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1
Wright, D. L., J. A. Bradley, and S. M. Hodge. "Use of a new high-speed digital data acquisition system in airborne ice-sounding." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 27, no. 5 (September 1989): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.1989.35938.
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Hudnut, Kenneth W., Benjamin A. Brooks, Katherine Scharer, Janis L. Hernandez, Timothy E. Dawson, Michael E. Oskin, J. Ramon Arrowsmith, et al. "Airborne Lidar and Electro-Optical Imagery along Surface Ruptures of the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence, Southern California." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 2096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190338.
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Abstract Surface rupture from the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence, initially associated with the Mw 6.4 foreshock, occurred on 4 July on a ∼17 km long, northeast–southwest-oriented, left-lateral zone of faulting. Following the Mw 7.1 mainshock on 5 July (local time), extensive northwest–southeast-oriented, right-lateral faulting was then also mapped along a ∼50 km long zone of faults, including subparallel splays in several areas. The largest slip was observed in the epicentral area and crossing the dry lakebed of China Lake to the southeast. Surface fault rupture mapping by a large team, reported elsewhere, was used to guide the airborne data acquisition reported here. Rapid rupture mapping allowed for accurate and efficient flight line planning for the high-resolution light detection and ranging (lidar) and aerial photography. Flight line planning trade-offs were considered to allocate the medium (25 pulses per square meter [ppsm]) and high-resolution (80 ppsm) lidar data collection polygons. The National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping acquired the airborne imagery with a Titan multispectral lidar system and Digital Modular Aerial Camera (DiMAC) aerial digital camera, and U.S. Geological Survey acquired Global Positioning System ground control data. This effort required extensive coordination with the Navy as much of the airborne data acquisition occurred within their restricted airspace at the China Lake ranges.
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Aicardi, I., F. Chiabrando, N. Grasso, A. M. Lingua, F. Noardo, and A. Spanò. "UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH OBLIQUE IMAGES: FIRST ANALYSIS ON DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-835-2016.
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In recent years, many studies revealed the advantages of using airborne oblique images for obtaining improved 3D city models (e.g. including façades and building footprints). Expensive airborne cameras, installed on traditional aerial platforms, usually acquired the data. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of acquire and use oblique images for the 3D reconstruction of a historical building, obtained by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and traditional COTS (Commercial Off-the-Shelf) digital cameras (more compact and lighter than generally used devices), for the realization of high-level-of-detail architectural survey. The critical issues of the acquisitions from a common UAV (flight planning strategies, ground control points, check points distribution and measurement, etc.) are described. Another important considered aspect was the evaluation of the possibility to use such systems as low cost methods for obtaining complete information from an aerial point of view in case of emergency problems or, as in the present paper, in the cultural heritage application field. The data processing was realized using SfM-based approach for point cloud generation: different dense image-matching algorithms implemented in some commercial and open source software were tested. The achieved results are analysed and the discrepancies from some reference LiDAR data are computed for a final evaluation. The system was tested on the S. Maria Chapel, a part of the Novalesa Abbey (Italy).
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Aicardi, I., F. Chiabrando, N. Grasso, A. M. Lingua, F. Noardo, and A. Spanò. "UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH OBLIQUE IMAGES: FIRST ANALYSIS ON DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-835-2016.
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In recent years, many studies revealed the advantages of using airborne oblique images for obtaining improved 3D city models (e.g. including façades and building footprints). Expensive airborne cameras, installed on traditional aerial platforms, usually acquired the data. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of acquire and use oblique images for the 3D reconstruction of a historical building, obtained by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and traditional COTS (Commercial Off-the-Shelf) digital cameras (more compact and lighter than generally used devices), for the realization of high-level-of-detail architectural survey. The critical issues of the acquisitions from a common UAV (flight planning strategies, ground control points, check points distribution and measurement, etc.) are described. Another important considered aspect was the evaluation of the possibility to use such systems as low cost methods for obtaining complete information from an aerial point of view in case of emergency problems or, as in the present paper, in the cultural heritage application field. The data processing was realized using SfM-based approach for point cloud generation: different dense image-matching algorithms implemented in some commercial and open source software were tested. The achieved results are analysed and the discrepancies from some reference LiDAR data are computed for a final evaluation. The system was tested on the S. Maria Chapel, a part of the Novalesa Abbey (Italy).
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Yu, Yong Tao, Ming Chen, Feng Tian, and Ying Ji Shan. "The Design and Realization of Airborne Electrical Equipments’ Online Test System in the Environments of Mechanics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1038.
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Current OTS (Online Test System, OTS) of airborne electrical equipments in the environments of mechanics is only able to test statically but dynamically. To solve the problem, a new kind of dynamic test system based on PXI bus is designed. In the design, modular instrument resources that used in the third generation of ATE (Auto Test System, ATE) commonly is adopted to prove the system’s reusability, extensibility and standard ability, digital signal acquisition is replaced with analog signal acquisition to realize dynamic test, support from the method of process monitoring is drew to get the capability to detect the reversible failure in UUT (Unit Under Test, UTT), VC++ language is used as the software development tool to control the system and record test data. In the special mechanics environment such as centrifuge, drawing lessons from the experience of the new concept dynamic test, the system architecture of remote control acquisition is used to prove the stability and efficiency of the test system greatly. The experimental result shows that the system runs well and has more advantages such as high efficiency of auto-test and reliability of failure diagnosis results, meeting new demand of the airborne electrical equipments’ online test in the environments of mechanics.
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Tampubolon, W., and W. Reinhardt. "QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AN EXTENDED INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR DATA PROCESSING APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-615-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Radar data acquisition is a reliable technology to provide base data for topographical mapping. Its flexibility and weather independency makes radar data more attractive in comparison with traditional airborne data acquisition. This advantage emplaces radar data acquisition as an alternative method for many applications including Large Scale Topographical Mapping (LSTM). LSTM i.e. larger or equal than 1<span class="thinspace"></span>:<span class="thinspace"></span>10.000 map scale is one of the prominent priority tasks to be finished in an accelerated way especially in third world countries such as Indonesia. The available TerraSAR-X Add on Digital Elevation Model X (TanDEM-X) Intermediate Digital Elevation Model (IDEM) from German Aerospace Center (DLR) as one useful global scientific data set however still complies with High Resolution Terrain Information (HRTI) Level 3 only. The accuracy of the end product of pairwise bi-static TanDEM-X data can be improved by some potential measures such as incorporation of Ground Control Points (GCPs) within the interferometric data processing. It is expected that the corresponding end product can fulfil HRTI Level 4 specification. From this point, we focus on the step of phase difference measurements in radar interferometry to generate elevation model with least square adjustment approach using three main parameters i.e. height reference, absolute phase offset and baseline. Those three parameters are considered to be essential within the Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation process. Therefore it is necessary to find the optimal solution within aforementioned adjustment model. In this paper we use an linearized model, as discussed in section 2.4, to process the bi-static TanDEM-X datasets and investigate how this improves the accuracy of the generated DSM. As interferometric radar data processing relies on accurate GCP data we use Indonesian Geospatial Reference System (SRGI) for our investigations. Also, we use baseline and phase offset information from TanDEM-X metadata. Subsequently, the DSM generated using Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) desktop, is the main product used for LSTM. This product has to be assessed using check points derived from conventional airborne data acquisition using RCD-30 metric camera and the accuracy is compared with the accuracy of the IDEM. Summarized, this paper aims on an improvement of the DSM generation by adjusting main parameters through our linearized model.</p>
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Goodbody, Tristan, Nicholas Coops, Txomin Hermosilla, Piotr Tompalski, and Gaetan Pelletier. "Vegetation Phenology Driving Error Variation in Digital Aerial Photogrammetrically Derived Terrain Models." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101554.
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Digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have emerged as synergistic technologies capable of enhancing forest inventory information. A known limitation of DAP technology is its ability to derive terrain surfaces in areas with moderate to high vegetation coverage. In this study, we sought to investigate the influence of flight acquisition timing on the accuracy and coverage of digital terrain models (DTM) in a low cover forest area in New Brunswick, Canada. To do so, a multi-temporal UAS-acquired DAP data set was used. Acquired imagery was photogrammetrically processed to produce high quality DAP point clouds, from which DTMs were derived. Individual DTMs were evaluated for error using an airborne laser scanning (ALS)-derived DTM as a reference. Unobstructed road areas were used to validate DAP DTM error. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) were generated to assess the significance of acquisition timing on mean vegetation cover, DTM error, and proportional DAP coverage. GAMM models for mean vegetation cover and DTM error were found to be significantly influenced by acquisition date. A best available terrain pixel (BATP) compositing exercise was conducted to generate a best possible UAS DAP-derived DTM and outline the importance of flight acquisition timing. The BATP DTM yielded a mean error of −0.01 m. This study helps to show that the timing of DAP acquisitions can influence the accuracy and coverage of DTMs in low cover vegetation areas. These findings provide insight to improve future data set quality and provide a means for managers to cost-effectively derive high accuracy terrain models post-management activity.
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Park, So-Young, Dae Geon Lee, Eun Jin Yoo, and Dong-Cheon Lee. "Segmentation of LiDAR Data Using Multilevel Cube Code." Journal of Sensors 2019 (April 17, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4098413.
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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data collected from airborne laser scanning systems are one of the major sources of spatial data. Airborne laser scanning systems have the capacity for rapid and direct acquisition of accurate 3D coordinates. Use of LiDAR data is increasing in various applications, such as topographic mapping, building and city modeling, biomass measurement, and disaster management. Segmentation is a crucial process in the extraction of meaningful information for applications such as 3D object modeling and surface reconstruction. Most LiDAR processing schemes are based on digital image processing and computer vision algorithms. This paper introduces a shape descriptor method for segmenting LiDAR point clouds using a “multilevel cube code” that is an extension of the 2D chain code to 3D space. The cube operator segments point clouds into roof surface patches, including superstructures, removes unnecessary objects, detects the boundaries of buildings, and determines model key points for building modeling. Both real and simulated LiDAR data were used to verify the proposed approach. The experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the method for segmenting LiDAR data from buildings with a wide range of roof types. The method was found to segment point cloud data effectively.
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Yankielun, Norbert E., Michael G. Ferrick, and Patricia B. Weyrick. "Development of an airborne millimeter-wave FM-CW radar for mapping river ice." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-136.
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Analyses of a river's freezeup ice cover stability and its breakup rely on detailed knowledge of the cover's thickness and the variability of that thickness. A high-resolution, millimeter wave (26.5- to 40-GHz) frequency modulated-continuous wave radar with real-time data acquisition and digital signal processing and display capability was deployed from a low-flying (3–10 m) helicopter to continuously acquire, process, and display data during an ice thickness profiling survey of a 24-km study reach. A nominal sheet ice thickness of 50 cm, occasional areas of new ice sheet as thin as 5 cm, open leads, and massive ice accumulations of the order of 5 m thick were encountered. Radar profiling data agreed with ground truth from borehole measurements of the sheet ice, and provided a more detailed view of the ice conditions than that obtained from a low altitude video survey. The radar system provided rapid, safe, and accurate data acquisition, allowing detailed mapping of the ice conditions throughout the reach. Key words: airborne, FM-CW radar, high-resolution radar, ice profiling, millimeter waves, radar remote sensing, river ice.
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Ladai, A. D., and J. Miller. "Point Cloud Generation from sUAS-Mounted iPhone Imagery: Performance Analysis." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1 (November 7, 2014): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-201-2014.
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The rapidly growing use of sUAS technology and fast sensor developments continuously inspire mapping professionals to experiment with low-cost airborne systems. Smartphones has all the sensors used in modern airborne surveying systems, including GPS, IMU, camera, etc. Of course, the performance level of the sensors differs by orders, yet it is intriguing to assess the potential of using inexpensive sensors installed on sUAS systems for topographic applications. This paper focuses on the quality analysis of point clouds generated based on overlapping images acquired by an iPhone 5s mounted on a sUAS platform. To support the investigation, test data was acquired over an area with complex topography and varying vegetation. In addition, extensive ground control, including GCPs and transects were collected with GSP and traditional geodetic surveying methods. The statistical and visual analysis is based on a comparison of the UAS data and reference dataset. The results with the evaluation provide a realistic measure of data acquisition system performance. The paper also gives a recommendation for data processing workflow to achieve the best quality of the final products: the digital terrain model and orthophoto mosaic. <br><br> After a successful data collection the main question is always the reliability and the accuracy of the georeferenced data.
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Pepe, M., and G. Prezioso. "A MATLAB GEODETIC SOFTWARE FOR PROCESSING AIRBORNE LIDAR BATHYMETRY DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-167-2015.
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The ability to build three-dimensional models through technologies based on satellite navigation systems GNSS and the continuous development of new sensors, as Airborne Laser Scanning Hydrography (ALH), data acquisition methods and 3D multi-resolution representations, have contributed significantly to the digital 3D documentation, mapping, preservation and representation of landscapes and heritage as well as to the growth of research in this fields. <br><br> However, GNSS systems led to the use of the ellipsoidal height; to transform this height in orthometric is necessary to know a geoid undulation model. The latest and most accurate global geoid undulation model, available worldwide, is EGM2008 which has been publicly released by the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) EGM Development Team. Therefore, given the availability and accuracy of this geoid model, we can use it in geomatics applications that require the conversion of heights. Using this model, to correct the elevation of a point does not coincide with any node must interpolate elevation information of adjacent nodes. <br><br> The purpose of this paper is produce a Matlab® geodetic software for processing airborne LIDAR bathymetry data. In particular we want to focus on the point clouds in ASPRS LAS format and convert the ellipsoidal height in orthometric. The algorithm, valid on the whole globe and operative for all UTM zones, allows the conversion of ellipsoidal heights using the EGM2008 model. Of this model we analyse the slopes which occur, in some critical areas, between the nodes of the undulations grid; we will focus our attention on the marine areas verifying the impact that the slopes have in the calculation of the orthometric height and, consequently, in the accuracy of the in the 3-D point clouds. This experiment will be carried out by analysing a LAS APRS file containing topographic and bathymetric data collected with LIDAR systems along the coasts of Oregon and Washington (USA).
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Tampubolon, W., and W. Reinhardt. "DIRECT GEOREFERENCING OF UAV DATA BASED ON SIMPLE BUILDING STRUCTURES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 1043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-1043-2016.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquisition is more flexible compared with the more complex traditional airborne data acquisition. This advantage puts UAV platforms in a position as an alternative acquisition method in many applications including Large Scale Topographical Mapping (LSTM). LSTM, i.e. larger or equal than 1:10.000 map scale, is one of a number of prominent priority tasks to be solved in an accelerated way especially in third world developing countries such as Indonesia. <br><br> As one component of fundamental geospatial data sets, large scale topographical maps are mandatory in order to enable detailed spatial planning. However, the accuracy of the products derived from the UAV data are normally not sufficient for LSTM as it needs robust georeferencing, which requires additional costly efforts such as the incorporation of sophisticated GPS Inertial Navigation System (INS) or Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on the platform and/or Ground Control Point (GCP) data on the ground. To reduce the costs and the weight on the UAV alternative solutions have to be found. <br><br> This paper outlines a direct georeferencing method of UAV data by providing image orientation parameters derived from simple building structures and presents results of an investigation on the achievable results in a LSTM application. In this case, the image orientation determination has been performed through sequential images without any input from INS/IMU equipment. The simple building structures play a significant role in such a way that geometrical characteristics have been considered. Some instances are the orthogonality of the building’s wall/rooftop and the local knowledge of the building orientation in the field. In addition, we want to include the Structure from Motion (SfM) approach in order to reduce the number of required GCPs especially for the absolute orientation purpose. <br><br> The SfM technique applied to the UAV data and simple building structures additionally presents an effective tool for the LSTM application at low cost. Our results show that image orientation calculations from building structure essentially improve the accuracy of direct georeferencing procedure adjusted also by the GCPs. To gain three dimensional (3D) point clouds in local coordinate system, an extraction procedure has been performed by using Agisoft Photo Scan. Subsequently, a Digital Surface Model (DSM) generated from the acquired data is the main output for LSTM that has to be assessed using standard field and conventional mapping workflows. For an appraisal, our DSM is compared directly with a similar DSM obtained by conventional airborne data acquisition using Leica RCD-30 metric camera as well as Trimble Phase One (P65+) camera. The comparison reveals that our approach can achieve meter level accuracy both in planimetric and vertical dimensions.
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Tampubolon, W., and W. Reinhardt. "DIRECT GEOREFERENCING OF UAV DATA BASED ON SIMPLE BUILDING STRUCTURES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 1043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-1043-2016.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data acquisition is more flexible compared with the more complex traditional airborne data acquisition. This advantage puts UAV platforms in a position as an alternative acquisition method in many applications including Large Scale Topographical Mapping (LSTM). LSTM, i.e. larger or equal than 1:10.000 map scale, is one of a number of prominent priority tasks to be solved in an accelerated way especially in third world developing countries such as Indonesia. <br><br> As one component of fundamental geospatial data sets, large scale topographical maps are mandatory in order to enable detailed spatial planning. However, the accuracy of the products derived from the UAV data are normally not sufficient for LSTM as it needs robust georeferencing, which requires additional costly efforts such as the incorporation of sophisticated GPS Inertial Navigation System (INS) or Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on the platform and/or Ground Control Point (GCP) data on the ground. To reduce the costs and the weight on the UAV alternative solutions have to be found. <br><br> This paper outlines a direct georeferencing method of UAV data by providing image orientation parameters derived from simple building structures and presents results of an investigation on the achievable results in a LSTM application. In this case, the image orientation determination has been performed through sequential images without any input from INS/IMU equipment. The simple building structures play a significant role in such a way that geometrical characteristics have been considered. Some instances are the orthogonality of the building’s wall/rooftop and the local knowledge of the building orientation in the field. In addition, we want to include the Structure from Motion (SfM) approach in order to reduce the number of required GCPs especially for the absolute orientation purpose. <br><br> The SfM technique applied to the UAV data and simple building structures additionally presents an effective tool for the LSTM application at low cost. Our results show that image orientation calculations from building structure essentially improve the accuracy of direct georeferencing procedure adjusted also by the GCPs. To gain three dimensional (3D) point clouds in local coordinate system, an extraction procedure has been performed by using Agisoft Photo Scan. Subsequently, a Digital Surface Model (DSM) generated from the acquired data is the main output for LSTM that has to be assessed using standard field and conventional mapping workflows. For an appraisal, our DSM is compared directly with a similar DSM obtained by conventional airborne data acquisition using Leica RCD-30 metric camera as well as Trimble Phase One (P65+) camera. The comparison reveals that our approach can achieve meter level accuracy both in planimetric and vertical dimensions.
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Lin, Hui, Ya Zhou Ji, Liang Liang, Wei Liu, and Zhao Ling Hu. "Reconstruction of Three Dimensional City Model Based on LIDAR." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5648.
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The research of Three Dimensional City Model (3DCM) has become a hot topic in GIS field in recent years, and it also has played an important role in traffic, land, mining, surveying and mapping, and other fields, especially in urban planning. However, the difficulty to acquire 3D data is the key obstacle to the further development of 3DCM. Airborne LIDAR, integrating GPS, INS and scanning laser rangefinder, can rapidly acquire the 3D position of ground by airplane, which is very economical, efficient and convenient to acquire 3D data. Because traditional three-dimensional data acquisition method can’t meet the need of the city’s fast development, airborne LIDAR technology is regarded as a convenient, swift, high-efficient three-dimensional data acquisition method. Compared with traditional methods, the airborne LIDAR technology has the following characteristics: 1) High efficiency: in 12 hours, the airborne LIDAR can scan 1000 square kilometers, next, with the help of the related post-processing software, LIDAR cloud data can transform them into GIS format or other receivable format in certain automatic or semiautomatic mode. 2) High precision: because the pulse of laser light isn’t easily subject to shadow and solar angle, it greatly improves the data quality. The flight height limit has no influence on its elevation data precision, which is superior to the conventional photogrammetry. The plane precision may achieve 0.15 to 1 meter, the elevation precision may achieve 10 centimeters. 3) All-weather feature: airborne LIDAR is active remote sensing without considering the digital aerial photogrammetry. 4) Rich information: with the aid of airborne LIDAR ,we can obtains not only the three dimensional coordinate of ground point, but also the three dimensional coordinate of terrain details, such as trees, buildings, roads. If it is integrated with CCD, it could gains image information. We acquired the airborne LIDAR data of 20 square kilometers in the central area of Shanghai using ALTM3100 airborne LIDAR system of the Optech company in 2006.This paper introduces the data processing procedure of the airborne LIDAR data, LIDAR system uses random commercial software to process plane GPS tracking data、plane attitude data、 laser ranging data and the swinging angle data of laser scanning mirror, finally, obtaining the three-dimensional coordinates(X,Y,Z) data of various surveying points. Which three-dimensional discrete dot matrix data is without attribute suspending in the air namely LIDAR original data, named “point cloud”. LIDAR data performs pre-processing to obtain digital surface model (DSM), which is classified and extracted, we acquire topography and object related to modeling, preparing for three-dimensional city model. Data pre-processing includes abnormal point deletion, coordinate transformation and flight strip combination. At present, we used famous business software TerraSolid, developed by Company of Finland to realize the classification and extraction from the LIDAR data TerraSolid depends on MicroStation platform, on the basis of classification and extraction algorithms presented by Axelsson, et al. of Swedish, including a lot of module such as TerraScan, TerraModeler and TerraPhoto. TerraScan is used in the field of LIDAR data classification and extraction, TerraModeler is used for producing and dealing with various planes, TerraPhoto is used for dealing with the primitive image, topography model and building model are got by using this software, complicated artificial building (Oriental Pearl, Jin Mao mansion etc.) need artificial repair and disposal, data processing of 20 sq. km. takes more than one month, efficiency has been improved greatly on the premise of guaranteeing the precision. Topography model and building model can be obtained by using TerraSolid and combining a few manual intervention based on DSM, The topography model is expressed with the triangulated irregular network (TIN), the building model is expressed with 3ds format, three dimensional model of non - texture of Lujiazui region of Shanghai was gained by LIDAR data. In order to achieving better visualization effect, the topography model overlaps orthophoto, and stuck true texture to building model, true city landscape of Lujiazui region of Shanghai is established. This paper has introduce post-processing procedure of airborne LIDAR data systematically, has realized the fast reconstruction of three-dimension urban model based on LIDAR data, enable this technology to serve the information construction of the city better.
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Wright, C. W., E. J. Walsh, W. B. Krabill, W. A. Shaffer, S. R. Baig, M. Peng, L. J. Pietrafesa, et al. "Measuring Storm Surge with an Airborne Wide-Swath Radar Altimeter." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 2200–2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecho627.1.
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Abstract Over the years, hurricane track forecasts and storm surge models, as well the digital terrain and bathymetry data they depend on, have improved significantly. Strides have also been made in the knowledge of the detailed variation of the surface wind field driving the surge. The area of least improvement has been in obtaining data on the temporal/spatial evolution of the mound of water that the hurricane wind and waves push against the shore to evaluate the performance of the numerical models. Tide gauges in the vicinity of the landfall are frequently destroyed by the surge. Survey crews dispatched after the event provide no temporal information and only indirect indications of the maximum water level over land. The landfall of Hurricane Bonnie on 26 August 1998, with a surge less than 2 m, provided an excellent opportunity to demonstrate the potential benefits of direct airborne measurement of the temporal/spatial evolution of the water level over a large area. Despite a 160-m variation in aircraft altitude, an 11.5-m variation in the elevation of the mean sea surface relative to the ellipsoid over the flight track, and the tidal variation over the 5-h data acquisition interval, a survey-quality global positioning system (GPS) aircraft trajectory allowed the NASA scanning radar altimeter carried by a NOAA hurricane research aircraft to demonstrate that an airborne wide-swath radar altimeter could produce targeted measurements of storm surge that would provide an absolute standard for assessing the accuracy of numerical storm surge models.
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Zieher, T., I. Toschi, F. Remondino, M. Rutzinger, Ch Kofler, A. Mejia-Aguilar, and R. Schlögel. "SENSOR- AND SCENE-GUIDED INTEGRATION OF TLS AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC POINT CLOUDS FOR LANDSLIDE MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-1243-2018.
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Terrestrial and airborne 3D imaging sensors are well-suited data acquisition systems for the area-wide monitoring of landslide activity. State-of-the-art surveying techniques, such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery or terrestrial acquisitions have advantages and limitations associated with their individual measurement principles. In this study we present an integration approach for 3D point clouds derived from these techniques, aiming at improving the topographic representation of landslide features while enabling a more accurate assessment of landslide-induced changes. Four expert-based rules involving local morphometric features computed from eigenvectors, elevation and the agreement of the individual point clouds, are used to choose within voxels of selectable size which sensor’s data to keep. Based on the integrated point clouds, digital surface models and shaded reliefs are computed. Using an image correlation technique, displacement vectors are finally derived from the multi-temporal shaded reliefs. All results show comparable patterns of landslide movement rates and directions. However, depending on the applied integration rule, differences in spatial coverage and correlation strength emerge.
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de Lima, Raul Sampaio, Mait Lang, Niall G. Burnside, Miguel Villoslada Peciña, Tauri Arumäe, Diana Laarmann, Raymond D. Ward, Ants Vain, and Kalev Sepp. "An Evaluation of the Effects of UAS Flight Parameters on Digital Aerial Photogrammetry Processing and Dense-Cloud Production Quality in a Scots Pine Forest." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061121.
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The application of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in forest research includes a wide range of equipment, systems, and flight settings, creating a need for enhancing data acquisition efficiency and quality. Thus, we assessed the effects of flying altitude and lateral and longitudinal overlaps on digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) processing and the ability of its products to provide point clouds for forestry inventory. For this, we used 18 combinations of flight settings for data acquisition, and a nationwide airborne laser scanning (ALS) dataset as reference data. Linear regression was applied for modeling DAP quality indicators and model fitting quality as the function of flight settings; equivalence tests compared DAP- and ALS-products. Most of DAP-Digital Terrain Models (DTM) showed a moderate to high agreement (R2 > 0.70) when fitted to ALS-based models; nine models had a regression slope within the 1% region of equivalence. The best DAP-Canopy Height Model (CHM) was generated using ALS-DTM with an R2 = 0.42 when compared with ALS-CHM, indicating reduced similarity. Altogether, our results suggest that the optimal combination of flight settings should include a 90% lateral overlap, a 70% longitudinal overlap, and a minimum altitude of 120 m above ground level, independent of the availability of an ALS-derived DTM for height normalization. We also provided insights into the effects of flight settings on DAP outputs for future applications in similar forest stands, emphasizing the benefits of overlaps for comprehensive scene reconstruction and altitude for canopy surface detection.
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Cremonini, Roberto, Dmitri Moisseev, and Venkatachalam Chandrasekar. "Airborne laser scan data: a valuable tool with which to infer weather radar partial beam blockage in urban environments." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2016): 5063–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5063-2016.
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Abstract. High-spatial-resolution weather radar observations are of primary relevance for hydrological applications in urban areas. However, when weather radars are located within metropolitan areas, partial beam blockages and clutter by buildings can seriously affect the observations. Standard simulations with simple beam propagation models and digital elevation models (DEMs) are usually not able to evaluate buildings' contribution to partial beam blockages. In recent years airborne laser scanners (ALSs) have evolved to the state-of-the-art technique for topographic data acquisition. Providing small footprint diameters (10–30 cm), ALS data allow accurate reconstruction of buildings and forest canopy heights. Analyzing the three weather C-band radars located in the metropolitan area of Helsinki, Finland, the present study investigates the benefits of using ALS data for quantitative estimations of partial beam blockages. The results obtained applying beam standard propagation models are compared with stratiform 24 h rainfall accumulation to evaluate the effects of partial beam blockages due to constructions and trees. To provide a physical interpretation of the results, the detailed analysis of beam occultations is achieved by open spatial data sets and open-source geographic information systems.
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Nuijten, Rik, Nicholas Coops, Tristan Goodbody, and Gaetan Pelletier. "Examining the Multi-Seasonal Consistency of Individual Tree Segmentation on Deciduous Stands Using Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070739.
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Digital aerial photogrammetric (DAP) techniques applied to unmanned aerial system (UAS) acquired imagery have the potential to offer timely and affordable data for monitoring and updating forest inventories. Development of methods for individual tree crown detection (ITCD) and delineation enables the development of individual tree-based, rather than stand based inventories, which are important for harvesting operations, biomass and carbon stock estimations, forest damage assessment, and forest monitoring in mixed species stands. To achieve these inventory goals, consistent and robust DAP estimates are required over time. Currently, the influence of seasonal changes in deciduous tree structure on the consistency of DAP point clouds, from which tree-based inventories can be derived, is unknown. In this study, we investigate the influence of the timing of DAP acquisition on ITCD accuracies and estimation of tree attributes for a deciduous-dominated forest stand in New Brunswick, Canada. UAS imagery was acquired five times between June and September 2017 over the same stand and consistently processed into DAP point clouds. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, acquired the same year, was used to reconstruct a digital terrain model (DTM) and served as a reference for UAS-DAP-based ITCD. Marker-controlled watershed segmentation (MCWS) was used to delineate individual tree crowns. Accuracy index percentages between 55% (July 25) and 77.1% (September 22) were achieved. Omission errors were found to be relatively high for the first three DAP acquisitions (June 7, July 5, and July 25) and decreased gradually thereafter. The commission error was relatively high on July 25. Point cloud metrics were found to be predominantly consistent over the 4-month period, however, estimated tree heights gradually decreased over time, suggesting a trade-off between ITCD accuracies and measured tree heights. Our findings provide insight into the potential influence of seasonality on DAP-ITCD approaches to derive individual tree inventories.
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Gao, Jay. "Towards accurate determination of surface height using modern geoinformatic methods: possibilities and limitations." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, no. 6 (December 2007): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307087084.
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Over recent decades several modern geoinformatic height-finding methods have emerged, including global positioning system (GPS), interferometric radar, and airborne laser scanner (ALS) or lidar. In conjunction with the conventional survey and photogrammetric method, they have found wide applications that demand varying levels of accuracy. In this paper, the principles of each method are briefly summarized. The discussion then concentrates on the accuracy level achievable with each method. The factors that affect the accuracy, wherever possible, are comprehensively evaluated. This review has revealed that the highest accuracy achievable is still with the levelling method, followed by the photogrammetric method. This situation is likely to change in light of real-time kinematic GPS coupled with ALS. In contrast to the imaging methods that are suited to obtain highly accurate, fine-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) at a local scale, GPS is the most efficient at obtaining heights at spots or along lines accurately. ALS is the only method applicable to acquisition of subsurface heights in vegetated areas. These airborne methods are complementary to their space-borne counterparts, such as Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping and Shuttle Laser Altimeter, both being ideal in obtaining DEMs at the regional and global scales. The synergistic use of GPS with lidar offers the best hope in obtaining cm-level accuracies essential for monitoring ground subsidence and tectonic uplift. Height measurements accurate to subcentimetres needed for national levelling surveys are possible only after the tropospheric path delay is externally calibrated using Raman lidar data during GPS data analysis.
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Persad, R. A., and C. Armenakis. "COMPARISON OF 2D AND 3D APPROACHES FOR THE ALIGNMENT OF UAV AND LIDAR POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (August 24, 2017): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-275-2017.
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The automatic alignment of 3D point clouds acquired or generated from different sensors is a challenging problem. The objective of the alignment is to estimate the 3D similarity transformation parameters, including a global scale factor, 3 rotations and 3 translations. To do so, corresponding anchor features are required in both data sets. There are two main types of alignment: i) Coarse alignment and ii) Refined Alignment. Coarse alignment issues include lack of any prior knowledge of the respective coordinate systems for a source and target point cloud pair and the difficulty to extract and match corresponding control features (e.g., points, lines or planes) co-located on both point cloud pairs to be aligned. With the increasing use of UAVs, there is a need to automatically co-register their generated point cloud-based digital surface models with those from other data acquisition systems such as terrestrial or airborne lidar point clouds. This works presents a comparative study of two independent feature matching techniques for addressing 3D conformal point cloud alignment of UAV and lidar data in different 3D coordinate systems without any prior knowledge of the seven transformation parameters.
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Ka, Min-Ho, Pavel E. Shimkin, Aleksandr I. Baskakov, and Mikhail I. Babokin. "A New Single-Pass SAR Interferometry Technique with a Single-Antenna for Terrain Height Measurements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091070.
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One of the prospective research topics in radar remote sensing technology is the methodology for designing an optimal radar system for high-precision two-dimensional and three-dimensional image acquisition of the Earth’s surface with minimal hardware requirements. In this study, we propose a single-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technique with only a single antenna for the estimation of the terrain height. This technique enabled us to obtain terrain height information in one flight of the carrier, on which only one receiving antenna was mounted. This single-antenna single-pass interferometry required a squint angle look geometry and additional image synthesis processing. The limiting accuracy of the terrain height measurement was approximately 1.5 times lower than that of the conventional two-pass mode and required a longer baseline than two-pass interferometry to have an equivalent accuracy performance. This imaging method could overcome the temporal decorrelation problem of two-pass interferometry due to a short time gap in the radar echo acquisitions during two sub-aperture intervals. We compared the accuracy performance of the terrain height measurements of our method with the conventional two-pass interferometry. This comparison was carried out at various spectral bandwidths, degrees of surface roughness, and baseline lengths. We validated our idea with numerical simulations of a digital elevation map, and showed real extracted data of the terrain heights in the Astrakhan and Volga regions of the Russian Federation, obtained from airborne SAR with our single-antenna single-pass interferometry technique.
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El-Ashmawy, N., and A. Shaker. "Raster Vs. Point Cloud LiDAR Data Classification." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7 (September 19, 2014): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-79-2014.
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Airborne Laser Scanning systems with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology is one of the fast and accurate 3D point data acquisition techniques. Generating accurate digital terrain and/or surface models (DTM/DSM) is the main application of collecting LiDAR range data. Recently, LiDAR range and intensity data have been used for land cover classification applications. Data range and Intensity, (strength of the backscattered signals measured by the LiDAR systems), are affected by the flying height, the ground elevation, scanning angle and the physical characteristics of the objects surface. These effects may lead to uneven distribution of point cloud or some gaps that may affect the classification process. Researchers have investigated the conversion of LiDAR range point data to raster image for terrain modelling. Interpolation techniques have been used to achieve the best representation of surfaces, and to fill the gaps between the LiDAR footprints. Interpolation methods are also investigated to generate LiDAR range and intensity image data for land cover classification applications. In this paper, different approach has been followed to classifying the LiDAR data (range and intensity) for land cover mapping. The methodology relies on the classification of the point cloud data based on their range and intensity and then converted the classified points into raster image. The gaps in the data are filled based on the classes of the nearest neighbour. Land cover maps are produced using two approaches using: (a) the conventional raster image data based on point interpolation; and (b) the proposed point data classification. A study area covering an urban district in Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada, is selected to compare the results of the two approaches. Five different land cover classes can be distinguished in that area: buildings, roads and parking areas, trees, low vegetation (grass), and bare soil. The results show that an improvement of around 10 % in the classification results can be achieved by using the proposed approach.
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Wang, Xuewen, Qingzhan Zhao, Feng Han, Jianxin Zhang, and Ping Jiang. "Canopy Extraction and Height Estimation of Trees in a Shelter Forest Based on Fusion of an Airborne Multispectral Image and Photogrammetric Point Cloud." Journal of Sensors 2021 (June 27, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5519629.
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To reduce data acquisition cost, this study proposed a novel method of individual tree height estimation and canopy extraction based on fusion of an airborne multispectral image and photogrammetric point cloud. A fixed-wing drone was deployed to acquire the true color and multispectral images of a shelter forest. The Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithm was used to reconstruct the 3D point cloud of the canopy. The 3D point cloud was filtered to acquire the ground point cloud and then interpolated to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using the Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). The DEM was subtracted from the Digital Surface Model (DSM) generated from the original point cloud to get the canopy height model (CHM). The CHM was processed for the crown extraction using local maximum filters and watershed segmentation. Then, object-oriented methods were employed in the combination of 12 bands and CHM for image segmentation. To extract the tree crown, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was used. The result of the object-oriented method was vectorized and superimposed on the CHM to estimate the tree height. Experimental results demonstrated that it is efficient to employ point cloud and the proposed approach has great potential in the tree height estimation. The proposed object-oriented method based on fusion of a multispectral image and CHM effectively reduced the oversegmentation and undersegmentation, with an increase in the F -score by 0.12–0.17. Our findings provided a reference for the health and change monitoring of shelter forests as well.
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Adam, Markus, Mikhail Urbazaev, Clémence Dubois, and Christiane Schmullius. "Accuracy Assessment of GEDI Terrain Elevation and Canopy Height Estimates in European Temperate Forests: Influence of Environmental and Acquisition Parameters." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 3948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233948.
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Lidar remote sensing has proven to be a powerful tool for estimating ground elevation, canopy height, and additional vegetation parameters, which in turn are valuable information for the investigation of ecosystems. Spaceborne lidar systems, like the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), can deliver these height estimates on a near global scale. This paper analyzes the accuracy of the first version of GEDI ground elevation and canopy height estimates in two study areas with temperate forests in the Free State of Thuringia, central Germany. Digital terrain and canopy height models derived from airborne laser scanning data are used as reference heights. The influence of various environmental and acquisition parameters (e.g., canopy cover, terrain slope, beam type) on GEDI height metrics is assessed. The results show a consistently high accuracy of GEDI ground elevation estimates under most conditions, except for areas with steep slopes. GEDI canopy height estimates are less accurate and show a bigger influence of some of the included parameters, specifically slope, vegetation height, and beam sensitivity. A number of relatively high outliers (around 9–13% of the measurements) is present in both ground elevation and canopy height estimates, reducing the estimation precision. Still, it can be concluded that GEDI height metrics show promising results and have potential to be used as a basis for further investigations.
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Pitt, Douglas G., Robert G. Wagner, Ronald J. Hall, Douglas J. King, Donald G. Leckie, and Ulf Runesson. "Use of remote sensing for forest vegetation management: A problem analysis." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73459-4.
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Forest managers require accurate and timely data that describe vegetation conditions on cutover areas to assess vegetation development and prescribe actions necessary to achieve forest regeneration objectives. Needs for such data are increasing with current emphasis on ecosystem management, escalating silvicultural treatment costs, evolving computer-based decision support tools, and demands for greater accountability. Deficiencies associated with field survey methods of data acquisition (e.g. high costs, subjectivity, and low spatial and temporal coverage) frequently limit decision-making effectiveness. The potential for remotely sensed data to supplement field-collected forest vegetation management data was evaluated in a problem analysis consisting of a comprehensive literature review and consultation with remote sensing and vegetation management experts at a national workshop. Among curently available sensors, aerial photographs appear to offer the most suitable combination of characteristics, including high spatial resolution, stereo coverage, a range of image scales, a variety of film, lens, and camera options, capability for geometric correction, versatility, and moderate cost. A flexible strategy that employs a sequence of 1:10,000-, 1:5,000-, and 1:500-scale aerial photographs is proposed to: 1) accurately map cutover areas, 2) facilitate location-specific prescriptions for silvicultural treatments, sampling, buffer zones, wildlife areas, etc., and 3) monitor and document conditions and activities at specific points during the regeneration period. Surveys that require very detailed information on smaller plants (<0.5-m tall) and/or individual or rare plant species are not likely to be supported by current remote sensing technologies. Recommended areas for research include : 1) digital frame cameras, or other cost-effective digital imagers, as replacements for conventional cameras, 2) computer-based classification and interpretation algorithms for digital image data, 3) relationships between image measures and physical measures, such as leaf-area index and biomass, 4) imaging standards, 5) airborne video, laser altimeters, and radar as complementary sensors, and 6) remote sensing applications in partial cutting systems. Key words: forest vegetation management, regeneration, remote sensing, aerial photography
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Eltner, Anette, Andreas Kaiser, Carlos Castillo, Gilles Rock, Fabian Neugirg, and Antonio Abellán. "Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry – merits, limits and developments." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 2 (May 19, 2016): 359–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-359-2016.
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Abstract. Photogrammetry and geosciences have been closely linked since the late 19th century due to the acquisition of high-quality 3-D data sets of the environment, but it has so far been restricted to a limited range of remote sensing specialists because of the considerable cost of metric systems for the acquisition and treatment of airborne imagery. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software tools enable the generation of 3-D and 4-D models of complex geomorphological features by geoscientists and other non-experts users. In addition, very recent rapid developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allow for the flexible generation of high-quality aerial surveying and ortho-photography at a relatively low cost.The increasing computing capabilities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by computer-based vision and visual perception research fields, have extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure-from-motion (SfM) workflows are based upon algorithms for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information, examples including robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out well-established fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors, still needs to be adapted in the common scientific practice.This review intends not only to summarise the current state of the art on using SfM workflows in geomorphometry but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application. Furthermore, this article aims to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales, using different strategies in order to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that some lessons learned from former articles, scientific reports and book chapters concerning the identification of common errors or "bad practices" and some other valuable information may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.
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Wanless, Brent. "GPS/Positioned Digital Video for Airborne GIS Data Acquisition." Journal of Surveying Engineering 118, no. 3 (August 1992): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(1992)118:3(80).
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HLOTOV, V., B. LADANIVSKYI, Z. KUZYK, A. BABUSHKA, and I. PETRYSHYN. "Development of the aerosurveying complex based on the DJI S1000 octocopter UAV." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 41, no. I (April 1, 2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-41-86-96.
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Goal. The purpose of the work is to develop an aerial photography complex based on a DJI S1000 helicopter UAV for aerial photography, which includes a laser scanner (LS) and a digital camera (CPC). Method. For several decades, aerial photography has been an effective tool for geodetic works, geophysical surveys and various types of monitoring. On the other hand, the use of not only digital imaging, but also laser scanning of objects allows to maximize the accuracy of obtaining the coordinates of points on the ground and eliminate such a process as plan-height binding in the field, which occupies more than 80 % of field work that is, much cheaper the process of creating cartographic materials. In addition, the use of laser scanners on board unmanned aerial vehicles helps to solve a number of scientific and applied problems in various fields, such as engineering research, environmental monitoring, landscape research and modeling, construction, architecture, archeology and more. Comprehensive study, research and monitoring of the environment involves the availability and use of highly efficient modern technologies, special software for data processing and analysis and qualified human resources. Aerial laser scanners are the latest high-precision technology for obtaining data about the object by noncontact method and have a multi-purpose purpose. I have been actively using them in the world since the early 2000s. They have a number of advantages over traditional aerial photography. Drugs are manufactured by the world’s leading companies, they are available on the market and are in great demand among foreign specialists. Unfortunately, in Ukraine, airborne laser scanners are used in limited quantities to perform special tasks with the involvement of foreign experts. In this area we have a significant lag compared to other European countries. Therefore, the acquisition and application of such a software and technology complex and UAV will help solve and accelerate the solution of many important scientific and applied problems in Ukraine, as well as increase the potential, opportunities and prestige in domestic and world science and practice. Results. A mock-up model of installation and implementation of Velodyne VLP-16 on a DJI S1000 helicopter UAV has been developed. The authors analyzed the known systems and created the best option for connecting and connecting the elements, which made it possible to simplify the layout of the devices, which in turn made it possible to reduce the cost of the proposed complex. Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time in Ukraine, a method of installing a helicopter-type UAV was developed and proposed. With the help of an airborne laser scanning system installed on board an unmanned aerial vehicle of helicopter type it is possible to solve a number of important scientific and applied tasks, such as: monitoring the technical condition of large and hard-to-reach structures – nuclear, hydro and thermal power plants, power lines, etc. ; monitoring the condition of roads, detecting places of surface damage and other dangerous places in order to prevent car accidents; detection of damage to forests and agricultural lands; observation and prevention of landslides in mountains and industrial quarries, places of soil erosion; monitoring of water resources, changes in contours and heights of the coastal strip; detection of roof defects, deformations, wall cracks on highrise buildings for architectural measurements, 3D modeling, documentation and preservation of cultural heritage sites; assistance in archaeological exploration to identify archaeological sites and study artifacts. In addition, peripheral drugs can be installed on other moving objects (cars, railcars, boats, etc.) and scanning from fixed bases in stationary conditions.
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Eltner, A., A. Kaiser, C. Castillo, G. Rock, F. Neugirg, and A. Abellan. "Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry – merits, limits and developments of a promising tool for geoscientists." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 1445–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-1445-2015.
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Abstract. Photogrammetry and geosciences are closely linked since the late 19th century. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software enable non-experts users to obtain high-quality 3-D datasets of the environment, which was formerly reserved to remote sensing experts, geodesists or owners of cost-intensive metric airborne imaging systems. Complex tridimensional geomorphological features can be easily reconstructed from images captured with consumer grade cameras. Furthermore, rapid developments in UAV technology allow for high quality aerial surveying and orthophotography generation at a relatively low-cost. The increasing computing capacities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by other fields of research (e.g. computer vision and visual perception) has extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure from motion methods offer algorithms, e.g. robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery, which allow for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out correct fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors still need to be adapted in the common scientific practice. This review manuscript intends not only to summarize the present state of published research on structure-from-motion photogrammetry applications in geomorphometry, but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application, to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales using different strategies, to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that the identification of common errors, "bad practices" and some other valuable information in already published articles, scientific reports and book chapters may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.
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Oguchi, Takashi. "Geomorphological mapping based on DEMs and GIS: A review." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-275-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Geomorphology is a scientific discipline dealing with the characteristics, origin, and evolution of landforms. It utilizes topographic data such as spot height information, contour lines on topographic maps, and DEMs (Digital Elevation Models). Topographic data were traditionally obtained by ground surveying, but introduction of aerial photogrammetry in the early 20th century enabled more efficient data acquisition based on remote sensing. In recent years, active remote sensing methods including airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and applications of satellite radar have also been employed, and aerial photogrammetry has become easier and popular thanks to drones and a new photogrammetric method, SfM (Structure from Motion). The resultant topographic data especially raster DEMs are combined with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to obtain derivatives such as slope and aspect as well as to conduct efficient geomorphological mapping. Resultant maps can depict various topographic characteristics based on surface height and DEM derivatives, and applications of advanced algorithms and some heuristic reasoning permit semi-automated landform classification. This quantitative approach differs from traditional and more qualitative methods to produce landform classification maps using visual interpretation of analogue aerial photographs and topographic maps as well as field observations.</p><p>For scientific purposes, landforms need to be classified based on not only shape characteristics but also formation processes and ages. Among them, DEMs only represent shape characteristics, and understanding formation processes and ages usually require other data such as properties of surficial deposits observed in the field. However, numerous geomorphological studies indicate relationships between shapes and forming-processes of landforms, and even ages of landforms affect shapes such as a wider distribution of dissected elements within older landforms. Recent introduction of artificial intelligence in geomorphology including machine learning and deep learning may permit us to better understand the relationships of shapes with processes and ages. Establishing such relationships, however, is still highly challenging, and at this moment most geomorphologists think landform classification maps based on the traditional methods are more usable than those from the DEM-based methods. Nevertheless, researchers of some other fields such as civil engineering more appreciate the DEM-based methods because they can be conducted without deep geomorphological knowledge. Therefore, the methods should be developed for interdisciplinary understanding. This paper reviews and discusses such complex situations of geomorphological mapping today in relation to historical development of methodology.</p>
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Grenkov, S. A., E. V. Nosov, L. V. Fedotov, and N. E. Kol’tsov. "A digital radio interferometric data acquisition system." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 53, no. 5 (September 2010): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002044121005009x.
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Ampex Great Britain Ltd. "Digital cassette recorder system for mobile data acquisition." Displays 11, no. 1 (January 1990): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(90)90057-z.
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Wang, Chun Yu, Qing Wei Dong, Yang Li, and Xin Yue Xie. "Airborne Multispectral Imager Used in the UAV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.283.
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Under existing conditions, the use of optical lens, imaging spectrometer, and the establishment of a rectangular CMOS image sensor spectral imaging system. Wide spectrum of white LED illuminated sample, by ordinary optical imaging lens, then the multi-channel narrowband filter array on the image plane splitting, and finally by the CMOS image acquisition system, converting optical signals into electrical signals, and then converted by the analog-digital converter chip to a digital signal to the computer. Finally, computer-spectral image cube collected for processing. At the same time, the advantages of airborne multispectral imager used in the UAV trials, obtain higher picture quality, and maintain a portable, imaging speed, and further validate the reliability of the experimental system.
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Jenkins, A., and R. D. Sarazan. "VALIDATION OF A DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 56, no. 2 (September 2007): e54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2007.02.109.
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Fan, Pan Guo, Qin Zhong, and Si Yu Chen. "Design of Networked Dual-Core Parallel Processing Data Acquisition System." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 5672–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5672.
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Whether the test of free-flight stall/spin can be carried out successfully, it depends on the airborne anti-stall parachute system, the performance indexes of the system are related to the test pilots’ safety directly. There are large numbers of test signals in the system and half of them are transient pulse signals, so it requires high real-time capability and data throughput level. Thus the danger of the Ignition testing experiment, Telemetry Tracking Monitoring is requisite. To satisfy the need of measuring electric parameters of an airborne anti-stall parachute system, a multi-thread real-time DAQ system of multi-task is constructed, using dual-core industrial computer and high-speed DAQ card as its core, LabWindows/CVI as VI software platform. By a method of dual-core parallel processing through OS kernel, system accomplishes multi-channel data acquisition with high real-timing and huge data throughput, and through TCP/IP, ODBC interface, remote measurement and database management is also accomplished. At the last, the system design a modularize software by DLL technology, packaging several functional modules in DLL form. This system implements the multi-thread mechanism and its synchronization, TCP/IP communication and parallel processing under LabWindows/CVI platform. Finally high real-timing and reliability of this system are validated by experiment.
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Nagy, Andras, and Ingo Jahn. "Advanced Data Acquisition System for Wind Energy Applications." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 47, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.11515.
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Today renewable energies, particularly wind energy are important to meet 24 hour energy demands while keeping carbon emissions low. As the cost of renewable energies are high, improving their efficiency is a key factor to reduce energy prices. High quality experimental data is essential to develop deeper understanding of the existing systems and to improve their efficiency.This paper introduces an unmanned airborne data acquisition system that can measure properties around wind-turbines to provide new insight into aerodynamic performance and loss mechanisms and to provide validation data for wind-turbine design methods. The described system is a flexible and portable platform for collecting high quality data from existing full-scale wind-turbine installations. This allows experiments to be conducted without scaling and with real-world boundary conditions.The system consists of two major parts: the unmanned flying platform (UAV) and the data acquisition system (DAQ). For the UAV a commercially available unit is selected, which has the ability to fly a route autonomously with sufficient precision, the ability to hover, and sufficient load capacity to carry the DAQ system. The DAQ system in contrast, is developed in-house to achieve a high quality data collection capability and to increase flexibility.
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Li, Jun Fang, Peng Zhang, and Qiang Gao. "Design of the Wireless Data Acquisition System – Substation Management System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.960.
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Aiming at the problems of the poor extensibility, complicated routing and inconvenient for real-time monitoring of the traditional data acquisition of the Overhead Crane, the wireless data acquisition system was designed based on the industrial wireless transmission equipment. This system takes the use of ND250 digital radio, the Schenck weighting sensor and the industrial control computer. Combining with the weighting data management software in the upper system, the wireless data acquisition system of the Overhead Crane has been realized in this paper. Compared with the traditional data acquisition system, this system own the superiority of low power consumption, large network capacity and flexible organized-manners .
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García de Madinabeitia, P., and J. M. Pérez Toca. "Digital System for Low Cost Fast Data Acquisition And Processing." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 13 (November 1986): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59512-9.
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Bogdan, Mircea, Dan Kapner, Dorothea Samtleben, and Keith Vanderlinde. "Digital control and data acquisition system for the QUIET experiment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 572, no. 1 (March 2007): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.216.
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Wang, Kang-yi, and Yao-yu Cheng. "Design of X-ray digital imaging and data acquisition system." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 45, no. 5 (May 2009): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830909050106.
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Harrison, R. G. "Inexpensive multichannel digital data acquisition system for a meteorological radiosonde." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 2 (February 2005): 026103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1841971.
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Bahr, Andreas, Lait Abu Saleh, Dietmar Schroeder, and Wolfgang H. Krautschneider. "High speed digital interfacing for a neural data acquisition system." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0022.
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AbstractDiseases like schizophrenia and genetic epilepsy are supposed to be caused by disorders in the early development of the brain. For the further investigation of these relationships a custom designed application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) was developed that is optimized for the recording from neonatal mice [Bahr A, Abu-Saleh L, Schroeder D, Krautschneider W. 16 Channel Neural Recording Integrated Circuit with SPI Interface and Error Correction Coding. Proc. 9th BIOSTEC 2016. Biodevices: Rome, Italy, 2016; 1: 263; Bahr A, Abu-Saleh L, Schroeder D, Krautschneider W. Development of a neural recording mixed signal integrated circuit for biomedical signal acquisition. Biomed Eng Biomed Tech Abstracts 2015; 60(S1): 298–299; Bahr A, Abu-Saleh L, Schroeder D, Krautschneider WH. 16 Channel Neural Recording Mixed Signal ASIC. CDNLive EMEA 2015 Conference Proceedings, 2015.]. To enable the live display of the neural signals a multichannel neural data acquisition system with live display functionality is presented. It implements a high speed data transmission from the ASIC to a computer with a live display functionality. The system has been successfully implemented and was used in a neural recording of a head-fixed mouse.
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Sacket, Dan L., Roland E. Lippoldt, Carter Gibson, and Marc S. Lewis. "Easily assembled digital data acquisition system for the analytical ultracentrifuge." Analytical Biochemistry 180, no. 2 (August 1989): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(89)90439-9.
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Iguchi, Satoru, Tomoharu Kurayama, Noriyuki Kawaguchi, and Kazuyuki Kawakami. "Gigabit Digital Filter Bank: Digital Backend Subsystem in the VERA Data-Acquisition System." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 57, no. 1 (February 25, 2005): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pasj/57.1.259.
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Hu, Pengfei, Li Shen, Feng Han, Fei Yang, Maojiang Song, Li Zhang, and Liping Liu. "Development of the data acquisition system for terahertz spectrometer." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 3 (April 6, 2017): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217690475.
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In most Terahertz time-domain spectrometer (THz-TDS) experiments, the lock-in amplifier works with trans-impedance pre-amplifier to amplitude the terahertz pulse accepted from detector. This paper discusses the development of data acquisition system for the transmission THz-TDS. In this system, the cross-correlation software algorithm in SR830 lock-in amplifier from Stanford Research Systems, that is usually used in THz-TDS, has been replaced by parallel hardware algorithm of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip with the parallel processing ability. This chip has a faster processing speed and higher accuracy than others. A 24 bit Delta-Sigma Analog Digital (AD) was used in place of the 16 bit successive approximation ADC of SR830. The new AD convertor can reduce the complexity of trans-impedance pre-amplifier circuit and replace the SR555 current amplifiers that designed to work with SRS lock-in amplifiers. Besides trans-impedance pre-amplifier circuit, all function circuits, such as low-pass digital filter, phase-locked loop, Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) reference source and the core algorithms, are integrated in a FPGA chip, which make the new designed lock-in amplifier with a small volume reduce a dozen times SR830 size.
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Xiong, Zhi Wen, Chen Guang Xu, and Hong Zeng. "Design and Implement of Data Acquisition System Based on Reconfigurable Computing." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1393.
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Data acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical property to be measured. Examples of this include temperature, gas pressure, and light intensity, and force, fluid flow, regardless of the type of physical property to be measured. Physical property converted into digital, and then by the computer for storage, processing, display or printing process, the corresponding system is called data acquisition system. With the rapid development of computer technology, data acquisition systems quickly gained popularity. A variety of products based on digital technology have been created. Digital System spread quickly; it’s mainly the following two advantages: the first is the digital processing flexible and convenient; the second is a digital system is very reliable. The main idea of Reconfigurable computing technology [1] is using the FPGA [2][3] allows the system has a dynamically configurable capacity, suitable for harsh environment applications, improve the speed of data processing. By the use of dynamic reconfigurable FPGA devices can be realized on the hardware logic function modification, application of reconfigurable computing technology can improve the speed of data processing. Data acquisition system is widely applied in many fields, and often used the abominable working environment place. The reconfigurable computing technology, can greatly improve the data acquisition system reliability and safety. The paper introduces a kind of multi-channel data acquisition system based on USB bus and FPGA, the factors affecting the performance of system are discussed, and describes how to use reconfigurable computing technology to improve the efficiency of data acquisition system while reduce energy consumption. The system in this paper uses AD's AD9220, ALTERA's EP1C6-8 and IDT's IDT70V24, Cypress’s CY7C68013.
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Zhao, Qian, Shan Zhen Xu, Qi Chen, and Cheng Wang. "Study on the Temperature and Speed Test System." Advanced Materials Research 590 (November 2012): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.590.333.
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A kind of multiple parameter data acquisition system was designed based on single-chip microcomputer which can realized the data acquisition of temperature and DC motor speed. The data acquisition system consists of sensor, signal processing circuit, single-chip microcomputer and LED digital tube. The speed signal is acquired by photoelectric sensor, put into the Single-chip microcomputer processed after processed by signal processing circuit, and displayed the value in the digital tubes. The temperature signal is acquired by digital sensor, and the Single-chip microcomputer can read the data directly. Through two independent keyboards, the test system realized the data acquisition and data switch displaying of the multiple parameters.
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Tong, Peng, Hong Cheng Liu, and Shuai Hua Gao. "The Application of Airborne LiDAR System in Geological Disasters." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1921.
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Airborne LiDAR System is a laser detection and ranging system for quickly obtaining high-precision, high-density three-dimensional coordinate data. The target information after the geological disasters can be victimized for disaster assessment and decision analysis to provide effective support, LiDAR provides a new technical means for disaster mitigation, relief works. This paper focuses on the application of airborne LiDAR system in geological disasters, it summarizes some experience of the LiDAR point data acquisition and processing, and the results of the LiDAR point data.
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Iroanusi, Kennedy Ahamefula. "FPGA Data Acquisition of Electrical Parameter." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.1538.
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A data acquisition system using a Programmable Logic Gate Array (FPGA) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) for visual enhancement designed for Personal Computer is shown. The data acquisition of voltage (V), current (A) and temperature ( ) signals and/or parameters transmitted at high frequency in real time via the system-on-chip (SOC) created on Spartan 6 FPGA. The system-on-chip is achieved by programming the FPGA with a high-speed hardware description language (Verilog) code written for the system, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed for the system and the GUI has been created using a graphical approach utilizing LabVIEW to enable data monitoring on Personal Computer (PC) display. The FPGA requires digital input signals; therefore, an analogue to digital convertor (ADC) is required for the convert sensor data from analogue signal from sensors to digital signals. A voltage level shifter is required to normalise the voltage level standards within the circuity in between the 5V from the ADC converter and the 3.3V voltage requirement for the FPGA. The Spartan 6 FPGA receives data from the analogue sensors via the ADC, the data are wrapped up in packets and transmitted through RS-232 serial port to the PC. The three aforementioned parameters are monitored on the GUI on the PC presented in both numerical and graphical format and all data can be store in a file for backup storage, maintenance or reference purposes.