Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aire condicionat'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Aire condicionat.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Giró, Paloma Jessica. "Characterization of polymers and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials used for Thermal Energy Storage in buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/346923.
Full textUn correcto diseño del sistema de almacenamiento de energía térmica (TES) puede eliminar un uso discontinuo y que habitualmente no coincide con la demanda. El TES mediante materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) en climatización pasiva y activa en edificios es un instrumento útil para alcanzar un descenso del consumo de energía. La Tesis se divide en dos bloques y se presenta como compendio de artículos publicados en revistas científicas indexadas en las áreas de Materiales, Ingeniería, y Energía, haciendo émfasis en la caracterización química, fisica, térmica, mecánica y ambiental de PCM, MPCM (materiales de cambio de fase microencapsulados) y PCS (pulpas con cambio de fase). - Caracterización de diferentes termoplásticos mediante nanoindentación. a través de los métodos de Loubet y Oliver & Pharr. También se han estudiado los cambios mecánicos que se producen cuando un polímero que contiene carga ignifugante en su formulación se sumerge en PCM. Este bloque contiene dos artículos científicos. - Estudio de MPCM. Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de publicaciones por otros autores. Se han caracterizado con AFM diferentes MPCM y PCS, a diferentes temperaturas. Se han observado muestras de PCS mediante el uso de SEM acoplado a un sistema de crionizado, y se han estudiado las propiedades medioambientales por cromatogyafía de gases. Además, se han ciclado PCS para ver la durabilidad de la pared polimérica después de ciertos ciclos de bombeo. Se han investigado las condiciones óptimas mediante análisis termogravimétrico en PCS. Este segundo bloque contiene cinco artículos científicos publicados, un artículo aceptado en primera revisión, un artículo finalizado sin enviar a revista, y un estudio en investigación. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones principales de la contribución de esta Tesis Doctoral en el estado del arte de los PCM, MPCM, y PCS para almacenaje de energía en edificios.
Serrano, Suárez Alejandra. "Relación de Legionella spp. con parametros microbiológicos y fisicoquímicos en aguas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284890.
Full textThe main objective of this project was to determine the ecological factors both microbiological and physicochemical, that indicate or contribute to indicate survival and multiplication of Legionella in artificial water systems. To this end a study of the prevalence of the different strains of Legionella found in water systems that presented risk was performed. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters that could relate to and even serve as indicators of the presence or absence of the pathogen were also evaluated. The parameters analyzed were temperature, Fe, Cu, Zn and the presence of biocide. This study aimed to achieve a better understanding of the behavior of the bacteria and its relationship with other organisms and certain physicochemical parameters in these environments, allowing better control of the source of outbreaks and consequently better public health protection. To achieve these results the following tasks were performed: • Standardization of methods for analysis and quantification of Legionella and protozoa in water. • Sampling of hot sanitary water and cooling towers from the Mediterranean coast hotels and elderly residences in the city of Barcelona, with a high degree of complexity in the design and operation of its water systems. • Determination of the presence of Legionella and its relationship with heterotrophic bacteria at 22ºC and 37ºC, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and protozoa. • Analysis of water from a public building in the city of Barcelona with Legionella contamination identifying representative sampling points and applying the culture method and semi-nested PCR set-up previously. Following these analysis, disinfection assessment was provided. • Detection and identification of free-living amoebae in hot sanitary water and cooling towers using culture techniques, microscopic observation and PCR.
Martí, Tous Marc. "Electricitat i foc: aportacions experimentals d'aplicació docent." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/335271.
Full textLes fonts d’ignició d’origen elèctric tenen una incidència estadística notable en relació amb la generació d’incendis i explosions. Els equips i instal·lacions elèctriques també són víctimes del foc. És a causa de la destrucció dels aïllaments i la disminució de la rigidesa dielèctrica de l’aire, entre d’altres factors. Aquest conjunt dóna lloc a un espai de recerca experimental i docència ampli, que encara es troba poc desenvolupat. S’introdueix l’estat de l’art il·lustrant-lo amb experiments de laboratori electrotècnic i l’exposició de casos reals. El curtcircuit amb arc elèctric que produeix l’ejecció de partícules calentes, és una de les fonts d’ignició elèctrica poc investigades. Es desenvolupen experiments que poden ajudar a estudiar i il·lustrar aquest fenomen. S’utilitza un cas aportat pels Bombers de la Generalitat de Catalunya com a fil conductor. Suggeria una relació entre les canalitzacions de ventilació i climatització fabricades amb alumini i la ignició elèctrica. Els fenòmens de descàrrega elèctrica en gasos tenen unes característiques particulars en presència de foc.Té implicacions en el subministrament d’energia elèctrica, la seguretat dels equips d’extinció d’incendis, la investigació de sinistres i la propagació del foc. Es porten a terme experiments que contribueixen a il·lustrar-ho. Es relacionen amb el comportament de les línies aèries d’alta tensió en presència de foc en el nostre entorn.
Martinelli, Junior Luiz Carlos [UNESP]. "Sistema de ar condicionado por absorção para ônibus." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106423.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Máquinas de absorção são dispositivos que produzem frio ou calor útil utilizando como fonte principal o calor residual de processos ou da queima de combustíveis diversos. Estes sistemas de refrigeração podem ser recomendados para aplicações em sistemas de condicionamento de ar de ônibus e caminhões, onde o espaço disponível para a instalação do mesmo é pequeno. Neste trabalho efetua-se o balanço exergético de uma máquina de absorção que utiliza o calor dos gases de exaustão de um motor de combustão interna (diesel) como fonte de energia. Este sistema é aplicado como ar condicionado veicular alternativo. O cálculo baseia-se em sistema aplicado a um ônibus, onde há um grande fluxo de gases de exaustão a elevadas temperaturas. Conclui-se que o calor residual liberado pelo ônibus é suficiente para acionar o sistema de ar condicionado alternativo, e que em termos exergéticos as maiores irreversibilidades estão associadas ao gerador (desorbedor), indicando de certo modo a necessidade de efetuar melhorias neste componente do sistema de absorção. Finalmente a Análise da Eficiência Ecológica é aplicada, considerando o sistema alternativo para um ônibus com motor Mercedez-Benz. A utilização do mesmo possibilita, além de uma visível economia de combustível, a melhoria da eficiência global e ecológica.
Absorption machines are devices that produce useful cold or heat using the residual heat of systems or combustion of several fuels. These absorption refrigeration systems can be recommended for applications in air conditioning systems of buses and trucks, which have a restricted space available for their installation. This work presents the energetic and exergetic balances of an absorption machine that uses the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine (diesel) as source of energy. Such system is applied as an alternative vehicular air conditioner. The calculation is based on a bus-installed system where a high flow of exhaust gases at high temperatures is produced. It is concluded that the residual heat released by the bus is sufficient to activate the alternative air conditioning system, and that the largest irreversibilities in exergetic terms are associated to the generator (desorber), indicating somewhat the need to accomplish several improvements in this component of the absorption system. Finally the Ecological Efficiency Analysis are applied considering the alternative system to a bus with a Mercedez-Benz Engine. Using that engine enable an economy of combustion and a global and ecological efficiency better.
Caruajulca, Marín Wilmer. "Equipamiento del control de las condiciones ambientales en el laboratorio de CITEccal - Trujillo." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6910.
Full textPublicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Calcula y selecciona el equipamiento necesario para controlar la temperatura y humedad relativa en el Laboratorio Físico del Centro de Innovación Productiva y Transferencia Tecnológica del Cuero, Calzado e Industrias Conexas (CITEccal) - Trujillo; Con la finalidad de cumplir los requisitos de las normas de acondicionamiento y ensayo en muestras de cuero, caucho y calzado.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
Caruajulca, Marín Wilmer, and Marín Wilmer Caruajulca. "Equipamiento del control de las condiciones ambientales en el laboratorio de CITEccal - Trujillo." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/6910.
Full textPublicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Calcula y selecciona el equipamiento necesario para controlar la temperatura y humedad relativa en el Laboratorio Físico del Centro de Innovación Productiva y Transferencia Tecnológica del Cuero, Calzado e Industrias Conexas (CITEccal) - Trujillo; Con la finalidad de cumplir los requisitos de las normas de acondicionamiento y ensayo en muestras de cuero, caucho y calzado.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
Martinelli, Junior Luiz Carlos. "Sistema de ar condicionado por absorção para ônibus /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106423.
Full textBanca: Celso Eduardo Tuna
Banca: Jose Nedilo Carrinho de Castro
Banca: João Manoel Dias Pimenta
Banca: Luiz Francisco Marcon Ribeiro
Resumo: Máquinas de absorção são dispositivos que produzem frio ou calor útil utilizando como fonte principal o calor residual de processos ou da queima de combustíveis diversos. Estes sistemas de refrigeração podem ser recomendados para aplicações em sistemas de condicionamento de ar de ônibus e caminhões, onde o espaço disponível para a instalação do mesmo é pequeno. Neste trabalho efetua-se o balanço exergético de uma máquina de absorção que utiliza o calor dos gases de exaustão de um motor de combustão interna (diesel) como fonte de energia. Este sistema é aplicado como ar condicionado veicular alternativo. O cálculo baseia-se em sistema aplicado a um ônibus, onde há um grande fluxo de gases de exaustão a elevadas temperaturas. Conclui-se que o calor residual liberado pelo ônibus é suficiente para acionar o sistema de ar condicionado alternativo, e que em termos exergéticos as maiores irreversibilidades estão associadas ao gerador (desorbedor), indicando de certo modo a necessidade de efetuar melhorias neste componente do sistema de absorção. Finalmente a Análise da Eficiência Ecológica é aplicada, considerando o sistema alternativo para um ônibus com motor Mercedez-Benz. A utilização do mesmo possibilita, além de uma visível economia de combustível, a melhoria da eficiência global e ecológica.
Abstract: Absorption machines are devices that produce useful cold or heat using the residual heat of systems or combustion of several fuels. These absorption refrigeration systems can be recommended for applications in air conditioning systems of buses and trucks, which have a restricted space available for their installation. This work presents the energetic and exergetic balances of an absorption machine that uses the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine (diesel) as source of energy. Such system is applied as an alternative vehicular air conditioner. The calculation is based on a bus-installed system where a high flow of exhaust gases at high temperatures is produced. It is concluded that the residual heat released by the bus is sufficient to activate the alternative air conditioning system, and that the largest irreversibilities in exergetic terms are associated to the generator (desorber), indicating somewhat the need to accomplish several improvements in this component of the absorption system. Finally the Ecological Efficiency Analysis are applied considering the alternative system to a bus with a Mercedez-Benz Engine. Using that engine enable an economy of combustion and a global and ecological efficiency better.
Doutor
Moreira, Rafael da Silveira [UNESP]. "Comparação da viabilidade técnica-econômica em condicionamento de ar: compressor a pistão versus compressor rotativo de velocidade variável." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99341.
Full textEletrobras
Neste estudo são apresentados os resultados de um trabalho realizado em uma bancada de testes, onde se constatou a diferença de potência elétrica de acionamento e do coeficiente de performance no funcionamento de dois diferentes tipos de compressores: um hermético a pistão e outro rotativo do tipo scroll, operando com inversor de frequência. No estudo variou-se a vazão do fluido refrigerante, e consequentemente o efeito frigorífico, por dois procedimentos distintos: restrição da passagem do refrigerante através de uma válvula de estrangulamento, mantendo-se a rotação do compressor a pistão constante, e por meio de variação de rotação do compressor scroll com aplicação de um inversor de frequência, mantendo-se a válvula de estrangulamento em uma posição fixa. Observou-se também a influência do inversor de frequência no controle da vazão de ar do sistema através de um conjunto motor-ventilador axial. Esse controle ora era realizado por uma válvula de controle “DAMPER”, ora por meio da rotação do motor através do emprego do inversor de frequência, com o qual foi possível economizar até 87 % de potência elétrica requerida pelo ventilador. O estudo ainda demonstrou que existe uma faixa de trabalho na qual o inversor de frequência é capaz de economizar até 56 % da potência exigida pelo compressor para uma mesma carga térmica em relação ao compressor desprovido do inversor de frequência, no qual o controle da vazão de refrigerante ocorre através da válvula de estrangulamento. Conclui-se que a utilização do inversor de frequência, em sistemas onde a carga térmica requerida (efeito refrigerante) varia, pode resultar em uma significante economia de energia.
This study presents the results of a work carried out on a test bench, where it was verified the difference of the electrical startup power and the performance coefficient of two different types of compressors, namely: a hermetic piston type compressor and a rotating scroll type compressor operating with a frequency inverter. In this study, the refrigerant flow rate was varied and, consequently, the cooling capacity obtained by two distinct procedures: one, by the restriction of the refrigerating flow while maintaining rotation of the piston compressor constant and the other, by varying the scroll compressor rotation through a frequency inverter while keeping the restrictive valve in a fixed position. Is showed also, the influence of frequency inverter in order to control the air flow rate system by employed with fan engine and afterwards compare with method which air flow rate is controlled by DAMPER valve, where until 87 % to fan actuation power was saved. Besides, the study demonstrated that there is a range where the frequency inverter is capable of savings up to 56% of the compressor demanding power for a defined cooling capacity in relation to a compressor without the frequency inverter, in which the refrigerating flow rate control occurs through the restrictive valve. Therefore, it is conclusive that the use of frequency inverters in systems where the required cooling capacity varies, it can result in an appreciated economy of energy.
Meza, Álvarez Milena. "Estrategias de sobrevivencia en familias de mujeres. Santiago y Buenos Aires, 2000-2010." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/117600.
Full textEl presente estudio se interesa en familias de mujeres, unidades domésticas de sobrevivencia que se desarrollan en las ciudades capitales de Santiago y Buenos Aires, durante la última década. Se problematiza en la existencia de grupos económicos familiares, sustentados principalmente en el trabajo doméstico y asalariado de mujeres, que responden a las estructuras hegemónicas de poder: género, raza y clase, en tanto son éstas, condiciones materiales y simbólicas de existencia. Busco caracterizar por lo tanto el espacio doméstico que se produce y las estrategias de sobrevivencia que se generan en estos hogares. Articulo la metodología que guía este estudio desde una mirada feminista, por lo tanto la generación del análisis parte desde el conocimiento situado, enmarcado en mis posiciones políticas e ideológicas, así como en lugar que ocupo en la unidad doméstica de sobrevivencia a la cual pertenezco. Utilizo técnicas de observación directa, a través de la indagación en relatos testimoniales e indirecta, a través de la revisión de estudios que problematizan respecto a la división sexual del trabajo y las estructuras de poder que determinan las trayectorias de las mujeres. iv Al indagar en el cruce género - raza - clase, introduzco la mirada en las estructurantes sociales, el imaginario de la familia y el orden del mercado. Esto me permite desnudar operatorias de acción y discurso, que me llevan a constatar cómo la historia de la sexualidad se define a partir de la instalación cultural de verdades estrictas de lo que se espera para un hombre y una mujer. Los resultados emergen a partir del análisis de la sobrevivencia y el espacio doméstico constituido principalmente por mujeres, la doble carga laboral en estos grupos familiares, las estructuras de poder patriarcal y la maternidad obligatoria. Estos análisis me permiten concluir importantes reflexiones sobre la figura de las abuelas esclavas en unidades domésticas de múltiples cabezas, los cuerpos con vagina, y cómo pesan sobre ellos las estructuras de poder; la maternidad obligatoria como uno de los principales engranajes del patriarcado y principal motor de su perpetuación. Finalizo este estudio con aproximaciones iniciales a lo que podría llamarse una propuesta para la liberación, que recoge antecedentes de otros intentos de liberación a lo largo de la historia y el mundo.
Moreira, Rafael da Silveira. "Comparação da viabilidade técnica-econômica em condicionamento de ar: compressor a pistão versus compressor rotativo de velocidade variável /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99341.
Full textAbstract: This study presents the results of a work carried out on a test bench, where it was verified the difference of the electrical startup power and the performance coefficient of two different types of compressors, namely: a hermetic piston type compressor and a rotating scroll type compressor operating with a frequency inverter. In this study, the refrigerant flow rate was varied and, consequently, the cooling capacity obtained by two distinct procedures: one, by the restriction of the refrigerating flow while maintaining rotation of the piston compressor constant and the other, by varying the scroll compressor rotation through a frequency inverter while keeping the restrictive valve in a fixed position. Is showed also, the influence of frequency inverter in order to control the air flow rate system by employed with fan engine and afterwards compare with method which air flow rate is controlled by DAMPER valve, where until 87 % to fan actuation power was saved. Besides, the study demonstrated that there is a range where the frequency inverter is capable of savings up to 56% of the compressor demanding power for a defined cooling capacity in relation to a compressor without the frequency inverter, in which the refrigerating flow rate control occurs through the restrictive valve. Therefore, it is conclusive that the use of frequency inverters in systems where the required cooling capacity varies, it can result in an appreciated economy of energy.
Orientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho
Coorientador: Teófilo Miguel de Souza
Banca: Agnelo Marotta Cassula
Banca: José Rui Camargo
Mestre
Guerra, Galdo Eva Hilda. "Evaluación de alternativas en las instalaciones avícolas de pollos de carne para la mejora de las condiciones de confort de los animales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/86144.
Full textLa demanda del consumo de carne de pollo incrementa a nivel mundial. Particularmente, en la crianza intensiva se incrementa la necesidad de tener un ambiente controlado para mantener el confort térmico y la eficiencia productiva. Por ello en la presente tesis se realiza un análisis exploratorio de los factores ambientales que intervienen en el confort de las aves y el uso de la Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (CFD por sus siglas en inglés) en granjas. Se ha utilizado para ello el código comercial Star CCM+. Este análisis computacional se ha utilizado para representar el efecto del cambio de los elementos constructivos en naves tipo túnel sobre los parámetros de confort en condiciones climáticas consideradas como de verano e invierno. Se ha validado la modelación numérica propuesta con datos experimentales para la velocidad y temperatura en una nave tipo túnel con fuente de calor constante. Con la información detallada de los factores ambientales que intervienen en el comportamiento productivo y fisiológico del animal, se establecieron valores de rango de confort para la velocidad, temperatura e índices de temperatura y velocidad. Para identificar los desequilibrios microclimáticos dentro de la granja, el código de la mecánica de fluidos computacional analiza las diferentes características del edificio que pueden influir a nivel del animal, realizando un análisis sobre cómo los diferentes autores han utilizado este tipo de herramientas computacionales para validar su credibilidad. Conociendo la diversidad de granjas analizadas con CFD, en el segundo capítulo se modeliza la nave túnel con diferentes elementos estructurales y flujo de calor de los animales en el suelo. Se analiza en este caso la distribución de velocidad, temperatura e índice de temperatura y velocidad, observándose el efecto que tiene a nivel del animal la diferente ubicación de los ventiladores y distribución de ventanas. Con este análisis previo y caracterización de la nave tipo túnel se valida en escala real una sección de una nave túnel particular, sita en el Laboratorio de Simulación Ambiental del ICTA, con dos flujos de velocidad constante, tres fuente de calor y distintas alturas de ventana, observándose entre lo medido y simulado un importante grado homogeneidad de los resultados de velocidad y temperatura, basándose en los errores cuadráticos medios cuando se comparan velocidades y temperaturas medidas y modeladas. Se comprueba así que las simulaciones virtuales con CFD se aproximan a la realidad y que permiten definir estrategias de ventilación para diferentes estaciones del año.
El consum de carn de pollastre s'incrementa a nivell mundial. Particularment, en la criança intensiva s'incrementa la necessitat de tenir un ambient controlat per mantenir el confort tèrmic i l'eficiència productiva. Per això en la present tesi es realitza una anàlisi exploratòria dels factors ambientals que intervenen en el confort de les aus i l'ús de la Dinàmica de Fluids Computacional (CFD per les seves sigles en anglès) en granges. S'ha utilitzat per a això el codi comercial Star CCM+. Aquesta anàlisi computacional s'ha utilitzat per representar l'efecte del canvi dels elements constructius en naus tipus túnel sobre els paràmetres de confort en condicions climàtiques considerades com d'estiu i hivern. S'ha validat la modelació numèrica proposta amb dades experimentals per a la velocitat i temperatura en una nau tipus túnel amb font de calor constant. Amb la informació detallada dels factors ambientals que intervenen en el comportament productiu i fisiològic de l'animal, es van establir valors de rang de confort per a la velocitat, temperatura i índexs de temperatura i velocitat. Per identificar els desequilibris microclimàtics dins de la granja, el codi de la mecànica de fluids computacional analitza les diferents característiques de l'edifici que poden influir a nivell de l'animal, realitzant una anàlisi sobre com els diferents autors han utilitzat aquest tipus d'eines computacionals per validar la seva credibilitat. Coneixent la diversitat de granges analitzades amb CFD, en el segon capítol es modelitza la nau túnel amb diferents elements estructurals i flux de calor dels animals a terra. S'analitza en aquest cas la distribució de velocitat, temperatura i índex de temperatura i velocitat, observant l'efecte que té a nivell de l'animal la diferent ubicació dels ventiladors i distribució de finestres. Amb aquesta anàlisi previ i caracterització de la nau tipus túnel es valida en escala real una secció d'una nau túnel particular, situada al Laboratori de Simulació Ambiental de l'ICTA, amb dos fluxos de velocitat constant, 3 font de calor i diferents altures de finestra, observant entre el mesurat i la simulacio un important grau d¿homogeneïtat dels resultats de velocitat i temperatura, basant-se en els errors quadràtics mitjans quan es comparen velocitats i temperatures mesures i modelades. Es comprova així que les simulacions virtuals amb CFD s'aproximen a la realitat i que permeten definir estratègies de ventilació per a diferents estacions de l'any.
Guerra Galdo, EH. (2017). Evaluación de alternativas en las instalaciones avícolas de pollos de carne para la mejora de las condiciones de confort de los animales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86144
TESIS
Etto, Helder Yudji. "Detecção de bactérias do gênero Legionella em amostras de água provenientes de sistemas de ar condicionado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-20072009-154521/.
Full textIntroduction: It highlights the importance of organisms genus Legionella as responsible for diseases of the respiratory system such as legionellosis or Legionnaires´disease, and a control on proper maintenance of air conditioning systems, as these were identified as favorable environment for the proliferation of these microorganisms. Objective: Due to the importance of Legionella as causative agents of disease and a growing number of cases of legionellosis related to stay indoors, this study aimed to determine the presence of Legionella in water samples from air-conditioning systems. Methods: We performed analysis of samples of water from trays of airconditioning systems in two hospitals, a university and a trade center, totalizing 41 samples. One liter volumes of water samples were concentrated on membrane, followed by acid treatment. Aliquots of the sample treated and not treated with acid, were inoculated on BCYE- agar medium, with and without added antibiotics. The strains were subjected to serological identification. Results: Out of the samples analyzed, 4 (9.5%) were positive for Legionella sp.; one in a trade center and three in one of the hospitals. Isolates were submitted to serological testing, one identified as Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and three as probable six species: L. longbeachae, L. bozemanni, L. dumoffi, L. gormanii, L. jordan, L. micdadei, L. anise. Conclusion: The results confirm the presence of Legionella sp. in air conditioning systems studied. It was observed a higher frequency in isolates from hospitals. The results demonstrated the importance and necessity of monitoring plans in air-conditioning systems as a preventive measure to colonization by pathogens in these systems and protect the health of occupants and users of these buildings.
Sabaj, Saavedra Rodrigo Fernando. "Implementación de un modelo a escala para estudio del efecto corona y medición de sus pérdidas según diversas condiciones y calidad del aire." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134308.
Full textEl efecto corona es un fenómeno asociado a la conductividad del aire circundante a un conductor sometido a alta tensión que conlleva campos eléctricos muy intensos, lográndose la ruptura dieléctrica del aire. El inicio del fenómeno no solo depende de este último valor, sino de diversas condiciones atmosféricas, como temperatura, presión y humedad; condiciones ambientales, como presencia de sales y polución; y fallas en el conductor que originan un efecto punta. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo a escala que permite lograr el efecto corona con una tensión reducida en conductores desnudos de pequeño calibre. La alimentación se realiza a través de un transformador de potencial variable que se opera hasta los 40 [kV] mientras que los conductores se colocan a 0,2 [m] de altura dentro de una caja acrílica de 1,2 [m] de largo, 0,4 [m] de ancho y 0,4 [m] de alto, en la cual yace una placa metálica conectada a tierra y que simula el efecto de ésta. La caja cuenta con una tapa que permite aislar el aire en su interior, pudiéndose alterar la atmósfera que rodea al conductor, logrando seis condiciones: normal, conductor rociado con agua, conductor rociado con agua y sal, atmósfera con vapor de agua, atmósfera cálida y atmósfera con presencia de humo. Para detectar el fenómeno corona, se diseña una simple pero efectiva antena parabólica que se coloca en un costado de la caja. La señal de tensión inducida en ella es mostrada por un osciloscopio y permite deducir el comienzo de la descarga por las alteraciones que se generan en ella. En la situación normal se logra la descarga corona en la situación ideal, es decir, cuando el campo eléctrico entorno al conductor es equivalente a la ruptura dieléctrica del aire en los cinco conductores utilizados. La situación más adversa es la presencia de vapor de agua, que disminuye entre un 50% a un 60% el inicio del fenómeno, mientras que en aire cálido aumenta un 20%. Para las pérdidas, calculadas a través de la conductividad determinada experimentalmente, el caso con vapor aumenta entre 9 a11 veces las pérdidas con respecto a la situación normal, alcanzando los 50 [W/m] a los 25 [kV] y las restantes situaciones presentan pérdidas muy similares a las del caso normal, con valores de 20 [W/m] a 40 [kV]. Así, la condición ambiental más adversa es la humedad y presencia de neblina, lo que implica poner atención en las líneas que yacen en zonas costeras o valles con muy baja altitud geográfica. Las pérdidas, según la teoría, difieren solo en este último caso, mientras que en los demás, se obtiene una aproximación aceptable y comparando con un caso real para una línea de 500 [kV], se obtienen resultados en el mismo rango de valores.
Saavedra, Huanca Miguel. "Impacto del cambio de topografía y cobertura de superficie sobre precipitación y temperatura superficial del aire en la zona central del Perú." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11117.
Full textTesis
Almeida, Antonio Gabriel Souza. "Modelagem de sistema de controle de ar condicionado baseado em redes de Petri." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-29012009-101808/.
Full textAmong the trends of rational use of resources, especially energy, and the need to ensure productivity and quality in the implementation of productive activities, there is the concept of intelligent building. This environment materializes the concept of integrating building systems, powering the optimization of resources and the efficiency of human labor. In this context, conceptual approaches that are based on systems of discreet events and techniques, which are derived from the Petri nets, have been introduced as an effective alternative to modeling and analysis of solutions of building systems integration. A significant result of these initiatives are the proposed methods for modeling and the analysis of strategies for air conditioning systems management using a hybrid approach where the aspects of systems of discreet events and the variables of continuing dynamic are considered. However, the existing methods and approaches are limited to their specific implementation solutions, such as air conditioning systems with continuous volume of air. Thus, this work introduces an extension of these approaches to model and analyze the building automation solutions that include air conditioning systems with variable volume of air. The efficiency of this method in the design and validation of these solutions is illustrated through a case study.
Milaré, Manoel Máximo. "Estudo da influência da camada limite hidrodinâmica no desempenho de um tanque vertical de termoacumulação de água gelada durante o ciclo de descarga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-19052009-115422/.
Full textWhen warm water is introduced into a vertical thermal storage tank, during the discharging cycle, a partial mixing between it and the cold water stored will occur. The extension of that mixing depends upon diffuser geometric parameters and the dynamics of the flow at the beginning of the process. So many works have been developed, trying to find the better diffuser design so that undesired mixing can be minimized. The mixing is accounted as a tank loss of capacity. But, there is another kind of tank loss of capacity due to viscous effects of the flow. When a fluid flows inside a tube, it forms a boundary layer due to fluid viscosity. At the hydrodynamic entry length region, in each cross section of the tube and inside the boundary layer, the viscous effects create a (radial) velocity gradient. Outside of the boundary layer (inside the core), the viscous effects are negligible and the fluid flows with a uniform velocity. However, along the entry length that velocity gets higher at each section. In a vertical thermal storage tank, water flows at the hydrodynamic entry length region. Considering that no mixing occurs at the beginning of the warm water introduction at the tank top, it will form a contact surface between the warm water and the cold one already in the tank. That contact surface has the velocity inside the core higher than the mean discharging flow velocity and it will reach the outlet diffuser at the tank bottom more quickly. Then, the tank height must be greater than that determined using the mean velocity flow alone without any viscous effect (ideal model), so that the discharging flow has the same stored water temperature during all the discharging cycle. The difference between those heights constitutes itself a tank loss of capacity. The study of the viscous effects on the tank performance shows that two non-dimensional parameters appear naturally: the Reynolds number related to the tank diameter, ReØ, used for determining the hydrodynamic entry length, and the f number that relates the position of the contact surface of the water masses to the hydrodynamic entry length. Results show that the loss due to viscous effects, may not be negligible and the choice of the tank diameter is essential to minimizes those effects. Also, there is a difference between tank losses of capacity during the charging and discharging cycles, since the effect of the density difference between the warm and cold water works in a different way in each one of those two situations.
Mandrilli, Escudero Paula Alejandra. "Predicción de precipitación en Mendoza y Buenos Aires mediante técnicas de aprendizaje de máquinas." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 2018. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/14016.
Full textFil: Mandrilli Escudero, Paula Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales.
Vodianitskaia, Paulo José. "Estudo teórico e experimental de um chiller a adsorção para sistemas de ar condicionado solar." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8957.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T14:42:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 11672574 bytes, checksum: 5bf89f8b81d381d3a77f4d0f8236dc47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29
Human society in general, and Brazil in particular, face severe scenarios, from restricted energy supply to climate change and other challenges for a sustainable future. Thus renewable energy alternatives offering lower environmental and social impacts such as solar energy are subjects of special interest. The present work refers to this challenging picture. As a way to apply renewable energy, solid adsorption air conditioning favors energy security and contributes to the mitigation of greenhouse gases due to the lower dependency in regard to primary energy. It allows to a reduction on demand peaks, and to a natural adjustment between supply and demand levels. Moreover, the materials used in such systems present low environmental impact, especially the refrigerant fluid: water, abundant in nature and non-toxic. The general objective of this work is the development of an experimental chiller using local technology, resulting in a state-of-the-art performance level. Specific objectives include the development of a representative model for the adsorber, the comparison of adsorption kinetics between two fractions of silica gel, the evaluate how specific heat and mass diffusion influence the chiller performance. The numerical model contributions are related to the use of specific heat of the adsorbed phase, and mass diffusion for cycle characterization. The model resulted representative of the experimental behavior. COP was found to be 0,53 and SCP is 68 W/kg for 2.0 mm beads. These values are comparable or higher to the ones reported in literature for silica gel in loose grains. The use of a crushed silica gel of smaller size (026 mm) resulted in lower level of performance, which is probably due to the reduction of porosity after crushing.
A humanidade em geral, e o Brasil em particular, enfrentam duros cenários de restrição de energia, mudanças climáticas e outros desafios para um futuro sustentável. Assim, alternativas de energia renovável, de menor impacto ambiental e social, como a energia solar, se tornam objeto de especial interesse. É dentro desse quadro desafiador que se insere o presente trabalho. Como aplicação de energia renovável, a climatização a adsorção se configura como fator de segurança energética e contribui para a mitigação das emissões de gases efeito estufa, ao reduzir a dependência de energia primária. Conduz à redução de picos de demanda, e apresenta um ajuste natural entre demanda e oferta. Além disso, os materiais utilizados são de baixo impacto ambiental, especialmente o refrigerante: a água, abundante na natureza e atóxica. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é desenvolver um chiller experimental com tecnologia nacional que permita atingir níveis de desempenho comparáveis ao estado da arte. Os objetivos específicos são: desenvolver um modelo representativo para o reator adsortivo, comparar a cinética de adsorção em duas granulometrias de sílica gel, e estudar a influência do calor específico e da difusão de massa. O modelo numérico trouxe como contribuições originais considerar o calor específico da fase adsorvida e a difusão de massa para caracterização do ciclo. O modelo resultou representativo do comportamento verificado experimentalmente. Foram obtidos COP de 0,53 e SCP de 68 W/kg para partículas de adsorvente de 2,0 mm, valores comparáveis ou superiores aos registrados na literatura para sílica gel em grãos soltos. A fração de granulometria menor (0,26 mm) teve desempenho inferior, provavelmente devido à redução de porosidade após britagem.
Leite, Brenda Chaves Coelho. "Sistema de ar condicionado com insuflamento pelo piso em ambientes de escritórios: avaliação do conforto térmico e condições de operação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3132/tde-10032004-182635/.
Full textSince the introduction of the landscape office concept, the layout type and the internal loads distribution have changed significantly, requesting larger flexibility in the buildings. Besides, building performance evaluation applied to contemporary office buildings has shown that for most such buildings thermal comfort and air quality users level satisfaction is low. These facts are indicating that project concepts, operation and use of air conditioning systems need to be changed. In order to solve these problems, underfloor air supply is becoming a common practice also in Brazil. This system with floor and workstation diffusers allows flexibility and an individualized airflow control. In this work the evaluation of the underfloor air conditioning system was carried out in a laboratory facility with controlled conditions. The laboratory was designed and built up with similar characteristics to those of actual office buildings environments. This fact and the participation of users in the process of thermal comfort evaluation, made possible the definition of design parameters as well as the establishment of the system operation conditions in an effective way. The evaluation of the environment thermal comfort conditions was accomplished in three stages. Initially, measurements of thermal comfort and system variables were made using simulators. Later, in the same conditions of the previous stage, users (a sample of people) have evaluated, in a subjective way, the environment thermal comfort. Finally, measurements of the comfort variables were accomplished in the occupation areas - microclimates - in the condition of individualized conditioning, promoted by air flow adjustments and flow direction by the users. The results of the evaluation allow to conclude that the underfloor air conditioning system satisfies to the expectations to promote thermal comfort to the office building users with potential of energy conservation.
Noetzold, Juliano. "Comparação do desempenho do R-1234yf em substituição direta do R-134a em ar condicionado automotivo para máquinas agrícolas." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6038.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T12:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Noetzold_.pdf: 2795595 bytes, checksum: 2e54e66a30fc38e8ed8568de6278b69e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-14
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Ar condicionado automotivo para máquinas agrícolas e fora de estrada, como tratores e colheitadeiras, apresenta algumas características particulares quando comparado com outros sistemas de ar condicionado para veículos. Velocidade do ar e temperatura para uma ampla faixa de condições ambientais, operação sob condições climáticas altamente transitórias e extremas, alta capacidade de resfriamento para atender elevadas cargas térmicas e proporcionar uma rápida diminuição da temperatura do ambiente do operador são características deste tipo de aplicação. O ciclo de trabalho do compressor para este tipo de veículo está diretamente relacionado com a rotação do motor. Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos para comparar o desempenho de um ar condicionado automotivo típico para veículos off-road com capacidade nominal de 6,7 kW, desenvolvido para operar originalmente com R-134a, comparando sua performance na substituição direta pelo R-1234yf. O sistema consiste basicamente de um compressor de deslocamento fixo, uma válvula de expansão termostática, um condensador de micro-multi canais e um evaporador tubo aleta. O sistema foi instalado em uma bancada experimental e os principais parâmetros do sistema avaliados em diferentes cargas de refrigerante para uma velocidade fixa do compressor de 3500 rpm, com objetivo de verificar a carga ótima de cada refrigerante. Os parâmetros de ciclo, como capacidade do evaporador, COP, potência de compressão, taxa de compressão, sub-resfriamento no condensador, superaquecimento no evaporador, queda de pressão nos trocadores de calor e linha de sucção, as temperaturas de saída do evaporador no lado ar e taxa de fluxo de massa são comparados. A carga de refrigerante ideal para R-1234yf foi encontrada com 50 g a mais do que com R-134a. Os resultados experimentais com o sistema funcionando com a carga de refrigerante ideal, indicam que para várias condições de temperaturas de entrada do ar no evaporador, umidade relativa de 43% e temperatura de entrada do ar no condensador em 35 ºC, o sistema funcionando com o R-1234yf tem valores de capacidade do evaporador e COP menores. O R-1234yf também apresenta um maior grau de sub-resfriamento, maior superaquecimento e maior queda de pressão no evaporador e na linha de sucção do que o R-134a. A relação de compressão e a potência consumida pelo compressor para R-1234yf é mais favorável.
Automotive air conditioning for off-road agricultural machinery, like tractors and combine harvesters, presents some particular characteristics when compared with others AC systems for vehicles. Higher air velocity and temperatures over a wide range of conditions, operation under transient climatic conditions, high cooling capacity to meet high thermal loads and rapid cool down capacity on the operator environment. In addition, the compressor duty cycle is related to the engine speed for this type of vehicle and the system work in an environment subject to severe vibration. In this work, experiments were carried out to compare the performance of a typical AC for off-road vehicles of 6.7 kW nominal capacity using R-134a and with its drop-in substitute, R-1234yf. The system consists of a fixed displacement compressor, a block type thermostatic expansion valve, a multiport micro channel condenser and a tube fin evaporator. This system was installed in an experimental setup and the main parameters of operation were measured at different refrigerants charges, for a fixed compressor velocity of 3500 rpm to find the optimal refrigerant charge of each one. The cycle parameters like evaporator capacity, COP, compressor power, compression ratio, evaporator superheating, condenser sub-cooling, refrigerant pressure drop in the heat exchangers, outlet airside temperatures from evaporator and mass flow rate are compared. The optimal refrigerant charge for R-1234yf was found to be 50 g larger than with R-134a. The experimental results with the system working with the optimal refrigerant charge indicate that for different evaporator inlet air conditions, relative humidity of 43% and condenser air inlet temperature of 35 ºC, the system running with the R-1234yf presented lower evaporator capacity, COP. The same refrigerant also shows a higher degree of sub-cooling, superheat and pressure drop in evaporator and suction line. The compressor ratio and the compressor power consumption for R-1234yf were more favorable
Ramirez, Buitrago Ana Maria. "Modelagem computacional de válvula de expansão eletrônica para sistema de refrigeração e ar condicionado." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259124.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T23:40:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RamirezBuitrago_AnaMaria_M.pdf: 759461 bytes, checksum: 2948f7c4d961f0f71c8c3d790e304829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos a modelagem computacional de uma válvula de expansão eletrônica a partir de dados experimentais de entradas e saídas através de modelos no espaço de estado, usando técnicas de subespaços, com objetivo de ter um sistema de refrigeração e ar condicionado eficiente, combinando eletrônica de potência e computação de modo a fornecer uma melhor solução para conservação de energia. A modelagem e a validação são feitas usando uma implementação computacional dos algoritmos de subespaços do espaço de estado. Os resultados apresentados mostram a validade e vantagens da técnica de modelagem realizada
Abstract: This research shows the computational modeling of a electronic expansion valve based on input and output experimental data using Models in State Space and subspace methods. The aim of this work was to obtain an efficient Cooling and Air Conditioning system by the combination of power electronics and computation, as a result, a better solution for energy conservation was obtained. Modeling and validation are made using a computational implementation of subspace methods algorithms in state space. Achieved results show the validity and advantages of the modeling technique implemented
Mestrado
Automação
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
Cavalcanti, Victor Crespo. "A trade-off study of a bleedless and conventional air conditioning systems." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2008. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1164.
Full textCOSTA, Clécio. "Um estudo sobre adaptações para redução do consumo de energia elétrica em sistemas de ar condicionado." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17925.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T11:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_ClecioCosta_final2016_library3.pdf: 3000598 bytes, checksum: eaa89ac5922423ba09bca9160b998bb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-13
De acordo com a Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Serviços de Conservação de Energia – ABESCO, no ano de 2014 o Brasil desperdiçou 10% da energia elétrica produzida no país. Aproximadamente 22% dessa energia desperdiçada, correspondem às perdas advindas do consumidor comercial. Ressalta-se que os equipamentos de condicionadores de ar podem chegar a representar 30% desse consumo de energia elétrica. Vale destacar que o escopo principal da proposta deste trabalho é a obtenção da redução do consumo elétrico. Com isso, este trabalho tem como proposta mitigar o consumo de energia elétrica, reduzir os custos, aumentar a vida útil dos equipamentos de condicionadores de ar e evitar desperdícios elétricos. Para isso, foi utilizada a tecnologia Arduino com objetivo de desenvolver uma ferramenta embarcada sensível ao contexto e uma placa de controle que irá substituir a original do equipamento. Estes irão automatizar o funcionamento do sistema de condicionadores de ar e buscar um ganho socioeconômico, fornecendo um melhor serviço ao sistema de refrigeração com um menor consumo energético. A proposta é composta de duas fases: a primeira fase monitora e coleta informações do funcionamento dos equipamentos de condicionadores de ar durante um período de tempo e realiza uma análise dos dados coletados para melhor parametrizar os ajustes aplicados na segunda fase. Esta consiste na substituição da placa de controle original do equipamento pela desenvolvida na proposta deste, juntamente com a ferramenta desenvolvida com todos os ajustes oriundos da análise dos dados. A validação deste trabalho é feita através da aplicação do sistema desenvolvido, por um período de seis meses; complementada pela realização de uma pesquisa de satisfação feita com os usuários.
According to the Brazilian Association of Energy Conservation Service Companies - ABESCO, in 2014 the Brazil wasted 10% of the electricity produced in the country. Approximately 22% of this wasted energy, correspond to losses from the commercial customer. It is noteworthy that the air conditioning equipment can account for up to 30% of electricity consumption. Therefore, this paper aims to mitigate the consumption of electric energy, reduce costs, extend the life of air conditioners electrical equipment and avoid waste. It is worth noting that the main scope of the purpose of this study is to obtain the reduction of power consumption. For this, the Arduino technology was used in order to develop an embedded context-sensitive tool and a control board that will replace the original equipment. These will automate the operation of air conditioners system and seek a socioeconomic gain, providing a better service to the refrigeration system with a lower energy consumption. The proposal consists of two phases: the first phase monitors and collects information of the operation of air conditioning equipment for a period of time and performs an analysis of the data collected to better parameterize the adjustments in the second phase. This involves replacing the original control board equipment developed for the purpose of this, together with the tool developed with all adjustments arising from the data analysis. The validation of this work is done by applying the developed system for a period of six months; complemented by conducting a satisfaction survey of users.
Carvajal, Florez Fabio Alejandro. "Implementação de uma bancada de ensaios para analise de estrategias de controle de sistemas de refrigeração e ar condicionado." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263357.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:19:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarvajalFlorez_FabioAlejandro_D.pdf: 13507897 bytes, checksum: 763803f559424480cb0dc2207f08a244 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: No presente trabalho se realiza o estudo do controle da válvula de expansão e da velocidade de rotação do motor do compressor para um sistema de ar condicionado com armazenamento térmico em banco de gelo. Utilizando os princípios de projeto térmico, projeto eletrônico, programação de computadores e técnicas de controle procuram-se o aumento da eficiência do sistema. Neste controle propostos usou-se a lógica difusa. Inicialmente controlou-se o grau de superaquecimento através do controle da abertura da válvula de expansão e trabalhando o compressor em sua rotação máxima. Em seguida foi implementado um controle que trabalha regulando simultaneamente a velocidade do compressor e a abertura da válvula de expansão
Abstract: In this work is realized a control analysis ofthe expansion valve and the rotacional speed of the compressor engine for an air conditioning system with thermal storage in an ice storage tank. The thermal project, electronical project, computer programming and control technics are integrated to increase the performance of the system. To implement the proposed controls the logic fuzzy is used. Inicially, the refrigerant superheat was controlled through the expansion valve with the compressor working at highest rotational speed. Then, it was implemented the control regulating simultananeously the compressor speed and the expansion valve
Doutorado
Termica e Fluidos
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
Borges, Gabriel Adão. "Comparação do desempenho energético entre sistema de condicionamento de ar com distribuição pelo piso e pelo teto, utilizando o modelo computacional EnergyPlus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3153/tde-13072018-111127/.
Full textOn the agenda for some time, the environmental impacts, possibly generated by human action, are increasingly discussed and studied. The demand for sustainable development and more efficient ways of energy consumption is often addressed. In Brazil, commercial and public buildings have high demand for electricity and air conditioning systems are responsible for a significant portion of this consumption in the country. The underfloor air conditioning system has been proposed as a solution to mitigate such consumption because it is intrinsically more efficient than the ceiling-based air conditioning system. The present work aims to identify the energy saving potential of an air conditioning system with underfloor air distribution comparatively to a system with ceiling air distribution, through computational simulation. Also, the impact of increased supply air temperature and the floor to ceiling height, and the use of the economizer cycle (enthalpy control) was evaluated. For the computational modeling, carried out by the EnergyPlus computational tool, a classroom that contains an air conditioning system with floor distribution was used as reference. The first modeled air distribution system was the underfloor air distribution system, and this served as a basis for the modeling of the ceiling air distribution system. After performing the models, the simulations were carried out, whose results allowed the comparison the energy consumptions between the two systems. According to the literature, where it is stated that the systems with underfloor air distribution are more efficient than the conventional ones (ceiling air distribution), this work also concludes that the system with underfloor air distribution is more efficient, presenting an energy saving indicator around 33%, for the following condition: floor to ceiling height of 3.50 m; supply air temperature of 19 ° C; and enthalpy control. The results of this research also indicate that the use of the enthalpy control has a greater influence on the energy savings compared to the increase of the supply air temperature or the floor to ceiling height.
Leão, Júnior Ricardo Sérgio Neves. "Impacto econômico do uso de ar condicionado em edifícios residenciais na cidade de Maceió/AL." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/687.
Full textFundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
O desperdício energético é um dos fatores de maior impacto sobre o desequilíbrio ambiental enfrentado pelo planeta. As edificações respondem pelo consumo de aproximadamente 40% da energia gerada no planeta, sendo o setor da construção civil identificado como uma área de grande potencial para combater o desperdício energético. Nas edificações residenciais, o consumo energético está fortemente relacionado aos sistemas mecânicos de controle térmico como os sistemas de ar condicionado, por exemplo. Em Maceió, o Mercado Imobiliário parece não buscar soluções arquitetônicas que se aprofundem no uso de estratégias passivas de conforto térmico, como a ventilação natural, por exemplo. Na referida cidade, é identificada a existência de apartamentos residenciais bem, razoavelmente, mal ou pessimamente orientados frente aos condicionantes climáticos. Os apartamentos voltados para o quadrante oeste (posição poente) possuem preço menor que aqueles voltados para o quadrante leste (posição nascente), sendo esse um atrativo para o consumidor adquirir apartamentos mal adaptados ao clima. Essa situação contribui com o uso desenfreado de aparelhos de ar condicionado. O uso destes equipamentos acarreta em custos de aquisição, operação e manutenção dos mesmos. No entanto, a contabilização destes valores nem sempre é devidamente considerada no momento da aquisição dos bens imóveis. Diante desse contexto, o presente trabalho avalia o impacto econômico decorrente da utilização de aparelhos de ar condicionado em apartamentos residenciais de 02 quartos na cidade de Maceió/AL. Busca enfatizar o elo existente entre o desperdício de energia e o custo financeiro em longo prazo envolvido neste processo. Através de um estudo de caso, adotou-se uma metodologia na qual foram analisados: o desempenho energético dos apartamentos sob diferentes variáveis, utilizando o software EnergyPlus; o comportamento da ventilação natural nos apartamentos de acordo com as diferentes orientações geográficas, através de análises qualitativas utilizando maquetes em Mesa D água; análises econômicas baseadas no consumo médio mensal de energia para as diferentes situações simuladas, realizando comparações entre o custo energético para utilização de ar condicionado e o preço de mercado dos apartamentos. Os resultados demonstraram que os custos energéticos em longo prazo de todas as situações simuladas representam uma grande parcela do valor total do imóvel. Quando o custo mensal é aplicado em caderneta de poupança, a maioria das situações paga, com sobras, o valor total do imóvel. A economia possibilitada pela aquisição do apartamento poente aplicada em caderneta de poupança durante longo prazo é superada, em todos os casos, pela aplicação em iguais condições do custo energético mensal para uso de ar condicionado. Desta forma, conclui-se que a utilização de estratégias passivas de controle térmico representa um grande meio de economia para o consumidor, e que a compra de apartamentos mal adaptados ao clima é extremamente dispendiosa, sobretudo quando considerado o impacto econômico derivado do uso de ar condicionado em longo prazo.
Ikeda, Marcelo Jun. "Determinação de índices de ajuste no controle de sistema de condicionamento de ar do tipo \'teto frio\'." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-13082008-135108/.
Full textThe present work is a study to determine adjustment indexes in measurements made by air temperature sensors used in control algorithms of automation system applied to \"Cooling Ceiling\" air conditioning system. It is an experimental work based on data collection of several environmental variables at a laboratory which uses this kind of system. This laboratory owns a mixed air conditioning system compounded by chilled water circuits which pass through coils installed on metal ceiling tiles, for heat exchange by radiation (sensitive heat withdrawal), and air circuits with distribution by ceiling, for heat exchange by convection (latent heat withdrawal). Its functioning is controlled by a specific automation system (hardware and software). This study intends to determine adjustment indexes which, added in system control algorithms correct the air temperature readings accomplished in the environment by system sensors located in places that, although aesthetically are more suited, functionally are not. The results, concluded through statistic methods, and graphic representation researches, will promote beyond better understanding of thermal conditions of environment offered by this cooling ceiling system, optimization of system operation, that are a better comfort for the occupants and the energy saving.
Freitas, Daisy Amed das Chagas de. "Avaliação ambiental do processo produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado utilizando a ferramenta Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV)." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3564.
Full textThe industry of air conditioning is a major consumer of raw materials and strong generator of waste. The production process and each step in the life cycle of such products cause impacts contributing to environmental degradation. The air conditioning is one of the leading manufactured products in the Industrial Pole of Manaus and the most sold in the local market due to high temperatures, typical of the region. Therefore, this study evaluated the environmental aspects and potential impacts involved in the production process of window air conditioner, using the tool of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a technique for environmental management based on inventory construction that considers the inputs of raw materials and energy, and waste emissions associated with the production process. In this context, a case study has been conducted in the Amazon Electrolux Ltd, manufacturer of air conditioners of the PIM, where the collection of data was made through desk research, interviews and questionnaires, molded based on the focus of the work and the guidelines established by ABNT NBR ISO 14040:2009, for the study of LCA. Secondly, the LCA methodology was applied, using software SimaPro 7.3 Faculty educational version, in order to identify the environmental impacts involved. The results obtained in the environmental assessment of the production process of window air-conditioning found that the electronic components, printed circuit boards and electrical components represent the greatest environmental burden in the production of these devices, due to the diversity of elements and compounds chemicals present in their compositions and the presence of toxic substances that cause harm to human health and the environment. The main potential impacts to which these inputs contribute are the carcinogenic effects, the use of fossil fuels and inorganic respiratory effects. Potential impacts include the categories of harm to human health, to ecosystem quality and to natural resources, the first being the most significant. The diagnosis of this evaluation made possible the construction of a benchmark survey for analysis and understanding of issues relating to the productive sector of air conditioning, contributing to the promotion of improvements in the product development and process, favoring cleaner production directed for sustainability.
A indústria de aparelhos de ar-condicionado é grande consumidora de matérias-primas e forte geradora de resíduos. O processo de produção e cada uma das etapas do ciclo de vida desses produtos acarretam impactos que contribuem para a degradação ambiental. O aparelho de ar-condicionado é um dos principais produtos manufaturados no Polo Industrial de Manaus e um dos mais vendidos no comércio local, devido às altas temperaturas, típicas da região. Diante disso, o presente trabalho avaliou os aspectos ambientais e impactos potenciais envolvidos no processo produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado de janela, utilizando a ferramenta Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). A ACV é uma técnica de gestão ambiental fundamentada na construção de inventário que considera as entradas de matérias-primas e energia, e as emissões de resíduos associadas ao processo produtivo. Nesse contexto, foi realizado um estudo de caso na Electrolux da Amazônia Ltda, empresa fabricante de condicionadores de ar do PIM, onde se fez o levantamento dos dados através de pesquisa documental, realização de entrevistas e aplicação de questionários, moldados com base no foco do trabalho e nas diretrizes estabelecidas pela ABNT NBR ISO 14040:2009, para o estudo da ACV. Num segundo momento, foi aplicada a metodologia de ACV, através da utilização do software SimaPro 7.3, versão educacional Faculty, com o objetivo de identificar os impactos ambientais envolvidos. Os resultados obtidos na avaliação ambiental do processo produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado de janela constataram que os componentes eletrônicos, os painéis e circuitos impressos e os componentes elétricos representam a maior carga ambiental na produção desses aparelhos, em função da diversidade de elementos e compostos químicos presentes em suas composições e da presença de substâncias tóxicas que acarretam danos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Os principais impactos potenciais, para os quais esses insumos contribuem, são os efeitos carcinogênicos, a utilização de combustíveis fósseis e os efeitos respiratórios inorgânicos. Os impactos potenciais abrangem as categorias de danos à saúde humana, à qualidade do ecossistema e aos recursos naturais, sendo o primeiro o mais expressivo. O diagnóstico dessa avaliação tornou possível a construção de um referencial de pesquisa para análise e compreensão de questões relativas ao setor produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado, contribuindo para a promoção de melhorias no desenvolvimento do produto e do processo, favorecendo uma produção mais limpa direcionada para a sustentabilidade.
Felix, Victor Barbosa. "Condições de conforto térmico e desconforto local em salas cirúrgicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-02102008-173221/.
Full textHospitals and medical centers are complex environments which request special air treatment and ventilation systems for the comfort and safety of patients, personnel and visitors. In surgical environments the thermal comfort conditions need to be the best as possible in order to the surgeons and the medical team work in favorable conditions for the success of the surgical procedure. Simultaneously, the risks of infection caused by airborne particles should be minimized. In the present work experimental evaluations of thermal comfort and local discomfort conditions were carried out for surgical rooms with three different types of air distribution systems. Measurements and subjective evaluations (questionnaires) were accomplished. The evaluations of thermal comfort conditions were done according to the Fanger comfort criteria and as foreseen in the norms ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55. The use of the Fanger method in the evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in surgical rooms is appropriate, although it is necessary special care in its use and in the analysis of the results. It was verified that it is very difficult to provide conditions of thermal comfort for the whole surgical team, mainly due to personal factors like clothing and activity level, as well as surgical-specific environmental factors like the heat of the surgical focus. The analysis shows that the unidirectional flow system presented better conditions of thermal comfort. Additionally, this system also presents greater potential of pollutants control in the surgical field. Finally, results of comparative study with other authors\' works show practically same values of equivalent temperatures of thermal comfort around 22°C for all of the members of the surgical team. That result is particularly useful to evaluate different environmental and personal conditions in propitiating conditions of thermal comfort to the different members of the surgical team.
Fakhoury, Nícolas Alexandre. "Estudo da qualidade do ar interior em ambientes educacionais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-11072017-135147/.
Full textThe Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is one of the main factors that determines the functionality, harmony, comfort and productivity in a building. The IEQ affects the health and comfort of the occupants of a building, as well as the ability of them to perform tasks, influencing directly in productivity. When IEQ is good, the environments become more desirable places to be in, work and learn. The indoor environment of schools and universities can have a significant impact on the health and learning of children and college students. The limitation of input of pollutants and contaminants, as well as providing the appropriate amount of filtered and clean outside air, improve the academic performance of students and does not affect the health of the same. This paper presents measurements of physical and chemical parameters, CO2, PM2,5, PM10, dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, made in a classroom of the Mechanical Engineering building of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (EPUSP) which students and teachers were subject. The measurements were taken in the internal and external environment of the classroom, where theoretical and practical activities were conducted. The flow of outside air, previously filtered, was varied for the reduction of contaminants generated internally. It was found that the particulate PM2,5 and PM10 achieved critical concentrations of 6 and 30 times greater than the limit proposed by the current standards, respectively, and that the concentration of CO2 reached 3 times the recommended limit. However, it was observed that increasing outside air flow of approximately 2200 m³/h was enough to decrease the concentration of PM10 in 50% at the first 20 minutes. Despite the decreased concentration, the recommended flow of outside air per person was not enough for the concentration of particulate matter reaches the acceptable limits. Finally, a detailed project proposal is presented of two independent air treatment systems that will allow performing experiments and studies on the IEQ, being able to vary the flow of outside air and, the filters of the recirculation and external air intake for two laboratories of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of EPUSP, that can follow the studies of this work.
Pereira, Marcelo Luiz. "Medição, predição e análise de partículas aéreas em salas cirúrgicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-29012009-141031/.
Full textAir conditioning systems exert an important function in surgical rooms, to protect the surgical wound and the sterile equipments from airborne infected particles. This protection is achieved by means of a simultaneous control of the movement and distribution of the air, of the temperature, of the humidity, of the filtering, of air infiltrations from other sections etc. Those factors directly affect the amount of airborne particles present in a surgical room. Within this context, the present work aimed to develop a mathematical model for the prediction of particle concentrations in surgical rooms and for the determination of the relative importance of the factors that interfere in the generation and removal of those particles. The proposed model, based on mass balance for the calculation of the particle concentrations, has been applied and validated with the data obtained from different types of air conditioning systems in which the measurements were carried out, as well as with different conditions that commonly occur in the routine of surgical rooms. For each one of these conditions, a certain group of relative parameters is proposed to the environment, to the air conditioning system, and to the concentrations of particles originated from the different sources, which are used as input data to the model. The proposed model can also be used as an important tool to aid in the specific analysis of the factors that affect both particle generation and removal.
Maran, Marcos. "Manutenção baseada em condição aplicada a um sistema de ar condicionado como requisito para sustentabilidade de edifício de escritórios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-12122011-142917/.
Full textDue to extensive extraction of natures resources, extinction of species, emission of gases into the atmosphere, water and power consumption, to climatic changes of the planet, mankinds impact on earth requires containment and preservation of the environment. The future of humanity is being questioned and something must be done. Responsible for the consumption of 40 to 50% of raw materials worldwide, 12% of water and 40% of emissions of gases into the atmosphere causing the greenhouse effect, the construction industry has an important role in alleviating the adverse impacts on the environment and the ability to achieve high sustainable levels. Within the lifecycle of a building, the phase of operation/use causes significant environmental consequences but also offers opportunities to alleviate adverse effects. In this phase, the value of building maintenance activities has been recognized. The various strategies for maintenance, principally preventive condition- based maintenance should collaborate effectively towards the durability, performance, function and systems of a building. Air-conditioning maintenance procedures are associated with poor air quality. The maintenance of air-conditioning systems has a special significance due to the effects on health, well-being and productivity of the occupants of the building.
Itáo, Danilo Carreira. "Estudo de um sistema alternativo de ar condicionado automotivo baseado na aplicação de tubos de vórtice utilizando o conceito de regeneração energética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3149/tde-05012006-224015/.
Full textAutomotive air conditioning systems have always utilized the thermodynamic vapor-compression cycle concept, with the necessity of some basic components as refrigerant fluid, heat exchangers and compressor. Although research and development of these systems have been made along many decades, some difficulties still remain nowadays. Then, the investigation of other mechanisms of refrigeration that could be applied to automotive air conditioning systems are welcome. One of these possibilities is the application of the Vortex Tubes, utilized nowadays for industrial applications. Vortex Tubes are devices that work with the introduction of an air compressed flow. These devices enable the division of the inlet flow in two flow fractions: one high and one low temperature flow. The application of these devices brings advantages, as an example no necessity of heat exchangers and refrigerant fluids. Then it enables a higher flexibility in the positioning of air outlets in some cabin position, that are not possible nowadays. The feeding of vortex tubes occurs only with compressed air flow, which can be stored for consumption when necessary. In addition, because of this characteristic, there is the possibility of the kinetic energy reutilizing, that is dissiped to the environment in the braking process currently. This possibility of energetic reutilizing can be made through the transfer of this kinetic energy to the air compressor. Based on this possibility, it was obtained data about the operation of a conventional air conditioning system, besides the energetic regeneration potential data. These data were obtained through technical publications and theoretical calculations. It was established a configuration proposal for the components, as well as the system operation modes. Later, it was made a first selection of the components that have direct influence in the system viability. The results showed the difficulties in the application of this philosophy for light vehicles (passenger cars) with more viability for commercial vehicles use (for example trucks), mainly those vehicles that are equiped with a pneumatic system to the air brakes and air suspension.
Silva, Ricardo de Oliveira 1972. "Projeto, construção e análise de uma bancada para verificação de parâmetros de desempenho de um sistema de ar condicionado veicular." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265842.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T18:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RicardodeOliveira_M.pdf: 15867764 bytes, checksum: 658914fead0bb9e86c21db30210e6cb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: As políticas de redução de consumo de combustíveis e de preservação ambiental e em contrapartida os recentes aumentos da frota veicular no Brasil, especialmente dos veículos equipados com sistema de ar condicionado, demandam estudos de gerenciamento térmico de motores a combustão interna visando melhorias no projeto do sistema e a otimização do consumo de combustível. Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta o projeto, a construção e a validação de uma bancada para simulação do sistema de ar condicionado veicular (ACV). Neste sistema, o compressor do ciclo de resfriamento por compressão de vapor é acionado por um motor de combustão interna instalado em um banco dinamométrico. A simulação de diferentes condições operacionais do sistema de ACV ocorre por meio do controle de três parâmetros: (1) controle da rotação do compressor, que é acionado pelo motor de combustão interna no banco dinamométrico; (2) controle da carga térmica, por meio da variação da temperatura, da vazão e da umidade relativa do ar que atravessa o evaporador; (3) controle da pressão de condensação por meio da variação da vazão de ar que atravessa o condensador. As curvas características do motor de combustão interna (torque, potência e consumo de combustível) em função de sua rotação são comparadas em duas situações com : (i)o compressor do ciclo de resfriamento ligado e (ii) compressor desligado. A análise foi realizada em condições operacionais controladas e simuladas na bancada desenvolvida. Os resultados dos testes permitiram avaliar a influência do funcionamento do ciclo de resfriamento sobre as principais características do motor de combustão interna e sobre a eficiência do sistema de condicionamento de ar. Esta avaliação permitiu o levantamento de dados importantes para a determinação da melhor relação entre o consumo de combustível e o conforto térmico dos passageiros do veículo, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento tecnológico na área
Abstract: The politics of fuel consumption reduction and environmental preservation, in contrast with a recent increment of vehicular fleet in Brazil, especially for vehicles equipped with air conditioning system, requiring studies of thermal management of internal combustion engines, aiming improvements in the project of the system and optimizing the fuel consumption. The present Master¿s dissertation shows the project, the construction and the validation of a test bench in order to simulate a vehicular air conditioning system. Focusing on the necessary power consumption to produce cooling in a vehicular air conditioning system (ACV), such power is consumed by a vapor compression cycle which uses a compressor to compress the refrigerant gas; this compressor is assembled on an internal combustion engine installed on a dynamometer test bench. The simulation occurred in controlled conditions of the engine and of the blown air properties on the heat exchangers (the evaporator and the condenser). Three parameters tend to maintain the test stable: (1) the compressor speed which is driven by engine; (2) the temperature, the mass flow rate and the relative humidity of the intake air which flows through the evaporator; (3) the condensing pressure which is controlled by the variation of the mass flow rate which passes through the condenser. Thus the characteristic curves of the internal combustion engine (torque, power and fuel consumption) are obtained in controlled conditions in function of the engine speed with the compressor on and off. The test allow to assess the influence of the compressor used on the vehicular air conditioning system on the main characteristics of the internal combustion engine and the performance of the vehicular air conditioning system, when it is requested for pre-set test conditions. That kind of analysis has shown important itself determining the best relationship between the fuel consumption and thermal comfort in vehicle passengers and contributing for the technological development for this area
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Silva, Gilberto Elias da. "Estudo da eficiência energética de um condicionador de ar por compressão de vapor integrado a um sistema de resfriamento evaporativo direto por aspersão." Universidade de Taubaté, 2012. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=317.
Full textThis paper presents the results of the study on the energy gain of the integrated employment of the system of direct evaporative cooling spray system with vapor compression in a condensing unit condensing the air heat exchanger of the finned type. The vapor compression system is currently the most widely used for air conditioning applications and processes of comfort, its condenser units can be either air condensation and condensation water. These systems in spite of its application are allocated villains large power consumption. An economical alternative to minimize this impact is the use of evaporative cooling as a pre-cooler air in the conventional system. This flow of cooling air is utilized at the entrance of the condensing unit of the vapor compression cycle in order to reduce the work of the compressor by reducing the temperature of condensation of the refrigeration cycle by increasing the coefficient operational performance (COP). However their effective implementation in the air condensing units with finned heat exchanger of the type still generate many questions, and their effectiveness and implications. In view of this problem has been promoted the integration of these systems, analyzed its effectiveness. Were used nozzles (nozzles, spray nozzles or microwave) to spray water in the form of droplets or mist, actuated by pressure medium pump. Through the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is a significant improvement in performance and efficiency of the refrigeration system which uses a system of direct evaporative spray conjugated.
Belizario, Adenilson Cristiano. "Avaliação energética e financeira para utilização de sistemas de ar condicionado acionados por energia solar em ambientes de missão crítica para diferentes regiões climáticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-07022019-102451/.
Full textNowadays, data processing is a fundamental operation for modern business such as banks, technology companies, and factories, among others. However, computers dissipate non-negligible amounts of heat and as the operating temperature increases, these machines cannot operate properly or, under extreme conditions, can come to a stop by overheating. Consequently, it is necessary air conditioning systems to keep the proper operating temperature as well as the room temperature itself. On the other hand, a data center air conditioning system drains a large amount of electrical energy in the installation. Based on this, this thesis evaluates two types of solar cooling system, an absorption thermal system, and a photovoltaic system, to support the traditional electric chiller system showing the energy saving, advantage over conventional cooling and day availability for this system. In addition, it analyzed free cooling system contribution and his effects on consumption. A case study is analyzed in a generic data center located in the city of São Paulo, Abu Dhabi, Los Angeles, and New York. At first, the electrical power density simulated by the computers is 0.5 kW/m², 1.0 kW/m² 2.0 kW/m², 4.0 kW/m² and 8 kW/m², that would occur in half loads or in high loads computer installations. Local solar irradiation and temperature indexes are based on the ASHRAE database. The results are valid for a typical year and are compared to (1) a conventional data center; (2) the event combination of solar cooling; (3) the event combination of solar cooling and free cooling. In conclusion, the energy savings, payback and internal rate of return for 10 years are presented. In the main cases, the solar absorption takes advantage than photovoltaic cooling, However, It must be observed the load replicated and the influence on the work curve of the chiller and the beginning investment. In conclusion, the solar cooling, especially solar absorption can achieve great advantage to installation, resulting in 50% on savings in the electric bill a return internal rate for 10 years of 25%. When it is associated with free cooling this savings can achieve 68% and return rate of 134%.
Marè, Renata Maria. "Estudo de eficiência da ventilação em sistema de climatização com distribuição de ar pelo piso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-18082010-170422/.
Full textThe use of underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems is growing in developed countries, and this is also observed in Brazil. Besides, the interest in indoor air quality and its effects on the well being, health and productivity of the occupants in a building is an important issue nowadays. Many studies have related the advantages of UFAD systems in removing indoor air contaminants from the ambient as compared to overhead systems. In the building certification systems, they figure as good alternatives to promote better indoor air quality and thermal comfort, preserving energy efficiency, which corresponds to additional points. With the expanding interest in this technology, studies that enhance its project, keeping as a goal its global efficiency, are very welcome. The aim is to experimentally verify the contribution of an UFAD system to the indoor air quality of a classroom used by 48 students at the Civil Construction Department of the Engineering School of the University of São Paulo Brazil. The study has been conducted in a non-steady state condition. In order to perform this evaluation, the levels of indoor air-borne particles were measured at the breathing zone for seated people (1.10m from the ground), and at the exhaust (2.60m from the ground) simultaneously, under six different pre-defined values of air temperature at the occupied zone (0.60m from the ground). These concentration levels have allowed calculating the contaminant removal effectiveness index, CRE, in many points of the ambient. A similar analysis was developed for the concentrations of CO2 in the second part of the experiment. At the same time, the air temperature and air velocity were measured in six different levels and at fourteen points of the ambient. The low concentration levels of total suspension particle (under 0.035 mg/m³) have shown that this system doesn\'t disperse air contaminants indoors. The CRE indexes near or above 1.0, for both total suspension particle and CO2, have confirmed the ventilation effectiveness of this underfloor air distribution system under all the operational conditions.
Abe, Viviane Caroline. "Determinação de parâmetros de operação de sistema de distribuição de ar frio pelo piso em ambientes de escritórios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-09012008-105839/.
Full textABE, V.C. Determination of operation parameters of rooms with underfloor air distribution system. 2007. 132 p. Dissertation (Master Course) - Departamento de Engenharia de Construção Civil da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2007. Nowadays, one of the main requirements of an office room to fully attend the use and occupation needs is the flexibility, but with comfort. The underfloor air distribution system is being used in the office buildings to guarantee the integrated flexibility of the system with the furniture layout. The system supplies cooled air to the room from a pressurized plenum, passing through air diffusers located in the raised floor panels. The air diffusers can be adjusted or relocated by the room users themselves, making possible the control of the thermal conditions in their surroundings, according to their individual preferences. Though the underfloor air distribution system presents a lot of advantages with regard to conventional overhead distribution systems, there is still a lack of objective information and standardized guidelines, and the necessity of accomplishment of more researches about the subject. The introduction of Computational Fluid Dynamics presented an alternative for the experimental tests related to the study of airflow in rooms. Thus, for the development of the present study a CFD tool was used, the code FLUENT. The purpose of the present work is to develop a strategy for the determination of the operation parameters of an underfloor air distribution system applied to office rooms. The strategy is based on the establishment of interrelations between the main parameters that define the airflow in rooms with the underfloor air distribution system: the input volume flux, the input air temperature and the pressure difference between underfloor plenum and the room. The use of this strategy enables the designer to identify several combinations of the operation parameters that result in one desired condition, allowing the choice of the most satisfactory option.
Cassali, Nina Koja. "A responsabilidade empresarial prevista no art. 931 do Código Civil de 2002 aplicada à progressiva inclusão de nanotecnologia no setor de ar condicionado automotivo : uma proposta para aplicação do princípio da precaução e gestão do risco inerente ao uso e descarte de materiais nanoestruturados." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6901.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T14:12:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nina Koja Cassali_.pdf: 3033674 bytes, checksum: fc57aae5e0f87cd498d187aa91053777 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-31
Nenhuma
A presente pesquisa trata da nanotecnologia e suas possíveis implicações no ramo da responsabilidade civil atribuída a empresários e sociedades empresárias pelo Código Civil de 2002, bem como suas resultantes em meio à sociedade. A falta de regulamentação relativa à nanotecnologia e a extensa probabilidade de riscos que representa, somada às diretrizes impostas pelo artigo 931 do CC em vigor, deu azo à proposta de elaboração de um framework baseado nos procedimentos a serem adotados com o fito inicial de dirimir a repercussão nefasta de futura responsabilização, mas acima de tudo, de preservar a saúde humana e ambiental. Para tanto, utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento de dados e análise de normas internacionais. A pesquisa concluiu acerca do fato de que produtos à base de nanotecnologia fazem parte de uma realidade cada vez mais presente na vida de todos e que está em franca expansão. O desconhecimento acerca da nocividade das nanopartículas engenheiradas já presentes na atmosfera releva-se a razão basilar pela qual todos os estágios da vida útil dos nanomateriais devam ser rigorosamente controlados e analisados, mormente em face de seu potencial tóxico, obstando seus prováveis malefícios tanto quanto possível, para que, sem frustrar o progresso tecnológico, haja a garantia da permanência da vida humana como hoje conhecemos. Sustentado em tais valores, elaborou-se a sugestão de gerenciamento de risco materializado no framework ora proposto.
This research deals with nanotechnology and its possible implications in the field of civil liability attributed to entrepreneurs and business companies by the Civil Code of 2002, as well as its resulting in the society. The lack of regulations related to nanotechnology and the high probability of risks that it represents, together with the guidelines imposed by article 931 of the current CC, gave rise to the proposal of elaboration of a framework based on the procedures to be adopted with the initial intention to resolve the Harmful repercussions of future accountability, but above all, of preserving human and environmental health. For this purpose, bibliographic research, data collection and analysis of international standards were used. The research concluded that nanotechnology-based products are part of a rapidly expanding reality in everyone's life. The lack of knowledge about the harmfulness of the engineered nanoparticles already present in the atmosphere depends on the basic reason why all stages of nanomaterials' life must be rigorously controlled and analyzed, especially in the face of their toxic potential, hindering their probable harms as much as possible , So that, without frustrating technological progress, there is the guarantee of the permanence of human life as we know it today. Based on these values, the risk management suggestion materialized in the proposed framework was elaborated.
Hernández, Luis Miguel Teófanes Bendezu. "Desenvolvimento de um programa computacional para balanceamento de redes de distribuição de ar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-10112016-151410/.
Full textThe balancing of a net air distribution consists in establishment the correct flowrate in the terminals elements according the design. The bibliographic review show that the balancing applied in air distribution are consider at the 60`s. In the end of the 80\\2019s the mathematics models beginning applied to air flow simulation in ducts. In the present work the objective is studies the methodology to simulation and balancing air distribution nets using software. Different methods are studies to apply in balance: proportional method, T method and direct method. The direct method is adopted, which the flowrate is fixed and the pressure difference is obtained for the parallel paths. Using fluid-dynamics and electrical analogy concepts an algorithm was developed and a software was prepared. The applicatory developed was divided in 6 main stages: net characterization, continuous losses, local losses, total losses, flow simulation and path comparing. Using a case study the software was tested and the distribution net was simulating. This same net was balancing evaluated by a computational spreadsheet. The case study results present the values of pressure for the sections of the net, and the pressure differences to obtained the balancing. This values was consider coincident with the expected.
Ferreira, Henrique Schardosin. "Avaliação do desempenho de um sistema de refrigeração automotivo com ejetor em ciclo COS." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7022.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T13:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Schardosin Ferreira_.pdf: 4214270 bytes, checksum: b40eaaf06dd9b49a976b944788dce2f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29
Nenhuma
Nessa dissertação foi apresentado um estudo do uso do ejetor bifásico em um sistema de refrigeração para condicionamento de ar automotivo, para recuperação das perdas de energia durante o processo de expansão. Um modelo numérico foi utilizado para a predição do ganho energético com a aplicação do ejetor com base no ciclo padrão de ejetor proposto por Gay (1931). Posteriormente, foi proposto um modelo numérico para a determinação das dimensões básicas necessárias para a fabricação do ejetor. Uma bancada de simulação construída para o ciclo de refrigeração padrão para condicionamento de ar automotivo foi modificada para a instalação do ejetor e passou a operar de acordo com o ciclo COS de Oshitani et al. (2005). Dos diversos modelos matemáticos existentes na literatura, foi escolhido um modelo de simulação de ciclo de ejetor para operação em regime subcrítico da análise unidimensional proposta por Kornhauser (1990) e para a solução do modelo foram desenvolvidos programas computacionais no software EES - Engineering Equation Solver, no qual as rotinas de cálculos foram construídas para solução numérica iterativa visando à determinação do ponto ótimo de operação do ciclo. Para comprovação do modelo e dos resultados obtidos pelos programas, foi repetida a análise apresentada por Kornhauser (1990) e os resultados comparados com os seus. Os resultados gerados pelos programas mostraram boa aderência aos publicados por autores que estudaram aplicação semelhante, sendo assim considerados confiáveis na aplicação para predição de desempenho de ciclos com ejetor em operação com fluidos em regime subcrítico. A bancada de testes instalada no Laboratório de Estudos Térmicos e Fluido Dinâmicos da Unisinos (LETEF), construída por Souza (2011) e posteriormente utilizada por Noetzold (2016) na simulação do ciclo padrão de refrigeração de um sistema de condicionamento de ar automotivo foi alterada para instalação do ejetor em operação sob configuração do ciclo COS. A adoção do ciclo COS se deu em função da incerteza do retorno de óleo e do controle da separação das fases do refrigerante no acumulador de sucção do ciclo padrão. O sistema foi submetido as condições de operação previstas na norma SAE J2765 OCT2008 (2008) e operou com R-134a. Os resultados foram comparados com os do ciclo padrão de Noetzold (2016) apresentando aumento médio do COP do ciclo de 25% para a faixa de baixa rotação e de 46% para a faixa de alta rotação e comparados também aos resultados de Lawrence (2012).
In this work was presented a study of the use of the ejector in a cooling system for automotive air conditioning, to recover energy losses during the expansion process. A numerical model was used to predict the energetic gain with ejector application based on the ejector standard cycle proposed by Gay (1931). Subsequently, a numerical model was proposed to determine the basic dimensions necessary for the ejector manufacturing. A simulation system for the standard refrigeration cycle for automotive air conditioning was modified for the ejector installation and started to operate according to the COS cycle by Oshitani et al. (2005). From the several mathematical models in the literature, a model of the ejector cycle simulation for subcritical fluids of the one-dimensional analysis proposed by Kornhauser (1990) was chosen, and for the solution of the model computational programs were developed in the EES - Engineering Equation Solver software in which the calculation routines were constructed for iterative numerical solution in order to determine the optimum operating point of the cycle. To prove the model and the results obtained by the programs, the analysis presented by Kornhauser (1990) and the results compared were repeated. The results generated by the programs showed good results, being thus considered reliable in the application to predict performance of ejector cycles in operation with sub-critical fluids. The simulation system installed in the Laboratory of Thermal and Dynamic Fluid Studies of Unisinos (LETEF), built by Souza (2011) and later used by Noetzold (2016) in the simulation of the standard refrigeration cycle of an automotive air conditioning system, was changed for installation of the ejector in operation under COS cycle configuration. The choice of the COS cycle was due to the uncertainty of the oil return to compressor and the control of the separation of the phases of the refrigerant in the suction accumulator of the standard cycle. The system was subjected to the operating conditions set forth in the standard SAE J2765 OCT2008 (2008) and operated with R-134a. The results were compared with those of standard cycle by Noetzold (2016), showing a mean increase of the cycle COP of 25% for the low rotation range and 46% for the high rotation range and also compared to Lawrence (2012).
Fiorelli, Flávio Augusto Sanzovo. "Análise do escoamento de fluidos refrigerantes alternativos ao HCFC22 em tubos capilares adiabáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3132/tde-24102001-160408/.
Full textThis work presents the results of the research activities on the "Analysis of HCFC 22 Alternatives Flow Through Adiabatic Capillary Tubes", developed at the Mechanical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Such research was motivated by the resolutions of Montreal Protocol, which imposes gradational elimination of several refrigerants, among them HCFC 22. This leads to the necessity of carrying out studies on the behaviour of ecologically acceptable refrigerants in refrigeration systems and components. So far, researches and literature indicate the usage of zeotropic and near azeotropic refrigerant mixtures as the best alternative to HCFC 22. Therefore, it was performed an extensive experimental survey on R-407C (a zeotropic mixture) and R-410A (a near azeotropic mixture) flow through capillary tubes. Such survey, which was carried out for both subcooled and two-phase inlet conditions, characterised the influence of these refrigerants, as well as the several operating and geometric parameters on the behaviour of capillary tubes used in refrigeration systems. In order to analyse the effect of different approaches for two-phase flow, it was developed two models (separated flow model and homogeneous model) for mathematical simulation of refrigerant flow through adiabatic capillary tubes. Models validation using both experimental and literature data shows that the two models are suitable for such simulation, with the same error level in relation to experimental data. It was also noticed that it is necessary to perform more comprehensive studies on the delay of vaporisation and capillary tube outlet shocking flow phenomena. Finally, it was performed a comparative study on the performance of HCFC 22, R-407C and R-410A, which indicates that R-407C is suitable both for retrofitting actual equipment and for new ones, while R-410A is suitable only for new equipment.
Suzuki, Eliane Hayashi. "Avaliação do conforto térmico e do nível de CO2 em edifícios de escritório com climatização artificial na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-10012011-101735/.
Full textThermal comfort and indoor air quality are important factors to be considered during building design and operation. This study aims to evaluate thermal environment conditions during air conditioning system operation through field measurements in summer. The survey was conducted in nine office buildings with mechanical cooling in São Paulo. Measurement strategy and statistical determination of the number of samples per building were determined in accordance to the results of initial measurements. Environmental parameters data was collected with corresponding instrumentation in buildings and then compared with the levels required by national and international standards for thermal comfort and indoor air quality in order to verify air distribution efficiency in regard of pollutants removal, based on carbon dioxide concentration, and the provision of comfort through the analysis of variables such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. The results showed that most of the sample fitted into the categories of thermal environment established by the standards and that there is potential for saving energy in air-conditioned buildings in Sao Paulo.
Celline, Paulo Rogério. "Estudo experimental da influência de sistema de ventilação personalizada instalado na poltrona na dispersão de partículas expiratórias em cabine de aeronave." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-11072017-132626/.
Full textAircraft cabins have been developed in order to make the onboard environment more acceptable and comfortable for their users. In the present work, the influence of a personalized ventilation system installed on the armchair in the dispersion of expiratory particles was studied in a 12-seat mock-up, which reproduces the interior of a commercial aircraft with four seats per row. The tests were performed with inlet air temperature into the cabin at 18°C, corresponding to a slight cold sensation, and inlet air temperature of the customized system at 24°C with a flow rate of 3.0 l/s. Particles simulating a person sneezing were injected at two points in the bottom of the cabin, respectively, in the seat near the fuselage and in the one near the corridor, 1.10m from the floor, which corresponds to the breathing zone. Particle counting was carried out in the row seats immediately in front of the particles\' injection point, i.e. in the middle row of the mock-up, where the custom ventilation system is installed, respectively, in the seat near the fuselage and in that one near the aisle. Measurements for the mapping of temperature and air velocities profiles were also performed. The results showed that the particle dispersion is strongly influenced by the custom ventilation system and the particle injection point. The amount of expiratory particles in the cabin was always greater when the injection was done by the seat near the aisle. This occurs due to the mixing ventilation system of cabin, with air exhaust located nearby the fuselage low part. The personalized ventilation evaluated on the fuselage seat and the aisle seat was able to reduce by 40% and 65%, respectively, the amount of expiratory particles in the breathing zone in these seats. Moreover, when the custom system is working along the corridor, the particle reduction across the row is nearly 60% less compared to the custom system, when it is off.
Santos, Eduardo Oliveira dos. "Dimensionamento e avaliação do ciclo de refrigeração de sistema de climatização automotivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3149/tde-26122014-175721/.
Full textHuman being spends a large amount of energy to satisfy its comfort needs. In the automotive applications, air conditioning is the second larger energy consumption system, after the mobility system itself. The refrigeration system for automotive application has peculiar characteristics, which are different from other refrigeration systems (e.g. buildings, food refrigeration, etc). In an automotive application, variation of several conditions are highly significant, such as the sun load, ambient temperature and humidity, the number and position of the occupants inside the vehicle, different engine loads and speeds and so on. The system must, therefore, be designed to operate satisfactorily under all these conditions and to provide thermal comfort with smallest possible energy consumption. The objective of this work is to present the project and simulation of a refrigeration cycle for a compact size vehicle in order to meet thermal load requirements of a specific wind tunnel test. From the thermal load, the refrigeration cycle is designed according to a design procedure, which includes the sizing of main components such as compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device. The results of the calculations are compared with the actual vehicle design. The performance evaluation is achieved by using a proposed simulation procedure, and the simulation results are compared with the actual vehicle test results. The study is conducted on the refrigerating system of a 4-door compact size vehicle locally manufactured, which was submitted to a refrigeration cycle performance test in a wind tunnel. The design procedure can be used for sizing a baseline refrigeration cycle. The results achieved with the proposed simulation model are acceptable. The model can be used to predict the impact of a modification in refrigeration cycle such as a component change, or even to predict the system balance point under different operating conditions. The application of the model is restricted to the range of validation of the component semiempirical models, so that the use beyond these limits is not recommended. The range of application, however, is wide enough to accommodate most of the operating conditions found in the vehicular refrigeration applications.
Inatomi, Thais Aya Hassan. "Análise da eficiência energética do sistema de condicionamento de ar com distribuição pelo piso em ambiente de escritório, na cidade de São Paulo, utilizando o modelo computacional Energyplus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-07102008-110310/.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to evaluate the energy performance of the Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) system at office buildings, considering different air loops design and economizer cycles while keeping thermal comfort for the weather data of São Paulo city, Brazil. Simulations were held using the EnergyPlus software version 2.1.0.023, since its numerical models can well represent UFAD systems and economizer cycles. One chamber representing an office room was used as reference for the simulation models. This chamber was developed by Leite (2003) to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the UFAD system. The curves of temperature distribution obtained from simulation were similar to those experimentally obtained by Leite (2003). Simulations were performed for two different air loops (with and without return air bypass) combined with three different outside air controls. The São Paulo weather data analysis demonstrates that the outside air flow can be increased with the use of economizer cycles, reducing electric energy consumption of the UFAD system. The results of this research indicate that there is a tight relationship between the system air loop design, economizer cycle control and weather data, which reveals that the combination between these parameters can reduce about 34,5% the electric energy consumption of UFAD system at São Paulo city.
Dombrosky, Robson Fernandes. "Eficientização de um sistema de climatização aeroportuário a partir do uso da termoacumulação." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4050.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2015-06-26T22:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 43.pdf: 3316113 bytes, checksum: 59a696189af2b9803f0adedd6828d93e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Banco Santander / Banespa
O trabalho apresenta um estudo do sistema de climatização do aeroporto da cidade de Porto Alegre, visando determinar e mensurar as oportunidades de redução dos seus custos operacionais utilizando o tanque de termoacumulação já existente, recurso que por razões diversas encontra-se atualmente inoperante. Para possibilitar uma avaliação global do comportamento do sistema em estudo, tanto a edificação do terminal de passageiros quanto os equipamentos integrantes da sua planta de climatização foram modelados e simulados através do programa EnergyPlus, com uso de arquivo climático específico para a cidade de Porto Alegre. As simulações ratificaram as previsões de que o sistema de climatização do aeroporto de Porto Alegre trabalha atualmente com custos de operação superiores àqueles que poderiam ser obtidos caso o sistema de termoacumulação estivesse em operação. A economia integrada ao longo de um ano pela redução de custos com as faturas de energia do aeroporto atingiu R$ 312.206,00. Ficou evidente que a redução da demanda e consumo de energia em horário de ponta são as parcelas com maior representatividade na diminuição dos custos operacionais do sistema de climatização do aeroporto, respondendo, respectivamente, por 77% e 18% sobre todas as economias obtidas nas faturas de energia após o uso da termoacumulação. Constatouse que além da redução nos valores pagos pela utilização de energia elétrica em horário de ponta, a participação da termoacumulação possibilita também redução no consumo energético dos equipamentos da planta de climatização, motivada por estratégias de operação mais eficientes. Desta forma, considerando apenas os meses de verão, as simulações apontaram uma redução média de 11% no consumo referente aos equipamentos da planta de climatização. Se para o mesmo período forem também contabilizadas as economias devido redução de demanda e consumo em horário de ponta dos equipamentos de climatização, a redução total sobre a fatura de energia do aeroporto a partir do uso da termoacumulação situase em 30%. Outra importante questão relacionada ao uso da termoacumulação diz respeito à ampliação da capacidade frigorífica que a mesma proporciona ao sistema de climatização, efeito de elevada relevância para fazer frente ao aumento na movimentação de passageiros da aviação civil dos últimos anos. Nesse sentido, as simulações apontaram um incremento de cerca de 25% na capacidade de refrigeração da planta atual, após participação do tanque de termoacumulação. Tal efeito representa notória contribuição ao aumento da longevidade das instalações existentes, limitando ou eliminando a necessidade de maiores intervenções para aumento de capacidade de refrigeração da planta até o momento em que o terminal de passageiros venha a sofrer ampliações mais significativas.
The study presents the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) used in Porto Alegre city airport, aiming cost reductions opportunities due to its cool storage tank operation, a feature that for various reasons is currently out use. To enable a comprehensive assessment of the system’s behavior, both the passenger terminal building and HVAC equipment were modeled and simulated using the EnergyPlus software, along with the weather file that contains Porto Alegre’s meteorological data. The simulations have reaffirmed the predictions that Porto Alegre’s airport HVAC system is currently working with operating costs above those that could be obtained if the cool storage system were in operation. The integrated economy over a year by reducing costs to the electricity bills from the airport reached R$ 312.206,00. It became notorious that the reduction of demand and energy consumption during the peak hours are the most representative from all economies, accounting respectively for 77% and 18% of the total energy bills savings after cool storage tank operation. It was found that, besides the reduction in the amounts paid for electricity at peak hours, the participation of cool storage also enables reduction in energy consumption for HVAC plant equipments, driven by more efficient operating strategies. Thus, considering only the summer months, the simulations showed an average reduction of 11% in HVAC plant equipment consumption. As for the same period, if it is also accounted for the savings due to electric demand and consumption reduction during peak hours, the total energy bill reduction for the airport after applying the cool storage tank stands at 30%. Another important issue related to the use of cool storage is the HVAC cooling capacity increase, very relevant if considering the terminal passenger handling increase along last years. In that sense, the simulations showed a 25% increase in cooling capacity for the current system after the cool storage has joined the HVAC plant. This effect is a noticeable contribution to the existing installations longevity, as it limits or eliminates the need for further increase in the airport cooling capacity, not until the time when the passenger terminal may suffer significant enlargements.
Fernández, Caso María Victoria. "Las condiciones del cambio en la enseñanza de la geografía. Análisis de las innovaciones operadas en el temario de la geografía escolar por un grupo de docentes que participó de la capacitación en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante 2002-2004." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4670.
Full textEn cuanto a las condiciones del cambio que se desprenden del análisis, las asociadas a la dimensión socio-cultural, revelan los motivos por los que la asignatura es percibida como encargada de enseñar toponimia y regiones y procedimientos acordes como la localización en un mapa y se destaca el papel que ha tenido la propia disciplina como productora de un saber generador de discursos naturalizantes sobre las sociedades y los territorios.
En el plano epistemológico, los discursos escolares no son transposiciones directas de los discursos disciplinares, porque el campo de la didáctica de la geografía se fue construyendo como lugar de encuentro, decantación y circulación no solo de tópicos sobre el territorio afines con ciertas tradiciones teóricas -sobre todo la regional y la geopolítica-, sino también de una variedad de visiones provenientes de otras fuentes -el ensayo histórico y sociológico, el saber estadístico y geológico, las elaboraciones de los círculos diplomáticos y militares- cuyos discursos la didáctica se ha ocupado de canonizar como contenido escolar. De acuerdo con la investigación, los fundamentos de la epistemología escolar del docente innovador hacen foco en la significatividad-relevancia del contenido y esta idea actúa como criterio guía en las elecciones relativas al temario escolar: atención al contexto socio-cultural, vinculación del grupo de alumnos con el tema-problema, potencialidad del tema-problema para desarrollar debates sobre valores y presencia del tema-problema en la agenda pública.
En la dimensión de la enseñanza, reconocer el trasfondo de permanencia presente en la epistemología práctica de los docentes, permite una mirada y una valoración más certera de los alcances de las innovaciones que van operándose en el currículum.
En el plano de la formación inicial, acortar la brecha entre geografía académica y geografía escolar es clave para superar las deficiencias de la formación en didáctica de las ciencias sociales, tanto en sus aspectos epistemológico-disciplinares como pedagógicos. Se ratifica la necesidad de producir fuertes transformaciones en la formación inicial, para desmantelar las visiones cerradas acerca de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, la concepción de la asignatura como continente de todo el saber relevante, pasible si acaso de retoques posteriores y para desmontar la lógica que considera que los fundamentos teóricos de la formación son universales y válidos para todo tiempo y lugar.
En el plano de la formación continua, el análisis permite validar la idea que la capacitación es inherente a la innovación. Se destaca la necesidad de que la capacitación no opere a modo de barniz o de legitimación de prácticas, para que en los espacios de formación se recuperen las formas en las que los docentes conciben la enseñanza de la geografía y en ese marco poner en cuestión, sin desautorizar, las prácticas. Visualizar la capacitación como problematización de la enseñanza y no como mero cuestionamiento de las prácticas vigentes, permite considerar los problemas de la enseñanza como punto de llegada y no de partida de la formación continua, desnaturalizar las prácticas y plantear otros modos de vinculación con el conocimiento.
The research examines an innovative experience undertaken by a group of high-school teachers trained at the Center for Anticipatory Learning Techniques (Centro de Pedagogías de Anticipación, CePA) of Buenos Aires City, who were not initially university graduates, in order to explore the conditions surrounding curricular change through the identification, analysis and interpretation of the conceptual and practical dimensions underpinning their experience. This study seeks to prove the premise that curricular innovation does not merely depend on the question of learning methodologies - generally deemed the most effective means to achieve it - and it portends that a key factor in bringing about innovation is the environment where knowledge is born and organized.
As to the conditions for change that emerge from the analysis, it is noted that changes relating to socio-cultural factors explain why geography courses are perceived mainly as a means for teaching geographical names, regions and related procedures such as searching locations on a map, thereby turning geography courses into an important source of knowledge from a perspective that seeks to explain societies and territories from a "naturalistic" approach.
At the epistemological level, the study notes that school discourse does not directly mirror disciplinary discourse. The teaching of geography has evolved as a building process for meeting, dissecting and circulating not only territorial topics stemming from some theoretical assumptions (mainly from the regional and geopolitical perspectives), but also from a variety of visions that reflect prevailing historical and sociological analyses, statistics, geological facts, as well as military and diplomatic rationalizations that filtered into school teaching contents.
It is clear from the research that the epistemological foundation on which the examined group of innovative teachers proceeded focussed on the significance and relevance of teaching contents: these became the guiding principles for the selection of school subjects. Central to this approach was the socio-cultural context - the relationship of the group of students to the subject/issue; the possible development of the subject/issue as a point of departure for debating values; and the presence of the subject/issue in the public agenda.
It is stated that from a teacher´s perspective, acknowledging the existence of a contextual background in the teachers´ epistemological practice opens the way to a wider and more accurate assessment of the innovations that are incorporated into the curriculum than has been the case in the absence of such recognition. At the initial levels of training, reducing the gap between academic and school geography is essential to correct the existing deficits in social sciences, both in their epistemological and disciplinary aspects and in their pedagogical dimension. Significant changes should be applied at the initial school training stages to eliminate closed visions of teaching and learning processes and to dismiss the idea that the course is the repository of all relevant knowledge, subject only to minor future modifications, if at all. Changes belie the logic according to which the theoretical underpinnings of training remain universally valid at all times.
At the level of continuous education, the analysis validates the notion that capacity-building is inherent to innovation. It is stressed that training should not be used as a thin layering that legitimizes existing practices and perpetuates them in order to avoid critical reassessments. If training is approached as raising problems in teaching and not merely questioning prevailing practices, it is possible to conceive of teaching problems as a point of arrival, rather than a point of departure in continuous education, thus opening the way to the transformation of practices and the search for other ways of relating to knowledge.
Santos, Eric Ferreira dos. "Sistema híbrido de resfriamento evaporativo e compressão a vapor para condicionamento do ar em veículos." Universidade de Taubaté, 2011. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=273.
Full textAssemble the air conditioning by indirect vapor-compression, using refrigerant R134a, the principle of evaporative cooling direct cooling, was the subject focus of the work. The vapor compression cooling results in the delivery of air conditioning under conditions of comfort that can be changed significantly if we add the results, the conditioning by evaporative cooling. The observation of the experiments are bases on psychometric processes involved, combining the adiabatic saturation of air in the evaporative cooling effect of the combined refrigerator of the difference in enthalpy at the inlet and outlet of the evaporator in the conventional cooling cycle. It was possible to evaluate the reduction of the coefficient of performance and cooling capacity increase due to the increase of compressor speed. During the serial aligned pads evaporative cooling and vapor compression test, there was a decrease of the effectiveness evaporative cooler, when the air flow was added, in addition, it was increased the cooling capacity according to the association of the two systems, with no significant increase the power supplied.
Buoro, Anarrita Bueno. "Conforto térmico e eficiência energética em hotéis econômicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16132/tde-21012010-161120/.
Full textThis work aims to evaluate the energy efficiency and comfort level, in airconditioned environments of budget hotels, from international chains, in São Paulo, Brazil. The evaluation was directed to the apartments which are the hotels main product featuring air conditioning, even though the climate conditions and usage profile dont determine its need. One hotel from an international chain was chosen as a case study based on research of budget hotels main features. The hotel had its thermal performance evaluated through air temperature and humidity measurements, in two apartments, for five days. Its physical characteristics were inputted into the TAS NG (2005) software as a base model for simulations. The measurements results defined the criteria used in the parametric model, resulting in a total of seven scenarios with different characteristics such as glass, internal shades, ventilating rates and period. Considering São Paulos climatic conditions, the physical and occupational characteristics of the apartments, it was verified that it is possible to reach thermal comfort without the use of air conditioning. The evaluating criterion used in these conditions was an adaptive model from the ASHRAE 55 (2004) Norm. Data from the most representative days of summer and winter were used in the analysis. There was also an evaluation of the energy consumption of the air condition- ing system, used for cooling and heating purposes, for a period of one year. The results favored the proposal for project recommendations for this typology, seeking solutions to improve the capacity to harness the favorable natural conditions to obtain thermal comfort, allowing for energy consumption reduction due to air conditioning. To illustrate the recommendations some preliminary studies were prepared for the apartments and pavement type, considering the integration of the air conditioning system with architectural design solutions that favor a better energy performance of budget hotels or of any other category.