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Journal articles on the topic 'Al-killed steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Goto, Hiroki, and Ken-ichi Miyazawa. "Reoxidation Behavior of Molten Steel in Non-killed and Al-killed Steels." ISIJ International 38, no. 3 (1998): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.38.256.

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2

Kumar, Somnath, Kiran Kumar Keshari, Antariksh Gupta, Abdhesh Prasad, Vikash Kumar, and Basudev Mishra. "Improvement in Castability of Al Killed Steel in Billet Casters by Process Optimisation." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.21.

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Sticking of alumina as well as spinel inclusions inside the sub entry nozzles (SEN) as well as tundish nozzle is perennial problem during continuous casting of aluminum killed steel through billet casters. This results in restriction or completely blockage of flow of liquid steel through the nozzles eventually leading to abortion of sequence in billet casters and stopping of continuous casting machine. Nozzle clogging not only restricts the productivity by restraining the casting sequence, intermittent extrication of clogged alumina particles or dislodged refractory materials are a significant source of non-metallic macro-inclusions in the cast sections of billet casters. If these inclusions are not removed completely during secondary refining of steel they causes excessive clogging mainly in low carbon Al killed steels. In other grades of Al killed steel cogging is also very prominent if the deoxidation and secondary refining is not carried out properly. IISCO Steel Plant (ISP), Burnpur a new, modernised unit of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was facing problems of nozzle clogging in low carbon, low Si, Al killed grade (EWNR –electrode quality grade) resulting in premature abortion of casting sequence leading to huge productivity loss. To solve the problem of nozzle clogging in low carbon Al killed grades and other grades at ISP, optimisation of various steelmaking parameters viz. amount of Al addition & its sequence, purging regime in ladle furnace, optimisation of Ca treatment process etc has been carried out which has resulted in improvement in castability of Al Killed Steel in billet caster of ISP.

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3

HIGUCHI, Yoshihiko, Yukari TAGO, Shin FUKAGAWA, Tatsuo KANAI, and Akifumi MUTOH. "Reoxidation Behavior in Al Killed Steel during Casting." Tetsu-to-Hagane 85, no. 5 (1999): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.85.5_375.

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4

Liu, Chengsong, Xiaoqin Liu, Xiaoliu Yang, Hua Zhang, and Ming Zhong. "Kinetics of MgO Reduction in CaO-Al2O3-MgO Slag by Al in Liquid Fe." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090998.

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Kinetics analysis without fully taking into account the effect of mass transport in slag phase on MgO reduction by Al in liquid steel would lead to overestimation of Mg pickup by steel and driving force of the reaction. Two rate models considering mass transport in (a) steel melt phase only (single control model) and (b) steel and slag melt phases (mixed control model) were developed for evaluating the thermodynamic equilibria between CaO-Al2O3-MgO slags and Al-killed steels. Calculated results from the two models were compared and then validated by equilibrium experiments between a CaO-Al2O3-MgO slag (Al2O3-saturated) and Al-killed steels with different Al levels at 1873 K (1600 °C). Results showed that the calculated reaction rate in the mixed control model was always lower than that in the single control model due to the slow mass transport in the slag phase. The mass transfer coefficient of [Mg] in the steel was computed to be 6.2 × 10−5 m/s from the equilibrium experiment results between an Fe-1.0 mass% Al steel and 51 mass% CaO-39 mass% Al2O3-10 mass% MgO slag at 1873 K (1600 °C), with which the mixed control model was validated at different initial Al levels in the steels.

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5

Wang, Shuo Ming, Jin Hong Zhang, and Hao Ming Liu. "Control of Nitrogen in Al-Killed Steel by Converter Flow." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1055.

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This paper analyses and studies control of nitrogen on Al- killed steel using the methods of production experiment in the flow of molten iron pretreatment - 180t converter - LF refining – continuous caster. Results show that adding aluminum final deoxidization should be divided into two steps: Firstly, putting some aluminum into molten steel after adding alloy in the process of tapping of molten steel, making the [O] reduce to 6 ~ 7ppm. Secondly, adding aluminum wire in LF-refining making [O] and [N] reach the required values. LF-refining should try to shorten operating time and original mission ought to be finished ahead. Desulfurization should be completed in the flow of molten iron pretreatment and the tapping of molten steel. Process of removal inclusions should be accomplished by adding slag during tapping of molten steel and blowing-mixing. LF-refining has scarcely any slagging task, it only needs to complete adjustment ingredient task. Alloy and carburant which contains extremely low nitrogen should be choosed, so that nitrogen in molten steel can be steadily controled below 30ppm.

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6

Deng, Zhiyin, Lingzhong Kong, Dong Liang, and Miaoyong Zhu. "Reaction of Al‐Killed Manganese Steel with Ladle Slag." steel research international 90, no. 5 (January 14, 2019): 1800480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201800480.

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7

Fábián, Enikö Réka, and Áron Kótai. "Cold Rolling Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.315.

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It have been studied the cold rolling effects on the microstructure of samples prepared from Al-killed low carbon steel sheets with high coiling temperatures. The microstructure of the hot rolled steels sheet is formed from ferrite and large carbides when the coiling temperature is high. The cold rolling affects the steel mechanical and electrochemical properties due to microstructural changes. We have studied the microstructure by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Low angles grain boundaries and the texture of samples were studied by EBSD method.

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8

Wang, Feng, Daoxu Liu, Wei Liu, Shufeng Yang, and Jingshe Li. "Reoxidation of Al-Killed Steel by Cr2O3 from Tundish Cover Flux." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2019): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050554.

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Reoxidation has long been a problem when casting ultra-low oxygen liquid steel. An experimental study of the reoxidation phenomenon caused by Cr2O3-bearing cover flux of Al-killed steel is presented here. MgO-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Cr2O3 tundish cover flux with various Cr2O3 contents were used to study the effects of Cr2O3 on total oxygen content (T[O]) and alumina and silicone loss of Al-killed steel at 1923 K (1650 °C). It was found that Cr2O3 can be reduced by Al to cause reoxidation, and the reaction occurs mainly within 2 to 3 min after the addition of the tundish cover flux with 5% and 10% Cr2O3 concentration. T[O] and Al loss increase with higher Cr2O3 concentration flux. Two controlled experiments were also made to investigate the oxygen transported to the steel by the decomposition of Cr2O3. It was calculated that when Al is present in steel, more than 90% of the reoxidation of Cr2O3 is caused by Al, and the rest is caused by decomposition.

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9

Mendoza, R., J. Camacho, G. Lugo, C. Lopez, L. Herrera, J. Reyes, C. Gonalez, and J. A. Juarez-Islas. "Structure of a Low Carbon Al-killed/Ti-added Steel." ISIJ International 37, no. 2 (1997): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.37.176.

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10

Jansson, S., V. Brabie, and P. Jönsson. "Magnesia–carbon refractory dissolution in Al killed low carbon steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 33, no. 5 (October 2006): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328106x113977.

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11

Lee, Y. S., S.-M. Jung, and D.-J. Min. "Interfacial reaction between Al2O3–C refractory and Al killed steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 41, no. 4 (December 6, 2013): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281213y.0000000123.

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12

Deng, Zhiyin, and Miaoyong Zhu. "Deoxidation Mechanism of Al-Killed Steel during Industrial Refining Process." ISIJ International 54, no. 7 (2014): 1498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.1498.

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13

Deng, Zhiyin, Miaoyong Zhu, and Du Sichen. "Effect of Refractory on Nonmetallic Inclusions in Al-Killed Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47, no. 5 (July 13, 2016): 3158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0746-2.

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14

Massardier-Jourdan, Véronique, A. Ngansop, Damien Fabrègue, and Jacques Merlin. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels after Ultra-Rapid Annealing Cycles." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3368.

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Ultra rapid annealing cycles were conducted on two low carbon Al-killed steel sheets differing mainly by their coiling temperatures (600°C or 700°C). For the lowest coiling temperature, the mean grain size of the steel was found to gradually decrease with an increase of the annealing temperature from 700°C to 920°C. A more complex grain size evolution was detected in the case of the steel coiled at high temperature. This led us to the conclusion that the size and the distribution of the iron carbides present before annealing, which is mainly governed by the coiling temperature, plays a very important role on the mechanisms involved in the grain refinement of extra-mild steels during ultra-rapid annealing cycles.

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15

YANG, Cheng-wei, Xin-hua WANG, Tie OU, Jiang-hua QI, Wan-jun ZHU, Jun-fu CHEN, and Li-ping LIN. "Formation of Inclusion in Ti–Al Killed Low C–Mn Steel." Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International 21 (April 2014): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(14)60127-8.

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16

Chen, Liangjun, Weiqing Chen, Wei Yan, Hongbing Peng, Yindong Yang, and Alexander McLean. "Inclusion modification in Al-killed valve spring steel by Na2CO3 addition." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 45, no. 5 (May 28, 2018): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2018.1482818.

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17

Kong, Lingzhong, Zhiyin Deng, and Miaoyong Zhu. "Reaction Behaviors of Al-Killed Medium-Manganese Steel with Different Refractories." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 1444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1223-x.

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18

Liu, Yang, and Nanfu Zong. "Effects of Al-Mg alloy treatment on behavior and size of inclusions in SUH 409L stainless steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017085.

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Different types of steel were produced by different deoxidization processes to investigate effects of Al-Mg alloy treatment on the behavior and size of inclusions in stainless steels. Both industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations were studied. Results showed that irregular and clustered Al2O3 inclusions are dominant in aluminum killed stainless steels. Using Al-Mg alloy treatment, size of Al2O3 inclusions could be reduced, irregular and clustered Al2O3 inclusions can be changed into the spherical MgO ⋅ Al2O3 inclusions. Changes in size and number of inclusions result from that Al-Mg alloy treatment could significantly affect the nucleation process of MgO ⋅ Al2O3 inclusions in molten steel. When the content of Mg is enough, larger inclusions can be reduced by the Al-Mg alloy treatment, and inclusions can keep fine.

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19

Geng, Ruming, Jing Li, Chengbin Shi, Jianguo Zhi, and Bin Lu. "Effect of Ce-La on inclusion evolution in Al-killed high strength steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 6 (2020): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020076.

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The mechanism of inclusion evolution after rare earth addition based on oxide metallurgy was investigated experimentally and using thermodynamic calculations, where Ce-La was added to Al-killed high strength steel during Ruhrstahl-Heraeus refining to modify the oxide inclusions within the steel. The typical inclusions observed before Ce-La addition were spherical magnesium aluminate spinel inclusions. And fewer individual Al2O3 inclusions and Al2O3–TiOx inclusions were also observed. The addition of Ce-La led to transformation of MgO · Al2O3 spinel inclusions to (Ce,La)2O3, (Ce,La)2O2S and (Ce,La)2O2S + MgO · Al2O3 inclusions. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that Ce-La combined with dissolved oxygen and sulfur in molten steel to form rare earth inclusions, while the remainder of the Ce and La modified MgO · Al2O3 to (Ce,La)2O3 and (Ce,La)2O2S.

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20

Mapelli, Carlo. "Control and Engineering of Non-metallic Inclusions belonging to xSiO2-yCaO-zAl2O3System in Ca-treated Al-killed and Al-Si-killed Steel." steel research international 77, no. 7 (July 2006): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200606416.

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21

Wu, Bao Cai, Feng Shi, Xin Yu Cheng, Rui Min Lin, and Chun Ming Liu. "Microstructures and Textures During Annealing in Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels with Low Finishing Temperatures and High Coiling Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.52.

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Microstructures and textures after annealing at 680°C in low carbon Al-killed steels with low finishing temperature and high coiling temperature were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The results show that higher coiling temperature and lower finishing temperature can both cause the appearance of equiaxed grain and line cementite. The equiaxed grain in 2# steel with higher coiling temperature is the more obvious. Advantage textures are weak in the steels with higher coiling temperature and lower finishing temperature and volume fraction of {111}fiber in 2# steel with higher coiling temperature is only 7.17%, so the stamping property should be worse.

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22

Basu, Somnath, Shiv Kumar Choudhary, and Narendra U. Girase. "Nozzle Clogging Behaviour of Ti-bearing Al-killed Ultra Low Carbon Steel." ISIJ International 44, no. 10 (2004): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.1653.

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23

Kong, Lingzhong, Zhiyin Deng, Liu Cheng, and Miaoyong Zhu. "Reaction Behaviors of Al-Killed Medium-Manganese Steel with Glazed MgO Refractory." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49, no. 6 (August 21, 2018): 3522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1390-9.

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24

Yang, Shu-feng, Jing-she Li, Zai-fei Wang, Jiao Li, and Lin Lin. "Modification of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions in Al-killed steel by Ca-treatment." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 18, no. 1 (February 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-011-0394-0.

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25

Wang, Ruo Si, Shuo Ming Wang, and Peng Long Han. "Study of Deoxidization and Desulphurization in Slag Washing Process of Al-Killed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.27.

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In order to reduce the production cost, In one factory product the SPHC steel of general requirements using slag washing process （BOF→Slag washing oxygen alloying→Ladle argon-blown→CC）, the system study was analyzed about deoxidization and desulphurization behavior of slag washing process. The results of the study show that, when the content of Als 300~500ppm, dissolved oxygen 3~6ppm, the steel desulfurization rate remains stable at 35% to 48%, the average desulfurization rate is 42%. The process of the [N] content, increasing [S] are lower than the LF refining, the operation is simple and can meet the metallurgical requirements.

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26

Song, Ming-ming, Yu-min Xie, Bo Song, Zheng-liang Xue, Nan Nie, Chun-lin Hu, and Run-sheng Xu. "The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0175.

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AbstractThe microstructures and impact properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ) in steel treated by rare earth (RE) under different welding processes were discussed. The effect of Al on the impact properties of the HAZ in RE treated steel was analyzed. It finds that when the welding t8/5 is smaller than 111 s, the main microstructure in steels is bainite/widmanstatten. The impact toughness of the HAZ is lower than that of the steel matrix. When t8/5 is more than 250 s, the microstructure is mainly acicular ferrite (AF) in the steel treated by RE, and the impact toughness of HAZ is obviously improved. Even under the welding processing with t8/5 about 600 s in RE treated steel can still obtain a lot of AF. While in the steel killed by Al and treated by RE, the main microstructure is parallel cluster of bainite/widmanstatten, and the impact toughness of HAZ is significantly lower than that of low-Al RE treated steel. Al can deteriorate the optimizing of RE treatment on HAZ.

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27

FUNAKAWA, Yoshimasa, Toru INAZUMI, and Yoshihiro HOSOYA. "Effect of Al Content on r-value of Boron-bearing Al-killed Steel Sheet." Tetsu-to-Hagane 88, no. 9 (2002): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.88.9_547.

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28

Parida, Anil Kumar, Satrughna Soren, Raghu Nandan Jha, and Sanjoy Sadhukhan. "Formability of Al-killed AISI 1040 Medium Carbon Steel for Cylindrical Cup Formation." ISIJ International 56, no. 4 (2016): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2015-571.

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29

Liu, Chunyang, Xu Gao, Sun-joong Kim, Shigeru Ueda, and Shin-ya Kitamura. "Dissolution Behavior of Mg from MgO–C Refractory in Al-killed Molten Steel." ISIJ International 58, no. 3 (2018): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2017-593.

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30

FUNAKAWA, Yoshimasa, Toru INAZUMI, and Yoshihiro HOSOYA. "Influence of Boron Content on Work-hardening Behavior of Al-killed Steel Sheet." Tetsu-to-Hagane 88, no. 12 (2002): 872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.88.12_872.

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31

Zhang, Feng, and Guang-qiang Li. "Control of Ultra Low Titanium in Ultra Low Carbon Al-Si Killed Steel." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 20, no. 4 (April 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(13)60077-1.

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32

Kumar, A., G. M. Kumar, S. K. Ajmani, and S. K. Singh. "Resolving operational issues encountered during continuous casting of micro-alloyed Al killed steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 44, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2016.1209899.

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33

Zhang, T., C. Liu, H. Mu, Y. Li, and M. Jiang. "Inclusion evolution after calcium addition in Al-killed steel with different sulphur content." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 45, no. 5 (February 6, 2017): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2017.1284420.

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34

Abdelaziz, S., G. Megahed, I. El-Mahallawi, and H. Ahmed. "Control of Ca addition for improved cleanness of low C, Al killed steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 36, no. 6 (August 2009): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328109x401578.

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35

Zinngrebe, Enno, Corrie Van Hoek, Henk Visser, Albert Westendorp, and In-Ho Jung. "Inclusion Population Evolution in Ti-alloyed Al-killed Steel during Secondary Steelmaking Process." ISIJ International 52, no. 1 (2012): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.52.52.

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36

Jiang, Fang, Guoguang Cheng, You Xie, Guoyu Qian, Qixuan Rui, and Yunxia Song. "Reoxidation of Al-Killed Molten Steel by Fe2O3and Cr2O3in the Magnesia-Chromite Refractory." steel research international 84, no. 11 (April 2, 2013): 1098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201200311.

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37

Yang, Guangwei, Xinhua Wang, Fuxiang Huang, Wanjun Wang, Yuqun Yin, and Chunxia Tang. "Influence of Reoxidation in Tundish on Inclusion for Ca-Treated Al-Killed Steel." steel research international 85, no. 5 (November 11, 2013): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201300243.

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38

Guo, Yin-tao, Sheng-ping He, Gu-jun Chen, and Qian Wang. "Thermodynamics of Complex Sulfide Inclusion Formation in Ca-Treated Al-Killed Structural Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47, no. 4 (May 3, 2016): 2549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0685-y.

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39

Liu, Chunyang, Motoki Yagi, Xu Gao, Sun-Joong Kim, Fuxiang Huang, Shigeru Ueda, and Shin-ya Kitamura. "Dissolution Behavior of Mg from Magnesia-Chromite Refractory into Al-killed Molten Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49, no. 5 (June 4, 2018): 2298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1301-0.

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40

Zinngrebe, Enno, James Small, Sieger van der Laan, and Albert Westendorp. "Microstructures and Formation of Tundish Clogging Deposits in Ti-Alloyed Al-Killed Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51, no. 5 (July 23, 2020): 2321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01903-y.

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41

Kumar, Somnath, K. K. Keshari, Antariksh Gupta, Abdhesh Prasad, Vikash Kumar, Basudev Mishra, and Kumar Abhishek. "Improvement in Castability of Al-Killed Steel in Billet Casters by Process Optimization." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 73, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01828-4.

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42

Li, Yang, Zhou Hua Jiang, Shi You Yin, Ying Zhuang, and Ming Li. "Formation and Control of Inclusions during Steelmaking Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1681.

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The variation of non-metallic inclusions and total oxygen contents in different steel grades were investigated by taking samples in steelmaking process, including gear steel, anchor chain steel, hard wire steel, bearing steel and spring steel. The inclusions mainly were Al2O3, MnS, and their composite inclusions in aluminum killed steel at the beginning of LF refining due to addition of FeAl alloy during the tapping from EAF and feeding of Al wire in LF process, and then Al2O3 inclusion changed to the Al2O3 - CaO composite inclusions after feeding of SiCa wire. The inclusions at the beginning of LF refining mainly were MnS, SiC and their composite inclusions in non-aluminum killed steel due to addition of the composite deoxidation and slagging agents (mainly including CaC2 and SiC) when EAF taping, while the inclusions in tundish mainly were MnS, CaO - SiO2 - Al2O3 composite oxide - sulfide inclusions. It is showed that the inclusions in bearing steel and spring steel samples were mainly globular oxide inclusions and silicate inclusions with higher rated results. Therefore, the refining process should be improved to remove globular oxide inclusions. The inclusions in molten steel were controlled by enhancing the diffusion deoxidation process, adjusting and controlling the basicity and composition of refining slags, respectively, and satisfactory results were obtained. The industrial test shows that the total oxygen content of the aluminum killed steel in the test heat after feeding wire reached the minimum value, which indicates that the optimized slag has a strong ability of absorbing Al2O3 inclusions. For non-aluminum killed steel, the total oxygen content was 0.0027 % to 0.0029 % in rolled products. The inclusions in the end of refining and rolled product were small and dispersed composite inclusions, and the separate Al2O3 inclusions can not be found in the non-aluminum killed steel after optimization of the refining process.

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43

Enikő-Réka, Fábián, and Péter János Szabó. "Effect of Texture on Hydrogen Permeability in Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.301.

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The susceptibility to fish-scale formation of cold rolled Al-killed low carbon enamel grade steel sheets is mainly determined by the hydrogen permeability. The role of the grain orientation in the hydrogen permeation time was investigated using scanning electron microscope based electron backscatter diffraction measurements. The fragmentations of massive cementite phase have a significant influence not only on the hydrogen permeability but also on the evolution of texture during the cold rolling process. Results showed that {111}[uvw] texture act as trapping site for hydrogen.

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44

Wu, Cheng Chuan, Xiao Hong Yang, and Guo Guang Cheng. "Formation Conditions for Ce₂O₂S and CeAlO₃ in Cerium Treated Al-Killed Steels." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1032.

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An investigation has been carried out to determine the formation conditions of Ce2O2S and CeAlO3in cerium treated Al-killed steel. Argon protection melts have been manufactured of appropriate base steel compositions with varying additions of cerium (0.006-0.04%). The work has shown that 0.0015-0.02% may be retained in steels after Al deoxidation and cerium treatment while oxygen and sulphur content be 14-17 ppm and 60-70 ppm respectively. With 0.0099-0.02% retained cerium, resulting inclusions are largely spheroidal in shape and consist of several crystalline compounds, notably Ce2O2S and CeAlO3. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the CeAlO3would be formed with the cerium content in the range of 8.65ppb to 1.45ppm when the content of aluminum was 0.01%.

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Funakawa, Y., T. Inazumi, Yoshihiro Hosoya, and T. Murayama. "Effect of Al Content on r-Value and Recrystallization Texture of B-Bearing Al-Killed Steel Sheets." Materials Science Forum 284-286 (June 1998): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.284-286.535.

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Enikő-Réka, Fábián. "Cold Deformation Effect on Microstructure and on the Hydrogen Permeability of Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.7.

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The cold rolling effect on the hydrogen permeability (TH value) and on the microstructure have been studied on samples prepared from Al-killed low carbon steel sheets after several cold rolling levels. The TH values of the hot rolled strips were very short, but due to the cold rolling increase exponentially. The fragmentation of large cementite phase has a significant influence on the evolution of texture during the cold rolling process. The cold deformation effects on the TH value were studied on four annealed enamelling grade steel sheets also. Depending on the carbides sizes and carbides position in ferrite grains after annealing the TH values increase or decrease after low deformation degrees, due to the steel texture modification and dislocation character. Dislocations act as major tripping site for hydrogen, if deformation degree is higher than 30%.

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Ma, Qing-long, Dong-cheng Wang, Hong-min Liu, and Hai-ming Lu. "Effect of temper rolling on tensile properties of low-Si Al-killed sheet steel." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 16, no. 3 (March 2009): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(09)60045-5.

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Wang, De-yong, Zhi-xiang Zhang, Hui-hua Wang, and Mao-fa Jiang. "Characteristic Analysis of Solidified Crust for Basic Tundish Flux With Al-Killed Steel Casting." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 18, no. 1 (January 2011): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(11)60004-6.

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Jiang, Fang, Yan Liu, You Xie, and Guoguang Cheng. "Reoxidation of Al-Killed Steel by Ca(OH)2 in the High Basicity Slag." steel research international 83, no. 9 (June 5, 2012): 892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201200057.

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Chen, Gujun, Yintao Guo, and Shengping He. "Effect of FeO content in Slag on formation of MgOfflAl2O3inclusion for Al-killed steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 113, no. 2 (2016): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2016001.

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