Journal articles: 'Aircraft cockpits'

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Lindo, Roneil S., John E. Deaton, John H. Cain, and Celine Lang. "Methods of Instrument Training and Effects on Pilots’ Performance With Different Types of Flight Instrument Displays." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 2, no. 2 (January 2012): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000028.

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As computer display technology has evolved, so have the aircraft instrument displays pilots use for aircraft control and navigation. With the aid of two different flight training devices – one configured with steam gauges and the other configured with glass cockpit – this study measured aircraft control and navigation differences between two pilot groups. Pilot Group 1 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with steam gauges, and Pilot Group 2 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with glass cockpits. Using displays for which they were not trained, each pilot was tested on aircraft control and navigation precision. The test required that pilots complete basic instrument maneuvers and an instrument landing system approach. Using MANOVA, deviations from assigned values were recorded and statistically compared. Study findings indicated that steam gauge pilots transitioning to glass cockpits perform better than glass cockpit pilots transitioning to steam gauge displays.

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Hettinger, Lawrence J., W. Todd Nelson, and Michael W. Haas. "Applying Virtual Environment Technology to the Design of Fighter Aircraft Cockpits: Pilot Performance and Situation Awareness in a Simulated Air Combat Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (October 1994): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800123.

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The use of multi-sensory displays for fighter aircraft cockpits is being investigated at the U.S. Air Force's Armstrong Laboratory as a means of enhancing pilot performance. The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of employing such displays on the performance of a simulated air combat task. Each of four experienced US Air Force F-16 pilots flew 12 simulated missions which required them to locate and destroy four enemy bombers whose flight path was pre-programmed. Simultaneously, two other pilots were assigned to auxiliary cockpits in the laboratory and flew enemy fighter aircraft in an attempt to intercept and shoot down the primary pilot. Therefore there were three active participants in each air combat scenario. Each pilot flew six trials using a cockpit comprised of conventional F-15 flight instruments and six trials using a modified, multi-sensory cockpit. The results indicated that pilot performance and situation awareness were generally superior with the multi-sensory cockpit as opposed to the conventional cockpit, although statistical differences between the two were at best marginally significant. Nevertheless, the results suggest that if pilots were to receive advance training with the multi-sensory cockpit their performance may exceed that in the highly overlearned conventional cockpit by even more substantial amounts.

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Endsley, Mica R. "Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200221.

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Situation awareness (SA) is an important component of pilot/system performance in all types of aircraft. It is the role of the human factors engineer to develop aircraft cockpits which will enhance SA. Research in the area of situation awareness is is vitally needed if system designers are to meet the challenge of providing cockpits which enhance SA. This paper presents a discussion of the SA construct, important considerations facing designers of aircraft systems, and current research in the area of SA measurement.

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Kolbeinsson, Ari, Göran Falkman, and Jessica Lindblom. "Showing Uncertainty in Aircraft Cockpits using Icons." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 2905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.805.

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Voge, Victoria, and Lance Schaeffer. "POTENTIAL RAINBOE TOXICITY IN COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT COCKPITS." Southern Medical Journal 89, Supplement (October 1996): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199610001-00133.

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Liu, Xin, Sui Huai Yu, Tian Cheng Gong, Qing Zhang, Ming Lei Zhao, and Wan Yu Zhang. "Ergonomics Layout Optimization of the Aircraft Cockpit Based on Particle Swarm Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 1851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.1851.

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The problem of neglecting ergonomic factors on the aircraft cockpit layout design which leads to the pilots feeling tired very soon should be solved imminently. Since there are a lot of ergonomic constraints while there are hardly any algorithms to solve the problem, the particle swarm optimization is mentioned. Firstly, ergonomic geometric constraints and ergonomic space constraints are confirmed. Secondly, the objective function is confirmed based on the minimum Euclidean distance. Thirdly, to avoid local optimum, particle swarm optimization is used to find the best coordinate values of facilities. At last, the best values of different facilities are needed to be compromised by each other to confirm the most proper values for every facility and form the optimal scheme of designing the layout of aircraft cockpits.

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Way, Thomas C. "3-D in Pictorial Formats for Aircraft Cockpits." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 2 (October 1989): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300205.

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Sixteen military pilots flew simulated air-to-air and air-to-ground missions in a simulated fighter-attack cockpit. Three of the five color CRTs in the cockpit were capable of displaying retinal disparity and the major independent variable was presence or absence of disparity. Performance, workload, and opinion data were collected. A second objective of the study was to continue development of the display formats, which had evolved through earlier projects. The disparity results and the recommended format revisions are presented.

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Gregoire, Harv, and Rannell Dahl. "Anthropometric Design Criteria: Correction Variables for Military Aircraft." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 1 (February 1989): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.175.

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Significant errors in the application of dimensional anthropometric design criteria for tactical military aircraft cockpits have been identified. These errors result from insufficient consideration of previously undefined variables relative to posture, restraint system items, and aviators' personal protection equipment as discussed by McConville and Laubach in 1978.

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Segal, Leon D. "Actions Speak Louder than Words: How Pilots use Nonverbal Information for Crew Communications." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (October 1994): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800106.

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How does the design of an aircraft cockpit affect crew communication? The research described hereunder aimed at identifying aspects of design that play a critical role in task coordination, yet have heretofore been ignored. It is proposed that crewmembers coordinate the performance of tasks using visual, nonverbal, information that emerges from the interactions between individual pilots and the aircraft's systems. 24 airline pilots participated in a high-fidelity simulator experiment which compared the impact of three different types of interface on crew communication and coordination. Measurement included detailed video recording, and quantitative and expert performance evaluations. The data suggest that pilots visually monitor each other's performance of tasks, that visual monitoring is affected by the design of the interface, and that pilots rely on such nonverbal information for communication and coordination. The discussion looks at implications of these data to the design of workstations and cockpits.

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Gratton, G. B. "Use of Global Positioning System velocity outputs for determining airspeed measurement error." Aeronautical Journal 111, no. 1120 (June 2007): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004632.

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Abstract Several methods have been derived since the advent of GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers in aircraft cockpits by which these receivers may be used to calibrate these aircraft’s other instrumentation; in particular the pitot-static system. This paper presents the four most suitable methods, two of which have been developed by the author. These methods are shown with a common symbology, and their strengths, weaknesses, analysis and operational use are compared.

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Kellerer, Johannes, Christoph Möller, Alexander Kostka, Harald Neujahr, and Peter Sandl. "Panoramic Displays: The Next Generation of Fighter Aircraft Cockpits." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 4, no. 2 (October 18, 2011): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2526.

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Combeau, Pierre, Steve Joumessi-Demeffo, Anne Julien-Vergonjanne, Lilian Aveneau, Stephanie Sahuguede, Herve Boeglen, and Damien Sauveron. "Optical Wireless Channel Simulation for Communications Inside Aircraft Cockpits." Journal of Lightwave Technology 38, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2020.3003989.

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Chen, Pu-Woei, and Ya-Yun Lin. "Evaluation on crashworthiness and energy absorption of composite light airplane." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2018): 168781401879408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018794080.

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The main aim of this study was to explore the safety differences when using aluminum alloy and three different fiber reinforced composites as material for the cockpit and fuselage of light aircraft under crash landing. In accordance with the cockpit reduction amount stipulated by MIL-STD-1290A in which the reducing rates in all directions cannot exceed 15%, this study established the safety zones of impact speeds and impact angles. The overall safety zones of the carbon fiber reinforced composites and glass fiber reinforced composites cockpits were higher than that of the aluminum alloy cockpit by 38.56% and 32.12%, respectively. Among the four different fuselage materials, when carbon fiber reinforced composites was used as the cockpit material, except that the reducing rate for the crashing in the Y direction was slightly higher than the aluminum alloy cockpit, the reducing rate in the X direction and the inclined beam A direction during crashes were less than other materials, and the safety of its overall cockpit was also the most superior to other materials. The energy absorption capability of the aluminum alloy fuselage was better than the fuselages of all composite materials.

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Barré, Jérôme, Régis Mollard, and Marion Wolff. "Ergonomic approaches to integrate touch screen in future aircraft cockpits." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 48, no. 4-6 (October 30, 2014): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/jesa.48.303-318.

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Wang, Yanyan, Xiaochao Guo, Qingfeng Liu, Huajun Xiao, and Yu Bai. "Three-Dimensional Measurement Applied in Design Eye Point of Aircraft Cockpits." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 89, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.4822.2018.

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Shi, Heidy, Carlos Garcia, Jack Kesti, Christopher Lee, and David Hughes. "A Value Model Approach to Reduce PM Cargo’s Costs for the CH-47F Chinook Helicopter." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2019v7i1.pp16-23.

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The CH-47F is a multifaceted system incorporating a series of technological improvements that aim to improve flight crews’ performance. The new Chinook model marks a transition away from platforms with steam gauge based cockpits, federated mission systems equipment, and analog flight control augmentation systems. The aircraft has a highly integrated glass cockpit and digital flight control augmentation system reducing the crew’s workload and improving other capabilities, such as auto-hovering. This allows pilots to focus on aspects essential for mission success while operating in challenging environments. PM Cargo is responsible for maintaining the CH-47F to meet these demands, however, this has significant financial challenges to consider. PM Cargo asked us to produce courses of action that will reduce costs while also adding value to the CH-47F program. This will ensure the CH-47F, through PM Cargo’s stewardship, remains a staple of the United States Army into the future.

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Müller, Simon, Fabienne Roche, and Dietrich Manzey. "Attitude Indicator Format." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 9, no. 2 (September 2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000168.

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Abstract. A simulator study investigated the consequences of a transition between two alternative formats of the attitude indictor in aircraft cockpits, the moving-horizon and moving-aircraft format. Two groups of novices practiced performing two flight tasks (flight-path tracking and recovery from unusual attitudes) with one attitude-indicator format for six practice sessions, before transitioning to the other format. The results show that, after practice, participants were able to perform both tasks equally well with both attitude-indicator formats. However, the number of reversal errors in the recovery task increased considerably when transitioning from the moving-aircraft to moving-horizon format. No such effect emerged for the other direction. This suggests that the former transition is more difficult and represents a possible risk for flight safety.

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Lallai, Giorgia, Giovanni Loi Zedda, Célia Martinie, Philippe Palanque, Mauro Pisano, and Lucio Davide Spano. "Engineering Task-based Augmented Reality Guidance: Application to the Training of Aircraft Flight Procedures." Interacting with Computers 33, no. 1 (January 2021): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwcomp/iwab007.

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Abstract Training operators to efficiently operate critical systems is a cumbersome and costly activity. A training program aims at modifying operators’ knowledge and skills about the system they will operate. The design, implementation and evaluation of a ‘good’ training program is a complex activity that requires involving multi-disciplinary work from multiple stakeholders. This paper proposes the combined use of task descriptions and augmented reality (AR) technologies to support training activities both for trainees and instructors. AR interactions offer the unique benefit of bringing together the cyber and the physical aspects of an aircraft cockpit, thus providing support to training in this context that cannot be achieved by software tutoring systems. On the instructor side, the LeaFT-MixeR system supports the systematic coverage of planed tasks as well as the constant monitoring of trainee performance. On the trainee side, LeaFT-MixeR provides real-time AR information supporting the identification of objects with which to interact, in order to perform the planned task. The paper presents the engineering principles and their implementation to bring together AR technologies and tool-supported task models. We show how these principles are embedded in LeaFT-MixeR system as well as its application to the training of flight procedures in aircraft cockpits.

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Gołębiowski, Waldemar, and Leszek Loroch. "Possibilities of Improving Pilot's Situational Awareness through the Shaping of the Human-Machine Interface in Military Aircraft Cockpits." Journal of Konbin 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0079-6.

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Possibilities of Improving Pilot's Situational Awareness through the Shaping of the Human-Machine Interface in Military Aircraft CockpitsWith determined individual perception capability, the pilot's safety during a flight depends on his situational awareness formed by information from the surrounding environment. The graphical data information may be modeled and performed to the pilot by a data interface of research simulator. The method of testing human-machine interface (HMI)described in this paper enables detecting special incidents (critical situations) influencing flight safety, and help making prevention efforts. The proposed research method can result in developing solutions for shaping the data interface, as well as ergonomic solutions in cockpits of military aircraft.

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Zhang, Xia, Youchao Sun, and Yanjun Zhang. "Ontology modelling of intelligent HCI in aircraft cockpit." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 5 (June 10, 2021): 794–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2020-0255.

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Purpose Semantic modelling is an essential prerequisite for designing the intelligent human–computer interaction in future aircraft cockpit. The purpose of this paper is to outline an ontology-based solution to this issue. Design/methodology/approach The scenario elements are defined considering the cognitive behaviours, system functions, interaction behaviours and interaction situation. The knowledge model consists of a five-tuple array including concepts, relations, functions, axioms and instances. Using the theory of belief-desire-intention, the meta-model of cognitive behaviours is established. The meta-model of system functions is formed under the architecture of sub-functions. Supported by information flows, the meta-model of interaction behaviours is presented. Based on the socio-technical characteristics, the meta-model of interaction situation is proposed. The knowledge representation and reasoning process is visualized with the semantic web rule language (SWRL) on the Protégé platform. Finally, verification and evaluation are carried out to assess the rationality and quality of the ontology model. Application scenarios of the proposed modelling method are also illustrated. Findings Verification results show that the knowledge reasoning based on SWRL rules can further enrich the knowledge base in terms of instance attributes and thereby improve the adaptability and learning ability of the ontology model in different simulations. Evaluation results show that the ontology model has a good quality with high cohesion and low coupling. Practical implications The approach presented in this paper can be applied to model complex human–machine–environment systems, from a semantics-driven perspective, especially for designing future cockpits. Originality/value Different from the traditional approaches, the method proposed in this paper tries to deal with the socio-technical modelling issues concerning multidimensional information semantics. Meanwhile, the constructed model has the ability of autonomous reasoning to adapt to complex situations.

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Liu, Yi Hong, Yan Dan Lin, Yao Jie Sun, Wei Qiao Yang, and Feng Xiong. "Luminance Determination of CPA and PBAs in Aircraft Cockpits Based on Ergonomic Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.791.

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This paper reports on the experiments undertaken to determine the luminance of control panel assembly (CPA) and push button annunciate (PBA) in cockpits when operated in low and high ambient environment. Referring to the varying ways of commercial airplanes are illuminated, different levels of luminance are chosen to be tested. Psychology scales that measure comfort and legibility when under illumination are used as the two main evaluation indexes, which reflecting the performance of CPA and PBAs with different luminance levels according to the observers’ evaluation scores. 21 observers participated in the study, in which they were asked to give certain assessment. The results suggest that for both fully dark environment and the environment that only has light from the working displays, 0.4fl is the preferable luminance for CPA. For PBAs of different colors, the preferable luminance range is also different.

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Honne, Atle, H. Schumann-Olsen, Kristin Kaspersen, H. Mosebach, and Dirk Kampf. "Air quality monitoring for the International Space Station applicable to aircraft cabins and cockpits." Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4024/15ho14a.jbpc.14.04.

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Rogers, S. P., V. A. Spiker, and J. Cicinelli. "Luminance and luminance contrast requirements for legibility of self-luminous displays in aircraft cockpits." Applied Ergonomics 17, no. 4 (December 1986): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(86)90129-8.

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Al Wardi, Yousuf, Sasirajan Jeevarathinam, and Saleh Al Sabei. "A Cross-Cultural Anthropometric Analysis in Military Aviation." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5530.2020.

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BACKGROUND: Aircrew-aircraft compatibility is important in military aviation for flight safety. Anthropometric aircrew selection standards in RAFO were embedded from the selection standards of western defense forces as the aircrafts were imported from there. Henceforth efforts were made to fit local native aviators into aircrafts not initially designed for them. In view of this, this study was carried out to obtain the anthropometric data of Oman aircrew recruits and compare these with published western and eastern data with a hope to understand and highlight the aircrew-aircraft mismatch issues, if any.METHODS: The anthropometric data of 2296 Omani recruits from 2003 to 2012 were collected and their statistical distribution of data was collated. Published data from the UK and Singapore were used to carry out the comparative distribution of five anthropometric dimensions.RESULTS: Minimal differences were noted between Oman and Singaporean recruits whereas differences were most pronounced between Oman and Western populations (UK). Aircrew cadets from Oman, Singapore, and UK differed significantly in standing height. The UK cadets (M = 177.4 cm) showed the highest standing height followed by Oman cadets (M = 171.9cm), and then Singapore cadets (M = 168.5 cm).DISCUSSION: This study has provided opportunities to recognize the discrepancies involved in selection of Middle Eastern aircrew for western cockpits. This adds impetus to the scope for application of military recruitment standards suitable to the native population in aiding the ideal man-machine interface. This approach shall consider national policy, the significant anthropometric trends of the general population, and the procured aircraft profile of the country.Al Wardi Y, Jeevarathinam S, Al Sabei S. A cross-cultural anthropometric analysis in military aviation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(4):358–362.

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Beringer, Dennis B., and Howard C. Harris. "Navigation Display Integration in the General Aviation Environment: Performance using the Horizontal Situation Indicator." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 1 (October 1995): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900104.

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Much effort has been invested in examining integrated instrumentation for advanced aircraft cockpits, but little comparable effort has been directed toward the greatest number of aircraft presently flying - those in the general aviation environment. This study examined the benefits of a simple and widely available integrated instrument, the horizontal situation indicator (HSI), in the performance of simple navigation and orientation tasks by private pilots. Tested in the context of the multiple-processor Basic General Aviation Research Simulator (BGARS), pilots exhibited significantly fewer navigational reversals and orientational errors when using the HSI (in comparison with their performances when using the traditional VOR and Directional Gyro combination). These results were consistent with but even more definitive than an earlier sample of instructor pilots. Similar benefits in procedural error reduction were also found when instrument index markers, or “bugs,” were used as short-term memory aids.

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Hamblin, Christopher J. "Evaluation of Pilot Performance and Workload During a “Black Tube” Approach to Land." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (September 2005): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900133.

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As glass cockpits become more ubiquitous in commercial and general aviation aircraft, it is important that aircraft manufacturers consider which standby instruments should be available to the pilot if the display units (DU) should fail. This study measures pilot performance and workload while performing black tube approaches with two different standby instrument configurations. Subjective and objective measures show that: 1) Pilot's overall performance declined when using standby instruments regardless of the standby instruments provided. 2) Workload ratings were significantly lower during black tube approaches when a standby HSI was available. 3) Lateral deviations were significantly lower during black tube approaches when a standby HSI was available. These results suggest that information provided by a standby HSI is critical to pilots for performing approaches to land during black-tube operations. The HSI provides a birdseye perspective which is critical to maintaining the pilot's situational awareness during instrument maneuvers.

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Nguyen, Francis. "Factors Affecting Efficiency and Output of LEDs Used in Display-Backlighting Applications for Aircraft Cockpits." Information Display 25, no. 2 (February 2009): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2637-496x.2009.tb00031.x.

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Singh, Harsh V. P., and Qusay H. Mahmoud. "Evaluation of ARIMA Models for Human–Machine Interface State Sequence Prediction." Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 1, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make1010018.

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In this paper, auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time-series data forecast models are evaluated to ascertain their feasibility in predicting human–machine interface (HMI) state transitions, which are modeled as multivariate time-series patterns. Human–machine interface states generally include changes in their visually displayed information brought about due to both process parameter changes and user actions. This approach has wide applications in industrial controls, such as nuclear power plant control rooms and transportation industry, such as aircraft cockpits, etc., to develop non-intrusive real-time monitoring solutions for human operator situational awareness and potentially predicting human-in-the-loop error trend precursors.

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Stokes, Alan F., and Joshua Downs. "CRT text VS. VHF voice: Effects of Communication Modality in Single-Pilot Cockpits." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 4 (October 1998): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200403.

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Communications datalink, the transmission of messages as screen-displayed text between cockpits and ground stations, appears to offer both advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional VHF voice communications. The study reported here examines both the communication and performance of integrated communications datalink in single pilot instrument flight operations. Sixteen pilots flew two cross-country instrument flights in an AST complex-aircraft flight simulator with a moving map, traffic, and datalinked message display. In the conventional voice condition experimenters played the role of ATC controllers speaking over the radio. In the datalinked condition, controllers operated a computerized ‘ground station’, sending and receiving text messages on screen. Pilot communications, control and performance data were monitored for each phase of flight, as well as the interaction of pilot expertise and workload. The results suggest that communications datalink may widen the performance gap between experienced and inexperienced aviators, and that delayed responses are such that operational difficulties could occur, not least in busy airspace.

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Mosier, Kathleen L., Earl L. Wiener, Alan W. Price, and Robert L. Helmreich. "Resource Management in the Highly Automated Airspace System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 1 (October 1993): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700115.

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The introduction of highly sophisticated, glass cockpit aircraft has profoundly affected the flightdeck environment, and has changed the nature of crew resource management (CRM). CRM and decision making in advanced aircraft are qualitatively different from the same processes in older fleets. Automation also alters the nature of interaction among crewmembers, and between crewmembers and Air Traffic Control (ATC) These differences would seem to necessitate special training and procedures for CRM in glass cockpits. Moreover, training for managing automation cannot be merely an added module in current CRM programs. The effects of automation pervade throughout all aspects of resource management. Coincidentally, advances in the air traffic control system are altering the modern airspace environment. In the not-too-distant future, it will be possible for ATC computers to generate or amend clearances, which the Air Traffic Manager will send to the aircraft via datalink. The aircraft FMS (flight management system) will determine whether or not the clearance may be accepted, and its effects on fuel consumption, arrival time, etc. The role of the pilot will be to accept or reject the suggested clearance. The effects of automation on operator and team processes in both of these domains, as well as on the interaction between the domains, has only begun to be defined. Some of the issues already raised in the flightdeck realm, such as diffusion of responsibility among crewmembers, the breakdown of traditional roles and responsibilities as a result of familiarity with automation, or the possibility that crewmembers will “communicate” more with the automation than with each other, may only be exacerbated by increased automation in the air-ground communication link. The goal of this panel is to present an overview of some of the issues and questions to be resolved if resource management is to be a vital construct in the highly automated airspace system. To open discussion, the first panel member will present an overview of the general issues involved in the confluence of CRM and automation. Following, an industry representative will discuss one airline's specialized program to introduce crewmembers to the glass cockpit, and guide them in the appropriate use of automation. The measurement of CRM components specifically related to crew interaction with automation will be the focus of the third panelist. The analysis of CRM issues associated with equipment design, and, in particular, with the introduction of datalink communication systems, will be the next panel topic. Lastly, possible implications for human operators of the increasing sophistication and decision-making capabilities of automated systems in the air and on the ground will be introduced. The panel chair will summarize the major points and propose questions for discussion.

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Peysakhovich, Vsevolod, Olivier Lefrançois, Frédéric Dehais, and Mickaël Causse. "The Neuroergonomics of Aircraft Cockpits: The Four Stages of Eye-Tracking Integration to Enhance Flight Safety." Safety 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety4010008.

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Ying, Liming, Jinwei Wang, Qin Liu, and Donghui Wang. "Application Study of Adaptive Tracking Algorithm in Active Noise Control System of Transformer." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 2693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132693.

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Active noise control (ANC) technology can be able to reduce the low frequency noise effectively, and has been widely applied in limited enclosed equipment, such as cars, aircraft cockpits, and headphones, etc. Compared with the traditional noise reduction methods, ANC technology is a cost-effective method in handling the low-frequency noise of transformers. An experimental ANC system in a virtual substation is designed and constructed. An adaptive signal tracking ANC algorithm is proposed, and a set of ANC experimental prototypes applied to a virtual substation is designed. Based on the proposed algorithm, the distributions of the acoustics and spectral characteristics of transformer noise in substations are analyzed. Experimental results show that the effective noise reduction can be achieved an average of 5 dB(A) in a given region with respect to the absence of the ANC system.

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Wiener, Earl L. "Reflections on Human Error: Matters of Life and Death." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 1 (October 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300101.

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The last two decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the introduction of automatic devices into aircraft cockpits, and elsewhere in human-machine systems. This was motivated in part by the assumption that when human functioning is replaced by machine functioning, human error is eliminated. Experience to date shows that this is far from true, and that automation does not replace humans, but changes their role in the system, as well as the types and severity of the errors they make. This altered role may lead to fewer, but more critical errors. Intervention strategies to prevent these errors, or ameliorate their consequences include basic human factors engineering of the interface, enhanced warning and alerting systems, and more intelligent interfaces that understand the strategic intent of the crew and can detect and trap inconsistent or erroneous input before it affects the system.

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Selcon, S. J., A. D. Andre, S. J. Banbury, C. S. Jordan, M. Tlauka, H. Walters, and C. Wickens. "Symposium on Cognitive Compatibility of Aircraft Displays: A New Approach to an Old Problem." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100110.

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Although the design of the interface in aircraft cockpits has long been recognised as an area requiring the application of Human Factors knowledge, relatively little progress has been made in the development of formal methods to support such a design process. The design cycle has tended to be based around the iterative prototyping and testing of candidate solutions, rather than the application of a priori design rules. Such an approach is sub-optimal since it relies on the utility of the initial candidate designs being correct. The approach can be likened to chamfering the corners of a square wheel, rather than specifying in advance that wheels should be round. It is also a relatively expensive and time consuming method of design since for each new display the whole process needs to be repeated, with little transfer from previous displays. This symposium presents an alternative approach to interface design through the generation of a priori design rules that will specify the cognitive compatibility (i.e. the compatibility of display representations and organisations with the inherent cognitive abilities and skills of the user) of display solutions. The papers in the symposium will describe a number of studies where the results were used to generate empirical design rules relevant to aviation displays. The viability and utility of integrating such rules into a tool to support the design of aircraft interfaces will be discussed.

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Brown, Alan S. "Very Light and Fast." Mechanical Engineering 129, no. 01 (January 1, 2007): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2007-jan-1.

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This article focuses on the developments in materials, production methods, and turbine designs that have spawned a new class of jets. Cessna’s Citation Mustang became the first very light jet to reach commercialization. According to market leaders, the development of computerized cockpits with simplified displays has also been huge. Composites also let engineers combine lots of parts—panels, framing, rivets—into a single part. The fewer parts, the easier and cheaper it is to assemble and the more reliable the finished airplane. Every aerospace company is looking for bolt-on components that simplify assembly and maintenance. Adam Aircraft seeks to simplify production by making large composite parts. The second mechanical advance that makes very light jets possible is the compact, reliable turbofan. While Pratt is well-known for huge turbines that power commercial passenger jets, the company produces several small turbines. Pratt uses blisks and other technologies to simplify production. The result is a new type of jet, one that makes jet airplanes far more affordable.

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Scannella, Sébastien, Vsevolod Peysakhovich, Florian Ehrig, Evelyne Lepron, and Frédéric Dehais. "Assessment of Ocular and Physiological Metrics to Discriminate Flight Phases in Real Light Aircraft." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60, no. 7 (July 25, 2018): 922–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818787135.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find psychophysiological proxies that are straightforward to use and could be implemented in actual flight conditions to accurately discriminate pilots’ workload levels. Background: Piloting an aircraft is a complex activity where cognitive limitations may jeopardize flight safety. There is a need to implement solutions to monitor pilots’ workload level to improve flight safety. There has been recent interest in combining psychophysiological measurements. Most of these studies were conducted in flight simulators at the group level, limiting the interpretation of the results. Methods: We conducted an experiment with 11 pilots performing two standard traffic patterns in a light aircraft. Five metrics were derived from their ocular and cardiac activities and were evaluated through three flight phases: takeoff, downwind, and landing. Results: Statistical analyses showed that the saccadic rate was the most efficient metric to distinguish between the three flight phases. In addition, a classifier trained on the ocular data collected from the first run predicted the flight phase within a second run with an accuracy of 75%. No gain in the classifier accuracy has been found by combining cardiac and ocular metrics. Conclusions: Ocular-based metrics may be more suitable than cardiac ones to provide relevant information on pilots’ flying activity in operational settings. Applications: Electrocardiographic and eye-tracking devices could be implemented in future cockpits as additional flight data for accident analysis, an objective pilot’s state evaluation for training, and proxies for human-machine interactions to improve flight safety.

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St. John, Mark, Wayne C. Harris, and Glenn Osga. "Designing for Multi-Tasking Environments: Multiple Monitors vs. Multiple Windows." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041002130.

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Complex semi-automated processes, from aircraft flight management to command and control, typically require a large number of displays. Multiple, overlapping windows provide one method of coping with multiple displays. Multiple monitors provide another method. With the advent of good flat panel displays for real monitors and with the advent of Head Mounted Display (HMD) technology for creating virtual monitors, multiple monitors become a promising possibility even in cramped environments like cockpits and shipboard control rooms. To determine the true value of multiple monitors (real or virtual) we must understand their capabilities and integration with human cognitive and perceptual abilities, then design for their ultimate use. In the first experiment, we found that accessing information distributed across an array of monitors was at least as effective as locating and managing windows on a single monitor. In the second experiment, we found that a task that requires only infrequent monitoring can be moved to a secondary, peripheral monitor without disrupting performance on that or any other concurrent task. In future experiments, we plan to compare these results to results from HMD-based systems.

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Wan, Yuzhi, Julie C. Prinet, and Nadine Sarter. "Visual and auditory feedback to improve touchscreen usability in turbulence." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601488.

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Touchscreens are being introduced to various mobile environments that are, at times, affected by vibrations and turbulence, such as modern car cockpits or flight decks of commercial and military aircraft. To assess and enhance the usability of touchscreens in these domains, this experiment examined the performance effects of turbulence on two flight-related tasks and the effectiveness of visual and auditory feedback for supporting error detection, fast completion times and multitasking. Nineteen pilots performed a flight plan entry and a checklist task in calm and turbulent conditions during manual flight and on autopilot. Results show that unaided performance suffers greatly in turbulence, both in terms of the number of errors and completion time. However, visual and auditory feedback both helped reduce these performance costs by improving error detection and multitasking. Participants preferred auditory feedback for text entry during manual flight and in turbulence. The findings from this study can inform the design and evaluation of touch screens for mobile environments, such as the flight deck, ambulances and surveillance operations.

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Binias, Bartosz, Dariusz Myszor, and Krzysztof A. Cyran. "A Machine Learning Approach to the Detection of Pilot’s Reaction to Unexpected Events Based on EEG Signals." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2703513.

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This work considers the problem of utilizing electroencephalographic signals for use in systems designed for monitoring and enhancing the performance of aircraft pilots. Systems with such capabilities are generally referred to as cognitive cockpits. This article provides a description of the potential that is carried by such systems, especially in terms of increasing flight safety. Additionally, a neuropsychological background of the problem is presented. Conducted research was focused mainly on the problem of discrimination between states of brain activity related to idle but focused anticipation of visual cue and reaction to it. Especially, a problem of selecting a proper classification algorithm for such problems is being examined. For that purpose an experiment involving 10 subjects was planned and conducted. Experimental electroencephalographic data was acquired using an Emotiv EPOC+ headset. Proposed methodology involved use of a popular method in biomedical signal processing, the Common Spatial Pattern, extraction of bandpower features, and an extensive test of different classification algorithms, such as Linear Discriminant Analysis, k-nearest neighbors, and Support Vector Machines with linear and radial basis function kernels, Random Forests, and Artificial Neural Networks.

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Cruit, Jessica, Beth Blickensderfer, A. L. M. Thom McLean, Sarah Sherwood, Taylor Martin, Kelly J. Neville, Melissa Walwanis, and Amy Bolton. "Analyzing Past Mishaps to Explore Safety Considerations within a Live-Virtual-Constructive Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601396.

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The U.S. Navy is investigating safety issues inherent to adding Live-Virtual-Constructive (LVC) training functions to cockpits of F/A-18 aircraft. The current study examined previously investigated air combat training mishaps to identify common causal factors that may be exacerbated or mitigated within the LVC training environment. That is, by understanding the factors contributing to past mishaps, we can consider whether those similar factors might interact negatively with LVC technology to degrade safety in training exercises. A total of 167 relevant mishap summaries were collected and analyzed using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). The majority of mishaps occurred unintentionally through skill-based errors (n = 115) and decision errors (n = 102). Additionally, adverse mental states (n = 43), and communication coordination (n = 56) accounted for the majority of the mishaps under preconditions for unsafe acts. Lastly, at the supervisory and organizational level of the HFACS taxonomy, inadequate supervision (n = 32) and organizational process (n = 13) accounted for a high number of the mishaps. A sub-categorical analysis revealed the majority of incidents occurred by means of poor in-flight planning and loss of situation awareness. These results will facilitate the safety of introducing LVC training by highlighting factors that tend to contribute to mishaps so that they can be monitored during the transition.

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Chandrasekharan, Sanjay, and Mark Tovey. "Sum, quorum, tether." Pragmatics and Cognition 20, no. 3 (December 31, 2012): 447–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.20.3.02cha.

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We outline three challenges involved in designing external representations that promote sustainable use of natural resources. First, the task environment of sustainable resource-use is highly unstructured, and involves many uncoordinated and asynchronous actions. Following from this complex nature of the task environment, more task constraints and task interactions are involved in designing representations promoting sustainability, compared to representations that seek to make tasks easier in structured task environments, such as aircraft cockpits and control rooms. Second, external representations promoting sustainable resource-use need to motivate people to make decisions that sustain resources, and persist with this behavior, even though alternate behaviors are easier and commonplace. Third, external representations promoting sustainability also need to lower the cognitive load involved in sustainability decisions. This three-tiered function (meeting complex task constraints, providing motivation, lowering cognitive load) makes such representations challenging to design. However, some early prototype designs promoting sustainable resource-use have appeared recently, primarily addressing electricity use. Analyzing these digital prototypes, we outline three design principles they share, and show how these seek to address the complexities of the sustainability problem-space (complexity of task environments, goals, and representations). We then argue that at least two further cognitive scaffolds are required for effectively promoting sustainable resource use (action scripts, deconstruction). We close with some of the limitations of this approach to promoting sustainability, and outline future work.

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Hoecker, Douglas G., Kevin M. Corker, Emilie M. Roth, Melvin H. Lipner, and Marilyn S. Bunzo. "Man-Machine Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) Applied to a Computer-Based Procedure-Aiding System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 4 (October 1994): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800402.

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Difficult issues in design criteria confront the designers of human—computer interaction (HCI) implementations for future power plant control rooms. Such HCI-intensive control—room elements include “soft” controls and displays, computerized procedures, alarm presentations, and support for cooperative information—sharing among crewmembers. This shift in technology, from dedicated controls and displays in fixed locations to multifunction computer—driven operator workstations and wall displays, must focus not only on the required functionality of these interfaces, but also on their crafting and integration in such a way as to minimize the likelihood of operator error. With the objective of providing early insight into the cognitively error—prone consequences of selected interface dynamics, we are adapting a computer—based cognitive modeling tool, the Man—machine Integrated Design and Analysis System (MIDAS), to quantitatively model certain user requirements for operating different types of interfaces while dealing with high—consequence events in a control room setting. MIDAS was conceived and is being developed as a joint Army/NASA program at the NASA Ames Research Center to test different design approaches to computerizing the cockpits of advanced commercial and military aircraft. This report presents preliminary results from a project to adapt the MIDAS tool to the nuclear control room domain. These results have enabled comparative observation of cognitive loading depending on whether a supervisor uses computerized procedures or paper procedures to direct crew response to a plant trip event. The results suggest that each technology for procedural support, in its current respective implementation, has its own strengths and weaknesses at different points in the control task dialog.

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Danilov, S., M. Kozyrev, M. Grechanichenko, L. Grodzitskiy, V. Mizginov, and V. V. Kniaz. "SYNTHETIC VISION SYSTEM CALIBRATION FOR CONFORM PROJECTION ON THE PILOT’S HEAD-UP DISPLAY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-575-2020.

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Abstract. Situational awareness of the crew is critical for the safety of the air flight. Head-up display allows providing all required flight information in front of the pilot over the cockpit view visible through the cockpit’s front window. This device has been created for solving the problem of informational overload during piloting of an aircraft. While computer graphics such as scales and digital terrain model can be easily presented on the such display, errors in the Head-up display alignment for correct presenting of sensor data pose challenges. The main problem arises from the parallax between the pilot’s eyes and the position of the camera. This paper is focused on the development of an online calibration algorithm for conform projection of the 3D terrain and runway models on the pilot’s head-up display. The aim of our algorithm is to align the objects visible through the cockpit glass with their projections on the Head-up display. To improve the projection accuracy, we use an additional optical sensor installed on the aircraft. We combine classical photogrammetric techniques with modern deep learning approaches. Specifically, we use an object detection neural network model to find the runway area and align runway projection with its actual location. Secondly, we re-project the sensor’s image onto the 3D model of the terrain to eliminate errors caused by the parallax. We developed an environment simulator to evaluate our algorithm. Using the simulator we prepared a large training dataset. The dataset includes 2000 images of video sequences representing aircraft’s motion during takeoff, landing and taxi. The results of the evaluation are encouraging and demonstrate both qualitatively and quantitatively that the proposed algorithm is capable of precise alignment of the 3D models projected on a Head-up display.

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Biswal, P., and YS Dahiya. "Principal component analysis: The path ahead for aircrew-aircraft compatibility at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine." Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine 63 (November 7, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijasm_2019_3.

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Introduction: The Institute of Aerospace Medicine provides design consultancy on aircraft-aircrew compatibility on a number of fixed-wing as well as rotary-wing aircrafts during various stages of development. Till date, the cockpit compatibility of aircrew has been determined based on the percentile concept. Percentiles, though useful when dealing with a single parameter, pose major design and fitment problems when considering multiple parameters simultaneously as in aircraft cockpit design. The concept of multivariate analysis has been the solution which the aviation industry the world over has accepted in overcoming this problem. This paper presents the Institute of Aerospace Medicine initial foray into the field of multivariate analysis, specifically principal component analysis (PCA) to achieve desired aircrew fitment in the aircraft cockpit right from the design stage. Materials and Methods: The fighter aircraft of the near future is being designed using the anthropometric parameters available in the IAF aircrew anthropometry survey 2013. Of the 57 parameters available, six parameters critical to the design of the cockpit were subject to PCA to derive three principal components. About 96% confidence ellipse was drawn on the plot of the principal components. From this, along the different axes, 21 boundary individuals were identified defining the extreme individuals in various combinations of the six parameters. Discussion: The use of more than 2 parameters is not amenable to sequential use of percentiles. As the number of parameters considered increases, it leads to reduced fitment percentage. The use of PCA allows consideration of critical parameters together at one go. The design aim is changed from the 3rd to 97th percentile to an overall aim of fitting 96% of the target population in the cockpit. The boundary individual’s entire anthropometry data are used to create boundary manikins for use in computer-aided design models. The fitment of these boundary individuals ensures that if these individuals fit, all others would fit in the cockpit. This concept brings about a paradigm shift in the aircrew-aircraft compatibility in the aviation industry in India.

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Rudall, B. H. "Reports & Surveys." Robotica 22, no. 3 (May 20, 2004): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574704000074.

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It is reported by the British Aerospace (BAE Systems) that their researchers have developed a revolutionary airborne computer system that, they claim, can land aircraft safely without the need of human air traffic controllers. The new system will allow a pilot to determine an aircraft's landing by pressing a button in the cockpit to initiate the computer system.

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Huang, Jun, Yan Jin, Yun An Hu, and Hao Ran Zhang. "Optimized Design for Cockpit Protective Glass Construction against High Power Microwave Using Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3777.

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According to main challenges to aircraft protection against high power microwave (HPM), the formula of electromagnetic transmission rate and reflectivity both for the perpendicularly and parallely polarized incident field are modified and simplified, a shielded cockpit glass construction is designed by a new optimized method on genetic algorithm, and protective efficiency analysis on military aircraft’s cockpit against HPM is carried out on a virtual 3D plane, airborne equipments and pilot model with a scale of 1:1. The verification simulation tests show the optimized construction has good protective efficiency in the range of carrier frequencies between 1-20 GHz, and protective intensity does not exceed limits of relevant international standard.

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DeMetz, Fred C. "Cockpit noise in light aircraft." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78, S1 (November 1985): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2022827.

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Luo, Lin Yin, Yan Bin He, Xuan Liu, and Xiao Hu Yao. "Dynamic Behavior on Emergency Landing of Light Aircraft with Occupant Restraint System." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 2513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2513.

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In the case of aircraft emergency landing, occupants’ safety analysis and research is one of the indispensable links in the verification of airworthiness safety. However, traditional experimental methods is time-consuming, complex and costly, seriously affect the development of new models to market. This paper established a finite element model of the full-size aircraft cockpit according to a certain type of amphibious light aircraft, and adding the dummy and safety belt occupant restraint system finite element model on this basis. In accordance with the requirements of CCAR-23 test conditions, using large dynamic finite element analysis software LS-DYNA numerical simulation was processed to study this aircraft’s emergency landing procedure. This paper investigated the dynamic response of the dummy and head injury criterion (HIC) value etc. The results provide certain reference for aircraft emergency landing safety design.

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Chen, Pu-Woei, and Kuan-Jung Chen. "A CRASHWORTHINESS SIMULATION FOR A LIGHT AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 4 (December 2015): 829–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0066.

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This study analyzes the crashworthiness of a light aircraft that is constructed from composite materials. The finite element method is employed to conduct dynamic impact simulations on carbon fiber composite fuselages. The results show that the safe impact speed for an aluminum alloy cockpit crashed at a 30° impact angle is 9.59 m/s, but a cockpit made of composite material can withstand a speed greater than 18.05 m/s. The safe impact angle for an aluminum alloy cockpit is 16.56°, but that for a composite cockpit is 84.9°. The safety crash zone for a composite material cockpit is 160% greater than that for an aluminum alloy cockpit.

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Riley, Daniel D., and Paul G. Stringer. "Cockpit Automation Concept Development for the NUH-60 (STAR) Aircraft." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 12 (September 1987): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101218.

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A study was performed to derive an automation and avionics integration design concept for the NUH-60 Systems Testbed for Avionics Research (STAR) aircraft. The STAR, a one-of-a-kind reconfiguration of the UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter, is being developed by the U.S. Army Avionics Research and Development Activity to provide a flight demonstrator and research vehicle for state-of-the-art cockpit technology. The work was directed toward determining cockpit design preferences associated with single-pilot performance of the Army scout and utility missions. Emphasis was placed on high workload phases of the missions during which eyes-out-of-the-cockpit and hands-on-controls performance capabilities would be most crucial. A number of cockpit-based design alternatives in the areas of communication, navigation, aircraft survivability equipment (ASE) operations, subsystem status monitoring, and aircraft performance computation and prediction were systematically derived and proposed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aircraft cockpits'

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