Academic literature on the topic 'Al- Markaz al-ʻArabī li-d-Dirāsāt'

Background: This study examines Muhammad Shahrur's theory of limits and women’s issues. This theory adjusts the muhkamat verses to remain relevant to sociocultural conditions while remining within the jurisdiction of Allah SWT. Shahrur's approach conveyed women as different from traditional ulema, and controversial. Therefore, it is necessary to describe Shahrur's theory and interpretation on women issues. Methods: This was an exploratory bibliographic study using descriptive-hermeneutic analysis. Two of Shahrur's books were selected and five chapters from Al-Kitāb wa Al-Qur’ān, Qirā’ah Mu’āshirah and five chapters from Nahw Ushūl al-Jadīdah Li al-Fiqh al-Islāmy; Fiqh al-Mar'ah . Results: Shahrur’s interpretations on women issues are: a) relationships between teenagers of the opposite sex without marriage or living together is "halal" if it follows their will, without a contract, being accompanied by syecih or permission, b) The maximum limit of hijab is to cover the entire body except the face and palms. In contrast, the minimum limit covers the juyūb, including cleavage under the armpits, body parts, genitals, and buttocks. Apart from these, it does not include intimate parts and adapts to the community. c) women's intimate parts are shown only to the seven groups; brothers, fathers, children of a sibling, parents of one's wives and their children, d) Polygamy has both an upper limit and lower limit. Shahrur allows polygamy under two conditions: widows with children whose husbands left them to protect them, polygamy has two limitations, limit for quantity and limit for quality, e) the law of adultery has a lower and upper limit. Conclusion: According to Shahrur, women's issues are divided into four limits, sometimes they are at the upper limit and sometimes at the lower limit. Shahrur's linguistic approach finally led him to draw a conclusion that the product of Islamic law is highly dependent on the sociocultural context.

Introdução: A candidemia é uma das infecções nasocomiais mais frequentes a nível mundial e apresenta diferentes espécies de Candida envolvidas com o desenvolvimento dessa patologia. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou os aspectos epidemiológicos e as diferentes espécies de Candida associadas à candidemia. Material e Métodos: Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada, através da leitura de artigos científicos publicados nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo nos últimos cinco anos. Utilizou-se as seguintes combinações de descritores: Candidemia, Candidemia e Prevalência, Candidemia e Incidência, Candidemia e Candida. Resultados: A candidemia é a infecção fúngica mais hostil atualmente encontrada e prevalente nas populações estudadas. A população mais afetada são os recém-nascidos. Apresenta altas taxas de mortalidade e disseminação em várias partes do mundo. A nutrição parenteral, a administração de antibióticos de amplo espectro, hospitalização prolongada, cirurgia prévia e colonização por Candida sp são os principais fatores de risco relatados na literatura. Múltiplas espécies fúngicas estão associadas a essa condição, porém C. albicans é a mais predominante, seguida por C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Conclusões: A Candidemia é uma patologia prevalente e apresenta alta incidência e morbimortalidade nas populações estudadas das diferentes partes do mundo. C. albicans é a espécie mais associada, seguida por C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. Descritores: Candidemia; Prevalência; Incidência; Candida. Referências Treviño-Rangel RJ, Peña-López CD, Hernández-Rodríguez PA, Beltrán-Santiago D, González GM. Association between Candida biofilm-forming bloodstream isolates and the clinical evolution in patients with candidemia: An observational nine-year single center study in Mexico. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2018;35(1):11-16. Kaur H, Chakrabarti A. Strategies to Reduce Mortality in Adult and Neonatal Candidemia in Developing Countries. J Fungi (Basel). 2017;3(3):41. Wu PF, Liu WL, Hsieh MH, Hii IM, Lee YL, Lin YT et al. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of candidemia isolates of non-albicans Candida species from cancer patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(10):e87. Vasilyeva NV, Raush ER, Rudneva MV, Bogomolova TS, Taraskina AE, Fang Y et al. Etiology of invasive candidosis agents in Russia: a multicenter epidemiological survey. Front Med. 2018;12(1):84-91. Barchiesi F, Orsetti E, Osimani P, Catassi C, Santelli F, Manso E. Factors related to outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida parapsilosis complex. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:387. Barchiesi F, Orsetti E, Mazzanti S, Trave F, Salvi A, Nitti C, Manso E. Candidemia in the elderly: What does it change? PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176576. Benedict K, Roy M, Kabbani S, Anderson EJ, Farley MM, Harb S et al. Neonatal and pediatric candidemia: results from population-based active laboratory surveillance in four US locations, 2009-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):e78-e85. Bhattacharjee P. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India. Curr Med Mycol. 2016;2(2):20-7. Breda GL, Tuon FF, Meis JF, Herkert PF, Hagen F, de Oliveira LZ, Dias VC, da Cunha CA, Queiroz-Telles F. Breakthrough candidemia after the introduction of broad spectrum antifungal agents: A 5-year retrospective study. Med Mycol. 2018;56(4):406-15 Caggiano G, Lovero G, De Giglio O, Barbuti G, Montagna O, Laforgia N et al. Candidemia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a retrospective, observational survey and analysis of literature Data. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7901763. Fu J, Ding Y, Wei B, Wang L, Xu S, Qin P, Wei L, Jiang L. Epidemiology of Candida albicans and non-C.albicans of neonatal candidemia at a tertiary care hospital in western China. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):329. Guzzetti LB, Vescina CM, Gil MF, Gatti BM. Candidemias en pediatría: distribución de especies y sensibilidad a los antifúngicos [Candidemia in Pediatrics: Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility]. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2017;49(4):320-22. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Dimopoulou D, Andrianaki AM, Christidou A, Maraki S, Spernovasilis NA, Samonis G. Factors Influencing Non-albicans Candidemia: A Case-Case-Control Study. 2017; 182(7-8):665-72. Kubiak DW, Farmakiotis D, Arons V, Hollins RM, Rostas SE, Weiser LM et al. Utility of in-house fluconazole disk diffusion susceptibility testing in the treatment of candidemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;84(3):223-26. Li D, Zhang W, Zheng S, Ma Z, Zhang P, Liu Z. Surveillance study of candidemia in cancer patients in North China. Med Mycol. 2013;51(4):378-84. Li D, Xia R, Zhang Q, Bai C, Li Z, Zhang P. Evaluation of candidemia in epidemiology and risk factors among cancer patients in a cancer center of China: an 8-year case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):536. Lortholary O, Renaudat C, Sitbon K, Desnos-Ollivier M, Bretagne S, Dromer F; French Mycoses Study Group. The risk and clinical outcome of candidemia depending on underlying Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(5):652-62. Lovero G, De Giglio O, Montagna O, Diella G, Divenuto F, Lopuzzo M, Rutigliano S, Laforgia N, Caggiano G, Montagna MT. Epidemiology of candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: a persistent public health problem. Ann Ig. 2016;28(4):282-87. Márquez F, Iturrieta I, Calvo M, Urrutia M, Godoy-Martínez P. Epidemiología y susceptibilidad antifúngica de especies causantes de candidemia en la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile [Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of species producing candidemia in Valdivia, Chile]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(5):441-46. Pinhati HM, Casulari LA, Souza AC, Siqueira RA, Damasceno CM, Colombo AL. Outbreak of candidemia caused by fluconazole resistant Candida parapsilosis strains in an intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):433. Siri L, Legarraga P, García P, González T, Rabagliati R. Cambios clínicos y epidemiológicos de candidemias en pacientes adultos desde 2000 a 2013. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(1):19-26. Spiers R, Smyth B, Lamagni T, Rooney P, Dorgan E, Wyatt T et al. The epidemiology and management of candidemia in Northern Ireland during 2002-2011, including a 12-month enhanced case review. Med Mycol. 2019;57(1):23-9. Tiraboschi IN, Pozzi NC, Farías L, García S, Fernández NB. Epidemiología, especies, resistencia antifúngica y evolución de las candidemias en un hospital universitario de Buenos Aires, Argentina, durante 16 años [Epidemiology, species, antifungal resistance and outcome of candidemia in a university hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina for 16 years]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2017;34(5):431-40. Vena A, Bouza E, Valerio M, Padilla B, Paño-Pardo JR, Fernández-Ruiz M et al. Candidemia in non-ICU surgical wards: comparison with medical wards. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185339. Kelly MS, Benjamin DK Jr, Smith PB. The epidemiology and diagnosis of invasive candidiasis among premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):105-17, viii-ix. Wu JQ, Zhu LP, Ou XT, Xu B, Hu XP, Wang X et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for non-Candida albicans candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at a Chinese teaching hospital. Med Mycol. 2011;49(5):552-55. Navalkele BD, Revankar S, Chandrasekar P. Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15(9):819-27. Spivak ES, Hanson KE. Candida auris: an Emerging Fungal Pathogen. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(2):e01588-17. Colombo AL, Guimarães T, Sukienik T, Pasqualotto AC, Andreotti R, Queiroz-Telles F et al. Prognostic factors and historical trends in the epidemiology of candidemia in critically ill patients: an analysis of five multicenter studies sequentially conducted over a 9-year period Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1489-98. Gehring GM, Carrilho CMM, Pelisson M, Perugini M, Tano ZN. Candidemia: Revisão Bibliográfica. J Infect Control. 2015;4(4):1-19. Lepak A, Andes D. Fungal sepsis: optimizing antifungal therapy in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin. 2011;27(1):123-47. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):e1-50. Wisplinghoff H, Ebbers J, Geurtz L, Stefanik D, Major Y, Edmond MB et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Candida spp. in the USA: species distribution, clinical features and antifungal susceptibilities. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43(1):78-81.

Formative assessment in early childhood education in Indonesia does not have been working well. The research aims to prove the problem that the formative assessment (assessment for learning and assessment as learning) in early childhood education in Indonesia does not have been performing well. The research employed the research methodology of literature review to investigate the problem by analyzing empirical research-based articles on assessment in early childhood education. The result shows that a very few of natures of the formative assessment were present when teachers of early childhood education assessed their students. Goals, teacher’s and student’s roles, methods, feedback and following actions which particularly characterize the formative assessment were seldom found in the assessment practice in early childhood education in Indonesia. Keywords: formative assessment; assessment for learning; assessment as learning; early childhood educationReferencesAdinda, W.N., Wahyuni, S. & Majidah, K. (2020). Penilaian Autentik pada Pembelajaran Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini di Annur I Sleman Yogyakarta. Raudhah 8 (1). 92—104. http://jurnaltarbiyah.uinsu.ac.id/ index.php/raudhah/article/view/589Afni, Nurul. (2016). Pelaksanaan Evaluasi Tingkat Pencapaian Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini di TK Se-Kecamatan Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru. Jurnal Educhild: Pendidikan dan Sosial 5 (2). 128—133. https://educhild.ejournal.unri.ac.id/ index.php/JPSBE/article/view/3835/0Ahsunandar, La O. (2020). Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Standar Produk Hasil Belajar pada Satuan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Al-Ta’dib Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Kependidikan 13 (1). 34—45. https://ejournal.iainkendari.ac.id/ index.php/al-tadib/article/view/1775Akhsanti, Munika S. (2014). Pemanfaatan Hasil Evaluasi Pembelajaran dalam Pengembangan Program Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini. Early Childhood Papers (Belia) 3 (2). 87—94. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/ index.php/belia/article/view/3761Ali, M.M. & Hamid, O. (2020). Teaching English to the Test: Why Does Negative Washback Exist within Secondary Education in Bangladesh? Language Assessment Quarterly 17 (2). 1—18. https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15434303.2020.1717495?journalCode=hlaq20Allal, Linda. (2019). Assessment and the co-regulation of learning in the classroom. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 27 (4). 1—18. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0969594X.2019.1609411? journalCode=caie20Chen, P.P. & Bonner, S.M. (2019). A framework for classroom assessment, learning, and self-regulation. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 27 (4). 373—393. https://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/0969594X.2019.1619515?journalCode=caie20Chong, Sin W. (2018). Three Paradigms of Classroom Assessment: Implications for Written Feedback Research. Language Assessment Quarterly 15 (4). 330—347. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15434303.2017.1405423Damayanti, E., Hartika, A.S., Herawati, Lisna, Jannah, R. & Pratiwi, S.I. (2018). Manajemen Penilaian Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini pada Taman Kanak-Kanak Citra Samata Kabupaten Gowa. Nanaeke Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education 1 (1). 13—24. http://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/nanaeke/article/view/135-142Davies, R. & Hamilton, P. (2016). Assessing learning in the early years’ outdoor classroom: examining challenges in practice. Education 3-13 International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education 46 (1). 117-129 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03004279.2016.1194448DeLuca, C., Pyle, A., Braund, H. & Faith, L. (2020). Leveraging assessment to promote kindergarten learners’ independence and self-regulation within play-based classrooms. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 27 (4). 394—415. https://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/full/10.1080/0969594X.2020.1719033DeLuca, C., Pyle, A., Valiquette, A. & LaPointe-McEwan, D. (2020). New Directions for Kindergarten Education Embedding Assessment in Play-Based Learning. The Elementary School Journal 120 (3). 455—479. https:// www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/707008Dewi, N.P., Poerwanti, J.I.S. & Sutijan, 2019). Penerapan Penilaian Portofolio dalam Asesmen Perkembangan Motorik Halus Anak di TK Se-Gugus Arjuna Kecamatan Jatipurno. Jurnal Kumara Cendekia 7 (1). 16—25. https:// jurnal.uns.ac.id/kumara/article/view/35628Earl, L. & Katz, S. (2006). Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind: Assessment for Learning Assessment as Learning Assessment of Learning. Manitoba: Crown in Right of Manitoba. Goldstein, J. & Flake, J.K. (2015). Towards a framework for the validation of early childhood assessment systems. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability 28 (3). 273—293. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11092-015-9231-8Hartati, Sofia. (2017). Pengembangan Model Asesmen Perkembangan Anak Taman Kanak-Kanak di DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini. 19—30. http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/jpud/article/view/2522Hasanah. F. & Uyun, Q. (2019). Asesmen Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini (Studi Kasus TK Khadijah Al-Muayyada Sampang). Islamic EduKids: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 1 (1). 31—37. https:// journal.uinmataram.ac.id/index.php/IEK/article/view/1814Hu, B.Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Roberts, S.K. & Vitiello, G. (2021). The quality of teacher feedback matters: Examining Chinese teachers’ use of feedback strategies in preschool math lessons. Teaching and Teacher Education 98. 1—14. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0742051X2031444XKamar, Eka M. (2018). Pengembangan Perangkat Evaluasi Perkembangan Bahasa Anak Usia Dini pada Anak TK Islam Al Markaz Al Islami Kelompok B Makassar. Pembelajar: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Keguruan, dan Pembelajaran 2 (2). 92—100. https://ojs.unm.ac.id/ pembelajar/article/view/5642Lam, Ricky. (2015). Assessment as learning: examining a cycle of teaching, learning, and assessment of writing in the portfolio-based classroom. Studies in Higher Education 41 (11). 1900—1917. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03075079.2014.999317Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M. & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Edition 3. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. Novianti, R., Puspitasari, E. & Chairilsyah, D. (2013). Pemetaan Kemampuan Guru PAUD dalam Melaksanakan Asesmen Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini di Kota Pekanbaru. Jurnal Sorot 8 (1). 95—104. https:// sorot.ejournal.unri.ac.id/index.php/JS/article/view/2353/0Nugraha, E. (2016). Evaluasi Pendidikan Pada Jenjang PAUD. aṣ-ṣibyān: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1(2), 106–118. Nurhayati, S. & Rakhman, A. (2017). Studi Kompetensi Guru PAUD dalam Melakukan Asesmen Pembelajaran dan Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini di Kota Cimahi. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak 6 (2) 109—120. https:// journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/17699Nurlaili. (2019). Implementasi Penilaian Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini di RA Khairin Medan Tembung. Raudhah 7 (1). 93-110. http:// jurnaltarbiyah.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/raudhah/article/download/471/417Prihantoro, Agung. (2021). Tiga Paradigma Evaluasi Pendidikan: Sebuah Peta Perkembangan. Academy of Education Journal 12 (1). 22—38.https://jurnal.ucy.ac.id/index.php/fkip/article/view/430Purwasih, Wahyu. (2018). Teknik Penilaian Unjuk Kerja dan Catatan Anekdot sebagai Upaya Pemantauan Perkembangan Anak Di Paud Aisyiyah Sukoharjo Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Warna 2 (2), 76—86. https://ejournal.iaiig.ac.id/index.php/warna/article/view/92Pyle, A. & DeLuca, C. (2013). Assessment in the Kindergarten Classroom: An Empirical Study of Teachers’ Assessment Approaches. Early Childhood Education Journal 41 (5). 373–380. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s10643-012-0573-2Pyle. A. & DeLuca, C. (2016). Assessment in play-based kindergarten classrooms: An empirical study of teacher perspectives and practices. The Journal of Educational Research 41 (5). 373—380. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10643-012-0573-2Snyder, Hannah. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research. Journal of Business Research 104. 333–-339. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0148296319304564Suyadi. (2016). Perencanaan dan Asesmen Perkembangan pada Anak Usia Dini (Studi Kasus pada Lembaga Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD/TK/RA) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Golden Age Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini 1 (1). 65—74. http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/tarbiyah/index.php/goldenage/article/view/1251Utsman. (2013). Pengembangan Model Instrumen Asesmen Pencapaian Perkembangan Fisik Motorik Anak pada Taman Kanak-Kanak. Lembaran Ilmu Kependidikan 42 (1), 63—69. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/ nju/index.php/LIK/article/view/2698von Suchodoletz, A., Trommsdorff, Heikamp, T., Wieber, F. & Gollwitzer, P.M. (2009). Transition to school: The role of kindergarten children's behavior regulation. Learning and Individual Differences 19 (4). 561—566. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1041608009000545?via%3DihubWahyuningsih, Riris. (2019). Studi Observasi Asesmen Perkembangan Bahasa Anak (Studi Kasus di TK Jogja Green School). Islamic EduKids: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 1 (1). 8—12. https://journal.uinmataram.ac.id/ index.php/IEK/article/view/1810