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Journal articles on the topic 'Air-Sea CO2 exchanges'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Asselot, Rémy, Frank Lunkeit, Philip B. Holden, and Inga Hense. "Climate pathways behind phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming." Biogeosciences 19, no. 1 (2022): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022.

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Abstract. We investigate the ways in which marine biologically mediated heating increases the surface atmospheric temperature. While the effects of phytoplankton light absorption on the ocean have gained attention over the past years, the impact of this biogeophysical mechanism on the atmosphere is still unclear. Phytoplankton light absorption warms the surface of the ocean, which in turn affects the air–sea heat and CO2 exchanges. However, the contribution of air–sea heat versus CO2 fluxes in the phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming has not been yet determined. Different so-called climat

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2

Yavo, Faty Patricia Raissa, Jacques André Tiemele, Kouakou Urbain Koffi, Eric Valère Djagoua, and Abe Delfin Ochou. "Influence of Climatic and Oceanographic Parameters on CO2 Exchanges at the Air-sea Interface in the Gulf of Guinea." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 11 (2024): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i114583.

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Aims: Analyze the climatic and oceanographic parameters influencing oceanic CO2. Place and Duration of Study: Gulf of Guinea, 2010-2018 Methodology: Analysis of Monthly Satellite Data from the Gulf of Guinea on Sea Surface Temperature, Sea Surface Salinity, Sea Surface Chlorophyll, Sea Surface Partial Pressure of CO2, Sea Surface Wind Speed at 10 meters, Dry Air Molar Fraction (xCO2), and Sea Level Pressure. Numerical Data Processing on a One-Degree Spatial Resolution Grid Using Python 3.11 through Bilinear Interpolation. The data are then averaged monthly, allowing for an assessment of the in

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Stolle, Christian, Mariana Ribas-Ribas, Thomas H. Badewien, et al. "The MILAN Campaign: Studying Diel Light Effects on the Air–Sea Interface." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 2 (2020): E146—E166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0329.1.

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Abstract The sea surface microlayer (SML) at the air–sea interface is &lt;1 mm thick, but it is physically, chemically, and biologically distinct from the underlying water and the atmosphere above. Wind-driven turbulence and solar radiation are important drivers of SML physical and biogeochemical properties. Given that the SML is involved in all air–sea exchanges of mass and energy, its response to solar radiation, especially in relation to how it regulates the air–sea exchange of climate-relevant gases and aerosols, is surprisingly poorly characterized. MILAN (Sea Surface Microlayer at Ni

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4

Honkanen, Martti, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, et al. "Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO₂ exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea." Biogeosciences 21, no. 19 (2024): 4341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024.

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Abstract. Oceans alleviate the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 by absorbing approximately a quarter of all anthropogenic emissions. In the deep oceans, carbon uptake is dominated by aquatic phase chemistry, whereas in biologically active coastal seas the marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry play an important role in the carbon uptake. Coastal seas are hotspots of organic and inorganic matter transport between the land and the oceans, and thus they are important for the marine carbon cycling. In this study, we investigate the net air–sea CO2 exchange at the Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research S

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5

Bates, N. R., and J. T. Mathis. "The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks." Biogeosciences 6, no. 11 (2009): 2433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009.

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Abstract. At present, although seasonal sea-ice cover mitigates atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, the Arctic Ocean takes up carbon dioxide (CO2) on the order of −66 to −199 Tg C year−1 (1012 g C), contributing 5–14% to the global balance of CO2 sinks and sources. Because of this, the Arctic Ocean has an important influence on the global carbon cycle, with the marine carbon cycle and atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchanges sensitive to Arctic Ocean and global climate change feedbacks. In the near-term, further sea-ice loss and increases in phytoplankton growth rates are expected to increase the uptake of C

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6

Chen, C. T. A., T. H. Huang, Y. C. Chen, Y. Bai, X. He, and Y. Kang. "Air–sea exchanges of CO<sub>2</sub> in the world's coastal seas." Biogeosciences 10, no. 10 (2013): 6509–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013.

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Abstract. The air–sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's 165 estuaries and 87 continental shelves are evaluated. Generally and in all seasons, upper estuaries with salinities of less than two are strong sources of CO2 (39 ± 56 mol C m−2 yr−1, positive flux indicates that the water is losing CO2 to the atmosphere); mid-estuaries with salinities of between 2 and 25 are moderate sources (17.5 ± 34 mol C m−2 yr−1) and lower estuaries with salinities of more than 25 are weak sources (8.4 ± 14 mol C m−2 yr−1). With respect to latitude, estuaries between 23.5 and 50° N have the largest flux per unit are

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7

Valsala, Vinu, and Raghu Murtugudde. "Mesoscale and intraseasonal air–sea CO2 exchanges in the western Arabian Sea during boreal summer." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 103 (September 2015): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.001.

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8

Bates, N. R., and J. T. Mathis. "The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (2009): 6695–747. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6695-2009.

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Abstract. At present, although seasonal sea-ice cover mitigates atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, the Arctic Ocean takes up carbon dioxide (CO2) on the order of −65 to −175 Tg C year−1, contributing 5–14% to the global balance of CO2 sinks and sources. Because of this, the Arctic Ocean is an important influence on the global carbon cycle, with the marine carbon cycle and atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchanges sensitive to Arctic Ocean and global climate change feedbacks. In the near-term, further sea-ice loss and increases in phytoplankton growth rates are expected to increase the uptake of CO2 by Arctic

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9

Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, and D. Brunner. "Large-scale European source and flow patterns retrieved from back-trajectory interpretations of CO<sub>2</sub> at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 1 (2011): 813–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-813-2011.

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Abstract. The University of Bern monitors carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch since the year 2000 by means of flasks sampling and since 2005 using a continuous in situ measurement system. This study investigates the transport of CO2 and O2 towards Jungfraujoch using backward trajectories to classify the air masses with respect to their CO2 and O2 signatures. By investigating trajectories associated with distinct CO2 concentrations it is possible to decipher different source and sink areas over Europe. The highest CO2 concentrations, for examp

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10

Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, and D. Brunner. "European source and sink areas of CO<sub>2</sub> retrieved from Lagrangian transport model interpretation of combined O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> measurements at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 15 (2011): 8017–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8017-2011.

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Abstract. The University of Bern monitors carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch since the year 2000 by means of flasks sampling and since 2005 using a continuous in situ measurement system. This study investigates the transport of CO2 and O2 towards Jungfraujoch using backward Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) simulations and utilizes CO2 and O2 signatures to classify air masses. By investigating the simulated transport patterns associated with distinct CO2 concentrations it is possible to decipher different source and sink areas over

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11

Chen, C. T. A., T. H. Huang, Y. C. Chen, Y. Bai, X. He, and Y. Kang. "<i>Review article</i> "Air-sea exchanges of CO<sub>2</sub> in world's coastal seas"." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (2013): 5041–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-5041-2013.

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Abstract. The air-sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's 165 estuaries and 87 continental shelves are evaluated. Generally and in all seasons, upper estuaries with salinities of less than two are strong sources of CO2 (39 &amp;pm; 56 mol C m−2 yr−1, negative flux indicates that the water is losing CO2 to the atmosphere); mid-estuaries with salinities of between 2 and 25 are moderate sources (17.5 ± 34 mol C m−2 yr−1) and lower estuaries with salinities of more than 25 are weak sources (8.4 ± 14 mol C m−2 yr−1). With respect to latitude, estuaries between 23.5 and 50° N have the largest flux p

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12

Yu, Shujie, Zhixuan Wang, Zhiting Jiang, et al. "Marine Heatwave and Terrestrial Drought Reduced CO2 Uptake in the East China Sea in 2022." Remote Sensing 16, no. 5 (2024): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16050849.

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Against the background of climate warming, marine heatwaves (MHWs) and terrestrial drought events have become increasingly frequent in recent decades. However, the combined effects of MHWs and terrestrial drought on CO2 uptake in marginal seas are still unclear. The East China Sea (ECS) experienced an intense and long-lasting MHW accompanied by an extreme terrestrial drought in the Changjiang basin in the summer of 2022. In this study, we employed multi-source satellite remote sensing products to reveal the patterns, magnitude, and potential drivers of CO2 flux changes in the ECS resulting fro

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13

Gypens, N., C. Lancelot, and A. V. Borges. "Carbon dynamics and CO<sub>2</sub> air-sea exchanges in the eutrophied coastal waters of the southern bight of the North Sea: a modelling study." Biogeosciences Discussions 1, no. 1 (2004): 561–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-1-561-2004.

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Abstract. A description of the carbonate system has been incorporated in the MIRO biogeochemical model to investigate the contribution of diatom and Phaeocystis blooms to the seasonal dynamics of air-sea CO2 exchanges in the Eastern Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea with focus on the eutrophied Belgian coastal waters. For this application the model was implemented in a simplified three-box representation of the hydrodynamics including the open ocean boundary box ‘Western English Channel’ (WCH) and the ‘French Coastal Zone’ (FCZ) and ‘Belgian Coastal Zone’ (BCZ) boxes receiving carbon

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14

Ulses, Caroline, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, et al. "Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region." Biogeosciences 20, no. 22 (2023): 4683–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023.

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Abstract. Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In the framework of the DEWEX (Dense Water Experiment) project, the seasonal and annual budgets of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea are investigated over the period September 2012–September 2013 using a 3D coupled physical–biogeochemical–chemical modeling approach. At the annual scale, we estimate that the northwestern Mediterranean Se

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15

Gypens, N., C. Lancelot, and A. V. Borges. "Carbon dynamics and CO<sub>2</sub> air-sea exchanges in the eutrophied coastal waters of the Southern Bight of the North Sea: a modelling study." Biogeosciences 1, no. 2 (2004): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-1-147-2004.

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Abstract. A description of the carbonate system has been incorporated in the MIRO biogeochemical model to investigate the contribution of diatom and Phaeocystis blooms to the seasonal dynamics of air-sea CO2 exchanges in the Eastern Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea, with focus on the eutrophied Belgian coastal waters. For this application, the model was implemented in a simplified three-box representation of the hydrodynamics with the open ocean boundary box ‘Western English Channel’ (WCH) and the ‘French Coastal Zone’ (FCZ) and ‘Belgian Coastal Zone’ (BCZ) boxes receiving carbon an

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16

Kerr, Rodrigo, Thiago Monteiro, Matheus S. Batista, and Brendon Yuri Damini. "Physical-biological processes regulating summer sea-air CO2 exchanges along the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula." Marine Chemistry 269 (March 2025): 104497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2025.104497.

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17

Pascal, Robin W., Margaret J. Yelland, Meric A. Srokosz, et al. "A Spar Buoy for High-Frequency Wave Measurements and Detection of Wave Breaking in the Open Ocean." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 4 (2011): 590–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecho764.1.

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Abstract Waves and wave breaking play a significant role in the air–sea exchanges of momentum, sea spray aerosols, and trace gases such as CO2, but few direct measurements of wave breaking have been obtained in the open ocean (far from the coast). This paper describes the development and initial deployments on two research cruises of an autonomous spar buoy that was designed to obtain such open-ocean measurements. The buoy was equipped with capacitance wave wires and accelerometers to measure surface elevation and wave breaking, downward-looking still and video digital cameras to obtain images

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18

Cotrim da Cunha, L., and E. T. Buitenhuis. "Riverine influence on the tropical Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 2 (2012): 1945–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-1945-2012.

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Abstract. We assess the role of riverine inputs of N, Si, Fe, organic and inorganic C in the tropical Atlantic Ocean using a global ocean biogeochemistry model. We use two sensitivity tests to investigate the role of the western (South American Rivers) and eastern (African Rivers) riverine nutrient inputs on the tropical Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry (between 20° S–20° N and 70° W–20°). Increased nutrient availability from river inputs in this area (compared to an extreme scenario with no river nutrients) leads to an increase in 14 % (0.7 Pg C a−1) in open ocean primary production (PP), and 2

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19

Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, Katixa Lajaunie-Salla, Pierre Marrec, et al. "Temporal variability of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 exchanges in a Mediterranean human-impacted coastal site." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 236 (May 2020): 106641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106641.

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20

Frankignoulle, M., JP Gattuso, R. Biondo, I. Bourge, G. Copin-Montégut, and M. Pichon. "Carbon fluxes in coral reefs. II. Eulerian study of inorganic carbon dynamics and measurement of air-sea CO2 exchanges." Marine Ecology Progress Series 145 (1996): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps145123.

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21

Pérez, F. F., M. Vázquez-Rodríguez, H. Mercier, A. Velo, P. Lherminier, and A. F. Ríos. "Trends of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> storage in North Atlantic water masses." Biogeosciences 7, no. 5 (2010): 1789–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1789-2010.

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Abstract. A high-quality inorganic carbon system database, spanning over three decades (1981–2006) and comprising of 13 cruises, has allowed the applying of the φC°T method and coming up with estimates of the anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) stored in the main water masses of the North Atlantic. In the studied region, strong convective processes convey surface properties, like Cant, into deeper ocean layers and grants this region an added oceanographic interest from the point of view of air-sea CO2 exchanges. Generally, a tendency for decreasing Cant storage rates towards the deep layers has been obse

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22

Roobaert, Alizée, Laure Resplandy, Goulven G. Laruelle, Enhui Liao, and Pierre Regnier. "A framework to evaluate and elucidate the driving mechanisms of coastal sea surface <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> seasonality using an ocean general circulation model (MOM6-COBALT)." Ocean Science 18, no. 1 (2022): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022.

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Abstract. The temporal variability of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the underlying processes driving this variability are poorly understood in the coastal ocean. In this study, we tailor an existing method that quantifies the effects of thermal changes, biological activity, ocean circulation and freshwater fluxes to examine seasonal pCO2 changes in highly variable coastal environments. We first use the Modular Ocean Model version 6 (MOM6) and biogeochemical module Carbon Ocean Biogeochemistry And Lower Trophics version 2 (COBALTv2) at a half-degree resolution to simulate c

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23

Cameron, James N. "Compensation of Hypercapnic Acidosis in the Aquatic Blue Crab, Callinectes Sapidus: The Predominance of External Sea Water Over Carapace Carbonate as the Proton Sink." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (1985): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.197.

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Radioactive labelling of the CaCO3 in the crab's carapace was employed as a tool to study the contribution of the carapace carbonates to acute buffering of acid-base disturbances. Since Ca2+ uptake is extremely rapid during the post-moult period, crabs that moulted in the laboratory were incubated with 45Ca for 5 days immediately following the moult in order thoroughly to load the carapace carbonate pool with radiolabel. After a subsequent 2-week interval for feeding and completion of the post-moult carapace mineralization phase, these 45Ca-loaded crabs were subjected to a 24h control period a

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24

Górka, Maciej, Aldona Pilarz, Magdalena Modelska, Anetta Drzeniecka-Osiadacz, Anna Potysz, and David Widory. "Urban Single Precipitation Events: A Key for Characterizing Sources of Air Contaminants and the Dynamics of Atmospheric Chemistry Exchanges." Water 16, no. 24 (2024): 3701. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243701.

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The chemistry of atmospheric precipitation serves as an important proxy for discriminating the source(s) of air contaminants in urban environments as well as to discuss the dynamic of atmospheric chemistry exchanges. This approach can be undertaken at time scales varying from single events to seasonal and yearly time frames. Here, we characterized the chemical composition of two single rain episodes (18 July 2018 and 21 February 2019) collected in Wrocław (SW Poland). Our results demonstrated inner variations and seasonality (within the rain event as well as between summer and winter), both in

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25

Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur, Weidong Zhai, and Minhan Dai. "Riverine input and air–sea CO2 exchanges near the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary: Status quo and implication on possible future changes in metabolic status." Continental Shelf Research 28, no. 12 (2008): 1476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.10.013.

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26

Pérez, F. F., M. Vázquez-Rodríguez, H. Mercier, A. Velo, P. Lherminier, and A. F. Ríos. "Trends of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> storage in North Atlantic water masses." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (2010): 165–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-165-2010.

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Abstract. A high-quality inorganic carbon system database spanning over three decades (1981–2006) and comprising 13 cruises has allowed applying the φCT° method and coming up with accurate estimates of the anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) stored in the main water masses of the North Atlantic. In the studied region, strong convective processes convey surface properties, like Cant, into deeper ocean layers and confer this region an added oceanographic interest from the point of view of air-sea CO2 exchanges. Commonly, a tendency for decreasing Cant storage rates towards the deep layers has been observed

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27

Claustre, Hervé, Kenneth S. Johnson, and Yuichiro Takeshita. "Observing the Global Ocean with Biogeochemical-Argo." Annual Review of Marine Science 12, no. 1 (2020): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010956.

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Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) is a network of profiling floats carrying sensors that enable observation of as many as six essential biogeochemical and bio-optical variables: oxygen, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll a, suspended particles, and downwelling irradiance. This sensor network represents today's most promising strategy for collecting temporally and vertically resolved observations of biogeochemical properties throughout the ocean. All data are freely available within 24 hours of transmission. These data fill large gaps in ocean-observing systems and support three ambitions: gaining a better

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Copin-Montégut, Claire, and Milena Bégovic. "Distributions of carbonate properties and oxygen along the water column (0–2000m) in the central part of the NW Mediterranean Sea (Dyfamed site): influence of winter vertical mixing on air–sea CO2 and O2 exchanges." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, no. 11 (2002): 2049–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00027-9.

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Rodgers, K. B., S. E. M. Fletcher, D. Bianchi, et al. "Interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric radiocarbon reveals natural variability of Southern Ocean winds." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 1 (2011): 347–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-347-2011.

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Abstract. Tree ring Δ14C data (Reimer et al., 2004; McCormac et al., 2004) indicate that atmospheric Δ14C varied on multi-decadal to centennial timescales, in both hemispheres, over the pre-industrial period AD 950–1830. Although the Northern and Southern Hemispheric Δ14C records display similar variability, it is difficult from these data alone to distinguish between variations driven by 14CO2 production in the upper atmosphere (Stuiver, 1980) and exchanges between carbon reservoirs (Siegenthaler, 1980). Here we consider rather the Interhemispheric Gradient in atmospheric Δ14C as revealing of

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Calleja, M. Ll, C. M. Duarte, Y. T. Prairie, S. Agustí, and G. J. Herndl. "Evidence for surface organic matter modulation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 6 (2008): 4209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-4209-2008.

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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 exchange depends on the air-sea CO2 gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k), computed as a simple function of wind speed. Large discrepancies among relationships predicting k from wind suggest that other processes may also contribute significantly to modulate CO2 exchange. Here we report, on the basis of the relationship between the measured gas transfer velocity and the ocean surface organic carbon concentration at the ocean surface, a significant role of surface organic matter in suppressing air-sea gas exchange, at low and intermediate winds, in the open ocean. The

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Calleja, M. Ll, C. M. Duarte, Y. T. Prairie, S. Agustí, and G. J. Herndl. "Evidence for surface organic matter modulation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange." Biogeosciences 6, no. 6 (2009): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1105-2009.

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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 exchange depends on the air-sea CO2 gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k), computed as a function of wind speed. Large discrepancies among relationships predicting k from wind suggest that other processes also contribute significantly to modulate CO2 exchange. Here we report, on the basis of the relationship between the measured gas transfer velocity and the organic carbon concentration at the ocean surface, a significant role of surface organic matter in suppressing air-sea gas exchange, at low and intermediate winds, in the open ocean, confirming previous observati

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Frankignoulle, M. "Field measurements of air-sea CO2 exchange1." Limnology and Oceanography 33, no. 3 (1988): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.3.0313.

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Gutiérrez-Loza, Lucía, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson. "On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO₂ exchange." Biogeosciences 19, no. 24 (2022): 5645–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022.

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Abstract. Reducing uncertainties in the air–sea CO2 flux calculations is one of the major challenges when addressing the oceanic contribution in the global carbon balance. In traditional models, the air–sea CO2 flux is estimated using expressions of the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed. However, other mechanisms affecting the variability in the flux at local and regional scales are still poorly understood. The uncertainties associated with the flux estimates become particularly large in heterogeneous environments such as coastal and marginal seas. Here, we investigated the air

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Lansø, A. S., J. Bendtsen, J. H. Christensen, et al. "Sensitivity of the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange in the Baltic Sea and Danish inner waters to atmospheric short-term variability." Biogeosciences 12, no. 9 (2015): 2753–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2753-2015.

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Abstract. Minimising the uncertainties in estimates of air–sea CO2 exchange is an important step toward increasing the confidence in assessments of the CO2 cycle. Using an atmospheric transport model makes it possible to investigate the direct impact of atmospheric parameters on the air–sea CO2 flux along with its sensitivity to, for example, short-term temporal variability in wind speed, atmospheric mixing height and atmospheric CO2 concentration. With this study, the importance of high spatiotemporal resolution of atmospheric parameters for the air–sea CO2 flux is assessed for six sub-basins

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Lansø, A. S., J. Bendtsen, J. H. Christensen, et al. "Sensitivity of the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange in the Baltic Sea and Danish inner waters to atmospheric short term variability." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (2014): 16993–7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-16993-2014.

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Abstract. Minimising the uncertainties in estimates of air–sea CO2 exchange is an important step toward increasing the confidence in assessments of the CO2 cycle. Using an atmospheric transport model makes it possible to investigate the direct impact of atmospheric parameters on the air–sea CO2 flux along with its sensitivity to e.g. short-term temporal variability in wind speed, atmospheric mixing height and the atmospheric CO2 concentration. With this study the importance of high spatiotemporal resolution of atmospheric parameters for the air–sea CO2 flux is assessed for six sub-basins withi

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Prytherch, John, Sonja Murto, Ian Brown, et al. "Central Arctic Ocean surface–atmosphere exchange of CO₂ and CH₄ constrained by direct measurements." Biogeosciences 21, no. 2 (2024): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024.

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Abstract. The central Arctic Ocean (CAO) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, but the current and future exchange of the climate-forcing trace gases methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the CAO and the atmosphere is highly uncertain. In particular, there are very few observations of near-surface gas concentrations or direct air–sea CO2 flux estimates and no previously reported direct air–sea CH4 flux estimates from the CAO. Furthermore, the effect of sea ice on the exchange is not well understood. We present direct measurements of the air–sea flux of CH4 and CO2, as we

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37

Lueker, T. J. "Coastal upwelling fluxes of O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and CO<sub>2</sub> assessed from continuous atmospheric observations at Trinidad, California." Biogeosciences 1, no. 1 (2004): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-1-101-2004.

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Abstract. Continuous atmospheric records of O2/N2, CO2 and N2O obtained at Trinidad, California document the effects of air-sea exchange during coastal upwelling and plankton bloom events. The atmospheric records provide continuous observations of air-sea fluxes related to synoptic scale upwelling events over several upwelling seasons. Combined with satellite, buoy and local meteorology data, calculated anomalies in O2/N2 and N2O were utilized in a simple atmospheric transport model to compute air-sea fluxes during coastal upwelling. CO2 fluxes were linked to the oceanic component of the O2 fl

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38

Lueker, T. J. "Coastal upwelling fluxes of O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and CO<sub>2</sub> assessed from continuous atmospheric observations at Trinidad,California." Biogeosciences Discussions 1, no. 1 (2004): 335–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-1-335-2004.

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Abstract. Continuous atmospheric records of O2/N2, CO2 and N2O obtained at Trinidad, California document the effects of air-sea exchange during coastal upwelling and plankton bloom events. The atmospheric records provide continuous observations of air-sea fluxes related to synoptic scale upwelling events over several upwelling seasons. Combined with satellite, buoy and local meteorology data, calculated anomalies in O2/N2 and N2O were utilized in a simple atmospheric transport model to compute air-sea fluxes during coastal upwelling. CO2 fluxes were linked to the oceanic component of the O2 fl

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39

Nomura, Daiki, Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue, Takenobu Toyota, and Kunio Shirasawa. "Effects of snow, snowmelting and refreezing processes on air–sea-ice CO2 flux." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 196 (2010): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214310791968548.

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AbstractThe air–sea-ice CO2 flux was measured in the ice-covered Saroma-ko, a lagoon on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, using a chamber technique. The air–sea-ice CO2 flux ranged from −1.8 to +0.5 mg C m−2 h−1 (where negative values indicate a sink for atmospheric CO2). The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the brine of sea ice was substantially lower than that of the atmosphere, primarily because of the influence of the under-ice plume from the Saromabetsu river located in the southeastern part of the lagoon. This suggests that the brine had the ability to take up atmospheric CO2 i

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Löffler, Annekatrin, Bernd Schneider, Matti Perttilä, and Gregor Rehder. "Air–sea CO2 exchange in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea." Continental Shelf Research 37 (April 2012): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.02.002.

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41

Zhai, W. D., M. H. Dai, B. S. Chen, et al. "Seasonal variations of sea–air CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in the largest tropical marginal sea (South China Sea) based on multiple-year underway measurements." Biogeosciences 10, no. 11 (2013): 7775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7775-2013.

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Abstract. Based upon 14 field surveys conducted between 2003 and 2008, we showed that the seasonal pattern of sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and sea–air CO2 fluxes differed among four different physical–biogeochemical domains in the South China Sea (SCS) proper. The four domains were located between 7 and 23° N and 110 and 121° E, covering a surface area of 1344 × 103 km2 and accounting for ~ 54% of the SCS proper. In the area off the Pearl River estuary, relatively low pCO2 values of 320 to 390 μatm were observed in all four seasons and both the biological productivity and CO2 upt

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42

Yrene, M. Astor, Lorenzoni Laura, Rueda-Roa Digna, and Muller-Karger Frank. "Vertical Structure and trends in CO2 at the CARIACO Ocean Time Series Station: 1995-2017." Memoria de la Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 81, no. 191 (2023): 91–110. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10115892.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>Changes in the vertical structure of pH (total proton scale at 25 °C or pHT), total alkalinity, total CO2 (TCO2), and partial pressure of CO2 (<i>p</i>CO2) were examined at the CARIACO Ocean Time Series station (10º30'N, 64º40'W) from December 1995 to January 2017. Long-term trends were studied in the three water masses present in the Cariaco Basin: the surface layer (SL, located between 0-100 m depth), the Subtropical Underwater (SUW, with minimum depths between the surface and 105 m and maximums between 30-165 m depending on the season) and the deep

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43

Hendrickson, Lucy, Penny Vlahos, and Leonel Romero. "Timescales for the Spray-Mediated Gas Exchange of Carbon Dioxide." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 7 (2024): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071128.

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The air–sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) on a global scale is a key factor in understanding climate change and predicting its effects. The magnitude of sea spray’s contribution to this flux is currently highly uncertain. Constraining CO2’s diffusion in sea spray droplets is important for reducing error margins in global estimates of oceanic CO2 uptake and release. The timescale for CO2 gas diffusion within sea spray is known to be shorter than the timescales for the droplets’ physical changes to take place while aloft. However, the rate of aqueous carbonate reactions relative to these time

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44

Zhai, W. D., M. H. Dai, B. S. Chen, et al. "Seasonal variations of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in the largest tropical marginal sea (South China Sea) based on multiple-year underway measurements." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (2013): 7031–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-7031-2013.

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Abstract. Based upon fourteen field surveys conducted between 2003 and 2008, we showed that the seasonal pattern of sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air–sea CO2 fluxes differed among four different physical-biogeochemical domains in the South China Sea (SCS) proper. The four domains were located between 4 and 23° N and 109 and 121° E, covering ~ 38% of the surface area of the entire SCS. In the area off the Pearl River Estuary, relatively low pCO2 values of 320 to 390 μatm were observed in all four seasons and both the biological productivity and CO2 uptake were enhanced in summe

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45

Li, Jiaxin, Kunpeng Zang, Yi Lin, et al. "Effect of land–sea air mass transport on spatiotemporal distributions of atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄ mixing ratios over the southern Yellow Sea." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 20 (2023): 4757–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4757-2023.

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Abstract. To reveal the spatiotemporal distributions of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios and regulation mechanisms over the China shelf sea, two field surveys were conducted in the southern Yellow Sea in China in November 2012 and June 2013, respectively. The results observed showed that mean background atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios were 403.94 (±13.77) ppm and 1924.8 (±27.8) ppb in November 2012 and 395.90 (±3.53) ppm and 1918.0 (±25.7) ppb in June 2013, respectively. An improved data-filtering method was optimised and established to flag atmospheric CO2 and CH4 emission from dif

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46

Pipko, I. I., I. P. Semiletov, S. P. Pugach, I. Wåhlström, and L. G. Anderson. "Interannual variability of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes and carbonate system parameters in the East Siberian Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (2011): 1227–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1227-2011.

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Abstract. Over the past couple of decades it has become apparent that air-land-sea interactions in the Arctic have a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere (ACIA, 2004). The Arctic Ocean is small (only ~4% of the total World Ocean), but it is surrounded by offshore and onshore permafrost which thaws at increasing rates under warming conditions releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) into the water and atmosphere. This work summarizes data collected from three expeditions in the coastal-shelf zone of the East Siberian Sea (ESS) in September 2003, 2004 and late August–September

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47

Murata, A., K. Shimada, S. Nishino, and M. Itoh. "Distributions of surface water CO<sub>2</sub> and air-sea flux of CO<sub>2</sub> in coastal regions of the Canadian Beaufort Sea in late summer." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 6 (2008): 5093–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-5093-2008.

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Abstract. To quantify the air-sea flux of CO2 in a high-latitude coastal region, we conducted shipboard observations of atmospheric and surface water partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea (150° W–127° W; 69° N–73° N) in late summer 2000 and 2002. Surface water pCO2 was lower than atmospheric pCO2 (2000, 361.0 μatm; 2002, 364.7 μatm), and ranged from 250 to 344 μatm. Accordingly, ΔpCO2, which is the driving force of the air-sea exchange of CO2 and is calculated from differences in pCO2 between the sea surface and the overlying a

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48

Landschützer, P., J. F. Tjiputra, K. Assmann, and C. Heinze. "A model study on the sensitivity of surface ocean CO<sub>2</sub> pressure with respect to the CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange rate." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (2011): 10797–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-10797-2011.

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Abstract. Rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and a changing climate are expected to alter the air-sea CO2 flux through changes in the respective control factors for gas exchange. In this study we determine the sensitivity of the CO2 fluxes on the gas transfer velocity using the MICOM-HAMOCC isopycnic carbon cycle model. The monthly generated MICOM-HAMOCC output data are suitable to investigate seasonal variabilities concerning the exchange of CO2. In a series of 3 sensitivity runs the wind dependent gas exchange rate is increased by 44%, both in the northern and southern westerly regi

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49

Bates, N. R., J. T. Mathis, and M. A. Jeffries. "Air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes on the Bering Sea shelf." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (2010): 7271–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-7271-2010.

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Abstract. There have been few previous studies of surface seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) variability and air-sea CO2 gas exchange rates for the Bering Sea shelf which is the largest US coastal shelf sea. In 2008, spring and summertime observations were collected in the Bering Sea shelf as part of the Bering Sea Ecological Study (BEST). Our results indicate that the Bering Sea shelf was close to neutral in terms of CO2 sink-source status in springtime due to relatively small air-sea CO2 gradients (i.e., Δ pCO2) and sea-ice cover. However, by summertime, very low seawater pCO2 values were

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Afdal, Richardus F. Kaswadji, and Alan F. Koropitan. "Air-Sea Co2 Gas Exchange In Nasik Strait Waters, Belitung." Jurnal Segara 8, no. 1 (2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/segara.v8i1.58.

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