor requirement versus comparably rated conventional gas turbine. From a thermodynamic perspective, the working fluid provided by the POR has higher specific heat than lean combustion products enabling the POGT expander to extract more energy per unit mass of fluid. The POGT exhaust is actually a secondary fuel gas that can be combusted in different bottoming cycles or used as synthesis gas for hydrogen or other chemicals production. Conversion steps for modifying a 200 kW radial turbine to POGT duty are described including: utilization of the existing (unmodified) expander; replacement of the combustor with a POR unit; introduction of steam for cooling of the internal turbine structure; and installation of a bypass air port for bleeding excess air from the compressor discharge because of 45% reduction in combustion air requirements. The engine controls that were re-configured for start-up and operation are reviewed including automation of POGT start-up and loading during light-off at lean condition, transition from lean to rich combustion during acceleration, speed control and stabilization under rich operation. Changes were implemented in microprocessor-based controllers. The fully-integrated POGT unit was installed and operated in a dedicated test cell at GTI equipped with extensive process instrumentation and data acquisition systems. Results from a parametric experimental study of POGT operation for co-production of power and H2-enriched synthesis gas are provided.
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Farzad, Milad, and Jamal Yagoobi. "Convective Air Drying of Stationary and Moving Moist Porous Medium With Slot Jet Reattachment Nozzle: A Numerical Study." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24241.
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Abstract Drying is an omnipresent operation present in various industrial sectors such as food and agriculture, forestry products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Convective hot air drying with conventional impinging jet nozzles is among the widely used techniques in drying of moist porous materials. However, this method is generally inefficient in drying of fragile materials as a low air flow rate is required to avoid potential damage to the product due to the exerted force by impinging jet. To improve the drying efficiency and enhance the product quality, slot jet reattachment (SJR) nozzle has been developed as an alternative technology to the common in-line jet nozzle, slot jet (SJ) nozzle, and perforated plate. SJR nozzle allows for the control of the exerted impingement force by simply changing its exit angle. This paper numerically investigates the convective air-drying characteristics of an SJR nozzle and compares it to those of a common SJ nozzle for a moist porous medium. The comparison is made under identical air mass flow rate criterion. The results are presented for stationary and moving reattachment surface under a laminar flow condition. The governing transport equations within a moist porous medium are coupled with the governing equations of the resultant air flow. The results indicate a much higher drying rates with SJR nozzle compared to SJ nozzle.
Reports on the topic "Air Products and Chemicals, inc"
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2007-0327-3083, findings from industrial hygiene air sampling, ventilation assessment, and a medical survey at a facility that manufactures flavorings, modified dairy products, and bacterial additives, Chr. Hansen, Inc., New Berlin, Wisconsin. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta200703273083.
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