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Journal articles on the topic 'Airlift Reactor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hudson, Adam D., David A. Sanders, Giles E. Tewkesbury, Howard Cawte, and John W. Hinks. "Simulation of a high recirculation airlift reactor for steady-state operation." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 5-6 (1996): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0535.

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This paper describes a new mathematical model of the fluid dynamic processes in a high recirculation airlift reactor. The model was created to provide information to assist in the design of a reactor, in particular considering the selection of parameters to adjust in order to achieve a steady state solution. The modelling of two phase-flow of air and water in small scale airlift bio-reactors is considered. This modelling was applied to the high recirculation airlift reactor process. A new computer simulation was created and a test program performed to evaluate the models used. The results of this evaluation are presented. The evaluation showed that variation of the superficial gas velocity or the simultaneous variation of the downcomer and riser diameters could be used to produce a steady-state design solution.

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2

Zhang, Tao, and Chaohai Wei. "A New Developed Airlift Reactor Integrated Settling Process and Its Application for Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification Nitrogen Removal." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/345725.

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This study presented the performance of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process using a new developed hybrid airlift reactor which integrated the activated sludge reaction process in the airlift reactor and the sludge settling separation process in the clarifier. The proposed reactor was started up successfully after 76 days within which the COD and total nitrogen removal rate can reach over 90% and 76.3%, respectively. The effects of different COD/N and DO concentrations on the performance of reactor were investigated. It was found that the influent COD/N maintained at 10 was sufficient for SND and the optimum DO concentration for SND was in the range of 0.5 to 0.8 mg L−1. Batch test demonstrated that both macroscopic environment caused by the spatial DO concentration difference and microscopic environment caused by the stratification of activated sludge may be responsible for the SND process in the reactor. The hybrid airlift reactor can accomplish SND process in a single reactor and in situ automatic separation of sludge; therefore, it may serve as a promising reactor in COD and nitrogen removal fields.

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3

Han, Mei, Arto Laari, and Tuomas Koiranen. "Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Performance of Annulus-Rising Airlift Reactor — The Effect of Reactor Scale." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 1 (2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.1.629.

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4

Yavari, Mohsen, Sirous Ebrahimi, Valeh Aghazadeh, and Mohammad Ghashghaee. "Kinetics of different bioreactor systems with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans for ferrous iron oxidation." Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 128, no. 2 (2019): 611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-019-01660-3.

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Abstract The relative performance of two biofilm-based airlift reactors using different kinds of packing materials and one fixed bed biofilm reactor with a homemade packing material of high specific area (~ 1000 m2/m3) was addressed. The bioreactors operated under ferrous iron loading rates in the range of 8–120 mol Fe(II)/m3 h. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells immobilized in the three bioreactors afforded the reactions for an extended period of 120 days of continuous operation at the dilution rates of 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, 1 and 1.2 h−1. The maximum ferrous iron oxidation rates achieved in this study at a hydraulic residence time of 1.2 h were about 91, 68 and 51 mol Fe(II)/m3 h for the fixed bed, airlift1, and airlft2 bioreactors. The performance data from the fixed-bed bioreactor offered a higher potential for ferrous iron oxidation because of fast biofilm development, the formation of a thick biofilm, and lower sensitivity to shear, which enhanced the startup time of the bioreactor and the higher reactor productivity. Proper kinetic models were also presented for both the startup period and the steady-state process.

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5

Frijters, C. T. M. J., M. Silvius, J. Fischer, R. Haarhuis, and R. Mulder. "Full-scale applications for both COD and nutrient removal in a CIRCOX® airlift reactor." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 8-9 (2007): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.248.

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The airlift reactor technology has been successfully applied at full scale for both COD and nitrogen removal. In this study, the results of the biofilm development and biological performance of two full scale reactors are discussed. At Paulaner Brewery in Munich, the airlift reactor was applied for COD and ammonia removal of anaerobically treated wastewater. In the other case the airlift reactor was applied as a pretreatment of nitrogen removal by the Anammox process. Water from a Tannery company in Lichtenvoorde in the Netherlands, The Hulshof Royal Dutch Tanneries, was pretreated anaerobically for COD removal and aerobically to remove the sulphides as sulphur. In an airlift reactor the ammonia was partially oxidised to nitrite. In both cases the granular biomass developed well; the concentrations amounted to 250 ml/L and 500 ml/L respectively. In the first case, 4 kg/m3/day of COD was removed, the soluble concentration of COD was less than 250 mg/L. The nitrification to nitrate was nearly complete and amounted to 0.5 kg NH4-N/m3/day. In the second application, 50% of the ammonia (on average 0.45 kg N/m3/d) was nitrified to nitrite. This process was easily controlled by regulating the amount of air according to the nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the effluent. It can be concluded that in both cases the particular processes were very stable and easy to operate.

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6

Santoso, Arif Dwi, Abdil H.S, and Diyono . "KRETERIA DESAIN FOTOBIOREAKTOR SISTEM AIRLIFT REACTOR." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 11, no. 1 (2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v11i1.1219.

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Global warming has become an increasingly important issue around the world today due to the rise of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emission, which gives several negative impacts on human life. There are some techniques have been studied and assessed i.e. physical mechanism by injected CO2 to the geological formations, chemical mechanism with artificial tree technology and biological mechanism by increasing the primary production through iron enrichment in high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters as well as mixing of water column below the sea surface. Those technologies, which are well known as Carbon Capture Storage ‘(CCS) technology, are expected to be applied to reduce the oncentration of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere and to minimize the global warming. The Center of Environmental Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) will carry out a research concerning CO2 reduction by a phytoplankton culture in a photobioreactor in three years. The main objective of this research is to assess the CO2 uptake capability of tropical phytoplankton. In this paper, we would showed the creteria and design to assembly a photobioreactor esspesially a air lift photobioreactor. To improve performance photobioreaktor, the materials included design criteria and the dynamics of fluids in fotobioreaktor have to considered propoerly. Other the hand, the selection of the most productive species and selection of appropriate media and economically also important to be done. Keywords: global warming, creteria and design, greenhouse gas, air lift photobioreactor

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7

Sun, Shulan, Changjian Liu, Weisheng Wei, and Xiaojun Bao. "Hydrodynamics of an annulus airlift reactor." Powder Technology 162, no. 3 (2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.08.025.

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8

Pollard, D. J., A. P. Ison, P. Ayazi Shamlou, and M. D. Lilly. "Reactor heterogeneity withSaccharopolyspora erythraea airlift fermentations." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58, no. 5 (1998): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980605)58:5<453::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-c.

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9

Wu, Wen-Teng, and Jiumn-Yih Wu. "Airlift reactor with net draught tube." Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 70, no. 5 (1990): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-338x(90)90152-m.

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10

Zhang, Nian, Tiefeng Wang, Zhonghuo Deng, and Jinfu Wang. "Self-oscillations in an airlift reactor." Chemical Engineering Journal 160, no. 1 (2010): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.005.

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11

Frijters, C. T. M. J., D. H. Eikelboom, A. Mulder, and R. Mulder. "Treatment of municipal wastewater in a CIRCOX® airlift reactor with integrated denitrification." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (1997): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0040.

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In this study it was investigated whether the CIRCOX® airlift technology with integrated denitrification was suitable to treat municipal wastewater. The standard CIRCOX® reactor was extended with an anoxic compartment. The sludge on carrier is circulated alternately over the anoxic and oxic compartments by means of an airlift pump. The study was performed in two pilot reactors, a standard CIRCOX® reactor and a CIRCOX® reactor with integrated denitrification. Concerning BOD conversion and nitrification, no differences between the two systems were observed. It was shown that both BOD and nitrogen were removed efficiently. In the effluent, mean soluble BOD concentrations of 7 mg/l were attained at varying COD loading rates. Nitrification was complete in both reactors at temperatures above 15°C and at COD conversion rates of more than 2.5 kg COD/m3/d. Nitrification rates below 15°C were higher as compared to a low loaded activated sludge system. Substrate conversion rates were found to be constant throughout the denitrifying reactor. Denitrification matched the rates theoretically feasible. This could be achieved by controlling the recirculation and the aeration in relation to the loading rate. It can be concluded that the denitrifying CIRCOX® airlift technology seems to be an interesting alternative to treat municipal wastewater.

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12

Hinks, John W., Howard Cawte, David A. Sanders, Adam Hudson, and Christopher N. Dockree. "Prediction of flow rates and stability in large scale airlift reactors." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 5-6 (1996): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0534.

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Large-scale High Recirculation Airlift Reactors have been used to treat biodegradable waste waters since the mid nineteen seventies. The system is particularly attractive for situations where the land to locate wastewater works is restricted. Little is known, however, about the fluid dynamics of the gas-liquid mixture flowing around the reactor. This makes the determination of air injection rates difficult if effluent quality and dynamic stability are to be maintained. When the air injected is not sufficient to maintain stable operation the reactor contents may reverse violently resulting in down time, failure to achieve target discharge quality and possible damage to the reactor itself. As a result many reactor installations operate at air injection rates above those necessary for the biological processes. The extra air injected results in higher capital and process costs. This paper considers the effect of air injection rates on the hydrodynamic stability of Airlift Reactors and a two-phase model is proposed to predict stable operation at a reduced air injection rate. Results are presented which show the effect of reactor design on stability.

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13

Tran, F. T., and R. D. Tyagi. "Mesophilic and Thermophilic Digestion of Municipal Sludge in a Deep-Shaft U-Shaped Bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (1990): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0115.

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Aerobic digestion of primary and secondary sludges was studied in airlift bioreactors at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures. The experimental studies were conducted with a laboratory U-shaped airlift reactor (operating volume = 23 1) and in a pilot U-shaped airlift reactor with an operating volume of 1150 1. In the laboratory reactor, at a lower temperature (6°C) and with a concentrated feed (3 to 4% solids) consisting of primary and secondary municipal sludge, a 30% VSS reduction was achieved with a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 days. A VSS loading rate of 8.2 kg VSS per m3 per day was achieved. This loading is comparable to that obtained in a pure-oxygen sparged mixed reactor. In the pilot plant reactor at mesophilic temperatures (31 to 33°C), a VSS loading rate of 7.9 kg VSS per m3 per day and a VSS reduction of 33% were achieved with a hydraulic retention time of four days.

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14

Pi, Ke Wu, Min Xia, Shi Shi, and Qu Xiao. "Reoxygenation Rate for Airlift Inner Circulation Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1926.

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Airlift inner circulation reactor (AICR) consisting of beaker and built-in aeration tank was introduced in this paper. The Dissolved oxygen recovery (RDO) was highly influenced by the ratios of the height of built-in aeration tank to the height of liquid level in reactor (Rh/H), the diameter of built-in aeration tank to the diameter of the reactor (Rd/D) and aeration rate (QN). Average RDO of 24.25 m.gm-3.s-s and DO concentration of 8.97mg.l-1 were obtained at Rd/D=0.47, Rh/H=0.68 and QN =1.0m3.m-3.min-1 for aerating 370s at 17°C. The total transferred oxygen in 4L deoxidized water reached 35.89mg, which had an increase by 11.15% than that of the traditional airlift reactor (AR). The DO concentration was 88.33-9.34mg.l-1 for AICR, but it’s only 7.71-8.58mg.l-1 for AR.

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15

Rostami, Khosrow, Wenge Fu, and Murray Moo-Young. "Mass Transfer Studies in Stirred AirLift Reactor." Chemical Engineering Communications 192, no. 1 (2005): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440590473281.

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16

Boyadjiev, Christo. "On the modeling of an airlift reactor." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49, no. 13-14 (2006): 2053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.01.015.

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17

Talvy, Samuel, Arnaud Cockx, and Alain Liné. "Modeling hydrodynamics of gas–liquid airlift reactor." AIChE Journal 53, no. 2 (2007): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.11078.

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18

Nicolella, C., M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen. "Mass transfer and reaction in a biofilm airlift suspension reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 53, no. 15 (1998): 2743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00107-9.

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19

Lu, Xiaoping, Jian Ding, Yanru Wang, and Jun Shi. "Comparison of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a modified square airlift reactor with common airlift reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 55, no. 12 (2000): 2257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00473-x.

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20

Patil, Harshad, Ishan Saurav Chandel, Amit K. Rastogi, and Pradeep Srivastava. "Studies on a Novel Bioreactor Design for Chondrocyte Culture." International Journal of Tissue Engineering 2013 (September 11, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/976894.

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A bioreactor system plays an important role in tissue engineering and enables reproduction and controlled changes in the environmental factor. The bioreactor provides technical means to perform controlled processes in safe and reduced reproducible generation of time. Cartilage cells were grown in vitro by mimicking the in vivo condition. The basic unit of cartilage, that is, chondrocyte, requires sufficient shear, strain, and hydrodynamic pressure for regular growth as it is nonvascular tissue. An attempt has been made to design a novel airlift reactor for chondrocyte culture, and the reactor has been evaluated for its performance. The design includes internal loop wavy riser airlift reactor for chondrocyte culture with 5% CO2 sparging which gives a good yield of chondrocyte after 28 days. The wavy riser provides more surfaces for collision of fluid flow so to create the turbulence. Also, the horizontal semicircular baffles create an angle of 180° which helps in high shear rate. The optimized L/D ratio of the designed airlift reactor (for chondrocyte culture) is 5.67, and it also exhibits good mixing performance.

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21

Elhafdi, Mohammed, Abderrahim Dassaas, Mohamed Benchikhi, Hachemi Chenik, Abdelhafid Essadki, and Mohamed Azzi. "ELECTROCOAGULATION/ELECTROFLOTATION OF REAL TEXTILE EFFLUENT: IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROCESS IN NONCONVENTIONAL PILOT EXTERNAL LOOP AIRLIFT REACTOR." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 11 (2020): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i11.2019.462.

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A pilot external-loop airlift reactor (ELAR) of 150 liters was designed and used as a non – conventional reactor to carry out Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation to treat real textile effluents containing disperse and reactive dyes. The designed reactor ensure the recovery of sludge by electroflotation (EF) in which complete flotation of the pollutants is achieved without additional mechanical power in the pilot external-loop airlift reactor (ELAR), using only the overall liquid recirculation induced by H2microbubbles generated by water electrolysis without filtration process. Aluminum, iron electrodes and combined aluminum – iron electrodes were tested. The obtained results were interesting as they would help managing the Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation process in pilot external – loop airlift reactor to remove real textile effluent. The treatment of the mixtures of the real textile dyeing industry is better when using a combination of the electrodes of iron and aluminum providing a better treatment efficiency of 80% and a lower specific energy consumption (50 kWh/kg dye). In order to analyze the by-product of the electrocoagulation (EC) and the treated effluent, different techniques were used to elucidate the role of different kind of anodes especially when the combined iron – aluminum were used simultaneously as sacrificial anodes.

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22

Frijters, C. T. M. J., S. Vellinga, T. Jorna, and R. Mulder. "Extensive nitrogen removal in a new type of airlift reactor." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 4-5 (2000): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0481.

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A new type of CIRCOX® airlift reactor was started-up treating anaerobically pre-treated potato-processing waste water. This type of airlift reactor with biofilms on carrier is an airlift reactor extended with an anoxic compartment to obtain total nitrogen removal. This type of reactor was designed in the early nineties and was tested successfully at pilot-scale on brewery and municipal waste water. The 3 m3 pilot reactor was scaled-up to a size of 130 m3. Both the hydraulics and the biological performance were studied. High liquid velocities and equal concentrations of sludge throughout the whole reactor, indicated that the system was well mixed. Up to 5 kg COD/m3/day was removed. Ammonia was almost completely removed (up to 1.0 kg NH4–N/ m3/day in the aerated compartment). The denitrification efficiency was over 90%. The NOX–N concentration in the effluent never exceeded 6 mg/l. The biofilm layers were extremely dense: 30 g/l of VSS with a sludge volume of 220 ml/l. Therefore the particles had high settling velocities and could easily be retained in the reactor. It can be concluded that this new technology has been scaled-up successfully. With this an aerobic technology is available in which extended treatment and nitrogen removal are accomplished in a very compact system.

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23

Grzywacz, Robert. "Continuous mathematical models of airlift bioreactors: Families, affinity, diversity and modelling for single-substrate kinetics." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 2 (2012): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0027-9.

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Continuous mathematical models of airlift bioreactors: Families, affinity, diversity and modelling for single-substrate kinetics This paper presents a method of describing an airlift bioreactor, in which biodegradation of a carbonaceous substrate described by single-substrate kinetics takes place. Eight mathematical models based on the assumption of liquid plug flow and axial dispersion flow through the riser and the downcomer in the reactor were proposed. Additionally, the impact of degassing zone with assumed complete mixing on the obtained results was analyzed. Calculations were performed for two representative hydrodynamic regimes of reactor operation, i.e. with the presence of gas bubbles only within the riser and for complete gas circulation. The conclusions related to the apparatus design and process performance under sufficient aeration of the reaction mixture were drawn on the basis of the obtained results.

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24

Prasad B.S, Naveen, and Velan M. "Mass Transfer Studies On External Loop Airlift Reactor." International Journal on Applied Bio-Engineering 3, no. 2 (2009): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijabeg.10046.

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25

Korpijarvi, J., P. Oinas, and J. Reunanen. "Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an airlift reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 13-14 (1999): 2255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00439-4.

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26

Beun, J. J., M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen. "Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor." Water Research 36, no. 3 (2002): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00250-0.

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27

Benthum, W. A. J. van, J. M. Garrido, J. P. M. Mathijssen, J. Sunde, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen. "Nitrogen Removal in Intermittently Aerated Biofilm Airlift Reactor." Journal of Environmental Engineering 124, no. 3 (1998): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:3(239).

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28

Dhaouadi, H., S. Poncin, J. M. Hornut, G. Wild, and P. Oinas. "Hydrodynamics of an airlift reactor: Experiments and modeling." Chemical Engineering Science 51, no. 11 (1996): 2625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(96)00127-3.

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29

Kojic, Predrag, Ivana Sijacki, Natasa Lukic, Dragica Jovicevic, Svetlana Popovic, and Dragan Petrovic. "Volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient in an external-loop airlift reactor with inserted membrane." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 22, no. 3 (2016): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq150622041k.

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The effects of the inserted membrane in the downcomer of an external-loop airlift reactor, the gas sparger type (single orifice and sinter plate) and added alcohol (ethanol, n-butanol, or n-hexanol) on the volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (kLa) were studied. Due to the presence of the membrane in the downcomer, kLa did not change significantly; the differences were smaller than 10%. The highest values of the kLa were obtained using the sinter plate. It was found that the addition of small amounts of alcohol increased the mass transfer. Using our experimental results and the data of other authors, the feed-forward back propagation neural network for prediction of kLa in external-loop airlift reactors with alcohol solutions was proposed.

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30

Stumpf, D., H. Zhu, B. Heinzmann, and M. Kraume. "Phosphorus recovery in aerated systems by MAP precipitation: optimizing operational conditions." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 10 (2008): 1977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.549.

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An attractive way of recovering essential phosphorus from digested sludge of a WWTP is the precipitation in the sludge directly, as part of the continuous treatment process. For optimizing the precipitation, 1 litre-batch tests were performed in a model system to examine the MAP-crystallization kinetics. Different parameters such as e.g. the aeration flow rate were investigated. The aim was to find an optimized setting for a pilot reactor for the continuous production of MAP. This reactor performed as an airlift reactor for an improved mixing and stripping the dissolved CO2 and separating the MAP-crystals. The optimal condition for the airlift pilot reactor is given when the air flow rate for mixing the system and for stripping CO2 for a maximum MAP precipitation is aligned with the particle size distribution.

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31

Lara, Gustavo A., Luis Moreno, Yendery Ramírez, and Luis A. Cisternas. "Modeling an Airlift Reactor for the Growing of Microalgae." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (2018): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101812010080.

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Objective: The flow dynamics of an airlift reactor for the growing of microalgae is modeled using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The model is applied to the operation and optimization of the reactor, giving a valuable picture of the liquid movement and carbon dioxide trajectory at different air injection flow rates. Methods: A novel aspect of the model is that air and carbon dioxide are injected at separated locations. Air is injected at the bottom of the reactor and CO2 injection takes place in the downcomer region of the reactor to obtain longer CO2 paths, improving its transference. Results: The results show modeling is a useful tool in the control of the reactor operation; for example, in avoiding the sedimentation of microalgae or for detecting the existence of zones with extremely low CO2 concentrations.

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32

Rossi, MÃ¡rcio JosÃ©, FX Nascimento, AJ Giachini, VL Oliveira, and A. Furigo Jr. "AIRLIFT BIOREACTOR FLUID-DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATIONFOR THE CULTIVATION OF SHEAR STRESS SENSITIVEMICROORGANISMS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 5, no. 2 (2015): 639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v5i2.4846.

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Airlift bioreactors are considered very efficient for aerobic cultivation of microorganisms. In particular, for the cultivation of filamentous fungi, where low shear rates may be required. In this context, the main aim of this study was to design an airlift bioreactor built with an external loop, adequate for biomass production of microbial organisms, including ectomycorrhizal fungi. A 5-L airlift bioreactor was constructed and experimental studies performed under an air-salt solution system (0.15 mol/L NaCl), in order to characterize the reactorÂ´s fluid-dynamic in relation to the superficial gas velocity (Ug) in the range of 0.001 to 0.020 m/s. In order to evaluate the performance of the reactor, a preliminary assay was conducted with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogonnigrescens. Better gas separationreflected in better liquid circulation and higher oxygen transfer (0.0197 1/s at 1 vvm) when compared to an operating, 2.3-L prototype airlift. According to this study, volumetric coefficients for oxygen transfer (kLa) up to 0.020 1/s (specific airflow rates of 1.0 vvm) are sufficient to promote the growth of shear stress sensitive microorganisms, such as ectomycorrhizal fungi.

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33

Wu, Qian, Ma Lin Liu, and Tong Wang Zhang. "Research on Mass Transfer Coefficient Measurement Model of External-Loop Airlift Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2405.

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A mathematical model considering the inter-phase mass transfer both in the down-comer and the riser of an external-loop airlift reactor was established in this paper. The calculated global volumetric mass transfer coefficient based on the assumption of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was different from the local volumetric mass transfer coefficients by the newly proposed mathematical model and the difference was discussed. The effects of mass transfer in the down-comer, the hydrodynamic pressure and the experimental time on the mass transfer coefficient measurement model have been studied in detail. And it was also proved that only the global volumetric mass transfer coefficient, but not the local volumetric mass coefficient, can be obtained from a time-concentration curve in the external-loop airlift reactor.

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34

Tijhuis, L., L. P. M. van der Pluym, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen. "Formation of Biofilms on Small Suspended Particles in Airlift Reactors." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (1992): 2015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0650.

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To overcome the current problems of waste water treatment systems new technologies have to be developed. A promising system is the Biofilm Airlift Suspension-reactor. The aim of these experiments was to determine the effect of dilution rate and acetate loading rate on the early stages of biofilm development in BAS-reactors. During biofilm development bacteria colonize the carrier surface at specific sites in the form of microcolonies which gradually grow out to a full biofilm. Biofilm formation only occurs if the dilution rate is greater than the maximum specific growth rate of the micro-organisms. The yield of biomass on substrate might decrease with decreasing growth rate. More than 95% of the biomass production in the biofilm is transferred by detachment processes to the liquid phase and washed out of the reactor. To elucidate the mechanisms of this detachment processes more experiments are needed.

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35

Roessink, Roy, and Dick H. Eikelboom. "Characterization of suspended solids in/out airlift biofilm-reactors." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (1997): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0056.

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In airlift reactors the biomass is immobilized on small (200-300 μm) carrier particles, suspended in the water phase. If domestic wastewater is treated in these systems, the soluble and colloidal compounds are generally removed with an efficiency of 75±5%. However, the overall treatment results are negatively affected by the high amount of suspended material in the effluent. Different fractions in influent and effluent were analyzed using microscopic techniques and chemical analyses to collect more information about the behavior of suspended solids. Settlable (Se), centrifugable (C), filterable (F) and soluble (So) fractions were obtained by sequential settling, centrifugation and filtration. After correction for sorbed soluble compounds the fractions C, F, and So contributed 30%, 20% and 50% respectively to the COD of presettled wastewater. During periods when biofilms were compact/smooth and the population of protozoa in the reactor was small, size and composition of the C-fraction only slightly changed when passing the reactor. The removal efficiency of this fraction increased from less than 10% to 15-25% if large populations of protozoa were present, which were able to consume more than 99% of the free cells. Additionally, a small amount of settlable compounds (&lt; 20 mg COD/l) was formed in the reactor. This amount increased to 40-60 mg COD/l as soon as the surface of the films changed from smooth to very irregular due to growth of “streamers” and/or filamentous bacteria. Retention of this suspended biomass under these circumstances resulted in the development of an activated sludge process under these circumstances. The advantages of the biofilm process were thus partly lost.

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Potůček, František. "The specific interfacial area in an airlift tower reactor." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 4 (1990): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19900981.

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This study deals with the oxygen transfer in the gas-liquid dispersion systems. The sulfite oxidation method was used to determine the specific interfacial area in the airlift tower reactor with and without motionless mixers. The experimental results obtained were described by the correlation equations and compared with those already published in the literature.

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Jin, Ren-Cun, Ping Zheng, Qaisar Mahmood, and Lei Zhang. "Performance of a nitrifying airlift reactor using granular sludge." Separation and Purification Technology 63, no. 3 (2008): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.012.

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Ryan, Daniel R., Winston D. Leukes, and Stephanie G. Burton. "Fungal Bioremediation of Phenolic Wastewaters in an Airlift Reactor." Biotechnology Progress 21, no. 4 (2008): 1068–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp049558r.

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van Benthum, W. A. J., R. G. J. M. van der Lans, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen. "Bubble recirculation regimes in an internal-loop airlift reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 18 (1999): 3995–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00097-4.

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Blažej, M., G. M. Cartland Glover, S. C. Generalis, and J. Markoš. "Gas–liquid simulation of an airlift bubble column reactor." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 43, no. 2 (2004): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(03)00010-2.

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Obradovic, B., A. Dudukovic, and G. Vunjak-Novakovic. "Response Data Analysis of a Three Phase Airlift Reactor." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 75, no. 5 (1997): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026387697523976.

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Mosquera-Corral, A., A. Montràs, J. J. Heijnen, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Degradation of polymers in a biofilm airlift suspension reactor." Water Research 37, no. 3 (2003): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00309-3.

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Gonzalez-Contreras, P., J. Weijma, and C. J. N. Buisman. "Bioscorodite Crystallization in an Airlift Reactor for Arsenic Removal." Crystal Growth & Design 12, no. 5 (2012): 2699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg300319s.

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Schlötelburg, Cord, Milan Popovic, Michail Gluz, and Jose C. Merchuk. "Characterization of an airlift reactor with helical flow promoters." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 77, no. 5 (1999): 804–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450770504.

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Oey, Ridwan S., Robert F. Mudde, and Harrie E. A. Van Den Akker. "Numerical Simulations of an Oscillating Internal-loop Airlift Reactor." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 81, no. 3-4 (2008): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450810347.

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Huang, Zi-Bin, and Zhen-Min Cheng. "Liquid circulation hydrodynamics in an external loop airlift reactor." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 91, no. 2 (2011): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20696.

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Fu, C. C., L. S. Fan, and W. T. Wu. "Flow Regime Transitions in an Internal-Loop Airlift Reactor." Chemical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 8 (2007): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700017.

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Li, S., T. Qi, Y. Zhang, and C. Liu. "Hydrodynamics of a Multi-Stage Internal Loop Airlift Reactor." Chemical Engineering & Technology 32, no. 1 (2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700414.

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Räsänen, Markus, Tero Eerikäinen, and Heikki Ojamo. "Characterization and hydrodynamics of a novel helix airlift reactor." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 108 (October 2016): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2016.07.006.

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Tekic, Miodrag, Ivana Sijacki, Milenko Tokic, et al. "Hydrodynamics of a self-agitated draft tube airlift reactor." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 1 (2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120627102t.

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The main hydrodynamic characteristics of a novel-constructed, self-agitated draft tube airlift reactor (DT-ALR) were investigated. Ten impellers, driven only by the means of gas throughput and induced liquid circulation, were inserted in the draft tube. The insertion of impellers caused bubble breakup and reduction of both mean bubble size and coalescence, even under the conditions of high gas throughputs. Although the impellers induced energy losses, the resistance to the flow was relatively lower due to their rotation, unlike the internals used in other research reported in the literature. In comparison to the conventional configuration of a DT-ALR, it was found that the presence of impellers led to significant changes in hydrodynamics: riser gas holdup and mixing time increased, while overall gas holdup and liquid velocity in the downcomer decreased.

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