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Journal articles on the topic 'Air traffic controller workload'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Corver, Sifra Christina, Dana Unger, and Gudela Grote. "Predicting Air Traffic Controller Workload." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58, no. 4 (2016): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816639418.

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2

Durso, Francis T., and Carol A. Manning. "Air Traffic Control." Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4, no. 1 (2008): 195–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/155723408x342853.

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Determining how the controller (or air navigation service provider) of the future will function in tomorrow's Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) will require an understanding of the existing literature. In this chapter, after an analysis of the controller's job, we focus on technology, which is an important factor in air traffic control (ATC) today and will become increasingly so in NextGen. We then turn to workload and the extent to which it can be predicted. From human-technology interaction and workload, we move to the multiple facets of cognition thought to underlie these and other aspects of the controller's job. Beyond individual cognition, we review collaboration among controllers and discuss both synchronous cooperation and the cooperative shift change. As we move up the system, we look at error, risk, and safety. Finally, we consider the work on controller selection, covering both “select-in” (KSAOs) and “select-out” (e.g., medical and suitability) factors. For NextGen to be successful, human factors researchers must determine from today's research how the human operator can best function to provide ATC services in the future.

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3

Tang, Wei Zhen. "Research of Radar Controllers' Workload in Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model." Advanced Materials Research 722 (July 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.233.

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This issue aims at evaluating the radar controllers workload with Fuzzy matter-element analysis and grey relational analysis, based on every part of air traffic control work which takes services that air traffic controller offers to pilots and the radar control procedure into consideration. Focusing the result of evaluation this paper shows the relative membership grade between workloads and parts of the radar control work. The conclusion of this research helps improving controllers workload management and making the safety situation better.

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4

Majumdar, Arnab, Washington Y. Ochieng, Gérard McAuley, Jean Michel Lenzi, and Catalin Lepadatu. "The Factors Affecting Airspace Capacity in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Time-Series Analysis Using Simulated Controller Workload Data." Journal of Navigation 57, no. 3 (2004): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463304002863.

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Air traffic in Europe is increasing at a rapid rate and traffic patterns no longer display pronounced daily peaks but instead exhibit peak spreading. Airspace capacity planning can no longer be for the peak period but must consider the whole day. En route airspace capacity in the high density European air traffic network is determined by controller workload. Controller workload is primarily affected by the features of the air traffic and ATC sector. This paper considers the air traffic and ATC sector factors that affect controller workload throughout the whole day. A simulation study using the widely used Reorganized ATC Mathematical Simulator (RAMS) model of air traffic controller workload is conducted for the Central European Air Traffic Services (CEATS) Upper Area Control Centre region of Europe. A cross-sectional time series analysis of the simulation output is conducted with corrections for temporal autocorrelation in the data. The results indicate that a subset of traffic and sector variables and their parameter estimates can be used to predict controller workload in any sector of the CEATS region in any given hour.

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5

Xiang, Zheng, Wei Jun Pan, and Yu Tang. "Application of Controller Pilot Data Link Communication in the Training for Air Traffic Controller." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 2162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.2162.

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The application of Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) in the training for air traffic controller is investigated. CPDLC is a data link application that allows for the direct exchange of text-based messages between a controller and a pilot. It greatly improves communication capabilities compared to traditional voice communication, in terms of reducing communication errors and pilot workload, improving the efficiency of airspace management and providing economic benefits. As traffic volume in the airspace becomes saturated, it is necessary to adopt CPDLC as the primary communication method and air traffic controllers should be trained accordingly. In the presented work, the features of CPDLC are introduced as well as the structure of CPDLC system is illustrated, and a novel framework for training air traffic controller with CPDLC system is proposed. It is seen that air traffic controller can be trained with lower workload, fewer mistakes and more flexibility using CPDLC system.

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6

Lee, Paul U. "A Non-Linear Relationship between Controller Workload and Traffic Count." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 12 (2005): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901206.

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Controller workload has been a focal topic in air traffic management research because it is considered a key limiting factor to capacity increase in air traffic operations. Because workload ratings are subjective and highly prone to individual differences, some researchers have tried to replace workload with more objective metrics, such as aircraft count. A significant caveat in substituting these metrics for workload ratings, however, is that their relationships are non-linear. For example, as the number of aircraft increases linearly, the controller's perceived workload jumps from low to high at a certain traffic threshold, resulting in a stepfunction increase in workload with respect to aircraft count, suggesting that controllers perceive workload categorically. The non-linear relationship between workload and aircraft count has been validated using data collected from a recent study on the En Route Free Maneuvering concept element (Lee, Prevot, Mercer, Smith, & Palmer, 2005). The results suggest that objective metrics, such as aircraft count, may not be used interchangeably with subjective workload. In addition, any estimation on workload should not be extrapolated from a set of workload measures taken from an experiment since the extrapolated workload is likely to significantly underestimate workload.

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7

Antulov-Fantulin, Bruno, Biljana Juričić, Tomislav Radišić, and Cem Çetek. "Determining Air Traffic Complexity – Challenges and Future Development." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 4 (2020): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i4.3401.

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Air traffic complexity is one of the main drivers of the air traffic controllers’ workload. With the forecasted increase of air traffic, the impact of complexity on the controllers' workload will be even more pronounced in the coming years. The existing models and methods for determining air traffic complexity have drawbacks and issues which are still an unsolved challenge. In this paper, an overview is given of the most relevant literature on air traffic complexity and improvements that can be done in this field. The existing issues have been tackled and new solutions have been given on how to improve the determination of air traffic complexity. A preliminary communication is given on the future development of a novel method for determining air traffic complexity with the aim of designing a new air traffic complexity model based on air traffic controller tasks. The novel method uses new solutions, such as air traffic controller tasks defined on pre-conflict resolution parameters, experiment design, static images of traffic situations and generic airspace to improve the existing air traffic complexity models.

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8

Triyanti, V., H. A. Azis, H. Iridiastadi, and Yassierli. "Workload and Fatigue Assessment on Air Traffic Controller." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 847 (May 28, 2020): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/847/1/012087.

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9

Martin, Lynne, Thomas Kozon, Savita Verma, and Sandra Lozito. "Using Models to Explore Air Traffic Controller Workload." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 3 (2006): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000339.

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10

Redding, Richard E. "Analysis of Operational Errors and Workload in Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 17 (1992): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749252.

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The Federal Aviation Administration has embarked on a major curriculum redesign effort to improve the training of en route air traffic controllers. Included in this effort was a cognitive task analysis. One component of the task analysis was an analysis of operational errors, to obtain insights into cognitive-perceptual factors contributing to controller decisionmaking error. The data suggest that a failure to maintain situation awareness is the primary cause of controller error. These results highlight the importance of the controller task “maintain situation awareness”, and are consistent with the findings of the other analyses. An approach for training situation awareness skills is presented in relation to models of expertise developed from other analyses: an expert mental model of air traffic control, and a task decomposition listing thirteen primary controller tasks. The findings and training paridigm have implications for training other complex high-performance tasks performed in a real-time, multi-tasking environment.

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11

Zhang, D. F., and Y. Z. chen. "Airspace sectorisation via a weighted graph model." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1201 (2014): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009118.

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With the development of air traffic, flight delays happen frequently due to bad weather and traffic congestion. The problem can be solved partly by certain strategies, such as changing air routes. However, rerouting leads to a global imbalance in controller workload of current sectors and to an increase in co-ordination workload, and the workloads of some sectors may be beyond the controller’s ability to manage. Thus, airspace sectorisation is expected to migrate from the current static sectors to dynamically-changing ones capable of adapting to traffic demand. Besides addressing imbalance and controlling the increase in workload, the sectorisation has to meet additional geometric constraints such as convexity, connectivity, and minimum distance constraint.

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12

Reaux, Ray A., Elizabeth D. Murphy, Lisa J. Stewart, Janet L. Gresh, and Karin Bruce. "Building a Modeling and Simulation Analysis Tool to Predict Air Traffic Controller Workload and Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 2 (1989): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300211.

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To meet expected increases in domestic air traffic, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) will increase the level of automation in the domestic air traffic control (ATC) system. There is a need to assess the effects of the increased automation on controller workload and performance. Software-based engineering tools are needed to automate the analysis, allowing designers to identify potential problems early in the system design lifecycle. This paper describes one such tool, the Predictive Air Traffic Controller Analysis Model (PATCAM), a modeling and simulation analysis tool that uses a system operations concept and task attributes database, a controller activities model, a sector environment model and simulation engine, and a workload or performance model to predict the impact of system design changes on controller workload or performance.

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13

Hah, Sehchang, Ben Willems, and Randy Phillips. "The Effect of Air Traffic Increase on Controller Workload." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 1 (2006): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000111.

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14

Majumdar, Arnab, and Washington Y. Ochieng. "Factors Affecting Air Traffic Controller Workload: Multivariate Analysis Based on Simulation Modeling of Controller Workload." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1788, no. 1 (2002): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1788-08.

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15

Satria Saputra, Ari. "STRATEGY FOR MANAGING WORKLOADS OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER AT PERUM LPPNPI." Dinasti International Journal of Education Management And Social Science 2, no. 2 (2020): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v2i2.653.

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This study aims to analyze workload management strategies, constraints in workload management strategies and planning and development of air traffic integration workload management strategies at Perum LPPNPI. Research data is data collected from interviews, literature studies and data observations obtained from the directorate of operations of the Perum LPPNPI office and evaluation of air navigation over a period of years to years. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study that has a complete picture of a phenomenon or event that occurs according to its purpose. The method used by researchers in analyzing data is data collection, data reduction, data display and conclusion. Subjects in this study were 5 (five) sources as officials on duty at Perum LPPNPI. The results of this study indicate that the air traffic workload management strategy at Perum LPPNPI is in fulfilling the number of human resources and needs, restructuring air space, managing ATFM (Air Traffic Flow Management), paying more attention to FRMS (Fatigue Risk Management System).

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16

Janić, Milan. "A model of air traffic control sector capacity based on air traffic controller workload." Transportation Planning and Technology 20, no. 4 (1997): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081069708717596.

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17

Rantanen, Esa M., Jason S. McCarley, and Xidong Xu. "The Impact of Communication Delays on Air Traffic Controllers' Vectoring Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (2002): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600112.

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An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of communication delays in the pilot—controller communication loop on air traffic controllers' performance and workload. Four levels of constant systemic audio delay (AD), 150, 250 ms, 350 ms, and 1,000 ms, and two levels of variable pilot delay (PD), zero delay and realistic delay, were employed. Vectoring accuracy and the controller's final turn initiation served as dependent variables. Subjective workload was measured by the NASA-TLX workload index. Eight subjects proficient in the task participated in the experiment. Random PD had significant effects on both vectoring accuracy and final turn initiation; accuracy was reduced and initiation times were earlier when PD was added. However, data showed no effect of AD on vectoring accuracy, and no evidence of compensatory strategies in response to increasing AD levels. Results suggest that variability in the subjects' turn initiation effectively masked the impact of even the longest AD of 1,000 ms on vectoring accuracy. The NASA-TLX showed no effect of AD on workload in either PD condition.

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18

Rodgers, Mark D., Carol A. Manning, and Charles S. Kerr. "Demonstration of Power: Performance and Objective Workload Evaluation Research." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 15 (1994): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801502.

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The Federal Aviation Adrainistration (FAA) is developing a method to determine whether future air traffic control systems will provide the benefits to the National Airspace System (NAS) that were proposed when they were conceived. The purpose of this project was to develop a set of objective measures to characterize the productivity of an individual air traffic controller. Software was developed to compute measures of airspace characteristics, controller activities, and air traffic situational characteristics. This software, the Performance and Objective Workload Evaluation Research (POWER) program, computes a set of numerical measures based on routinely collected air traffic control data. The POWER program was written to interface with the Situation Assessment Through Re-creation of Incidents (SATORI) system, originally developed to re-create operational incidents (Rodgers & Duke, 1993). An engineering validation was conducted and a psychometric assessment is underway to evaluate the reliability, validity, and utility of the measures and a subset will be chosen to characterize controller taskload and performance. POWER will then be used to measure controller performance and taskload on ATC sectors to be transitioned to future systems. These baseline taskload and performance measures will be compared to taskload and performance measures obtained from future ATC systems after system implementation. POWER will also be used to evaluate alternative future systems display configurations at the Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) Air Traffic Control Future Systems Simulation Laboratory.

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19

Yazgan, Ebru, Erdi Sert, and Deniz Şimşek. "Overview of Studies on the Cognitive Workload of the Air Traffic Controller." International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology vm02, is01 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23890/ijast.vm02is01.0104.

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Air Traffic Control Officer (ATCO) will be the branch that will have the most impact in the air transport system. The duty of ATCOs is to prevent the collision of airplanes in the air provided by the controllers on the ground and to overcome the possible confusion. Being exposed to a very high cognitive workload of ATCOs, which is one of the high-risk occupational groups, is important in terms of flight safety. However, it has been observed that studies on the differences in cognitive workload that may occur between experienced and inexperienced ATCO under different task difficulties are quite insufficient in literature. This study presents research studies on cognitive workload measurement methods and ATCO's cognitive workload. In this study, first of all, the importance of determining the cognitive workload and its measurement methods are explained. In addition, literature studies related to cognitive workload of ATCOs, particularly by using eye tracker are presented.

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20

Xia, Zheng Hong, and Wei Jun Pan. "Research on the Workload of the Controller-to-Be Based on the Radar Simulator." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.520.

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The radar simulator practice of the controller-to-be was studied in this paper, according to the control instruction classification and the statistics of their occurrence frequency and time. The air traffic controller-to-be workload model and weight calculate algorithm based on the radar service type was proposed. The concept of workload sensitivity was defined, though which the relationship between workload and traffic. Research on the workload of the controller-to-be is of great importance for setting reasonable radar simulator exercise, as well as cultivating the control skills of the students.

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21

Socha, Vladimír, Lenka Hanáková, Viktor Valenta, et al. "Workload assessment of air traffic controllers." Transportation Research Procedia 51 (2020): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.027.

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22

Edwards, Tamsyn, and Lynne Martin. "The Relationship between Workload and Performance in Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (2017): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601887.

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In air traffic control, task demand and workload have important implications for the safety and efficiency of air traffic. Task demand is dynamic, however, research on demand transitions and associated controller perception and performance is limited. In addition, there is a comparatively restricted understanding of the influence of task demand transitions on workload and performance, in association with automation. This study used an air traffic control simulation to investigate the influence of task demand transitions and two conditions of varying automation, on workload and efficiency-related performance. Findings showed that both the direction of the task demand variation, and the amount of automation, influenced the relationship between workload and performance. Further research is needed to enhance understanding of demand transition and workload history effects on operator experience and performance, in both air traffic control and other safety-critical domains.

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23

d’Engelbronner, J. G., C. Borst, J. Ellerbroek, M. M. van Paassen, and M. Mulder. "Solution-Space–Based Analysis of Dynamic Air Traffic Controller Workload." Journal of Aircraft 52, no. 4 (2015): 1146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.c032847.

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24

Rahman, S. M. B. Abdul, C. Borst, M. M. van Paassen, and M. Mulder. "Cross-sector transferability of metrics for air traffic controller workload." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 19 (2016): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.561.

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25

Sherali, Hanif D., and Justin M. Hill. "Configuration of airspace sectors for balancing air traffic controller workload." Annals of Operations Research 203, no. 1 (2011): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0837-z.

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26

Zhou, Hang, and Xinxin Jiang. "Multirunway Optimization Schedule of Airport Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm by Dynamical Time Window." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/854372.

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Reasonable airport runway scheduling is an effective measure to alleviate air traffic congestion. This paper proposes a new model and algorithm for flight scheduling. Considering the factors such as operating conditions and flight safety interval, the runway throughput, flight delays cost, and controller workload composes a multiobjective optimization model. The genetic algorithm combined with sliding time window algorithm is used to solve the model proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the algorithm presented in this paper gets the optimal results, the runway throughput is increased by 12.87%, the delay cost is reduced by 61.46%, and the controller workload is also significantly reduced compared with FCFS (first come first served). Meanwhile, compared with the general genetic algorithm, it also reduces the time complexity and improves real-time and work efficiency significantly. The analysis results can provide guidance for air traffic controllers to make better air traffic control.

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27

Purbo Wartoyo, Bayu, Liha Nuri Sabilah, Suharyanto, and Ahmad Sulaiman. "KAJIAN PENAMBAHAN UNIT GROUND CONTROL MILITER SEBAGAI OPTIMALISASI KINERJA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER." AIRMAN: Jurnal Teknik dan Keselamatan Transportasi 3, no. 1 (2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46509/ajtkt.v3i1.47.

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Unit Aerodrome Control Tower (YANI TWR) merupakan salah satu bagian dari Unit ATS di Bandara Internasional Ahmad Yani Semarang yang sangat penting dalam memberikan pelayanan Aerodrome Control service. Tanggung jawab Tower Controller adalah meliputi wilayah maneuvering and vicinity area of an Aerodrome. Seiring bertambahnya jumlah traffic militer yang dikarenakan Bandara Ahmad Yani merupakan Bandara enclave militer, bertambah juga workload seorang TWR controller, sehingga untuk mengurangi workload Controller dan meningkatkan level of service diperlukan peningkatan pelayanan berupa penambahan unit Ground Control Militer di Bandara Intenasional Ahmad Yani Semarang.

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Purbo Wartoyo, Bayu, Liha Nuri Sabilah, Suharyanto, and Ahmad Sulaiman. "Kajian Penambahan Unit Ground Control Militer sebagai Optimalisasi Kinerja Air Traffic Controller." AIRMAN: Jurnal Teknik dan Keselamatan Transportasi 3, no. 1 (2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46509/ajtk.v3i1.152.

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Unit Aerodrome Control Tower (YANI TWR) merupakan salah satu bagian dari Unit ATS di Bandara Internasional Ahmad Yani Semarang yang sangat penting dalam memberikan pelayanan Aerodrome Control service. Tanggung jawab Tower Controller adalah meliputi wilayah maneuvering and vicinity area of an Aerodrome. Seiring bertambahnya jumlah traffic militer yang dikarenakan Bandara Ahmad Yani merupakan Bandara enclave militer, bertambah juga workload seorang TWR controller, sehingga untuk mengurangi workload Controller dan meningkatkan level of service diperlukan peningkatan pelayanan berupa penambahan unit Ground Control Militer di Bandara Intenasional Ahmad Yani Semarang

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29

Tobaruela, Gonzalo, Wolfgang Schuster, Arnab Majumdar, Washington Y. Ochieng, Luis Martinez, and Peter Hendrickx. "A method to estimate air traffic controller mental workload based on traffic clearances." Journal of Air Transport Management 39 (July 2014): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.04.002.

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30

Pham, Duc-Thinh, Sameer Alam, and Vu Duong. "An Air Traffic Controller Action Extraction-Prediction Model Using Machine Learning Approach." Complexity 2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1659103.

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In air traffic control, the airspace is divided into several smaller sectors for better management of air traffic and air traffic controller workload. Such sectors are usually managed by a team of two air traffic controllers: planning controller (D-side) and executive controller (R-side). D-side controller is responsible for processing flight-plan information to plan and organize the flow of traffic entering the sector. R-side controller deals with ensuring safety of flights in their sector. A better understanding and predictability of D-side controller actions, for a given traffic scenario, may help in automating some of its tasks and hence reduce workload. In this paper, we propose a learning model to predict D-side controller actions. The learning problem is modeled as a supervised learning problem, where the target variables are D-side controller actions and the explanatory variables are the aircraft 4D trajectory features. The model is trained on six months of ADS-B data over an en-route sector, and its generalization performance was assessed, using crossvalidation, on the same sector. Results indicate that the model for vertical maneuver actions provides highest prediction accuracy (99%). Besides, the model for speed change and course change action provides predictability accuracy of 80% and 87%, respectively. The model to predict the set of all the actions (altitude, speed, and course change) for each flight achieves an accuracy of 70% implying for 70% of flights; D-side controller’s action can be predicted from trajectory information at sector entry position. In terms of operational validation, the proposed approach is envisioned as ATCO assisting tool, not an autonomous tool. Thus, there is always ATCO discretion element, and as more ATCO actions are collected, the models can be further trained for better accuracy. For future work, we will consider expanding the feature set by including parameters such as weather and wind. Moreover, human in the loop simulation will be performed to measure the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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31

COSTA, GIOVANNI. "Evaluation of workload in air traffic controllers." Ergonomics 36, no. 9 (1993): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139308967982.

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32

Di Mascio, Paola, Riccardo Carrara, Luca Frasacco, Eleonora Luciano, Andrea Ponziani, and Laura Moretti. "How the Tower Air Traffic Controller Workload Influences the Capacity in a Complex Three-Runway Airport." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062807.

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Air traffic controllers aim to optimize airport capacity, that is to increase the number of aircraft movements per hour maintaining a limited delay. There are several definitions of capacity, which depend on the considered airport element. This study focused on the development of a method that allows evaluating the impact of tower air traffic controllers’ workload on airport capacity. It adapts a model for the workload of sector controllers designed by Eurocontrol to tower controllers and tests it on a heavily busy international airport. In order to collect controllers’ working times, a campaign of data collection has been carried out from the radio frequency occupation. The results allowed us to extrapolate the hourly percentage of work of the various tower controllers using a fast-time simulation software. By imposing an hourly working threshold on tower air traffic controllers, it was possible to obtain a maximum number of manageable aircraft, which was compared with the airside capacity of the airport. The results show that the maximum traffic manageable from the airside would produce unacceptable workload for tower controllers, highlighting the link between airport capacity and the human component.

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33

정완기, 이금진, and 안미진. "Airspace Sector Capacity Estimation via Macroscopic Air Traffic Controller Workload Modelling." Journal of Transport Research 21, no. 1 (2014): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34143/jtr.2014.21.1.87.

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34

SUMIYA, Midori, Sachiko FUKUSHIMA, and Yutaka FUKUDA. "A Study of a Controller Workload for Air Traffic Flow Management." Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 119 (2008): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9749/jin.119.249.

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35

Oktal, Hakan, and Kadriye Yaman. "A new approach to air traffic controller workload measurement and modelling." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 83, no. 1 (2011): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00022661111119900.

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36

Milan, Janić. "Terminal area capacity model—a problem concerning air traffic controller workload." Transportation Planning and Technology 13, no. 3 (1989): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081068908717400.

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37

Yeong Heok Lee, Jeong-Dae Jeon, and Youn-Chul Choi. "Air Traffic Controllers' Situation Awareness and Workload under Dynamic Air Traffic Situations." Transportation Journal 51, no. 3 (2012): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.51.3.0338.

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38

Juričić, Biljana, Ružica Škurla Babić, and Ivana Francetić. "Zagreb Terminal Airspace Capacity Analysis." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 5 (2012): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i5.155.

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The paper deals with the Zagreb Terminal Airspace capacity. The basic scenario has been modelled using the RAMSPlus simulator and capacity has been calculated by using the WMSE method which takes into account the peak-hour workload based on air traffic controllers’ tasks. The problem of traffic congestion has been analyzed and several case study scenarios have been simulated. The conducted simulations have demonstrated that in the conditions of increased traffic loads (traffic demand amounting to 6% annually) the working technology and the airspace organization of Zagreb Terminal Airspace will become a restricting factor at peak-hour workloads. The new technologies in Zagreb Terminal Airspace (P-RNAV routes and airspace sectorization) will enable the reduction in air-traffic controller’s workload regarding radar vectoring, radio-telephony and coordination tasks. This should increase the airspace capacity and thus enhance the safety and orderly flow of air traffic. KEY WORDS: terminal airspace, capacity, simulation, workload, task, sectorization

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Kesseler, Ernst, and Ed Knapen. "Designing future advanced controller displays." Information Design Journal 11, no. 1 (2003): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.11.1.05kes.

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This paper describes the design of an advanced human-machine interface for well-trained, professional users, i.e. air traffic controllers. The safety implications of their tasks, combined with the short reaction time available to the user, result in high demands on the interface between the human and the supporting information system. The increasing demand for air traffic capacity (which can not be accommodated by just deploying more personnel as the additional co-ordination offsets the workload reduction) necessitates the introduction of innovative support tools to prevent human overload. Experience with the introduction of such tools stresses the need to design their user interfaces using a ‘human-centred approach’, contrasting with the traditional ‘technology-centred approach’.

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David, Hugh. "Measures of Stress/Strain on Air Traffic Controllers in Simulated Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 37 (2000): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403737.

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This poster summarises, in symbolic form, thirty years of experience at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre (EEC) in the assessment of the workload placed on controllers, Stress (= Ss) and their reactions to stress, Strain (= St). The accompanying pamphlets go into more detail about the specific techniques. See also the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre Website “ www.eurocontrol.fr ”.

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Crévits, Igor, Serge Debernard, and Pascal Denecker. "Model building for air-traffic controllers' workload regulation." European Journal of Operational Research 136, no. 2 (2002): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(01)00119-9.

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Andersone, Silva, Lauris Miķelsons, and Ibrahim Arandas. "Theoretical Aspects of Erroneous Actions During the Process of Decision Making by Air Traffic Control." Transport and Aerospace Engineering 4, no. 1 (2017): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tae-2017-0001.

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Abstract The Theoretical Aspects of Erroneous Actions During the Process of Decision Making by Air Traffic Control evaluates the factors affecting the operational decision-making of a human air traffic controller, interacting in a dynamic environment with the flight crew, surrounding aircraft traffic and environmental conditions of the airspace. This article reviews the challenges of air traffic control in different conditions, ranging from normal and complex to emergency and catastrophic. Workload factors and operating conditions make an impact on air traffic controllers’ decision-making. The proposed model compares various operating conditions within an assumed air traffic control environment subsequently comparing them against a theoretically “perfect” air traffic control system. A mathematical model of flight safety assessment has been proposed for the quantitative assessment of various hazards arising during the process of Air Traffic Control. The model assumes events of various severity and probability ranging from high frequency and low severity up to less likely and catastrophic ones. Certain limitations of the model have been recognised and further improvements for effective hazard evaluation have been suggested.

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Fox, Starr Lynn, F. T. Eggemeier, and David W. Biers. "Effects of Aging on Working Memory and Workload." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 2 (1995): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900204.

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The current study investigated the effects of aging on working memory and mental workload. Subjects performed a Brown-Peterson memory task using simulated air traffic controller/pilot communications. Perceived mental workload was measured using the NASA-TLX rating scale. Results revealed no significant recall performance differences between younger and older individuals. However, workload ratings indicated that older individuals experienced higher perceived workload than younger individuals. These findings suggest subjective workload ratings may be sensitive to age-related differences not demonstrated by performance measures.

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Brooker, Peter. "Will Cost-Effectiveness Decisions Determine Future 4D Air Traffic Management Concepts?" Journal of Navigation 68, no. 3 (2014): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331400071x.

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Would an increased emphasis on cost-effectiveness and markedly reduced controller workload/costs determine the Four-Dimensional Air Traffic Management (4D ATM) Concept – a mindset change? Are there workable concepts that focus on flightpath conformance monitoring rather than a combination of conformance and hazard monitoring? Fundamental criteria for a conformance management-based system are identified to meet workload and cost goals. A ‘Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Feedback Concept’ is sketched, with radical ingredients to convert GNSS's accurate position fixes into accurate aircraft flightpath navigation. This eliminates air/ground trajectory synchronisation processing, and focuses conflict probing/planning tools on non-conforming flights. This concept would need to address key Human Factor concerns satisfactorily.

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Fujino, Mitsuki, Jieun Lee, Toshiaki Hirano, Yuichi Saito, and Makoto Itoh. "Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM for Seeking Effective Way to Evaluate Situation Awareness and Workload During Air Traffic Control Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (2020): 1836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641442.

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Evaluation of air traffic controller’s situation awareness (SA) is becoming important for air traffic management with the growth of air traffic. This study compared two SA evaluation methods: Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM) to understand how these techniques affect controllers’ predictability in different traffic density settings. Twenty students undertook simple air traffic control simulations by using both techniques. We investigated how these techniques affect their workload with Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) and NASA-TLX. SWAT scores showed that high traffic density increased participants’ workload, and extra workload was posed right after answering SA queries. NASA-TLX scores were larger when SAGAT was used than when SPAM was used throughout the simulation. We found that the workload with SAGAT interferes with main tasks more than that of SPAM. The results of query scores suggested that SPAM is more predictive to the assessment of the controller’s SA.

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Cummings, M. L., and Chris Tsonis. "Deconstructing Complexity in Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (2005): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900107.

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While previous research has addressed air traffic controller workload as a function of cognitive complexity due to environmental and to a lesser degree, organizational factors, significantly less attention has been paid to the role of displays and complexity in the ATC environment. One drawback to new display technology is that in dynamic human supervisory control domains, it is not always clear whether a decision support interface actually alleviates or contributes to the problem of complexity. In an attempt to quantify the influence of environmental and display complexity factors on cognitive complexity, an experiment was conducted to determine if these two components could be effectively measured. Results revealed that the environmental factor of increasing aircraft number affected subject performance only slightly more than the display complexity factor of increased color categories. These findings are important because the use of color in displays is meant to reduce environmental complexity, not add to it.

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Čekanová, Daniela, Žaneta Miženková, Ľubomír Fábry, and Róbert Rozenberg. "Psychological Aspects Operating on the Air Traffic Controller in Reintegration into Action After The Accident." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 4, no. 20 (2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2016.20.04.

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<span lang="EN-US">The aim of the article is to analyze the psychological aspects of an air traffic controller who controls aircraft, communicates with the crew and encounters the incidents of different nature or even accidents. The work of the air traffic controller requires a high level of responsibility and tension which can often lead to stress and trauma. The first part of this article is highlighting the complexity of the profession and passes to the next section, which explains the context of workload, stress and trauma. Long-term stress and traumatic experience of ATC maybe harmful or contribute to early resignation from work. The selection of suitable candidates and their preparation for the profession of air traffic controller is so demanding that their work and psychological aspects require increased attention from the side of the research.</span>

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Seamster, Thomas L., John R. Cannon, Richard M. Pierce, and Richard E. Redding. "Analysis of En Route Air Traffic Controller Team Communication and Controller Resource Management (CRM)." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 1 (1992): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600117.

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This analysis of en route air traffic controller communication was part of a larger Federal Aviation Administration effort to redesign the training program for en route air traffic control. This presentation concentrates on the analysis and results of the team communications as they relate to Controller Resource Management (CRM). The team controller communication takes place between the radar controller and the radar associate controller as they perform their related tasks in the management of the sector air traffic. This study used an inductive approach to look at communication frequencies across different types of controller teams. The controller teams were manipulated by using different combinations of expert, intermediate, and novice controllers, and these teams were compared under moderate and heavier workloads while managing simulated air traffic. The team communications were coded and analyzed at the speech turn level. Observations, situational inquiry, and answers supplying information combined to make up over half of the speech turns used by the controllers in team communication. A more detailed analysis by controller position and performance identified communication frequencies for the better performing sessions. These results are interpreted in relation to a recent mental model of the en route air traffic controller and are further explained based on results of a study of live traffic team communication. The discussion explores the roles of the team members in maintaining effective CRM.

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ZEIER, HANS. "Workload and psychophysiological stress reactions in air traffic controllers." Ergonomics 37, no. 3 (1994): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139408963668.

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Ahlstrom, Ulf. "Experimental Evaluation of the AIRWOLF Weather Advisory Tool for En Route Air Traffic Controllers." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 5, no. 1 (2015): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000070.

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The objective of this study was to examine the potential benefits for air traffic controllers from the use of automated weather advisories. In a part-task simulation, we used a weather support tool called Automatic Identification of Risky Weather Objects in Line of Flight (AIRWOLF) that (a) detects conflicts between aircraft and hazardous weather, (b) alerts the controller, and (c) generates automatic weather advisories. During the simulation, air traffic control (ATC) subject matter experts responded to AIRWOLF alerts and either provided weather advisories to pilots via radio in two main conditions or provided data link communication in a third control condition. Automated advisories (a) eliminate the need for a manual production of weather advisories; (b) reduce the production time, voice duration, and overall advisory duration; and (c) reduce the cognitive workload associated with the dissemination of weather advisories. The results showed that the AIRWOLF tool could support air traffic controller weather avoidance actions and provide accurate and timely weather advisories to pilots. The weather advisory tool could support en route controllers for the safe, efficient, and strategic efforts required to handle adverse weather conditions in the en route environment.

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