Academic literature on the topic 'Akrilamidas'

Kopi adalah minuman terkemuka di seluruh dunia setelah air mineral. Manfaat dan risikonya masih menjadi kontroversi dikarenakan bukti yang tersedia dapat diandalkan untuk mendukung potensi mempromosikan kesehatan. Minum kopi dikaitkan dengan manfaat kesehatan dan energi, seperti hidup lebih lama dan mengurangi risiko banyak penyakit. Namun, akrilamida terbentuk sebagai produk sampingan ketika biji kopi dipanggang. Tingkat akrilamida dalam kopi instan memiliki dua kali dibandingkan dengan kopi panggang. Badan Internasional untuk Penelitian Kanker (IARC) telah mengklasifikasikan akrilamida sebagai ''karsinogenik pada manusia'' meskipun efek toksikologi akrilamida masih dipelajari pada model hewan. Kandungan akrilamida rata-rata 250 μg / kg dalam setiap 50 g kopi bubuk yang diseduh dari 6-8 gelas yang kita minum akan terpapar akrilamida 12,5 mg. Namun, hubungan antara asupan akrilamida dan kanker pada manusia belum terbukti. Kandungan polifenol dalam kopi yang menghambat proses oksidasi yang berbahaya dalam tubuh, membantu melawan zat karsinogenik dalam kopi meskipun kita masing-masing minum kopi sambil mengonsumsi akrilamida. Kopi panggang yang diolah sendiri dan diambil tanpa gula mungkin memiliki kandungan polifenol tinggi dan tingkat akrilamida tidak besar. Jadi, jika Anda seorang peminum kopi, buat kopi sendiri dan minum tanpa gula.Kata kunci: Kopi, akrilamida, karsinogenik, kanker

Akrilamida merupakan zat karsinogenik yang terbentuk akibat proses pemanasan suhu tinggi dan kelembaban rendah pada makanan yang kaya akan karbohidrat. Akrilamida paling banyak ditemukan pada produk nabati olahan seperti kentang (kentang goreng dan keripik kentang), serealia (kukis dan roti) serta kopi. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh waktu pemanggangan terhadap kadar akrilamida pada pisang raja uli (Musa paradisiaca L.). Penetapan kadar akrilamida dilakukan menggunakan metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) pada pisang raja uli yang dipanggang selama 20 menit, 25 menit, dan 30 menit dengan suhu 150ᵒC. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kadar akrilamida pada kelompok kontrol (pisang tanpa perlakuan) yaitu sebesar 1,735 ppm, pada pemanggangan sampel pisang selama 20 menit sebesar 1,198 ppm, pada sampel pisang yang dipanggang selama 25 menit sebesar 2,276 ppm, pada sampel pisang yang dipanggang selama 30 menit sebesar 0,917 ppm. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kadar akrilamida tertinggi terdapat pada pisang raja uli yang dipanggang selama 25 menit dengan nilai signifikansi P sebesar 0,312 yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antar kelompok perlakuan waktu pemanggangan terhadap kadar akrilamida.

Penelitian ini dilakukan karena sebelumnya belum ada laporan tentang metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) Densitometri untuk analisis akrilamida dalam ubi jalar goreng. Hasil penelitian menggunakan lempeng KLT silika gel 254 menunjukkan bahwa retardation factor berkisar 0,4-0,5 dengan eluen metanol: benzena (2:1) dan dianalisis di panjang gelombang maksimum 200 nm. Linieritas standar akrilamida diuji dalam rentang konsentrasi 120-300 ppm dan koefisien korelasi (r) lebih besar dari 0,99, dengan batas deteksi 17,45 ppm dan batas kuantitatif 52,36 ppm. Persiapan sampel dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi pelarut menggunakan etanol 70%. Presisi memberikan hasil 2,67% dan nilainya lebih kecil dari 16% sesuai literatur. Persen recorvery 98,18% dan sesuai dengan literature yaitu 98% -102%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode KLT Densitometri pada penentuan akrilamida selektif, presisi, dan akurat dimana pada penetapan kadar akrilamida pada ubi jalar goreng mengandung akrilamida sangat sedikit dimana konsentrasinya kurang dari 230,32 ng sehingga sampel ini sangat aman untuk dikonsumsi.

PEMBUATAN KOMPOSIT POLIMER SUPERABSORBEN DENGAN MESIN BERKAS ELEKTRON. Polimer superabsorben adalah suatu polimer yang dapat mengabsorpsi air dan mempunyai daya serap sampai beberapa kali lipat dibandingkan berat polimernya. Polimer superabsorben dapat dimanfaatkan dalam banyak bidang diantaranya pembungkus makanan, teknik konstruksi, industri kimia, pengolahan limbah dan bahan pembuat sensor. Bahan utama polimer superabsorben adalah poliakrilamida. Poliakrilamida mempunyai kekurangan dalam kekuatan fisik dan kestabilan terhadap suhu. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan pembuatan komposit polimer superabsorben menggunakan monomer akrilamida dan zeolit alam. Komposit polimer superabsorben dibuat dengan proses polimerisasi dan grafting akrilamida dengan zeolit alam menggunakan iradiasi mesin berkas elektron. Variabel yang dipelajari adalah dosis radiasi 15; 25; 28; 35; 48 kGy dan perbandingan akrilamida terhadap zeolit 0,5 : 1; 1 : 1; 2:1. Bertambahnya dosis radiasi akan meningkatkan konversi komposit yang dihasilkan dan kapasitas absorpsi polimer superabsorben. Setelah tercapai ikatan polimer yang sempurna, penambahan dosis radiasi akan menurunkan kapasitas absorpsi. Semakin besar perbandingan akrilamida terhadap zeolit akan menaikkan konversi komposit yang dihasilkan dan kapasitas absorpsi.

ABSTRACTAcrylamide has been classified as a cancer causing compound or potentially carcinogenic in humans. Acrylamide is produced from foods that contain high carbohydrates with temperatures over 1200C in processing. One of foods that are popular and potentially produce acrylamide compounds was fried potato. This study aims to determine the levels of acrylamide contained in french fries using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Samples were obtained from 3 fast food restaurants in the City of Manado. In this study the analysis of acrylamide compounds from 3 samples were carried out at 267 nm wavelength using an aquadest blank with 2 repetitions. The estimated result of three samples are K samples of 0.69 µg/g, M of 0.58 µg/g, and T samples of 0.67 µg/g. The three samples did not contain acrylamide because the levels obtained were still below the detection limit (LOD) of 1.54 µg/g. Keywords: Acrylamide, French Fries, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Fast Food Restaurants in Manado. ABSTRAKAkrilamida telah diklasifikasikan sebagai senyawa yang menyebabkan kanker atau berpotensi sebagai karsinogenik pada manusia. Akrilamida dihasilkan dari makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat tinggi dengan suhu lebih dari 1200C pada pengolahannya. Makanan yang banyak digemari serta berpotensi menghasilkan senyawa akrilamida salah satunya adalah kentang goreng. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan kadar akrilamida yang terkandung dalam kentang goreng dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Sampel diperoleh dari 3 restoran cepat saji di Kota Manado. Pada penelitian ini analisis senyawa akrilamida dari 3 sampel dilakukan pada panjang gelombang 267 nm menggunakan blanko aquadest dengan 2 kali pengulangan. Hasil perhitungan dari ketiga sampel adalah sampel K sebesar 0,69 µg/g, M sebesar 0,58 µg/g, dan sampel T sebesar 0,67 µg/g. Ketiga sampel tidak mengandung akrilamida karena kadar yang didapat masih berada di bawah batas deteksi (LOD) yang didapat yaitu 1,54 µg/g. Kata Kunci: Akrilamida, Kentang Goreng, Spektrofotometri UV-Vis, Restoran cepat saji di Manado

Makalah ini berisi tinjauan komprehensif terhadap literatur tentang proses penyangraian kopi dan pembentukan akrilamida sebagai hasil sampingan proses pengolahan biji kopi diterbitkan antara tahun 2008 hingga 2018. bagian besar penelitian bersifat empiris dan sebagian besar studi berfokus pada proses pengolahan kopi dan efek akrilamida pada kesehatan tubuh. Temuan penting lainnya, sebagian kajian menganggap bahwa kopi mampu meningkatkan kesehatan tubuh. Ulasan ini menyajikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang manfaat dan bahaya kopi serta pengaruh penyangraian terhadap mutu kopi yang dihasilkan. Tinjauan ini juga menyoroti tentang alat sangrai kopi yang relatif kurang dieksplorasi. Akademisi, peneliti dan kelompok tani dapat menggunakan hasil kajian ini sebagai pedoman dalam menyangrai kopi. Penyangraian dengan waktu dan suhu yang efektif dapat mengurangi pembentukan akrilamida pada kopi, namun perlu kajian literatur terbaru yang berkaitan dengan proses pengolahan kopi terutama pada proses penyangraian.

<p><em>Akrilamida merupakan senyawa kimia terdapat pada kopi yang disangrai pada suhu diatas 120 ˚C, berpotensi menyebabkan kanker pada manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kandungan akrilamida dalam kopi bubuk tradisional dan kopi luwak dengan metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi. Fase gerak yang digunakan asetonitril: aquabidest (15: 85, v/v), dengan detektor Photodioday-Array (PDA) pada ℷ 200 nm. Akrilamida dalam sampel kopi bubuk teridentifikasi pada waktu retensi (tR) ± 6,8 menit. Metode ini terbukti valid dengan linearitas y = 356468 + 293761 x, koefisien korelasi (r) = 0,9993, batas deteksi 1,9901 µg/mL dan batas kuantitasi 6,6337 µg/mL, presisi dengan % SBR = 0,207 %, akurasi dengan % perolehan kembali kopi bubuk tradisional dan kopi bubuk luwak 99 % dan 104 %. Kadar akrilamida dalam sampel kopi bubuk 1 sampai 6 berturut-turut adalah 1115 ± 12,17 µg/g sampel (1), 687 ± 7,58 µg/g sampel (2), 1461 ± 63,89 µg/g sampel (3), 221 ± 3,54 µg/g sampel (4), 128 ± 3,24 µg/g sampel (5), 195 ± 1 µg/g sampel (6). Dari keenam sampel kopi bubuk menunjukkan bahwa kadar akrilamida masing-masing sampel berkisar antara 128 sampai 1461 µg/g. Kadar yang diperoleh melebihi batas aman konsumsi akrilamida yang dikeluarkan oleh WHO</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em>Acrylamide is a chemical compound found in roasted coffee at temperatures above 120 ˚C which can potentially cause cancer in humans. The purpose of this research was to analyze acrylamide contents in traditional ground coffee and civet ground coffee by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. This analysis was carried out by isocratic elution system, the mobile phase of acetonitrile : aquabidest (15 : 85, v/v), using the stationary phase of the Shimadzu Shimpack ODS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm), flow rate of 0.5 mL/minute, injection volume 20 µL, with a Photodioday-Array (PDA) detector at a wavelength of 200 nm. Acrylamide in ground coffee samples was identified at retention time (tR) ± 6.8 minutes. This method is proved valid with the linearity y = 356468 + 293761 x, correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9993, limit of detection 1.9901 µg / mL and limit of quantitation 6.6337 µg / mL, precision with % RSD = 0.207 %, acuracy with % recovery of traditional ground coffee and luwak ground coffee 99 % and 104 %. Acrylamide levels in 1 to 6 ground coffee samples in a row is 1115 ± 12.17 µg / g samples (1), 687 ± 7.58 µg / g samples (2), 1461 ± 63.89 µg / g samples (3), 221 ± 3.54 µg / g sample (4), 128 ± 3.24 µg / g sample (5), 195 ± 1 µg / g sample (6). Of the six ground coffee samples showed that the acrylamide levels of each sample ranged from 128 to 1461 µg / g. The levels obtained exceed the safe limits of acrylamide consumption released by WHO</em></em></p>

Synthesis and Characterization of Superabsorbent from Acrylamide Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is a material that can absorb water in a large amount in a short time. In this research, the polymer has been synthesized from acrylamide monomer (Am) using N,N methylene bisacrylamide (MBA)as a cross-linker and ammonium persulphate (APS) as an initiator. Effects of MBA and APS on the SAP characteristic were studied by varying composition of MBA and APS each of 0.1%-wt, 0.2 %-wt, 0.6 %-wt and 1.0 %-wt. SAP was characterized by measuring its absorption capacity to distilled water. Based on the experiment, the highest absorption capacity for 1 gram SAP is 14.5 gram water. The highest absorption is produced by SAP with APS 0.2 %-wt and MBA 0.6 %-wt. Further studies by using SEM showed that SAP which had high absorption capacity contained a lot of pores with the waving surface. Therefore, the surface contact area between SAP and water is high. Keywords: acrylamide, absorption capacity, superabsorbent polymerAbstrakSuperabsorbent Polymer (SAP) merupakan polimer yang dapat menyerap air dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak. Dalam penelitian ini, polimer tersebut disintesis dari monomer akrilamida menggunakan crosslinker N,N-metilene bisakrilamide (MBA) dan inisiator amonium persulfat (APS). Pengaruh crosslinker dan inisiator terhadap karakteristik SAP dipelajari dengan melakukan variasi komposisi APS dan (MBA) masing-masing sebesar 0,1 %-b, 0,2 %-b, 0,6 %-b, dan 1 %-b. Karakteristik produk SAP dipelajari dengan FTIR untuk menganalisis gugus fungsi yang terbentuk untuk menunjukkan bahwa polimerisasi betul terjadi dan produknya berupa SAP. Pengukuran kemampuan absorpsi SAP terhadap air destilasi menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas absorpsi terbesar yang dihasilkan oleh superabsorbent polymer dari penelitian ini sebesar 14,5 gram air dalam 1 gram produk SAP yang dibuat. Kapasitas terbesar ini dimiliki oleh SAP dengan 0,2 %-b APS dan 0,6 %-b MBA. Studi lebih lanjut dengan SEM menunjukkan bahwa SAP yang memiliki kapasitas absorpsi tertinggi itu mempunyai morfologi permukaan yang berombak dan jumlah pori yang tertinggi sehingga luas permukaan kontak antara SAP dan air juga tertinggi. Kata kunci: akrilamida, kapasitas absorpsi, superabsorbent polymer

Acrylamide is a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound which is formed by the oxidation of the acrolein compound or the as a result of reactions between reducing sugars and asparagine amino acids. Although acrylamide is mostly seen in carbohydrate-based foods, frying, steaming and baking processes lead to formation of acrylamide also in protein containing meat products with composite structure. Type and the cycle of frying oil, the precursors present in the system, the cooking method, temperature, time and storage can be listed as factors affecting acrylamide formation in meat products. The adverse effects of acrylamide on health create a need for application of acrylamide reduction strategies. These strategies encompass the reduction of the precursor substances, heat treatment time and temperature as much as possible, addition of various cations, enzymes, amino acids and antioxidants to the system and removal of the resulting acrylamide compound from the system. In this review, it was aimed to clarify the factors affecting the formation of acrylamide and strategies for reducing the amount of acrylamide in meat products.

Darbo tikslas – įvertinti pienarūgščių bakterijų įtaką akrilamido formavimuisi pusruginės duonos gaminiuose, kurių gamybai naudotos skirtingos PRB (Lactobacillus delbruecki, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus ir Lactobacillus sakei), bei įvertinti RS 190 deaktyvuotų mielių įtaką kvietinių miltų technologinėms savybėms ir kvietinių kepinių kokybei. Nustatyta, kad akrilamido kiekis kepiniuose kito nuo 37,87 ± 0,55 iki 74,64 ± 0,36 µg/kg. Pusruginės duonos kepiniuose, fermentuotose L. delbruecki nustatytas mažiausias akrilamido kiekis, lyginant su kitais pusruginės duonos kepiniais, kurių gamyboje buvo naudotos PRB. PRB proteolitinis aktyvumas yra tiesiogiai susijęs su akrilamido kiekio mažinimu duonos kepiniuose. Kepiniuose, pagamintuose su L. delbruecki (su didžiausiu proteolitiniu aktyvumu) susidarė mažiausias akrilamido kiekis (37,87 ± 0,55 µg/kg), o kepiniuose fermentuotuose P. pentosaceus ir P. acidilactici (su mažiausiu proteolitiniu aktyvumu) nustatytas didžiausias akrilamido kiekis, atitinkamai, 74,64 ± 0,36 ir 63,38 ± 0,98 µg/kg. Atlikus kvietinių miltų su deaktyvuotų mielių priedu ir be priedo farinografinį tyrimą, nustatyta, kad didžiausiu vandens įgėrimu (59,1 ± 1,18 %) ir tešlos stabilumu (5 kartus didesnis) pasižymėjo kvietiniai miltai su priedu, tačiau jų tešlos susidarymo trukmė 1,3 karto ilgesnė. Deaktyvuotų mielių priedas turi teigiamos įtakos kepinių savitajam tūriui, minkštimo akytumui ir drėgniui. Pagal gautus tyrimo rezultatus galima... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of this study was to investigate acrylamide formation in semi rye bread fermented with Lactobacillus delbruecki, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus sakei, and, to investigate the influence of RS 190 deactivated yeast on wheat flour technological properties and wheat bread quality. Results show that the amount of acrylamide in bread samples ranged from 37.87 ± 0.55 to 74.64 ± 0.36 µg/kg. Lactofermentation reduce acrylamide formation in semi rye bread. L. delbruecki was found to have a higher effect on acrylamide reduction in bread samples in compare with P. acidilactici, P. pentosaceus and L. sakei. Also, proteolytic activity of LAB have a influence on acrylamide content reduction in bread. Bread made with L. delbruecki (the highest proteolytic activity) contained lower acrylamide content (37.87 ± 0.55 µg/kg), while breads prepared with P. pentosaceus and P. acidilactici (lower proteolytic activity) contained higher acrylamide contents (74.64 ± 0.36 and 63.38 ± 0.98 µg/kg, respectively). Pharinographic analysis of wheat flour with deactivated yeast and without deactivated yeast results shows that the higher water absorbtion have wheat flour with deactivated yeast (59.1 ± 1.18 %) and higher dough stability (5 times higher) but longer dough formation time (1,3 times longer). The addition of deactivated yeast in wheat flour have a significant effect of bread specific volume, porosity and moisture content. In conclusion we could say... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti biokatalizatorių įtaką akrilamido formavimuisi ruginės duonos gaminiuose bei RS 190 modifikuotų mielių įtaką kvietinių miltų 550 C tipo technologinių savybių pagerinimui, pritaikant juos pusruginės duonos gamybai. Nustatyta, kad L. delbruecki intensyviau mažina terpės pH (3,35) nei P. acidilactici (4,32), tačiau, žaliavos apcukrinimui naudojant gliukoamilolitinius fermentus, fermentacijos procesą galima suintensyvinti. Žaliavos apcukrinimas fermentais įtakoja didesnį P. acidilactici proteolitinių fermentų aktyvumą rauguose. L. delbruecki fermentuoti kepiniai gaunami geresnės kokybės nei fermentuoti P. acidilactici. P. acidilactici fermentuotų kepinių kokybę galima pagerinti naudojant optimalų gliukoamilazės kiekį (0,05 ml). 0,030 ml gliukoamilazės panaudojimas žaliavos apcukrinimui, lėtina kepinių žiedėjimą (minkštimo struktūra pakito: su 0,03 ml – 2,15, su 0,05 ml – 2,54 karto). Akrilamido formavimuisi turi įtakos ne tik fermentacijai naudotos PRB, bet ir kepinio dydis (500 g kepiniuose vidutinis akrilamido kiekis 61,55 µ/kg, 1000 g - 40,48 µ/kg). Tirtų kvietinių miltų fizikinės struktūrinės savybės yra tinkamos mielinių kepinių gamybai, o modifikuotų mielių priedas yra tinkama priemonė kvietinių kepinių kokybės rodikliams pagerinti. 550 C tipo kvietinius miltus su modifikuotų mielių priedu panaudojus pusruginių kepinių gamybai galima pagerinti kepinių akytumą ir padidinti drėgnį, tačiau, kitos savybės nepakinta, arba gaunamos prastesnės. Šis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The goal of the thesis was to assess the impact of biocatalysts on the formation of acrylamide in rye bread and to determine the impact of genetically modified yeast RS 190 on improvement of technological properties of wheat flour 550 C by applying them for semi-rye bread making. It has been established that L. delbruecki decreases pH (3,35) medium more intensively than P. acidilactici (4,32), however by using glucoamylolytic enzymes for scald making fermentation process may be intensified. The use of enzymes for scald production results in a better activity of P. acidilactici proteolytic enzymes in leaven. L. delbruecki fermented bread are received of a better quality than fermented P. acidilactici. The quality of P. acidilactici fermented bread may be improved by using an optimum amount of glucoamylase (0,05 ml). Using of 0,030 ml glucoamylase for the scald producion slows staling process of bread (structure of the crumb changed as follows: with 0,03 ml – 2,15, with 0,05 ml – 2,54 times). The formation of acrylamide is influenced not only by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used for fermentation, but also, by the size of bread (in 500 g pastry goods – midle acrylamide content61,55 µ/kg, in 1000 g - 40,48 µ/kg) as well. Physical structural properties of investigated wheat flour are suitable for making bread, whereas genetically modified yeast supplement is a suitable means for improvement of quality indicators of wheat bread. By using 550 C type wheat flour with... [to full text]

Akrilamid je supstanca koja se prirodno stvara pečenjem i prženjem hrane bogate skrobom.  Cilj rada je bio da se ispita subhronični i akutni uticaj akrilamida na debelo crevo prepubertalnih pacova. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da akrilamid ne narušava morfologiju zida creva, ali dovodi do promena u volumenskoj gustini njegovih tunika i lamina. Najizraženije promene  su bile na  vezivnom tkivu  debelog creva.  Analizom peharastih ćelija  i sadržaja mucina pokazano je da akrilamid utiče i na ugljenohidratnu i na proteinsku komponentu mucina. Subhronični tretman je  doveo do smanjenja broja limfocita i  eozinofila, a  kod akutnog tretmana  je primećeno nakupljanje limfocita i eozinofila u kolonu akrilamidom tretiranih jedinki. Broj mastocita je u sva tri eksperimenta bio smanjen kod tretiranih životinja. Duže izlaganje akrilamidu ima imunosupresivno dejstvo kod pacova.
Acrylamide is natural product of cooking (baking, roasting) starchy food.  Aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of subchronic and acute acrylamide treatment on juvenile  rat colon.  Changes  in colon wall morphology was detected by stereological methods since histological evaluation reveal normal colon architecture  after acrylamide intoxication.  The changes was  most prominent on  connective tissue of rat colon.  Acrylamide affected both protein  component of mucins and glycans linked to peptide backbone.  In subchronic  treatment acrylamide caused reduction of lymphocytes  and eosinophils  number, while acute experiment lead to lymphocytes  and  eosinophils  accumulation in colon tissue. Acrylamide intoxication decreased mast cell number in all experiments. Longer acrylamide exposure had immunosuppressive effect in rats.

U ovom radu sintetisani su hidrogelovi na osnovu akrilamida i akrilne kiseline, radikalnom polimerizacijom, primenom konvencionalne i mikrotalasne metode sinteze. Varirani su početni odnosi monomera i udeo umreživača, u cilju ispitivanja uticaja sastava reakcione smeše na svojstva dobijenih hidrogelova. Optimizovani su uslovi sinteze u mikrotalasnom polju kao brže, jednostavnije i ekonomičnije metode. U cilju uspostavljanja korelacije između mehanizma sinteze, strukture i svojstava dobijenih hidrogelova, primenom relevantnih metoda karakterizacije, upoređena su apsorpciona, reološka, toplotna i strukturna svojstva hidrogelova dobijenih dvema metodama.                                           Ustanovljeno je da se mikrotalasnom metodom sinteze na brži i jednostavniji način uz smanjen utrošak vremena i energije dobijaju hidrogelovi konkurentni onima koji se dobijaju konvencionalnim zagrevanjem u vodenom rastvoru. Drugi deo doktorata obuhvata sintezu hidrofilnih polimernih mreža na osnovu natrijum karboksimetilceluloze (NaCMC) i karboksilnih kiselina, od kojih je jedna serija sintetisana prožimanjem linearnim kopolimerima akrilamida i akrilne kiseline u cilju povećanja potencijala primene u floku-lacione svrhe. Rezultati ispitivanja svojstava bubrenja, strukturnih toplotnih i flokulacionih svojstava pokazali su međusobno slaganje. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da od primenjenih karboksilnih kiselina, linunska kiselina u udelu od 15% u odnosu na masu NaCMC daje hidrogelove najboljih svojstava. Kombinacijom ove mreže sa kopolimerom akrilamida i akrilne kiseline u masenom odnosu 10/90, stvara se teorijska platforma za dobijanja flokulanta koji bi mogao da pokaže visoku efikasnost u prečišćavanju vode u kojoj dominiraju pozitivno naelektrisane čestice, pravilnim izborom parametara flokulacije.
In this paper, hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized using conventional and microwave synthetic methods via free-radical polymerization. The initial monomers ratio and amount of crosslinking agent were varied in order to investigate the effect of the composition of the reaction mixture on the properties of the obtained hydrogels. The conditions of synthesis in the microwave field as faster simpler and more economical method have been optimized. In order to establish a correlation between the mechanism of synthesis, structure and properties of the obtained hydrogels using the relevant methods of characterization, the absorption, rheological, thermal and structural properties of the hydrogels obtained by the two methods were compared. It has been found that the microwave synthesis is a faster and simpler method, which enables reduced consumption of time and energy and produces hydrogels competitive to those ones obtained by conventional heating in aqueous solution. The second part of the thesis includes the synthesis of hydrophilic polymer networks based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and carboxylic acids, whereby one series is synthesized by interpenetration of the network using the linear acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymers in order to increase the potential application of hydrogels for flocculation purposes. The results of measurements of swelling, structural, thermal and flocculation properites have shown mutual agreement. The obtained results have shown that among applied carboxylic acids, citric acid in the amount of 15% per mass of NaCMC, has given the hydrogels with the best properties. The Combination of this network with a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid in a mass ratio of 10/90 has created a theoretical platform for the production of flocculant which could show high efficacy in purifying of water dominated by positively charged particles.

Akrilamid  je toksična hemijska supst anca koja je već dugi niz godina prisutna u životnoj sredini,  jer se kao važan monomer koristi u različite industrijske i laboratorijske svrhe. U poslednjih petnaest godina, akrilamid je postao posebno zanimljiv za šire naučne krugove jer  se pokazalo da  se  nalazi  i u  hrani  biljnog porekla, posebno hrani bogatoj skrobom, koja se priprema pečenjem ili prženjem na temperaturama višim od 120°C.  Do sada ustanovljeni negativni zdravstveni efekti akrilamida su veoma raznovrsni i mogu biti rezultat delovanja samog  akrilamida ili delovanja njegovog metabolita glicidamida koji nastaje  in vivo  kada se jedan deo molekula akrilamida metaboliše oksigenacijom dvostruke veze pomoću enzima citohrom P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Akrilamid je supstanca koja ima dokazan negativan efekat  na organske sisteme kod ljudi i životinja, i koja je svrstana u moguće humane karcinogene. Negativan efekat akrilamida na egzokrini pankreas je poznat, ali o mogućim efektima akrilamida na endokrini pankreas se i dalje veoma malo zna. Ima puno dokaza koji  ukazuju na to da akrilamid ima citotoksični efekat koji se  manifestuje kroz uticaj na redoks-status ćelija i dovodi do promena u vrednostima biomarkera oksidativnog i nitrozativnog stresa, kao i u aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima. Pankreas  je  jedan od ciljnih  organa za delovanje akrilamida te je  glavni predmet istraživanja  doktorske teze  bio proučavanje potencijalnog efekta akrilamida na endokrini pankreas pacova.  Ispitivanje je vršeno na 3  eksperimentalne grupe  juvenilnih  mužjaka pacova soja Wistar,  od kojih je  jedna grupa bila kontrolna, dok su dve bile tretirane  sa akrilamidom u dozama od 25 mg/kg tm i 50 mg/kg tm,  5 dana nedeljno,  tokom 3 nedelje. Po isteku tretmana,  nakon dekapitacije, kompletno tkivo pankreasa  je  fiksirano u 10% rastvoru formalina  tokom  24  h i obrađeno prema  standardnoj proceduri za kalupljenje u parafinu.  Parafinski kalupi su sečeni na serijske preseke debljine 5 µm, nakon čega su bojeni  histohemijskom i imunohistohemijskim metodama.  Kod eksperimentalnih grupa posmatrane  su  histološke promene na endokrinom pankreasu, sa akcentom na α-  i β-ćelije.  Takođe, posmatrana je  i  ekspresija  hormona insulina i glukagona, enzima inducibilne azot -oksi d  sintetaze (iNOS) i  CYP2E1,  kao  i ekspresija   antioksidativnih enzima  katalaza  (CAT) i superoksid dismut aza 1 i 2  (SOD1 i SOD2)  u ćelijama Langerhansovih ostrvaca. Potencijalna promena u funkcionalnosti β-ćelija je ispitana i kroz analizu nivoa glukoze u serumu pacova tretiranih sa akrilamidom.Budući da β-ćelije čine 80% ćelija koje grade Langerhansova ostrvca pankreasa,  pored in vivo  eksperimenata, ispitana  je  i toksičnost akrilamida na  Rin-5F ćelijsku liniju insulinoma β-ćelija pacova u in vitro uslovima. Glavni cilj in vitro  istraživanja je bio  da se  ispita  uticaj  rastućih  koncentracija akrilamida na preživljavanje tretiranih  Rin-5F  ćelija, ali i efekat IC₅₀  koncentracije ove supstance primenjene  tokom  različitih vremenskih intervala  (0,5, 1, 3, 6, 12 i 24 h)  na pojavu oksidativnog i nitrozativnog stresa. Redoks-status Rin-5F ćelija tretiranih  sa akrilamidom je ispitan preko analize prisustva biomarkera oksidativnog i nitrozativnog stresa, akrivnosti CAT i ukupne SOD, kao i promene u ekspresiji gena za CAT, SOD1, SOD2   i iNOS.  Pored toga, analiziran je i efekat istog tretmana na  ekspresiju gena za insulin, CYP2E1, Bax i Bcl-2. U okviru teze je pokazano da akrilamid ne dovodi do  značajnih promena u histološkoj građi, dijametru i broju Langerhansovih ostrvaca  kod  tretiranih životinja.  Primena stereoloških metoda  je  ukazala  na mikrostrukturne promene na  endokrinom pankreasu na nivou α-  i β-ćelija. U ovoj tezi je po prvi put pokazano da tretman akrilamidom negativno utiče na broj i površinu β-ćelija pankreasa.  U tezi je, takođe,  pokazan  značajan dozno-zavisni pad u prisustvu insulina u β-ćelijama   pankreasa. Uprkos  tome, kod  akrilamidom tretiranih  životinja  nije konstatovana  promena  u  koncentraciji serumske glukoze.  U  ovoj tezi je pokazano da tretman akrilamidom dovodi do   statistički značajnog porasta  u broju α-ćelija  kod životinja koje su primale nižu dozu tretmana, dok se  broj α-ćelija  kod životinja koje su primale višu dozu tretmana  ne razlikuje značajno od kontrole.  Tretman akrilamidom je doveo do značajnog  porasta u količini   prisutnog glukagona  u α-ćelijama pankreasa.Tretman akrilamidom nije doveo do značajne promene u ekspresiji CAT, SOD1 i SOD2 u ćelijama Langerhansovih ostrvaca.  Kod  tretiranih životinja  došlo do značajnog dozno-zavisnog porasta  u ekspresiji  enzima iNOS,  dok je ekspresija  CYP2E1 značajno dozno-zavisno opala  nakon tretmana. U  tezi je pokazano da tretman akrilamidom negativno utiče na vijabilnost Rin-5F ćelija, i utvrđeno je da IC50  koncentracija akrilamida za Rin-5F ćelije iznosi 10 mM.  Rezultati teze pokazuju da tretman akrilamidom u IC₅₀  koncentraciji u Rin-5F ćelijskoj liniji značajno povećava nivo malondialdehida (MDA) nakon tretmana u trajanju od 1, 12 i 24 h.  Isti tretman  značajno smanjuje nivo redukovanog GSH nakon tretmana od 1, 3, 6, 12 i24 h, kao i nivo slobodnih  –SH grupa nakon tretmana od 3 i 6 h. Tretman akrilamidom u IC₅₀  koncentraciji signifikantno pojačava aktivnost CAT nakon tretmana od 1 h, dok tretman u trajanju od 12 h značajno smanjuje aktivnost ovog enzima. Ovaj tretman smanjuje aktivnost SOD nakon 1, 12 i 24 h, dok  tretman u trajanju od 6 h značajno pojačava aktivnost enzima SOD.  U tezi je, takođe, pokazan i veoma značajan porast  u nivou prisutnih nitrita,  koji  je direktno proporcionalan  sa nivoom azot-oksida i nivoom akivnosti enzima iNOS.  Ovaj  nalaz ukazuje na potencijalnu pojavu nitrozati vnog stresa u akrilamidom-tretiranim Rin-5F ćelijama.  U  tezi je po prvi put pokazano da tretman  akrilamidom dovodi do  značajnih  varijacija  u transkripciji gena za iNOS, SOD1, SOD2,  CAT,  CYP2E1,  Bax i Bcl-2 u tretiranim Rin-5F ćelijama, dok isti tretman ne dovodi do  promene nivoa  transkripcije gena za insulin.  Tretman akrilamidom u koncentraciji od 10mM tokom rastućih vremenskih perioda dovodi do porasta u relativnoj količini iRNKgena za iNOS u svim tačkama tretmana, do porasta  nivoa  iRNK za SOD1 i SOD2 nakon tretmana od 12 i 24 h, kao i do porasta  količine  iRNK za CAT nakon tretmana od 3 h.  U  tezi je pokazano  i  da akrilamid  izaziva  promene  u sintezi  iRNK  za enzim  CYP2E1  koji je  posebno značajan u kontekstu detoksikacije ove toksične supstance.  Porast u transkripciji gena za  CYP2E1  je uočen  nakon tretmana u trajanju od 0,5 i 1 h, dok je  do smanjenja transkripcije  došlo  nakon tretmana od 12  i 24  h.  Tretman akrilamidom u koncentraciji od  10 mM tokom rastućih vremenskih perioda dovodi do porasta u relativnoj količini iRNK  gena za Bax u svim tačkama tretmana, i do porasta u transkripciji gena za Bcl-2 nakon tretmana od 0,5, 1 i 3 h.Sumirajući  sve  rezultate  ove teze,  moze se zaključiti  da je endokrini pankreas  jedno od  ciljnih tkiva, na koje akrilamid ostvaruje višestruki negativni uticaj.
Acrylamide is a toxic chemical used as an important monomer for various industrial and laboratory purposes, which makes it highly present in the environment. In the last fifteen years, acrylamide has become especially interesting for wider scientific circles when it was found in staple foodstuff rich in starch, prepared at temperatures higher than 120°C. The established negative health effects of acrylamide are very diverse and can be the result of the acrylamide action itself or the action of its metabolite glycidamide that occurs in vivo, when acrylamide molecule is metabolized via oxygenation of the double bond by the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Acrylamide is a substance with a proven adverse effect on humans and animals, and it is classified as a possible human carcinogen. The negative effect of acrylamide on the exocrine pancreas has already been recognized, but the possible effects of acrylamide  on endocrine pancreas are still mostly undetermined. There is a significant amount of evidence to suggest that acrylamide exerts a cytotoxic effect which manifests through the changes in level of oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers, as well as in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Since, pancreas is one of the target organs for acrylamide, the main subject of doctoral thesis was to investigate the potential effect of acrylamide on the rat endocrine pancreas. The investigation was conducted on 3 experimental groups of juvenile male Wistar rats, of which one group was the control group, while two groups were treated with acrylamide at doses of 25 mg/kg bw and 50 mg/kg bw, 5 days a week, during 3 weeks. After termination of the treatment, decapitation was performed, and the complete pancreatic tissue was fixed in a 10% formalin solution for 24 h and treated according to the standard paraffin embedding procedure. Paraffin molds were cut into 5 μm thick serial sections, after which they were stained with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Histological changes ofthe endocrine pancreas, with the emphasis on α- and β-cells, were examined in three experimental groups of rats. In addition, the expression of insulin and glucagon hormone, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and CYP2E1 enzymes, and the expression of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutases 1 and 2  (SOD1 and SOD2) in the islets of Langerhans were also investigated. A potential change in the functionality of β-cells was also examined by analyzing glucose level in the serum of rats treated with acrylamide. In pancreatic islets of Langerhans the majority of cells (>80%) are β-cells. Therefore, in addition to in vivo experiments, the toxicity of acrylamide was examined in vitro on rat insulinoma Rin-5F cell line.The main goal of in vitro research was to investigate the impact of increasing acrylamide concentrations on the viability of treated Rin-5F cells, and also to examine whether IC50 concentration of this substance, applied at different intervals of time (0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h), induce oxidative and nitrosative stress. Redox-status of Rin-5F cells treated with acrylamide was examined by analyzing oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers, CAT and total SOD activity, as well as changes in the expression of the CAT, SOD1, SOD2 and iNOS. In addition, the effect of the same treatment on the transcription of the insulin, CYP2E1, Bax and Bcl-2 gene was analyzed.The results of the thesis showed that acrylamide treatment does not lead to significant changes in the histological structure, diameter and number of islets of Langerhans of treated animals. Application of stereological methods indicated microstructural changes of α- and β-cells ofendocrine pancreas. It has been shown for the first time that treatment with acrylamide negatively affects the number and surface area of pancreatic β-cells. In addition, a significant dose-dependent decline in the amount of insulin in pancreatic β-cells was also demonstrated. However, no change in serum glucose level was observed in treated animals. Acrylamide treatment led to a statistically significant increase in the number of α-cells in animals receiving a lower dose of treatment, while the number of α-cells in animals receiving a higher dose of treatment did not differ significantly from the control. Treatment with acrylamide led to a significant increase in the amount of the glucagon in α-cells. Treatment with acrylamide did not cause a significant change in the expression of CAT, SOD1 and SOD2 in islets of Langerhans. However, there was a significant dosedependent increase in the  expression of iNOS enzyme, whereas expression of CYP2E1 significantly decreased in dose-dependent manner in treated animals. Results of the thesis showed that acrylamide exerts a negative effect on the viability of Rin-5F cell line. It has been established that the IC50 concentration of acrylamide for the Rin-5F cell line is 10 mM. The results of the thesis indicate that treatment of Rin-5F cell line with IC50 concentration of acrylamide for 1, 12, and 24 h significantly increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Exposure to acrylamide for 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h significantly decreased the level of reduced GSH, while the level of free -SH groups was reduced after 3 and 6 h of acrylamide treatments. Treatment with IC50 concentration of acrylamide significantly enhanced CAT activity after 1 h of acrylamide exposure, while 12 h exposure significantly reduced the activity of this enzyme. Application of acrylamide reduced SOD activity after 1, 12, and 24 h exposure, while 6 h exposure significantly increased the activity of SOD enzymes. Results of the thesis also showed a very significant increase of the nitrite level, which is directly proportional to the level of nitrogen oxide (NO) and the level of the iNOS activity. This finding points to the potential occurrence of nitrosative stress in acrylamide-treated Rin-5F cells. It has been shown for the first time that acrylamide treatment leads to significant variations in transcription of iNOS, SOD1, SOD2, CAT, CYP2E1, Bax and Bcl-2 genes in treated Rin-5F cells, while the same treatment does not affect transcription of the insulin gene. Treatment with acrylamide at a concentration of 10 mM for increasing periods of time leads to an increase in the relative amount of the iNOS gene iRNA at all treatment points. Twelve and and 24 h of acrylamide exposure increased the transcription of the SOD1 and SOD2 genes. Transcription of CAT gene was increased after 3 h  ofacrylamide exposure. Furthermore, it has been shown that acrylamide treatment leads to variations in the mRNA synthesis of CYP2E1 gene, which is particularly significant in the context of detoxification of this toxic substance. An increase in the transcription ofthe CYP2E1  gene was observed after 0.5 and 1 h of acrylamide exposure, while the reduction of  transcription occurred after 12 and 24 h of acrylamide exposure. The treatment with 10 mM acrylamide has led to an increase of the transcription of the Bax gene at all treatment points, and also to an increase of transcription of the Bcl-2 gene after of 0.5, 1, and 3 h of acrylamide exposure. Summarizing all the results of this thesis, it can be concluded that the endocrine pancreas  is one of the target tissues of acrylamide, to which this substance exerts a multiple adverse effects.

Akrilamid je toksična hemijska supstanca koja ima vrlo široku primenu u hemijskoj industriji, a 2002. godine otkriveno je njegovo prisustvo u namirnicima bogatim skrobom koje se pripremaju na visokim temperaturama. U poslednjh desetak godina primećen je veliki porast gastrointestinalnih tegoba u ljudskoj populaciji. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati patohistološke promene u tkivu želuca pacova soja Wistar izazvanih peroralnim aplikovanjem akrilamida i na taj način povući paralelu sa mogućim gastrointestinalnim tegobama nastalim kao posledica konzumiranja hrane bogate akrilamidom. U istraživanju je ispitivano 6 grupa od po 5 eksperimentalnih životinja (pacovi soja Wistar). Dve kontrolne grupe kojima je peroralno aplikovana destilovana voda i koje su žrtvovane posle 24h i 72h; dve eksperimentalne kojima je peroralno aplikovan akrilamid u dnevnoj dozi od 25 mg/kg i koje su žrtvovane posle 24h i 72h; dve eksperimentalne grupe kojima je peroralno aplikovan akrilamid u dnevnoj dozi od 50 mg/kg i koje su žrtvovane posle 24h i 72h. Na histološkom materijalu tkiva želuca primenjena je kvalitativna histološka analiza pod svetlosnim mikroskopom, semikvantitativna procena tipa mucina u epitelnim ćelijama sluznice želuca, prisustvo limfocita i granulocita u sluznici želuca, stereološka merenja pojedinih kompartmana zida želuca, linearna merenja broja i veličine ganglijskih ćelija u Maissner-ovom i Auerbach-ovom nervnom pleksusu, kao i broj mastocita u lamini propriji sluznice i podsluznici želuca. Dobijene vrednosti merenih parametara su potom statistički obrađene. Nastale promene na tkivu želuca pacova soja Wistar se ogledaju u vidu blagog direktnog oštećenja površnog epitela sa propratnom blagom inflamatornom reakcijom i blagom degranulacijom mastocita. U Maissner-ovom i Auerbach-ovom nervnom pleksusu su smanjene volumenske gustine nervnih vlakana i ganglijskih ćelija, kao i broj i veličina ganglijskih ćelija. Direktno toksično delovanje na epitel dovodi do posledične obnove epitela, te je potvrđeno prisustvo nezrelijih oblika mukoproduktivnih ćelija koje sadrže kisele, AB pozitivne mucine. Ispitani inflamatorni i degenerativni parametri pokazuju pozitivnu korelaciju u odnosu na dozu i/ili dužinu ekspozicije akrilamidu. Primena akrilamida peroralno pokazala je da postoje patohistološke promene na tkivu želuca u vidu direktnog toksičnog oštećenja epitela, inflamatorne reakcije i oštećenja nervnih pleksusa. Poznavanjem mehanizma delovanja ove toksične materije moguće je primeniti adekvatnu prevenciju u ishrani i izvršiti odgovarajući izbor terapijskih metoda.
Acrylamide is a toxic chemical substance with wide implementation in chemical industry. In 2002 it was discovered the presence of acrylamide in foods rich in starch which are prepared at high temperatures. In the last ten years there is a large increase in gastrointestinal illnesses in human population. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological changes in the gastric tissue in Wistar rats induced with injection of oral acrylamide and thus draw a parallel with possible gastrointestinal problems arising as a result of the consumption of foods rich in acrylamide. The research was carried out 6 groups of 5 experimental animals (Wistar rats). Two control groups that are orally concomitant application of distilled water and which were sacrificed after 24h and 72h; two experimental groups which are orally administrated acrylamide in a daily dose of 25 mg / kg and that were sacrificed after 24h and 72h; two experimental groups which were orally administrated acrylamide in a daily dose of 50 mg / kg and that were sacrificed after 24h and 72h. On histological gastric tissue material is applied qualitative histological analysis by light microscopy, semi-quantitative assessment of the type of mucin in epithelial cells of the stomach lining, the presence of lymphocytes and granulocytes in gastric mucosa, stereological measurements of individual compartments of the stomach wall, linear measuring the number and size of ganglion cells in the Maissner and Auerbach's nerve plexus, and the number of mast cells in the lamina propria of the mucosa and in the submucosis of the stomach. Obtained values of measured parameters were statistically processed. Histological changes in the stomach tissue of Wistar rats are seen as a direct slight damage of the surface epithelium, with accompanynig mild inflammatory reaction and the degranulation of mast cells. The Meissner's and Auerbach's nerve plexus decreased volume density of nerve fibers and ganglion cells, as well as the number and size of the ganglion cells. Directly toxic effect on epithelium leads to the result of the reconstruction of the epithelium, which is confirmed by the presence of immature form of mucoproductive cells which contain acid, AB positive mucins. Examined inflammatory and degenerative parameters show a positive correlation with respect to dose and / or a time of exposition to acrylamide. Acrylamide oral application revealed that there are histologic changes in the stomach tissue in the form of a direct toxic damage to the epithelium, inflammatory reaction and damage to the nerve plexus. Knowing the mechanism of action of these toxic substances allows to apply adequate prevention in nutrition and make an appropriate choice of therapeutic methods.

Akrilamid (CASR No. 79-06-1) predstavlja veoma reaktivni, hidrosolubilni monomer za koji se smatra da ima toksične i potencijalno kancerogene efekte po zdravlje ljudi. Štetne posledice akrilamida i njegovog još reaktivnijeg metabolita, glicidamida, su dokazane kod eksperimentalnih životinja i podrazumevale su neurotoksičnost, genotoksičnost i kancerogenost. Epidemiološke studije rađene na ljudima pokazale su da akrilamid izaziva neurotoksične efekte, dok se genotoksičnost i kancerogenost još smatraju potencijalnim efektima, a zasnivaju se na podacima koji su dobijeni u okviru istraživanja na laboratorijskim životinjama. Njegove štetne posledice na jetru, posebno kod mladog organizma, još uvek nisu dovoljno istražene.Akrilamid se spontano formira u hrani koja je bogata ugljenim hidratima, tokom termičke obrade namirnica na visokim temperaturama. Ovaj monomer se formira tokom tzv. neenzimatske Mallard-ove reakcije, kojom se dobijaju smeđe komponente u hrani. U namirnicama ovaj monomer se formira reakcijom između redukujućih šećera (uglavnom glukoze ili fruktoze) i aminokiseline (dominantno asparagina).Imajući na umu da je jetra centralni organ za metabolizam akrilamida, ovo istraživanje  je imalo za cilj da ispita glavne histološke i biohemijske promene na jetri juvenilnog organizma pacova, nakon njegove subhronične ekspozicije akrilamidu. Istraživanje je  rađeno na 3 eksperimentalne grupe peripubertalnih/juvenilnih mužjaka Wistar pacova, od kojih su dve bile tretirane vodenim rastvorom akrilamida u dozi od 25 ili 50  mg/kg telesne mase, dok je treća grupa služila kao kontrola i primala destilovanu vodu. Životinje su bile tretirane oralno, putem gavaže, 5 dana nedeljno, tokom 3 nedelje. Nakon 24 h od poslednjeg tretmana, životinje su uvedene u etarsku  anesteziju i dekapitovane, a zatim su prikupljeni krv i uzorci tkiva jetre.Tkivo jetre je uzeto iz srednjeg lobusa, fiksirano u 10% neutralnom puferisanom  formalinu tokom 24 h i obrađeno prema standardnom protokolu za parafinsko kalupljenje. Ukalupljeni uzorci jetre su zatim isečeni na serijske preseke tkiva debljine 5 µm, a zatim bojeni histohemijskim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Uzorci krvi su pripremljeni za serološku analizu. Histološka analiza preseka bojenih hematoksilin-eozin (H&E) metodom nije  zabeležila prisustvo značajnih razlika u opštoj arhitekturi jetre i njenoj lobularnoj  organizaciji među eksperimentalnim grupama. Stereološka analiza je ukazala na  mikrostrukturne promene kod hepatocita i jetrinih sinusoida. Rezultati sugerišu, na dozno-zavisno povećanje volumena hepatocita, njihove citoplazme i nukleusa, i doznozavsino smanjenje volumena sinusoida, u odnosu na kontrolne uzorke jetre.Analiza glikogena je rađena na presecima jetre bojenim metodom Periodic acid–Schiff-a (PAS), gde se uočilo smanjenje količine glikogena u grupi tretiranoj nižom  dozom akrilamida, dok je u grupi tretiranoj većom dozom uočena njegova akumulacija, u odnosu na kontrolne životinje.Imunopozitivnost hepatocita na marker proliferacije, Ki-67, bila je smanjena u grupi pacova tretiranoj nižom dozom, a bila povećana u grupi tretiranoj većom dozom akrilamida pri komparaciji sa kontrolom. Stereološki nalazi su potvrdili inicijalnu histološku analizu.Imunopozitivnost hepatocita na marker apoptoze, Caspase 3, je bila smanjena kod obe grupe životinja tretiranih akrilamidom u odnosu na kontrolu. Nasuprot tome, imunopozitivnost neparenhimskih ćelija jetre, pretežno Kupffer-ovih ćelija, je bila uvećana u obe tretirane grupe pri komparaciji sa kontrolom.Imunopozitivnost Kupffer-ovih ćelija na marker CD68 je bila smanjena u uzorcima jetre kod oba tretmana akrilamidom u odnosu na kontrolu.Populacija mastocita, prikazana toluidine-blue (TB) metodom bojenja, bila je uvećana  kod obe grupe pacova tretiranih akrilamidom u poređenju sa kontrolom. Povećanje brojnosti ovih ćelija je bilo posebno prominentno kod njihove degranulisane  subpopulacije. Stereološka analiza je potvrdila histološke nalaze. Serumska analiza je pokazala uvećanu aktivnost aspartat aminotrasferaze (AST) i smanjenu aktivnost alanin aminotrasferaze (ALT) kod obe grupe životinja tretiranih  akrilamidom u odnosu na kontrolu. Aktivnost alkalne fosfataze (ALP) je bila uvećana u grupi tretiranoj nižom dozom, a smanjena u grupi tretiranoj većom dozom akrilamida, u odnosu na kontrolu. Vrednosti koncentracije ukupnih serumskih proteina kao i koncentracije C reaktivnog proteina (CRP) nisu pokazale značajnije promene među eksperimentalnim grupama.Oba akrilamidna tretmana su izazvala gubitak telesne mase kod tretiranih pacova, u odnosu na kontrolne životinje. Postojeći podaci ukazuju prominentni hepatotoksični potencijal akrilamida koji može poremetiti mikrostrukturne osobine i funkcionalni status hepatocita kod jetre mladog organizma. Akrilamid može značajno poremetiti funkcionalnost jetre, obzirom da se promene na celularnom nivou mogu relativno brzo odraziti na nivo tkiva, a kasnije ugroziti i homeostazu celog organizma.
Acrylamide  (CASR No. 79-06- 1)  is highly reactive, water-soluble monomer which is considered as toxic and potentially cancer causing chemical to humans. Adverse health effects regarding acrylamide and its more reactive metabolite,glycidamide, were detected in experimental animals, and  included neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and   carcinogenicity.  Human epidemiological studies claim that acrylamide has neurotoxic effects, while  genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are considered as  potential human health risks only on the basis of animal studies. Its harmful effects on the liver, especially in a young organism, are still to be elucidated.Acrylamide  is spontaneously formed in  carbohydrate-rich food during high-temperature  processing. It is  formed during heat-induced non-enzymatic reaction, also known as  the Maillard browning reaction, between reducing sugars (glucose and fructose), and free amino acids (mainly asparagine).Having in mind  that  acrylamide  metabolism takes place in a liver,  the study aimed to investigate the main histological and  biochemical changes in the liver of juvenile rat following subchronic acrylamide intoxication. Study was performed on peripubertal/juvenile male Wistar rats, divided in 3 experimental groups, two of which were treated with acrylamide in doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg of body weight, while the third group served as the control and received distilled water. Animals were treated orally, via gavage, 5 days a week, during 3 weeks. Animals  were anesthetized by   ether inhalation and decapitated 24 hrs after the last treatment.Liver tissue was sampled from the middle lobe, fixed in  10% neutral  buffered formalin for 24 hrs,  routinely processed for paraffin  embedding  and cut into 5-µm thick serial sections for subsequent histochemical and immunohistochemical staining.Blood samples were collected for subsequent biochemical analysis .Histological examination of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections did not point to any major alteration in main in liver lobular architecture or organization among the experimental groups. Stereological analysis revealed a microstructural changes in hepatocytes and liver sinusoids. The analysis detected a dose-dependant increase in the volume of hepatocytes, their cytoplasm and nuclei, and dose-dependant decrease in the volume of liver sinusoids compared to the control, respectively.Glycogen analysis was performed on Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stained sections which showed glycogen reduction in the low-dose group, and its accumulation in the high-dose group, compared to the control, respectively.Imunopositivity in hepatocytes for Ki-67 protein, a known marker for proliferation, showed a decrease in low-dose group, while in high- dose group was detected its increase compared to the control, respectively. Stereological analysis confirmed initial histological observation.Caspase 3 immunopositivity, a known marker for apoptosis, proved to be decreased in hepatocytes in both acrylamide-treated groups when compared to the control. One the other hand, immunopositivity was increased in non-parenchymal  cell, predominantly in Kupffer cells, in comparison to the control. Immunopositivity for CD68, a marker for Kupffer cells, proved to be decreased in both acrylamide-treated groups when compared to the control.Population of the mast cells, visualized on toluidine blue (TB) stained sections, showed its increase in both acrylamide-treated groups, in comparison to the control. The increase was especially prominent regarding a degranulated subpopulation of these cells. Subsequent stereological analysis confirmed histological findings.Serum analysis showed increased  activity of  aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and decreased  activity  of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in  both AA-treated groups, while the  activity  of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)  was increased in low-dose, but   decreased in high- dose group compared to the control, respectively.  The concentration of total serum proteins as well as concentration of C reactive protein (CRP) did not show any major changes among the experimental groups.Body weight measurements showed that all acrylamide-treated rats lost their body weight as opposed to the control rats whose body mass increased.Present results suggest a prominent hepatotoxic potential of acrylamide which might alter the microstructural features and functional status in hepatocytes of  immature liver.  Acrylamide may cause significant perturbation in liver functionality which may be reflected from cellular to the tissue level, thereby endangering the whole body’s homeostasis.