Relevant bibliographies by topics / Airborne transmission. eng

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Airborne transmission. eng'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Airborne transmission. eng"

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Delikhoon, Mahdieh, Marcelo I. Guzman, Ramin Nabizadeh, and Abbas Norouzian Baghani. "Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020395.

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The multiple modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission including airborne, droplet, contact, and fecal–oral transmissions that cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contribute to a public threat to the lives of people worldwide. Herein, different databases are reviewed to evaluate modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and study the effects of negative pressure ventilation, air conditioning system, and related protection approaches of this virus. Droplet transmission was commonly reported to occur in particles with diameter >5 µm that can quickly settle gravitationally on surfaces (1–2 m). Instead, fine and ultrafine particles (airborne transmission) can stay suspended for an extended period of time (≥2 h) and be transported further, e.g., up to 8 m through simple diffusion and convection mechanisms. Droplet and airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be limited indoors with adequate ventilation of rooms, by routine disinfection of toilets, using negative pressure rooms, using face masks, and maintaining social distancing. Other preventive measures recommended include increasing the number of screening tests of suspected carriers of SARS-CoV-2, reducing the number of persons in a room to minimize sharing indoor air, and monitoring people’s temperature before accessing a building. The work reviews a body of literature supporting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through air, causing COVID-19 disease, which requires coordinated worldwide strategies.
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Fernstrom, Aaron, and Michael Goldblatt. "Aerobiology and Its Role in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases." Journal of Pathogens 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/493960.

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Aerobiology plays a fundamental role in the transmission of infectious diseases. As infectious disease and infection control practitioners continue employing contemporary techniques (e.g., computational fluid dynamics to study particle flow, polymerase chain reaction methodologies to quantify particle concentrations in various settings, and epidemiology to track the spread of disease), the central variables affecting the airborne transmission of pathogens are becoming better known. This paper reviews many of these aerobiological variables (e.g., particle size, particle type, the duration that particles can remain airborne, the distance that particles can travel, and meteorological and environmental factors), as well as the common origins of these infectious particles. We then review several real-world settings with known difficulties controlling the airborne transmission of infectious particles (e.g., office buildings, healthcare facilities, and commercial airplanes), while detailing the respective measures each of these industries is undertaking in its effort to ameliorate the transmission of airborne infectious diseases.
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Harrichandra, Amelia, A. Michael Ierardi, and Brian Pavilonis. "An estimation of airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission risk in New York City nail salons." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 9 (September 2020): 634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720964650.

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Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from person-to-person over long distances is currently thought to be unlikely, the current epidemiological evidence suggests that airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission in confined, indoor spaces is plausible, particularly when outdoor airflow rates are low and when face masks are not utilized. We sought to model airborne infection transmission risk assuming five realistic exposure scenarios using previously estimated outdoor airflow rates for 12 New York City nail salons, a published quanta generation rate specific to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the Wells–Riley equation to assess risk under both steady-state and non-steady-state conditions. Additionally, the impact of face mask-wearing by occupants on airborne infection transmission risk was also evaluated. The risk of airborne infection transmission across all salons and all exposure scenarios when not wearing face masks ranged from <0.015% to 99.25%, with an average airborne infection transmission risk of 24.77%. Wearing face masks reduced airborne infection transmission risk to between <0.01% and 51.96%, depending on the salon, with an average airborne infection transmission risk of 7.30% across all salons. Increased outdoor airflow rates in nail salons were generally strongly correlated with decreased average airborne infection transmission risk. The results of this study indicate that increased outdoor airflow rates and the use of face masks by both employees and customers could substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in New York City nail salons. Businesses should utilize multiple layers of infection control measures (e.g. social distancing, face masks, and outdoor airflow) to reduce airborne infection transmission risk for both employees and customers.
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ZHANG, Jiangong, Zheyuan GAN, Jun ZHAO, and ying Lu. "Analysis of active interference on radio station from AC UHV power." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186405003.

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The problems of Electromagnetic Interference in Airborne Intelligence Radar Stations near the AC UHV Transmission Lines are researched in this paper, which is mainly active interference. The calculation method for the interferences is analysed, and then the proper protection distances of the AC UHV transmission line to the radar station are given. The paper analyzed the active interference of AC UHV transmission lines, and focuses on the active interference caused by the line corona on the active radar of nearby airborne intelligence when the transmission line is under normal operation. In the end, this paper proposes the recommended values of active interference protection distance for 1000kV AC UHV transmission lines and airborne intelligence radar stations.
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Hassan, Najmul, and Noor M. Khan. "Cost-effective reliable transmission service for Internet of Flying Things." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 6 (June 2021): 155014772110178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211017820.

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High-speed quality Internet provision for aircraft passengers is thought to be one of the major unresolved challenges for ubiquitous Internet provision. This article aims to resolve the problem of airborne Internet access with high quality of service for modern Internet of things devices. Large remote regions in the ocean along the busy air routes (e.g. Atlantic Ocean) require high-speed, reliable, and low-cost airborne Internet (i.e. Internet provision to the aircraft) to manage various delay- and throughput-sensitive applications. Conventional satellite-based solutions can be an alternate for Internet provision in such far-flung areas; but, such solutions are lacking quality of service (with longer delays and low bandwidth) and are significantly costly. Fortunately, the underwater optical fiber cables deployed across the oceans pass along the same busy air routes. This infrastructure of underwater optical fiber cables can be exploited for Internet backbone providing high quality of service for wireless Internet provision to the commercial aircraft. Dedicated stationary ships deployed along these underwater optical fiber cables can be utilized for Internet provision, navigation, and security to ships and aircraft. This article not only proposes the networking infrastructure of the submarine cable-based airborne Internet access architecture but also presents a novel routing scheme for airborne ad hoc networks. Also, we analyze quality of service provision as compared to other existing techniques. Our simulation results show that our proposed solution outperforms other existing schemes for airborne Internet service provision, in the presence of high mobility and dynamic topology changes.
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Hashimoto, Kaho, Zhengtao Ai, and Arsen Melikov. "Airborne transmission during short-term events under stratum ventilation." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101098.

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Past studies on airborne spread of expiratory droplet nuclei between occupants were focused on long-term exposure under steady-state conditions. However, exposure during short-term events can be widely found in practice, e.g. medical examination or short meeting. Airborne transmission during short-term events under stratum ventilation was examined experimentally in this study. Two breathing thermal manikins were employed to simulate a standing infected person and a standing exposed person. The manikins were placed face-to-face and face-to-back to reproduce the exposure conditions with the highest and the lowest risk, respectively. Tracer gas was dosed into the air exhaled by the “infected” manikin to simulate the droplet nuclei. A newly developed average exposure index was used to evaluate the exposure risk. The time-averaged exposure index increases over time, but the increasing rate depends strongly on the duration of exposure time, e.g., the exposure index increases much faster during the first 5 minutes than during the period after 5 minutes. The exposure index during short-term events does not always decrease with the increase of separation distance. These findings imply that the control measures formulated based on steady-state conditions are not necessarily effective to short-term events.
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Ma, She Xiang, Jin Sun, and Yong Qiang Guan. "Detection Probability of Airborne AIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1204.

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Aiming at the small coverage of shore-based AIS and complicated structure of space-based AIS, airborne AIS is chosen to increase the coverage effectively. This paper gives the calculation method of the maximum transmission distance, and then establishes the detection probability model of the airborne AIS. The relationship between reporting interval, ship densities and detection probabilities is established. At the end of the paper, simulation results of the model are given.
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Stabile, Luca, Antonio Pacitto, Giorgio Buonanno, and Marco Dell’Isola. "Ventilation System Operation to Minimize the COVID-19 Airborne Transmission in Schools." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-424.

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Minimizing the SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission is essential to face the COVID-19 pandemic. This is even more important for highly crowded indoor environments, e.g. schools, where the mitigation solutions based on social distancing and hand washing seem to be not effective to reduce the virus airborne transmission mode, which is the main route of transmission. To minimize the airborne virus transmission a proper ventilation is necessary. In the study, a simplified mass balance equation (box-model) was applied to school scenarios in order to determine the required conditions to maintain the infection risk below an acceptable level. In particular, the required air exchange rates for mechanically-ventilated classrooms and the adequate airing procedures for naturally ventilated classrooms were determined. Moreover, for naturally ventilated classrooms, a control strategy based on the measurement of CO2 indoor concentration was also developed.
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Lloret, Maria Gavila, Fabian Duvigneau, Gregor Müller, and Hermann Rottengruber. "Computer-aided Prediction of Airborne Sound Transmission through the Front Car End." ATZ worldwide 120, no. 7-8 (July 2018): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-018-0078-8.

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Gavila Lloret, Maria, Fabian Duvigneau, Ulrich Gabbert, and Hermann Rottengruber. "Prediction of the airborne sound transmission through the front end of a vehicle." Automotive and Engine Technology 4, no. 3-4 (September 10, 2019): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-019-00051-z.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Airborne transmission. eng"

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Freschi, Carla Roberta. "Investigação experimental sobre a transmissão aerógena e naso-nasal de Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorotipo Derby em suínos /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101255.

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Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho
Banca: Raul José Silva Girio
Banca: Rosangela Zacarias Machado
Banca: Aníbal de Sant'Anna Moretti
Banca: José Soares Ferreira Neto
Resumo: Os suínos e seus produtos são considerados importantes fontes de salmonelose humana. Desta forma, o controle das infecções nas granjas é considerado essencial para a prevenção de Salmonella na cadeia produtiva de suínos. No entanto, o maior entrave na profilaxia da infecção é, principalmente, a falta de conhecimentos sobre sua epidemiologia em sistemas de produção intensivos de criação de suínos, principalmente em relação às possíveis vias de transmissão desse agente. Este estudo testou a hipótese da transmissão nasonasal (E1) e aerógena (E2) de Salmonella Derby na espécie suína. Os experimentos foram realizados em isoladores construídos em aço inoxidável e vidro e totalmente controlados. No E1, os isoladores dos suínos inoculados e dos suínos sentinela estavam conectados por pequena fenda que permitia apenas o contato naso-nasal. Em E2 os isoladores estavam conectados por condutores de ar que permitiam o fluxo de ar unidirecional do isolador 1 (suínos controle) ao isolador 3 (suínos sentinela), passando pelo isolador 2 (suínos inoculados). A duração de ambos experimentos foi de 15 dias. Nesse período, amostras dos sacos de dejetos, dos suabes retais, das fezes do piso e do ar foram colhidas diariamente e avaliadas quanto a presença de Salmonella. A hipótese de transmissão naso-nasal e aerógena de S. Derby não foi corroborada pelo isolamento e detecção do agente nos animais sentinela.
Abstract: Pork and pork products are recognized as one of the major sources for human salmonellosis. Howeveri the infection control in the farms is considered essential for the Salmonella prevention in the productive swine chain. However, the most impediment in the infection prophylaxis is, mainly, the lack of knowledge on its epidemiology in intensives production systems, mainly related to the transmission possible ways of this agent. This study has tested the hypothesis of nose-to-nose and airborne transmission of Salmonella Derby in the swine species. The trials were performed using stainlesssteel and glass isolation cabinets and totally controlled. In the trial 1, inoculated pigs and sentinel pigs isolation cabinets were connected by small crack that allowed only the nose-to-nose contact. In the trial 2 isolation cabinets were connected by air ducts that allowed an unidirectional airflow from cabinet 1 (control pigs) to cabinet 3 (sentinel pigs), passing through cabinet 2 (inoculated pigs). The duration of both trials were 15 days. At this period, slurry bags, rectal swabs, pooled faecal from the floor and air samples were collected daily and assessed by culture and PCR. The nose-to-nose and airborne transmission hypothesis of S. Derby was not corroborated by the agent isolation and detection in the sentinel pigs.
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Masson, Guido Carlos Iselda Hermans. "Infecção experimental por Salmonella enterica subspécie enterica sorotipo Panama e tentativa de transmissão área em leitões desmamados /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89242.

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Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho
Banca: Geraldo Camilo Alberton
Banca: Luís Antonio Mathias
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar infecção por Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorotipo Panama e a possibilidade de transmissão aérea de entre leitões desmamados. Seis leitões recém-desmamados e sadios foram igualmente distribuídos na formação dos três grupos experimentais - o grupocontrole, o grupo infectado e o grupo-sentinela. Os animais foram alojados dois a dois em três câmaras de isolamento especialmente projetadas para o estudo, que garantiam não apenas que os animais fossem mantidos completamente isentos de contacto com o ambiente externo mas que o fluxo de ar unidirecional, no sentido animais-controle - animais infectados - animais-sentinela, fosse a única maneira de disseminação do agente. Salmonella Panama com resistência induzida ao ácido nalidíxico (Salmonella PanamaNal+) foi utilizada na preparação do inóculo. Análises microbiológicas de suabes retais dos animais foram realizadas diariamente em todos os animais durante os 14 dias subseqüentes à inoculação, após o que os animais foram eutanasiados e necropsiados, visando análises microbiológicas de amostras de órgãos internos. As análises bacteriológicas iniciaram-se pelo pré-enriquecimento das amostras, em caldo GN-Hajna para as amostras de fezes e a água peptonada tamponada para os órgãos internos. Prosseguiram pelo enriquecimento em caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis e em Tetrationato Müller Kaufmann para então serem semeadas nos ágares xilose lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4) e verde-brilhante modificado, ambos suplementados com ácido nalidíxico. Colônias características foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas, em ágar tríplice açúcar ferro (TSI) e ágar ferro lisina (LIA) e posteriormente a avaliação sorológica. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de todos os animais e, submetidas ao teste ELISA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the experimental infection wich Salmonella serotype Panama and the airborne transmission of among weaned piglets. Six weaned piglets were used and distributed in three groups of animals - group 1 (control), group 2 (infected) and group 3 (sentinels). All animals were housed in three stainless-steel glass isolation cabinets connected by unidirectional airflow air ducts. Animals didn't have contact with the external environment, guaranteeing that airflow was the unique way of the agent's spread. An induced nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella Panama (Salmonella Panama Nal+) were used to induce infection in one of the groups. Bacteriological analyses of rectal swabs were implemented daily within 14 days after inoculation. For bacteriological exams of internal organs animals were euthanized and necropsied. A pre-enrichment in broth GN-Hajna for the fecal samples and in buffered peptone water for the internal organs samples were conducted. Subsequently, samples were transferred to Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Tetrationato Müller Kaufmann. The samples were transferred to the agar xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 (XLT4) and to a modified brilliant green media, both supplemented with nalidixic acid. Characteristic colonies were submitted to the biochemical tests triple sugar iron agar (TSI) and lysine iron agar (LIA) and later to the serological prove. Samples of blood were taken twice - before Salmonella inoculation and before euthanasia of the piglets. Sera was submitted to the ELISA test. Results showed a Salmonella systemic infection in the inoculated animals (infected group), but there were no evidence of Salmonella transmission to the sentinel group.
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Gavila, Lloret Maria [Verfasser], Hermann [Gutachter] Rottengruber, and Ulrich [Gutachter] Gabbert. "Prediction of the airborne sound transmission through a car front end model including poroelastic acoustic treatments / Maria Gavila Lloret ; Gutachter: Hermann Rottengruber, Ulrich Gabbert." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1220036005/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "Airborne transmission. eng"

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Uzicanin, Amra, and Joanna Gaines. "Community Congregate Settings." In The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual, 363–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933692.003.0019.

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Settings and patterns of human congregation are risk factors and determinants for infectious and other diseases in communities because they can modulate the scope and extent of spread through modes of exposure and transmission (e.g., person-to-person, airborne, foodborne, waterborne, and vectorborne). This chapter reviews practical and legal implications for field investigations in four types of community congregate settings: (1) educational institutions, (2) workplaces, (3) mass gatherings, and (4) detention facilities. For each of these, it summarizes one or more illustrative field investigations. Challenges often associated with field investigations in community congregate settings include the potential for interference with normal business processes, data availability and access, and additional legal and confidentiality requirements. Field investigations of congregate settings can therefore be aided by thorough preparation, detailed documentation and close coordination and collaboration.
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Rima, B. K. "Mumps: Epidemic parotitis." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 769–72. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0080.

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Mumps is an acute, systemic, highly infectious, communicable infection of children and young adults, caused by a paramyxovirus (with an RNA genome). Transmission is by airborne droplet spread. After an incubation period of 14–18 days, typical presentation is with fever, pain near the angle of the jaw, and swelling of the parotid glands. Complications include orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. Diagnosis is obvious clinically in cases with a contact history and parotitis, but serological (mumps-specific IgM and IgA) and RNA-based (RT-PCR) tests are used when this is not the case (e.g. the patient presenting with meningitis). Treatment is symptomatic. Prevention is by vaccination, often given as one component of a trivalent mumps/measles/rubella vaccine at 14–16 months of age. A follow-up vaccination is now recommended at 4–5 years of age.
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"the emission; this is the entrance of the airborne pollutants into the open atmosphere. The local position of this entrance is the emission source, - the transmission, including all phenomena of transport, dispersion and dilution in the open atmosphere, - the immission; this is the entrance of the pollutant into an acceptor. As we are regarding odoriferous pollutants, the immisson is their entrance into a human nose. About air pollution from industrial emission sources, i.g. S02 from power plants, a wide knowledge is available, including sophisticated methods of emission measurement, atmospheric diffusion calculation and measurement of immission concentration in the ambient air. In most countries we have complete national legal regulations, concerning limitation of air contaminent emissions, calculation of stack height and at least evaluation and determination of maximum inmission values. Within this situation the question arises, whether these wellproved methods and devices are suitable for agricultural odour emissions from agricultural sources too. It is well known that all calculations and values, established in air pollution control, are based on large sets of data, obtained by a multitude of experiments and observations. The attempt to apply these established dispersion models to agricultural emission sources, leads to unreasonable results. A comparison in table 1 shows that the large scale values of industrial air pollutions, on which the established dispersion models are based, are too different from those in agriculture. In order to modify the existing dispersion models or to design other types of models, we need the corresponding sets of observations and of experimental data, adequate to the typical agricultural conditions. There are already a lot of investigations to measure odour at the source and in the ambient air. But we all know about the reliability of those measurements and about the difficulties to quantify these results adequate to a computer model calculating the relation between emission and immision depending on various influences and parameters. So we decided to supplement the odour measurements by tracer gas measurements easy to realise with high accuracy. The aim is to get the necessary sets of experimental data for the modification of existing dispersion models for agricultural conditions. 2. INSTRUMENTAL 2.1 EMISSION the published guideline VDI 3881 /2-4/ describes, how to measure odour emissions for application in dispersion models. Results obtained by this method have to be completed with physical data like flow rates etc. As olfactometric odour threshold determination is rather expensive, it is supplemented with tracer gas emissions, easy to quantify. In the mobile tracer gas emission source, fig. 2, up to 50 kg propane per hour are diluted with up to 1 000 m3 air per hour. This blend is blown into the open atmosphere. The dilution device, including the fan, can be seperated from the trailer and mounted at any place, e.g. on top of a roof to simulate the exaust of a pig house or in the middle of a field to simulate undisturbed air flow. 2.2 TRANSMISSION For safety reasons, propane concentration at the source is always below the lower ignition concentration of 2,1 %. As the specific gravity of this emitted propane-air-blend is very close to that of pure air (difference less than 0,2%) and as flow parameters can be chosen in a wide range, we assume." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 114. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Airborne transmission. eng"

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Kogler, Helmut, Rudolf Scheidl, and Bernd Hans Schmidt. "Analysis of Wave Propagation Effects in Transmission Lines due to Digital Valve Switching." In ASME/BATH 2015 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2015-9607.

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In digital hydraulic systems, switching valves have opening and closing times in the range of a few milliseconds. Due to this fast switching, high bandwidth pressure pulsation is excited, which is the stimulus for airborne noise up to some kilohertz. Since the human ear is very sensitive to audible noise in this frequency range, an analysis of the influence of the valve’s opening curve on the pressure surge in the pipe system is intended. The study is based on simulations employing dynamic pipe models for linear wave propagation and laminar fluid flow. In particular, a simple pipe system with a valve at one end and a pressure boundary at the other end of the pipe is investigated. It is shown, how the valve opening characteristics of spool and seat type switching valves influences the pipe responses. Also the role of parasitic inductances due to the valve block bores is discussed and it is shown how the switching characteristics influences the dynamical effects on the pressure pulsations in the pipe system.
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