Journal articles: 'Airborne infection'

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Eickhoff, Theodore C. "Airborne Nosocomial Infection: A Contemporary Perspective." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646830.

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AbstractThe history of airborne nosocomial infections is reviewed, and current beliefs about such infections are placed into their historical context. Possible sources, both animate and inanimate, of airborne nosocomial infections in the hospital environment are identified. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi that have been important causes of airborne nosocomial infections in the past are discussed, and examples of key studies that have confirmed an airborne route of transmission are presented. Where relevant, measures that have been used to control airborne transmission of nosocomial pathogens are discussed. Although outbreaks of airborne nosocomial infection have been uncommon, airborne transmission appears to account for about 10% of all endemic nosocomial infections.

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Le Page, Michael. "Preventing airborne infection." New Scientist 246, no. 3283 (May 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30949-0.

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Krishnan R., Anjali, Kamarudeen M., Rekha Ravindran M., and Shinu K. S. "Are healthcare workers safe? Facility assessment of airborne infection control measures in public hospitals of Kerala." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 7 (June 26, 2020): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203005.

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Background: Nosocomial transmission of airborne infection is a major peril to health care providing community and has been linked to poor adherence to airborne infection control practices. The present study was conducted to assess the gaps in health care facilities and practices for prevention and control of transmission of air borne infections among healthcare workers in government district level hospitals of Kerala.Methods: A cross sectional survey including observation was done in 24 facilities. The tool for the survey and the check list for observation were developed based on national airborne infection control guidelines and assessment tool for prevention and control of infection by centre for disease control. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.Results: The functioning of airborne infection control system was found to be suboptimal in most of the institutions. Implementation of environmental control measures was poor when compared to administrative control and personal protection measures. Adequate ventilation was not present in more than half of the institutions (60%). All institutions had infection control committees in place but were not functioning well. Personal protective equipment’s were not available at point of use in more than half of the institutions (62.5%). Out of the 16 self-reported hospital acquired respiratory infections among the staff, pulmonary tuberculosis was predominant.Conclusions: Several barriers were identified at different levels for prevention and control of airborne infections among healthcare workers. The findings reinforce the need to implement strict guidelines to prevent occupation induced airborne infections among health workers in public health system.

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Jendrossek, Sandra N., Lukas A. Jurk, Kirsten Remmers, Yunus E. Cetin, Wolfgang Sunder, Martin Kriegel, and Petra Gastmeier. "The Influence of Ventilation Measures on the Airborne Risk of Infection in Schools: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043746.

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Objectives: To review the risk of airborne infections in schools and evaluate the effect of intervention measures reported in field studies. Background: Schools are part of a country’s critical infrastructure. Good infection prevention measures are essential for reducing the risk of infection in schools as much as possible, since these are places where many individuals spend a great deal of time together every weekday in a small area where airborne pathogens can spread quickly. Appropriate ventilation can reduce the indoor concentration of airborne pathogens and reduce the risk of infection. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the databases Embase, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect using keywords such as school, classroom, ventilation, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, SARS-CoV-2, and airborne transmission. The primary endpoint of the studies selected was the risk of airborne infection or CO2 concentration as a surrogate parameter. Studies were grouped according to the study type. Results: We identified 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria, six of them intervention studies. When specific ventilation strategies were lacking in schools being investigated, CO2 concentrations were often above the recommended maximum values. Improving ventilation lowered the CO2 concentration, resulting in a lower risk of airborne infections. Conclusions: The ventilation in many schools is not adequate to guarantee good indoor air quality. Ventilation is an important measure for reducing the risk of airborne infections in schools. The most important effect is to reduce the time of residence of pathogens in the classrooms.

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Aditama, Tjandra Yoga. "Airborne Infection Defence Platform." eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia 12, no. 1 (May 14, 2024): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23886/ejki.12.774.1-3.

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NOAKES, C. J., C. B. BEGGS, P. A. SLEIGH, and K. G. KERR. "Modelling the transmission of airborne infections in enclosed spaces." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 5 (February 14, 2006): 1082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806005875.

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The Wells–Riley equation for modelling airborne infection in indoor environments is incorporated into an SEIR epidemic model with a short incubation period to simulate the transmission dynamics of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated rooms. The model enables the effect of environmental factors such as the ventilation rate and the room occupancy to be examined, and allows the long-term impact of infection control measures to be assessed. A theoretical parametric study is carried out to demonstrate how changes to both the physical environment and infection control procedures may potentially limit the spread of short-incubation-period airborne infections in indoor environments such as hospitals.

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Ekici, Didem. "Airborne Infection and Breathing Walls." gta papers, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54872/gta-4432-13.

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Viswalingham, M., B. T. Goh, J. Mantell, and J. D. Treharne. "Infection by airborne Chlamydia trachomatis." BMJ 295, no. 6590 (July 11, 1987): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6590.119-b.

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Harrichandra, Amelia, A. Michael Ierardi, and Brian Pavilonis. "An estimation of airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission risk in New York City nail salons." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 9 (September 2020): 634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720964650.

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Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from person-to-person over long distances is currently thought to be unlikely, the current epidemiological evidence suggests that airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission in confined, indoor spaces is plausible, particularly when outdoor airflow rates are low and when face masks are not utilized. We sought to model airborne infection transmission risk assuming five realistic exposure scenarios using previously estimated outdoor airflow rates for 12 New York City nail salons, a published quanta generation rate specific to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the Wells–Riley equation to assess risk under both steady-state and non-steady-state conditions. Additionally, the impact of face mask-wearing by occupants on airborne infection transmission risk was also evaluated. The risk of airborne infection transmission across all salons and all exposure scenarios when not wearing face masks ranged from <0.015% to 99.25%, with an average airborne infection transmission risk of 24.77%. Wearing face masks reduced airborne infection transmission risk to between <0.01% and 51.96%, depending on the salon, with an average airborne infection transmission risk of 7.30% across all salons. Increased outdoor airflow rates in nail salons were generally strongly correlated with decreased average airborne infection transmission risk. The results of this study indicate that increased outdoor airflow rates and the use of face masks by both employees and customers could substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in New York City nail salons. Businesses should utilize multiple layers of infection control measures (e.g. social distancing, face masks, and outdoor airflow) to reduce airborne infection transmission risk for both employees and customers.

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LIAO, C. M., S. C. CHEN, and C. F. CHANG. "Modelling respiratory infection control measure effects." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 3 (May 16, 2007): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008631.

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SUMMARYOne of the most pressing issues in facing emerging and re-emerging respiratory infections is how to bring them under control with current public health measures. Approaches such as the Wells–Riley equation, competing-risks model, and Von Foerster equation are used to prioritize control-measure efforts. Here we formulate how to integrate those three different types of functional relationship to construct easy-to-use and easy-to-interpret critical-control lines that help determine optimally the intervention strategies for containing airborne infections. We show that a combination of assigned effective public health interventions and enhanced engineering control measures would have a high probability for containing airborne infection. We suggest that integrated analysis to enhance modelling the impact of potential control measures against airborne infections presents an opportunity to assess risks and benefits. We demonstrate the approach with examples of optimal control measures to prioritize respiratory infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, and chickenpox.

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Hatsushika, Yumi, Isao Nii, and Tomohiro Taniguchi. "Varicella caused by airborne transmission of a localised herpes zoster infection in a family." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 9 (September 2021): e243217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-243217.

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Localised herpes zoster infections spread by direct contact with active skin lesion, but airborne transmission is rare. We report a case of varicella from airborne transmission of a localised herpes zoster infection in a family. The patient was a 15-year-old boy who had never been vaccinated against the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). He likely developed varicella from his father, whom the patient lived with. The patient’s father developed a localised herpes zoster infection 2 weeks prior. The patient’s varicella was hypothesised to be due to VZV spread via airborne transmission from the father’s localised infection. To decrease the number of varicella cases, routine vaccination of children against VZV is essential, and immunisation against VZV in middle-aged and elderly patients is also necessary.

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Darouiche, Rabih O., David M. Green, Melvyn A. Harrington, Bruce L. Ehni, Panagiotis Kougias, Carlos F. Bechara, and Daniel P. O’Connor. "Association of Airborne Microorganisms in the Operating Room With Implant Infections: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.240.

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OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association of airborne colony-forming units (CFU) at incision sites during implantation of prostheses with the incidence of either incisional or prosthesis-related surgical site infections.DESIGNRandomized, controlled trial.SETTINGPrimary, public institution.PATIENTSThree hundred patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, instrumented spinal procedures, or vascular bypass graft implantation.METHODSPatients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group or the control group. A novel device (Air Barrier System), previously shown to reduce airborne CFU at incision sites, was utilized in the intervention group. Procedures assigned to the control group were performed without the device, under routine operating room atmospheric conditions. Patients were followed up for 12 months to determine whether airborne CFU levels at the incision sites predicted the incidence of incisional or prosthesis-related infection.RESULTSData were available for 294 patients, 148 in the intervention group and 146 in the control group. CFU density at the incision site was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P<.001). The density of airborne CFU at the incision site during the procedures was significantly related to the incidence of implant infection (P=.021). Airborne CFU densities were 4 times greater in procedures with implant infection versus no implant infection. All 4 of the observed prosthesis infections occurred in the control group.CONCLUSIONReduction of airborne CFU specifically at the incision site during operations may be an effective strategy to reduce prosthesis-related infections. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01610271Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–8

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Shrivastava, Saurabh R., Prateek S. Shrivastava, and Jegadeesh Ramasamy. "Airborne infection control in healthcare settings." Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 21411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.21411.

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Eickhoff, Theodore C. "Airborne Nosocomial Infection: A Contemporary Perspective." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30145278.

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Howorth, F. H. "PREVENTION OF AIRBORNE INFECTION DURING SURGERY." Lancet 325, no. 8425 (February 1985): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91399-6.

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Johnson, N., R. Phillpotts, and A. R. Fooks. "Airborne transmission of lyssaviruses." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46370-0.

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In 2002, a Scottish bat conservationist developed a rabies-like disease and subsequently died. This was caused by infection with European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2), a virus closely related to Rabies virus (RABV). The source of this infection and the means of transmission have not yet been confirmed. In this study, the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, particularly RABV and the bat variant EBLV-2, might be transmitted via the airborne route was tested. Mice were challenged via direct introduction of lyssavirus into the nasal passages. Two hours after intranasal challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of RABV (Challenge Virus Standard), viral RNA was detectable in the tongue, lungs and stomach. All of the mice challenged by direct intranasal inoculation developed disease signs by 7 days post-infection. Two out of five mice challenged by direct intranasal inoculation of EBLV-2 developed disease between 16 and 19 days post-infection. In addition, a simple apparatus was evaluated in which mice could be exposed experimentally to infectious doses of lyssavirus from an aerosol. Using this approach, mice challenged with RABV, but not those challenged with EBLV-2, were highly susceptible to infection by inhalation. These data support the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, and RABV in particular, can be spread by airborne transmission in a dose-dependent manner. This could present a particular hazard to personnel exposed to aerosols of infectious RABV following accidental release in a laboratory environment.

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Kudratovna, Yarmukhamedova Mahbuba. "COVID INFECTION AND SPREAD." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-11-11.

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Current evidence suggests that the virus spreads mainly between people who are in close contact with each other, for example at a conversational distance. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. Another person can then contract the virus when infectious particles that pass through the air are inhaled at short range (this is often called short-range aerosol or short-range airborne transmission) or if infectious particles come into direct contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth (droplet transmission).

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Patel, Vikas, JK Bhargava, Brahma Prakash, Amrutha Patel, Heyma Krishna, and Satendra Mishra. "Knowledge, attitude, implementation and satisfaction levels regarding availability of resources for airborne infection control among the nursing staff of a medical college in central India during the COVID-19 pandemic." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2023.066.

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Implementing airborne infection control measures as per guidelines are very important in preventing the spread of airborne infections. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the gaps in knowledge, attitude, implementation and satisfaction levels regarding the availability of resources for airborne infection control among the nursing staff of a medical college in central India during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey was done in which 109 nurses participated. This self-administrable questionnaire contained five parts (General information, knowledge, attitude, implementation and satisfaction regarding available resources) and was distributed to the participants. The correct responses as per the National airborne infection control guideline, Ministry of Health and family Welfare, Government of India, 2010 (NAIC) were scored and assessed. The mean age of the participants was 28.9 + 3.02 years. The mean scores out of total score of 10 were 5.48 + 1.2 for knowledge, 6.78 +1.0 for attitude, 5.21 + 1.1 for implementation, and 4.28 + 0.9 for satisfaction of available resources. The knowledge was adequate in 46.8%, the attitude was positive in 89.9 %, the guideline implementation was adequate in 45.9% and the resource satisfaction was only in 9.2% of study participants. Although the nurses had a positive attitude to airborne infection control practices, the overall knowledge and implementation of NAIC were barely adequate and the majority of subjects felt gaps in the availability of resources in implementations of these guidelines. Therefore, it is recommended to enforce their training, ensuring better availability of resources and strict monitoring from hospital administrations for better implementation of NAIC.

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Venkatraman, Srividya Janani, Arindam Ghatak, Debosmita Kundu, and Santanu Datta. "SG-APSIC1151: ZeBox: A prophylactic device against airborne infection." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 3, S1 (February 2023): s34—s35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2023.106.

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Objectives: Public health emergencies caused by airborne infectious agents are a significant concern, re-emphasized by the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is therefore vital to employ a technology that destroys microbes of all phyla and genera. We describe a novel technology called “Zebox” that can extract, trap, and destroy microbes from the air. This technology destroys even microbes that are resistant to known antibiotics. Methods: Airborne microbial load was enumerated using standard microbiological methods in both hospital ICUs and controlled conditions. Significant microbial reductions due to the ZeBox intervention in the ICUs were confirmed by statistical analysis. Results: ZeBox eliminated a broad spectrum of airborne pathogens (ie, viruses, bacteria, and fungi) in laboratory tests and in hospital ICUs, which are characterized by high, stochastic microbial loads. In closed-chamber experiments, ZeBox achieved a >99.999% reduction of airborne microbes. In the hospital ICU, ZeBox achieved a consistent >90% reduction across several months. Some of the airborne pathogens that ZeBox eliminated in the hospital ICU were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: ZeBox is an effective preventive technology against the spread of airborne pathogens and potentially associated infections. ZeBox could be used to reduce healthcare-associated infections in clinics and hospitals, as well as in burns units and immunocompromised patients. Zebox has the potential to be a significant prophylactic device in the global war on antimicrobial resistance.

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Yoo, Sung-Jun, Shori Yamauchi, Hyungyu Park, and Kazuhide Ito. "Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics Analyses for Prediction of Airborne Infection/Spread Risks in Highway Buses: A Parametric Study." Fluids 8, no. 9 (September 17, 2023): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8090253.

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Highway buses are used in a wide range of commuting services and in the tourist industry. The demand for highway bus transportation has dramatically increased in the recent post-pandemic world, and airborne transmission risks may increase alongside the demand for highway buses, owing to a higher passenger density in bus cabins. We developed a numerical prediction method for the spatial distribution of airborne transmission risks inside bus cabins. For a computational fluid dynamics analyses, targeting two types of bus cabins, sophisticated geometries of bus cabins with realistic heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning were reproduced. The passengers in bus cabins were reproduced using computer-simulated persons. Airflow, heat, and moisture transfer analysis were conducted based on computational fluid dynamics, to predict the microclimate around passengers and the interaction between the cabin climate and passengers. Finally, droplet dispersion analysis using the Eulerian–Lagrangian method and an investigation of the spatial distribution of infection/spread risks, assuming SARS-CoV-2 infection, were performed. Through parametric analyses of passive and individual countermeasures to reduce airborne infection risks, the effectiveness of countermeasures for airborne infection was discussed. Partition installation as a passive countermeasure had an impact on the human microclimate, which decreased infection risks. The individual countermeasure, mask-wearing, almost completely prevented airborne infection.

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Singh, Raja, and Anil Dewan. "Rethinking Use of Individual Room Air-conditioners in View of COVID 19." Creative Space 8, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2020.81002.

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As the World Health Organization is examining the airborne nature of COVID 19, there is past research on other airborne infections which set all encompassing guidelines. Even as more data begins to be available regarding COVID, there is proven spread of airborne disease like tuberculosis being transmitted by this route. As the summer months approach, there is an increased use of Air Conditioners in the tropical regions of the world. India, too being in this part of the world sees an active rise in the indoors which are being air conditioned to meet the thermal comfort requirements of the rising urban population which is spending a large chunk of time indoors. This is coupled with the enforced lockdown which encourages people to stay indoors to prevent the spread of infection. In such situations the use of Room air conditioner requires rethinking as they re-circulate the indoor air without any Fresh air supply into the room. To reduce heat gain and save the electric load of the room AC, people tend to seal the windows further. This paper looks at many possible ways of finding out infection spread in spaces and one of them is used to find out the probability of airborne infection spread in a typical public space. An experiment to validate the same has been conducted in a classroom setup with results analysed. Increased ventilation has been demonstrated to show a lesser probability of infection spread.

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Dbouk, Talib, Silvia Aranda-García, Roberto Barcala-Furelos, Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez, and Dimitris Drikakis. "Airborne infection risk during open-air cardiopulmonary resuscitation." Emergency Medicine Journal 38, no. 9 (June 29, 2021): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2021-211209.

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AimCardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure where interpersonal distance cannot be maintained. There are and will always be outbreaks of infection from airborne diseases. Our objective was to assess the potential risk of airborne virus transmission during CPR in open-air conditions.MethodsWe performed advanced high-fidelity three-dimensional modelling and simulations to predict airborne transmission during out-of-hospital hands-only CPR. The computational model considers complex fluid dynamics and heat transfer phenomena such as aerosol evaporation, breakup, coalescence, turbulence, and local interactions between the aerosol and the surrounding fluid. Furthermore, we incorporated the effects of the wind speed/direction, the air temperature and relative humidity on the transport of contaminated saliva particles emitted from a victim during a resuscitation process based on an Airborne Infection Risk (AIR) Index.ResultsThe results reveal low-risk conditions that include wind direction and high relative humidity and temperature. High-risk situations include wind directed to the rescuer, low humidity and temperature. Combinations of other conditions have an intermediate AIR Index and risk for the rescue team.ConclusionsThe fluid dynamics, simulation-based AIR Index provides a classification of the risk of contagion by victim’s aerosol in the case of hands-only CPR considering environmental factors such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and temperature. Therefore, we recommend that rescuers perform a quick assessment of their airborne infectious risk before starting CPR in the open air and positioning themselves to avoid wind directed to their faces.

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Kumar, Mohinder, Jai Gopal Vohra, Abhishek Pathania, and Gurmeet Singh. "Airborne Infection Control measures among Government and Private Health Facilities in a hilly district of North India." Indian Journal of Community Health 36, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2024.v36i02.013.

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Introduction: Guidelines for Airborne Infection Control in Health Care Settings were published in the 2010 to reduce Airborne Infections in health service providers and visitors to health facilities. Objectives: To evaluate healthcare facilities regarding implementation of Guidelines for Airborne Infection Control in Health Care Settings. Methods: An analytic, cross- sectional, health care facility-based study in the district Solan of Himachal Pradesh. A total 53 health care facilities from both public and private sectors were assessed and compared. Results: The implementation of these guidelines was unsatisfactory. Government health care facilities were better implementing the guidelines, compared to the private sector. Conclusion: The guidelines are over a decade old and implementation is not optimal. Efforts and emphasis are required to be put into implementation of these guidelines in health care facilities. An update of policy with stringent penalties are advocated for better compliance in the private sector.

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Kuehn, Thomas H. "Airborne Infection Control in Health Care Facilities." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1592187.

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Documented correlations between building occupant health effects and exposure to indoor airborne contaminants are very limited because of low indoor concentrations and confounding exposure elsewhere. However, an important exception has been found in hospitals where immune compromised patient mortality has been directly linked to increased indoor airborne fungal contamination caused by construction activity. Inhalation of viable Aspergillus spores often results in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, a disease with a high fatality rate. A review of the literature is given and recommendations and needs are outlined for barriers, filtration, air pressure control and bioaerosol sensors.

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Melkumov, V. N., G. A. Kuznetsova, A. V. Panin, and M. Ya Panov. "USING AIR EXCHANGE TO REDUCE THE PROBABILITY OF SPREADING CORONAVIRUS INFECTION." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 4(48) (January 6, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.48.4.002.

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Statement of the problem. Ventilation processes have a significant impact on the spread of airborne infections. It is necessary to use air exchange to reduce the likelihood of spreading such infections. Mathematical model. Using the Wells - Riley model of airborne transmission of infectious diseases, a mathematical model has been developed for the spread of coronavirus infection in a medical institution, consisting of a group of communicating rooms in which both healthy and infected people are constantly located and moved. The mathematical model makes it possible to take into account the movement of people around the premises and the settling of quanta of the generation of infection by a sick person when air moves. Results. The general solution of the mathematical model is obtained, which allows calculating the concentration of quanta of generation of infection in the premises during the operation of a medical institution.Conclusions. The developed mathematical model of a medical institution allows a deeper understanding of the possibilities of the spread of coronavirus infection and taking these risks into account when designing medical institutions.

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Melkumov, V. N., G. A. Kuznetsova, A. V. Panin, and M. Ya Panov. "USING AIR EXCHANGE TO REDUCE THE PROBABILITY OF SPREADING CORONAVIRUS INFECTION." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 4(48) (January 6, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.48.4.002.

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Statement of the problem. Ventilation processes have a significant impact on the spread of airborne infections. It is necessary to use air exchange to reduce the likelihood of spreading such infections. Mathematical model. Using the Wells - Riley model of airborne transmission of infectious diseases, a mathematical model has been developed for the spread of coronavirus infection in a medical institution, consisting of a group of communicating rooms in which both healthy and infected people are constantly located and moved. The mathematical model makes it possible to take into account the movement of people around the premises and the settling of quanta of the generation of infection by a sick person when air moves. Results. The general solution of the mathematical model is obtained, which allows calculating the concentration of quanta of generation of infection in the premises during the operation of a medical institution.Conclusions. The developed mathematical model of a medical institution allows a deeper understanding of the possibilities of the spread of coronavirus infection and taking these risks into account when designing medical institutions.

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Damialis, Athanasios, Stefanie Gilles, Mikhail Sofiev, Viktoria Sofieva, Franziska Kolek, Daniela Bayr, Maria P. Plaza, et al. "Higher airborne pollen concentrations correlated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, as evidenced from 31 countries across the globe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 8, 2021): e2019034118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019034118.

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Pollen exposure weakens the immunity against certain seasonal respiratory viruses by diminishing the antiviral interferon response. Here we investigate whether the same applies to the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is sensitive to antiviral interferons, if infection waves coincide with high airborne pollen concentrations. Our original hypothesis was that more airborne pollen would lead to increases in infection rates. To examine this, we performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis on SARS-CoV-2 infection, airborne pollen, and meteorological factors. Our dataset is the most comprehensive, largest possible worldwide from 130 stations, across 31 countries and five continents. To explicitly investigate the effects of social contact, we additionally considered population density of each study area, as well as lockdown effects, in all possible combinations: without any lockdown, with mixed lockdown−no lockdown regime, and under complete lockdown. We found that airborne pollen, sometimes in synergy with humidity and temperature, explained, on average, 44% of the infection rate variability. Infection rates increased after higher pollen concentrations most frequently during the four previous days. Without lockdown, an increase of pollen abundance by 100 pollen/m3 resulted in a 4% average increase of infection rates. Lockdown halved infection rates under similar pollen concentrations. As there can be no preventive measures against airborne pollen exposure, we suggest wide dissemination of pollen−virus coexposure dire effect information to encourage high-risk individuals to wear particle filter masks during high springtime pollen concentrations.

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Beggs, Clive B., Rabia Abid, Fariborz Motallebi, Abdus Samad, Nithya Venkatesan, and Eldad J. Avital. "Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The Contrast between Indoors and Outdoors." Fluids 9, no. 3 (February 22, 2024): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids9030054.

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COVID-19 is an airborne disease, with the vast majority of infections occurring indoors. In comparison, little transmission occurs outdoors. Here, we investigate the airborne transmission pathways that differentiate the indoors from outdoors and conclude that profound differences exist, which help to explain why SARS-CoV-2 transmission is much more prevalent indoors. Near- and far-field transmission pathways are discussed along with factors that affect infection risk, with aerosol concentration, air entrainment, thermal plumes, and occupancy duration all identified as being influential. In particular, we present the fundamental equations that underpin the Wells–Riley model and show the mathematical relationship between inhaled virus particles and quanta of infection. A simple model is also presented for assessing infection risk in spaces with incomplete air mixing. Transmission risk is assessed in terms of aerosol concentration using simple 1D equations, followed by a description of thermal plume–ceiling interactions. With respect to this, we present new experimental results using Schlieren visualisation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. Pathways of airborne infection are discussed, with the key differences identified between indoors and outdoors. In particular, the contribution of thermal and exhalation plumes is evaluated, and the presence of a near-field/far-field feedback loop is postulated, which is absent outdoors.

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Howorth, Hugh F. "Prevention of airborne infection in operating rooms." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 11, no. 5 (January 1987): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091908709040978.

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Guerrero, Antonio, Pio Torres, M. Teresa Duran, Beatriz Ruiz-Díez, Miguel Rosales, and Juan Luis Rodriguez-Tudela. "Airborne outbreak of nosocomial Scedosporium prolificans infection." Lancet 357, no. 9264 (April 2001): 1267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04423-8.

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Dai, Yi-Zheng, Yan-Jiao Chen, and Chen-Yang Zhang. "A Simulation Analyzing Approach to Estimating the Probability of Airborne Infection Risks in Railway Station Platform Coupling with the Wells-Riley Model and Pathfinder Model." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (December 21, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6066109.

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Railway station platforms present a particular challenge, especially during a train departure or arrival where some passengers may have potential conditions that make them vulnerable to airborne infections due to the high density and close proximity of passengers. This study presented a simulation analyzing approach to estimating the probability of airborne infection risks in station platform spaces coupling with the Wells-Riley model and Pathfinder model. We examine the impact of overcrowded area of the station platform on infection rates under various traces of evacuation. The result of the potential risk for three modes is discussed, and the results of the standard model under the same parameter setting are optimised. Next, the impact of the ventilated volume based on uneven distribution of individuals and the exposure time based on evacuation on the infection risk in platform spaces are studied. The relationship between platform spaces overcrowding and the infection risk provided further insights to observe the supporting information.

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Pereira, M. L., and A. Tribess. "A REVIEW OF AIR DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN SURGERY ROOMS UNDER INFECTION CONTROL FOCUS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v4i2.5405.

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The problem of airborne contamination in surgical infections still raises discussion. The success of the aseptic methods and the use of medicines for the combat of infections are making most surgeons contempt the danger of the aerial particles course. A detailed knowledge of the characteristics of the contamination sources and of the ventilation system performance used at surgery rooms is necessary to guarantee that the ventilation system supplies the pollutant control in ventilation rates that assure the health and the comfort of the occupants. There are many configurations of air distribution systems and a wide range of potential conditions inside a surgery room that are influenced by their performance. In the same way, it is evident the lack of information in the literature regarding which characteristics of the systems of air treatment have stronger influence on the amount of particles in suspension. This paper provides a review of the distribution patterns and air movement at surgery rooms, describing the importance of airborne particles in the infection process, making a comparative analysis of the efficiency of microbiological control of the main airflow systems, identifying and demonstrating the control strategies that can reduce the risks of airborne contamination in surgical infections.

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Ling, Wei, Maho Ichikawa, Kaho Hashimoto, Masayuki Ogata, Hitomi Tsutsumi, Shoichi Morimoto, Shin-ichi Tanabe, and Satoshi Hori. "Evaluation of Short-Distance Airborne Infection Risk Using a Cough Generator." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102028.

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Short-distance airborne infections are often thought to occur by large droplets or direct contact. Recent studies have investigated the phenomenon of short-range airborne infection. In this study, the effect of relative humidity and short-distance exposure to cough droplet nuclei were evaluated. The evaluation model for infection risk was designed based on experimental data and previous studies and included sampling efficiency and virus survival rate. As observed in the comparison between short-range exposure and long-range exposure, the short-range exposure to the droplet nuclei by one cough was equivalent to a long-range exposure of several seconds to, depending on the number of ventilations, even for a momentary high-concentration exposure. This suggests the possibility of an infection risk corresponding to the receiving condition. Since short-range exposure and long-range exposure have different factors affecting the risk of infection, it is suggested that effective infection control should be selected for each condition. The risk of infection due to long-range exposure is considered to be sufficiently reduced to that of a single cough if the building meets the necessary number of ventilations. It was suggested that the influence of relative humidity on infection risks is smaller than other factors such as ventilation.

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Kaishan Feng, Yoshiki Yanagita, Yuko Miyamura, Adi Azriff Basri, Mohammad Zuber, Siti Rohani, Kamarul Arifin Ahmad, and Masaaki Tamagawa. "CFD Analysis of Indoor Ventilation for Airborne Virus Infection." Journal of Advanced Research in Numerical Heat Transfer 14, no. 1 (October 11, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arnht.14.1.116.

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CFD Analysis of Indoor Ventilation for Airborne Virus Infection Indoor airflow patterns and air residence times significantly influence the spread of airborne infectious viruses, such as COVID-19. These factors can be quantified using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this study, CFD was utilized to assess the indoor airflow patterns and calculate air residence times in a typical restroom with high personnel flow and low ventilation efficiency. The results identified regions with high air residence times, indicating potential risk areas for airborne virus retention. Furthermore, the effects of different ventilation strategies on these high-risk areas were analyzed. Despite meeting air change standards, certain regions were found to potentially pose a higher risk due to prolonged air residence times. Based on these findings, recommendations for improving ventilation systems to reduce the risk of airborne virus infection were proposed. This study highlights the necessity of a more nuanced approach to indoor air assessment than simply calculating air changes per hour. It was concluded that (1) different ventilation strategies can greatly affect the air residence time in the room and (2) the variance of air residence time in the air circulation area are large in some locations, even with simple ventilation adjustments.

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Carisse, O., and H. Van der Heyden. "Relationship of Airborne Botrytis cinerea Conidium Concentration to Tomato Flower and Stem Infections: A Threshold for De-leafing Operations." Plant Disease 99, no. 1 (January 2015): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0490-re.

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Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an important threat for tomato greenhouse producers. The influence of airborne conidia concentration (ACC) on both flower and stem-wound infections was studied in a greenhouse maintained at a temperature of 15, 20, or 25°C using diseased tomato leaves as the unique source of dry inoculum. Spore samplers were used to monitor ACC, and a previously developed real-time qPCR assay was used to quantify airborne B. cinerea conidia. The proportion of infected flowers remained low at ACC < 10 conidia/m3; above this concentration, flower infection increased with increasing ACC. The influence of ACC on proportion of infected flowers was well described by a sigmoid model (R2 = 0.90 to 0.92). The mean proportion of infected stem wounds over the three trials was 0.021; no infected wounds were observed at ACC < 100 conidia/m3. Based on logistic regression, the probability that a stem becomes infected increased rapidly with mean probabilities of 0.24 and 0.87 at ACCs of 315 and 3,161 conidia/m3, respectively. The results suggest that the amount of airborne B. cinerea inoculum in the greenhouse is often above the action threshold for flower infection and that monitoring airborne B. cinerea inoculum could help in timing de-leafing operations.

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Xiao, S., J. W. Tang, D. S. Hui, H. Lei, H. Yu, and Y. Li. "Probable transmission routes of the influenza virus in a nosocomial outbreak." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 9 (May 6, 2018): 1114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818001012.

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AbstractInfluenza is a long-standing public health concern, but its transmission remains poorly understood. To have a better knowledge of influenza transmission, we carried out a detailed modelling investigation in a nosocomial influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. We identified three hypothesised transmission modes between index patient and other inpatients based on the long-range airborne and fomite routes. We considered three kinds of healthcare workers’ routine round pathways in 1140 scenarios with various values of important parameters. In each scenario, we used a multi-agent modelling framework to estimate the infection risk for each hypothesis and conducted least-squares fitting to evaluate the hypotheses by comparing the distribution of the infection risk with that of the attack rates. Amongst the hypotheses tested in the 1140 scenarios, the prediction of modes involving the long-range airborne route fit better with the attack rates, and that of the two-route transmission mode had the best fit, with the long-range airborne route contributing about 94% and the fomite route contributing 6% to the infections. Under the assumed conditions, the influenza virus was likely to have spread via a combined long-range airborne and fomite routes, with the former predominant and the latter negligible.

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Nikita Deulkar, Jyothy K B, and Pavan Morey. "Concept of airborne infectious diseases in Ayurveda." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (November 27, 2020): 1292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3621.

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Currently the world is dealing with the infection of COVID-19 which has recently been declared as Pandemic by WHO. The quick spread everywhere throughout the world has raised worries about the chance of transmission of the infection from individual to individual. The present study is aimed to review the information available about COVID19 and similar diseases in Ayurveda literature such asCharakaSamhita, SushrutaSamhita, AshtangaHrudayaandvarious research studies related to the topic.Ayurveda an antiquated clinical science has unmistakably depicted Aupsargikarogas (Communicable diseases), their mode of transmission, cause, cure and prevention too.Janapadodhwamsa, thediseases which affect a major part of population and itsfour causative factors such as pollution of Vayu(Air) and Jala (Water) along with the changes inKala(Time) andDesha(Region)explained in Ayurveda. With respect to treatment, Ayurveda advocates prevention as the first step and then cure of diseases, through Nidana Parivarjana (Avoidance of causes),Shodhan (Bio purification) and Shaman(Curative and Palliative care). With the help of Panchakarma (Five bio purificatory therapies)and Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy), these diseases can be prevented well. Ayurveda can be helpful to reduce the morbidity and mortality.The current review portrays how Ayurveda can assist with combatting the developing challenges of communicable infections.

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Brimmo, Ayoola T., Ayoub Glia, Juan S. Barajas-Gamboa, Carlos Abril, John Rodríguez, Matthew Kroh, and Mohammad A. Qasaimeh. "Ventilation-Based Strategy to Manage Intraoperative Aerosol Viral Transmission in the Era of SARS-CoV-2." Life 14, no. 3 (February 28, 2024): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14030313.

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In operating theaters, ventilation systems are designed to protect the patient from airborne contamination for minimizing risks of surgical site infections (SSIs). Ventilation systems often produce an airflow pattern that continuously pushes air out of the area surrounding the operating table, and hence reduces the resident time of airborne pathogen-carrying particles at the patient’s location. As a result, patient-released airborne particles due to the use of powered tools, such as surgical smoke and insufflated CO2, typically circulate within the room. This circulation exposes the surgical team to airborne infection—especially when operating on a patient with infectious diseases, including COVID-19. This study examined the flow pattern of functional ventilation configurations in view of developing ventilation-based strategies to protect both the patient and the surgical team from aerosolized infections. A favorable design that minimized particle circulation was deduced using experimentally validated numerical models. The parameters adapted to quantify circulation of airborne particles were particles’ half-life and elevation. The results show that the footprint of the outlet ducts and resulting flow pattern are important parameters for minimizing particle circulation. Overall, this study presents a modular framework for optimizing the ventilation systems that permits a switch in operation configuration to suit different operating procedures.

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Amuje, Rohit, Shubha B. Davalagi, and Nukala V. S. R. R. Phani Krishna. "Knowledge and Practices of Airborne Infection Control at the Household Level among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Central Karnataka, India." Journal of Association of Pulmonologist of Tamil Nadu 7, no. 2 (May 2024): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/japt.japt_5_24.

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Abstract Background: Airborne transmission of tuberculosis (TB) is a major route of spread. Household contacts of TB patients are at high risk of infection. However, there is limited evidence on airborne infection control knowledge and practices among TB patients in India. This study was done to assess the knowledge and practices related to airborne infection control among pulmonary TB (PTB) patients at the household level and determine associated factors. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 157 smear-positive PTB patients at a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India, using a pretested questionnaire. Knowledge and self-reported practices regarding airborne precautions were assessed. Bivariate analysis was done to determine associated factors. P <0.005 was considered significant. Results: Major gaps were found in knowledge about ventilation (50.3%), avoiding visitors (39.5%), and sputum disposal (33.8%). Suboptimal practices were reported for using tissues (19%), handwashing (25%), ventilation (66%), sputum handling (54%), and waste disposal (30%). Good knowledge was associated with younger age, higher education, Hindu religion, family history of TB, intensive phase treatment, and presence of symptoms (P < 0.05). Participants with good knowledge had significantly better preventive practices (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: Tailored education on airborne precautions focusing on identified knowledge gaps and risky practices can help improve the adoption of infection control measures among TB patients at the household level. A multifaceted approach is required to translate improved awareness into optimal preventive behaviors.

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Thomas, A. M., and M. J. Simmons. "The effectiveness of ultra-clean air operating theatres in the prevention of deep infection in joint arthroplasty surgery." Bone & Joint Journal 100-B, no. 10 (October 2018): 1264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.100b10.bjj-2018-0400.r1.

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Deep infection was identified as a serious complication in the earliest days of total hip arthroplasty. It was identified that airborne contamination in conventional operating theatres was the major contributing factor. As progress was made in improving the engineering of operating theatres, airborne contamination was reduced. Detailed studies were carried out relating airborne contamination to deep infection rates. In a trial conducted by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council (MRC), it was found that the use of ultra-clean air (UCA) operating theatres was associated with a significant reduction in deep infection rates. Deep infection rates were further reduced by the use of a body exhaust system. The MRC trial also included a detailed microbiology study, which confirmed the relationship between airborne contamination and deep infection rates. Recent observational evidence from joint registries has shown that in contemporary practice, infection rates remain a problem, and may be getting worse. Registry observations have also called into question the value of “laminar flow” operating theatres. Observational evidence from joint registries provides very limited evidence on the efficacy of UCA operating theatres. Although there have been some changes in surgical practice in recent years, the conclusions of the MRC trial remain valid, and the use of UCA is essential in preventing deep infection. There is evidence that if UCA operating theatres are not used correctly, they may have poor microbiological performance. Current UCA operating theatres have limitations, and further research is required to update them and improve their microbiological performance in contemporary practice. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1264–9.

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RILEY, RICHARD L. "What Nobody Needs to Know About Airborne Infection." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 163, no. 1 (January 2001): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.hh11-00.

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Roy, Chad J., and Donald K. Milton. "Airborne Transmission of Communicable Infection — The Elusive Pathway." New England Journal of Medicine 350, no. 17 (April 22, 2004): 1710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp048051.

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Saravia, Stefan A., Peter C. Raynor, and Andrew J. Streifel. "A performance assessment of airborne infection isolation rooms." American Journal of Infection Control 35, no. 5 (June 2007): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.10.012.

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Fennelly, Kevin P., Amy L. Davidow, Shelly L. Miller, Nancy Connell, and Jerrold J. Ellner. "Airborne Infection withBacillus anthracis—from Mills to Mail." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 6 (June 2004): 996–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1006.020738.

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Qian, Hua, Yuguo Li, W. H. Seto, Patricia Ching, W. H. Ching, and H. Q. Sun. "Natural ventilation for reducing airborne infection in hospitals." Building and Environment 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.011.

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Seminara, Giovanni, Bruno Carli, Guido Forni, Sandro Fuzzi, Andrea Mazzino, and Andrea Rinaldo. "Biological fluid dynamics of airborne COVID-19 infection." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no. 3 (August 16, 2020): 505–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00938-2.

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Subhash, Shobha S., Gio Baracco, Kevin P. Fennelly, Michael Hodgson, and Lewis J. Radonovich. "Isolation anterooms: Important components of airborne infection control." American Journal of Infection Control 41, no. 5 (May 2013): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.06.004.

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Rogers, T. R., and R. A. Barnes. "Prevention of airborne fungal infection in immunocompromised patients." Journal of Hospital Infection 11 (February 1988): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(88)90160-0.

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Podavalenko, Alla, Nina Malysh, Viktoriya Zadorozhna, Mycola Chemych, Svitlana Birukova, and Inna Chorna. "The Current Epidemic Situation of Infections with Airborne Transmission of Viral Etiology in Ukraine." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 21, no. 3 (May 21, 2022): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v21i3.59575.

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Background: The infectious diseases of viral etiology with airborne transmission generally dominate in the structure of infectious incidence. Objective: To determine incidence of viral infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, to research the impact of social and natural factors on the intensity of epidemic process. Methods: In order to determine the current epidemiological peculiarities of infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, a retrospective and operative analysis of the incidence, reports of vaccination of decreed child population in 2009‒2019, demographic and natural indicators. Results: Trends in the incidence of influenza were characterized by chaotic nature and disorder, acute respiratory viral infections ‒ high intensity and monotony. Significant correlations were established between the incidence of influenza and number and density of the population, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and the coefficient of migration population movement. Direct strong correlations were found between social factors and trends in the incidence of rubella and mumps. Coronavirus infection COVID–19 has become the problem for health care facilities in Sumy oblast. Conclusion: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the epidemic process of infections of viral etiology with airborne transmission have changed, which requires new approaches to organization of the system of epidemiological surveillance. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 610-619

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Schley, David, Laura Burgin, and John Gloster. "Predicting infection risk of airborne foot-and-mouth disease." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 34 (August 29, 2008): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0306.

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Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, the control and eradication of which is of significant worldwide socio-economic importance. The virus may spread by direct contact between animals or via fomites as well as through airborne transmission, with the latter being the most difficult to control. Here, we consider the risk of infection to flocks or herds from airborne virus emitted from a known infected premises. We show that airborne infection can be predicted quickly and with a good degree of accuracy, provided that the source of virus emission has been determined and reliable geo-referenced herd data are available. A simple model provides a reliable tool for estimating risk from known sources and for prioritizing surveillance and detection efforts. The issue of data information management systems was highlighted as a lesson to be learned from the official inquiry into the UK 2007 foot-and-mouth outbreak: results here suggest that the efficacy of disease control measures could be markedly improved through an accurate livestock database incorporating flock/herd size and location, which would enable tactical as well as strategic modelling.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Airborne infection'

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