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Journal articles on the topic 'Al2O3-CaO-SiO2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Kosa, Ladislav, Ivan Nerád, Jozef Strečko, Ivo Proks, and Katarína Adamkovičová. "Differential Enthalpies of Solution of Components in Binary Systems 2 CaO . Al2O3 . SiO2-CaO . Al2O3 . 2 SiO2, CaO . SiO2-CaO . Al2O3 . 2 SiO2 and CaO . SiO2-2 CaO . Al2O3 . SiO2." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 9 (1993): 1989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19931989.

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Differential enthalpies of solution of components in binary systems 2 CaO . Al2O3 . SiO2-CaO . Al2O3 . 2 SiO2, CaO . SiO2-CaO . Al2O3 . 2 SiO2 and CaO . SiO2-2 CaO . Al2O3 . SiO2 as the function of composition and temperature were determined on the base of isothermal composition dependences of enthalpies of mixing and temperature dependences of heats of fusion of their pure components. From the values of the first differential heat of solution of CaO . Al2O3 . 2 SiO2 and 2 CaO . Al2O3 . SiO2 in CaO . SiO2 over temperature range considered we can conclude that the reactions were closed chains of SiO4 tetrahedra in CaO . SiO2 melt break, are exothermic. On the other hand positive values of this quantity for CaO . SiO2 in CaO . Al2O3 . 2 SiO2 and 2 CaO . Al2O3 . SiO2 led us to the conclusion that the progressive breaking originally closed chains in CaO . SiO2 melt has endothermic character.

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Arutyunyan, N. A., A. I. Zaitsev, and N. G. Shaposhnikov. "Surface tension of CaO-Al2O3, CaO-SiO2, and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 84, no. 1 (2009): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024410010024.

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Wang, Hong Ming, Gui Rong Li, Xiang Zhu, and Yu Tao Zhao. "Calculation Model of Mass Action Concentrations for CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Slag System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.39.

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According to the coexistence theory of melted slag structure, a calculation model of mass action concentrations for CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag system has been established, by which the mass action concentrations of all structure units in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 systems are calculated. The effects of Al2O3 content and slag basicity on the mass action concentrations are investigated. The results indicate that both basicity and the content of Al2O3 have remarkable effects on mass action concentrations of CaO, 2CaO•SiO2, CaO•SiO2, CaO•Al2O3 and 2CaO•SiO2•Al2O3, etc. Furthermore, the effects of Al2O3 content on mass action concentrations are relevant with slag basicity. The basicity has more influences on mass action concentrations of CaO, CaO•SiO2, 2CaO•SiO2 and 3CaO•SiO2, whereas the basicity has little effect on mass action concentrations of other structure units in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system.

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Adamkovičová, K., L. Kosa, I. Nerád, J. Strečko, and I. Proks. "Isoplethic enthalpies of heating in the systems CaO · SiO22CaO · Al2O3 · SiO2, CaO · SiO2CaO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 and 2CaO · Al2O3 · SiO2CaO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2." Thermochimica Acta 235, no. 1 (1994): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(94)80078-2.

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Rong, Zhe, Hongbo Liu, Peng Zhang, et al. "The Formation Mechanisms and Evolution of Multi-Phase Inclusions in Ti-Ca Deoxidized Offshore Structural Steel." Metals 12, no. 3 (2022): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030511.

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To understand and clarify the formation mechanisms and evolution of complex inclusions in Ti-Ca deoxidized offshore structural steel, inclusions in industrial steel were systematically investigated. The number density of total inclusions generally decreased from Ladle Furnace (LF), Vacuum Degassing (VD), Tundish to the final product except for Ti and Ca addition. The major inclusions during the refining process were CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusion initially originated from the combination of CaO-SiO2-(MgO) in refining slag or refractory and deoxidization product Al2O3 and TiO2. With the refining process proceeding and Ca addition, the Al2O3 concentration in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusions gradually dropped while the CaO and TiO2 concentrations gradually increased. The CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions originally came from refining slag, existing as 2CaO∙ Al2O3∙ SiO2, and maintained a liquid state during the early stage of LF. After Ca treatment, it was gradually transferred to 2CaO∙ SiO2 due to Al2O3 continuously being reduced by Ca. The liquidus of 2CaO∙ SiO2 inclusion was higher than that of molten steel, so they presented as a solid-state during the refining process. After welding thermal simulation, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusions were proven effective for inducing intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) while CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 was inert for IAF promotion. Additionally, Al2O3-MgO spinel in multiphase CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusion has different formation mechanisms: (1) initial formation as individual Al2O3-MgO spinel as a solid-state in molten steel; (2) and it presented as a part of liquid inclusion CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx and firstly precipitated due to its low solubility.

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Yan, B., R. Guo, and J. Zhang. "A study on phase equilibria in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-“Nb2O5”(5 mass pct) system in reducing atmosphere." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 49, no. 2 (2013): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb120823013y.

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Phase equilibria in 5 mass% ?Nb2O5? plane of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-?Nb2O5? system at 1873 K in an oxygen partial pressure of 1.78?10-6 Pa have been investigated through isothermal equilibration and quenching followed by EPMA examinations. In order to characterize the effect of niobium oxide on the phase relationship of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, Nb2O5-containing and Nb2O5-free samples with the same CaO/Al2O3/SiO2 weight ratio were investigated simultaneously. The ratios of CaO/Al2O3/SiO2 were selected from the CaO?2Al2O3-liquid two-phase equilibrium region in the CaO-Al2O3- SiO2 system at1873 K. It was found that the adding of 5 mass% Nb2O5 to the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system caused the original CaO?2Al2O3-liquid equilibrium to become three different new equilibria. The three equilibria were single liquid phase, CaO?6Al2O3-liquid and gehlenite-CaO?2Al2O3-liquid equilibrium respectively. The gehlenite phase may be a new solid solution of 2CaO?Al2O3?SiO2 and NbOx with melting point higher than 1873 K.

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Zaitsev, A. I., A. D. Litvina, N. P. Lyakishev, and B. M. Mogutnov. "Thermodynamics of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 and CaF2–CaO–Al2O3 –SiO2 melts." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 93, no. 17 (1997): 3089–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a700511c.

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Nerád, I., J. Strečko, I. Proks, K. Adamkovičová, and L. Kosa. "Integral enthalpies of solution of components in the binary systems 2CaO · Al2O3 · SiO2-CaO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2, CaO · SiO2-CaO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 and CaO · SiO2-2CaO · Al2O3 · SiO2." Thermochimica Acta 224 (September 1993): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(93)80157-6.

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Zhang, Cai Jun, Jing Wang, and Li Guang Zhu. "Experimental Study on the Al₂O₃ Absorption Rate of RH Refining Slag." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1073.

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The effect of different composition of refining slag on absorption rate of Al2O3 has been tested by experimental method in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaF2-FeO-MnO-P2O5 refining slag. The result shows: under specified condition, CaO/Al2O3 between 1.4 and 1.7, the slag has higher absorption rate of Al2O3,The absorption rate of Al2O3 raised with the increase of the content of CaF2 when the content of CaF2 less than 8%; the absorption rate of Al2O3 increased with the increase of the CaO/SiO2 when the CaO/SiO2 less than 3.5; the maximum absorption rate of Al2O3 is 0.0226 g•cm-2•min-1 when CaO/SiO2=3.48, MI=0.124.

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Bian, Lingtao, and Yanhong Gao. "Influence of Al2O3, CaO/SiO2, and B2O3 on Viscous Behavior of High Alumina and Medium Titania Blast Furnace Slag." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6895928.

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The effect of Al2O3, CaO/SiO2, and B2O3 on the viscosity of high alumina and medium titania blast furnace slag was analyzed. An increase in CaO/SiO2 ratio from 1.14 to 1.44 resulted in higher slag viscosity and break point temperature. They also increased with increasing Al2O3 content but decreased with adding B2O3 and Al2O3 simultaneously at a fixed CaO/SiO2 ratio of 1.14, which suggested that the effect of B2O3 on viscosity and break point temperature is predominant compared to Al2O3. Apparent activation energies of CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3–TiO2–B2O3 slag were found to be between 74 and 169 kJ/mol.

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Zhang, G. H., K. C. Chou, and X. Y. Lv. "Influences of different components on viscosities of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 50, no. 2 (2014): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb130819016z.

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The present study is aimed to distinguish the different influences of CaO and MgO, as well as Al2O3 and SiO2 on viscosity of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts. It is found that for melt without Al2O3, viscosity increases monotonously as CaO is gradually replaced by MgO. The addition of Al2O3 leads to a complex variation of viscosity. In different composition ranges, viscosity may exhibit different variation tendencies as changing the relative contents of CaO and MgO while keeping contents of other components constant. It is also found that when replacing SiO2 by equivalent mole of Al2O3, (i) in CaOAl 2O3-SiO2 system, viscosity increases when Al2O3 content is small relative to CaO content (there are enough Ca2+ ions to charge compensate Al3+ ions), but decreases when CaO content is inadequate for charge compensation; (ii) in MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, viscosity always decreases as substituting Al2O3 for SiO2. The reason for this difference for two systems may be resulted from the weak charge compensation ability of Mg2+ ion for Al3+ ion relative to Ca2+ ion. All the viscosity variations can be interpreted well by our new proposed viscosity model.

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Lin, Yue, Yuanrong Yi, Minghang Fang, Wenqing Ma, and Wei Liu. "Prediction Model for SiO2 Activity in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO Quaternary Slag System." Minerals 13, no. 4 (2023): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040509.

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Activity models based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory have been widely used in the refining of metallurgical slags, with the SiO2 content of slag playing a crucial role in improving the mechanical properties of refining slag-based cementitious materials. In order to improve the reactivity of SiO2 in slag, this study established a SiO2 activity prediction model for the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO quaternary slag system based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory, validating the prediction results using reference values from the literature. Following this, the effects of w(SiO2), w(CaO), w(CaO)/w(Al2O3), and R(w(CaO)/w(SiO2)) on SiO2 activity were explored (where w and R represent content and alkalinity, respectively). The results show that the model could accurately predict the SiO2 activity of refining slag at 1873k. When the SiO2 content was increased from 10% to 30%, with 60% w(CaO) and a w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) ratio of 0.25, the SiO2 activity exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing, with a maximum activity value of 0.1359 reached at 17.5% w(SiO2). When slag contained 15% w(SiO2) and a w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) ratio of 0.25, the SiO2 activity decreased with increasing CaO content, reaching a maximum activity value of 0.1268 when 55% w(CaO) was present. Therefore, by controlling the ratio of w(CaO)/w(Al2O3) and w(CaO)/w(SiO2) in the slag to maintain a ratio of 3, the activity of SiO2 can be effectively increased.

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Ju, Jian Tao, Sen Yang, Yan Ping Guo, Yuan She, and Zhao Hui Zhang. "Influence of Top Slag on the Plasticity of CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ Inclusions in 42CrMoA Crankshaft Steel." Materials Science Forum 804 (October 2014): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.804.285.

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In order to control the plasticity of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3system inclusions so as to reduce the harm to the quality of 42CrMoA crankshaft steel, the target controlling ranges of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3inclusions is put forward. On the basis, influence of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO system top slag on the content of calcium and aluminum in molten steel is contrasted. Theoretical research results show that, calcium activity should be controlled in the range of (90~3300)×10-10, oxygen activity should be below 7×10-6, the mass percent of calcium should be controlled more than 75ppm. And CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO should be a good choice to obtain the plastic inclusions of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3.

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Li, Yang, Zhou Hua Jiang, Shi You Yin, Ying Zhuang, and Ming Li. "Effect of Refining Slag on the Inclusions of Hard Wire Steel during Melting Process." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1174.

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The effect of the refining slag composition on the total oxygen content and inclusions in steel was investigated in 100 t UHP Electric Furnace – LF – Billet CC process. The test steel was 77B hard wire steel and Si-Mn alloy was used as the deoxidizer. Three types slag were used in the industrial tests, which including CaO-CaF2, CaO-CaF2 adding CaC and CaO-Al2O3 refining slag. The results shown that the lowest total oxygen contents of rolled bar can be gained using the CaO-CaF2 refining slag adding CaC, which is 0.0036%, while the total oxygen contents of rolled bar using CaO-Al2O3 refining slag is higher a little than the heats using CaO-CaF2 refining slag. The CaO-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 compound inclusions with the size of about 5 μm are the main inclusions in the heats refining by the CaO-CaF2 refining slag in the rolled bar, but the pure, indeformable Al2O3 inclusion can also be found with the size of about 10 μm. The CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and Al2O3-SiO2-MnO compound inclusions are the main inclusions in the heats refining by the CaO-CaF2-CaC refining slag, but most of the inclusion shape is irregular with bigger size of about 10 μm. Similar with the heat using CaO-CaF2 refining slag, the pure Al2O3 inclusion with edge angle can be found in the rolled bar. The inclusions in the rolled bar treated by CaO-Al2O3 refining slag are CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 compound inclusions, most of which are nearly globular shape with the relative small size of about 5 μm. All of the inclusions in rolled bar lie on the low melting zone in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary phase diagram in the heats using CaO-Al2O3 refining slag. The similar condition appeared on the most of the inclusions in the heats using CaO-CaF2 and CaO-CaF2 refining slag adding CaC, while part of which are lied on the high melting zone. Therefore, considering of the plastic deformation ability, the CaO-Al2O3 refining slag is the best slag for the melting process of hard wire steel.

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Li, Wen Ping, Jun Hong Chen, Christoph Wohrmeyer, Hong Yan Guan, and Jia Lin Sun. "Study on Melting Properties of CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO System Calcium Aluminate Flux." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.569.

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Melting properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO system calcium aluminate (CA) flux were investigated through orthogonal design on three levels of four factors (content of CaO, Al2O3, SiO2 and MgO, respectively) to explore a reasonable chemical composition of CA flux. Results show that the softening temperature (Ts), hemispherical temperature (Th) and flowing temperature (Tf) of CA flux are influenced by the flux components in the order of SiO2 > MgO > CaO > Al2O3. The optimal chemical composition of flux is 3 wt.% SiO2, 6~12 wt.% MgO, 45 wt.% CaO and 40 wt.% Al2O3. Additionally, mineralogy composition analysis of flux clinker shows that the CA flux is mainly composed of 12CaO•7Al2O3 (C12A7), 3CaO•Al2O3 (C3A) and 6CaO•4Al2O3•MgO•SiO2 (C6A4MS, Q phase).

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Doweidar, H. "Density of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2, MgO–CaO–SiO2 and MgO–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses and the structural role of MgO." Physics and Chemistry of Glasses: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 61, no. 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13036/17533562.61.1.12.

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Density and molar volume of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2, MgO–CaO–SiO2 and MgO–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses have been correlated with the structure by following the change in type and concentration of structural units with composition. It is assumed that for (MgO+CaO)≥Al2O3 all Al atoms form AlO4 tetrahedra. The type of modified units of SiO2 (Q3 and Q2) are determined by the ratio [(MgO+CaO)−Al2O3]/SiO2. In the case of (MgO+CaO)<Al2O3, there is a fraction of Al2O3 that forms units based on the AlO3/2 formula. The entire SiO2 content would be in the form of Q4 units. Any of the structural units has its own constant volume that is independent of the type of glass. The agreement between calculated and experimental density and molar volume strongly suggests that MgO has only a modifier role in the studied glasses. Formation of assumed MgO4, MgO5 and MgO6 polyhedra can be due to change in coordination of oxygen, rather being looked as structural units.

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Cao, Jianqi, Yao Li, Wanming Lin, et al. "Assessment of Inclusion Removal Ability in Refining Slags Containing Ce2O3." Crystals 13, no. 2 (2023): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020202.

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The elimination of inclusions in steelmaking processes has been widely studied. The removal of inclusions by slags containing the rare earth oxide Ce2O3 are studied using an integrated numerical model. The integrated model involves the inclusion motion model, interfacial tension calculation model, surface tension calculation model of slag, and the mass action concentration model, based on ion and molecule coexistence theory. The motion behaviors of both solid Al2O3 inclusions and 50%wtAl2O3–50%wtCaO liquid inclusions of varied sizes at CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3(-MgO) slag systems are evaluated. The results show that it is more difficult to remove the inclusions with smaller sizes and in slag with a higher viscosity. Liquid inclusions are more difficult to remove than solid inclusions. It is found that the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO refining slag shows a better ability to remove Al2O3 inclusions than that of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag. The reason for this is that the addition of the rare earth oxide Ce2O3 can decrease the viscosity of slags, as well as improving the wetting effects of slags on Al2O3 inclusions. For two slags systems, the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag system shows a better ability to remove Al2O3 inclusions than the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system. The addition of 5% to 8% Ce2O3 in a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag is an optimized case for industrial applications.

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Cao, Ruihong, Shengtao Qiu, Ting Wu, and Haijun Wang. "Performance Study of CaO-CaF2- and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Based High-Efficiency Desulfurizers." Metals 15, no. 5 (2025): 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050550.

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In order to reduce the content of harmful impurity sulfur elements in steel to meet the quality requirements of high value-added steel, efficient desulfurization of RH vacuum degassing is essential. Based on the simplex lattice composition design method, the effects of typical compositions on liquidus temperature, sulfur capacity, melting temperature, the effects of typical compositions on liquidus temperature, sulfur capacity, melting temperature, viscosity, and desulfurization rate of CaO-CaF2- and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based desulfurizers were studied by thermodynamic calculation, the melting temperature test, and the slag–steel contact experiment. The results show that in CaO-CaF2- and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based desulfurizers, the changes in CaF2, MgO, and Al2O3 contents has little effect on the equilibrium S content of molten steel at lower SiO2 contents, whereas, at higher SiO2 contents, the equilibrium S content of the molten steel is greatly increased when the CaF2, MgO, and Al2O3 content is greater than a certain value. Meanwhile, the increase in CaF2 and MgO content reduces the high-temperature viscosity and breaking temperature (corresponding to the turning point on the viscosity–temperature curve) to varying degrees, which results in a better slag fluidity and is favorable to the prevention of crusting. With the increase in Al2O3 and SiO2 content, the breaking temperature of the CaO-CaF2-based desulfurizer is significantly reduced, which is beneficial to preventing crust. However, when the breaking temperature of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based desulfurizer increases, part of the slag system has solidified at 1400 °C, which is easy to lead to slag crust when the temperature drops. Comprehensively, for the CaO-CaF2-based desulfurizer, CaO = 60 wt%, CaF2 = 30 wt%, SiO2 = 0–5 wt%, and add a small amount of Al2O3 and MgO, its desulfurization effect is significant. For the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-based desulfurizer, CaO = 39–57 wt%, Al2O3 = 20–35 wt%, SiO2 = 10–15 wt%, MgO = 4 wt%, CaF2 = 4–8 wt%, its desulfurization effect meets the demand, and it can reduce equipment erosion and environmental pollution.

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Wang, Nan, Zong Shu Zou, Zhan Zhang, Yan Xiao, and Yong Yang. "Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Temperature on Liquidus for the CaO-SiO₂-FeO_x-Al₂O₃ System." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2279.

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To provide essential data for an efficient utilization of vitrified bottom ash slag, the thermodynamic properties of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-FeOx-MgO-Na2O oxide system is highly required. As one of the related oxide subsystems, the equilibrium phase relations and liquidus of CaO-SiO2-FeOx-Al2O3 system is of great significance to interpret and predict the thermodynamic properties in multi-component oxide systems. In this paper, phase diagrams for the CaO-Al2O3-FeOx and SiO2-Al2O3-FeOx systems were calculated by using CALPHAD method with FactSage program. The liquid phase area changed with changing oxygen partial pressure from 1Pa to 10-3Pa and temperature from 1673K to 1773K. The equilibrium phase relations of CaO-Al2O3-FeOx and SiO2-Al2O3-FeOx systems were discussed.

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Liu, Li Xia, Gang Wang, Shi Jun Wang, Yun Chi Dong, and Yi Fan Chai. "Calculation of Phase Diagram of CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO-B₂O₃ Refining Slag without CaF₂." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1558.

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CaF2 is used in large quantity during refining of steel, which is harmful to environment to be found. There is more and more study on use of B2O3 in metallurgical progress. This paper studied the effects of MgO on melting performance of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary system and B2O3 on that of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO quaternary system by calculation of phase diagram. The result shows that MgO can expand the range of liquid phase of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary system while the effect on melting performance is little. B2O3 can also reduce the melting point of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO quaternary system in high CaO zone and in high Al2O3 zone. So the proper composition of MgO in refining slag are 5~8% and B2O3 below 8%.

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Yang, Lixiang, and G. R. Belton. "Iron redox equilibria in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and MgO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 29, no. 4 (1998): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-998-0143-6.

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ZAITSEV, A. I., A. D. LITVINA, N. P. LYAKISHEV, and B. M. MOGUTNOV. "ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamics of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Melts." ChemInform 28, no. 46 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199746018.

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Pratskova, Svetlana E., Vladimir A. Burmistrov, and Anna A. Starikova. "THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF OXIDE MELTS OF CaO - Al2O3 - SiO2 SYSTEMS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 1 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206301.6054.

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Oxide melts of the CaO – Al2O3 – SiO2 system are the basis of metallurgical slags. Therefore, the thermodynamic properties of this system have been repeatedly studied experimentally, and attempts have been made to describe them theoretically. Thermodynamic modeling of the state diagrams of the CaO – Al2O3, CaO – SiO2, Al2O3 – SiO2 binary systems, as well as the CaO – Al2O3 – SiO2 ternary system was performed. In the course of the work, expressions for the thermodynamic description of the activities of the components of the oxide melt of this system are derived. For the calculation, a generalized theory of regular ionic solutions was used. The energy parameters of the theory are determined, depending on the temperature and composition of the solution, using experimental data on the heat and melting point of oxides of calcium, aluminum and silicon. According to the results of the simulation, the coordinates of the points of nonvariant transformations in the phase diagrams of the binary and ternary systems under study are determined. The obtained results on thermodynamic modeling of the coordinates of the liquidus lines of the phase diagrams of the CaO – Al2O3, CaO – SiO2, Al2O3 – SiO2 binary systems were compared with the literature data for the studied systems. The calculated diagrams are in good agreement with the experimental ones, which indicates the applicability of the chosen system for the description of such oxide melts. The modeling technique used in this work allowed to estimate the Gibbs energies of formation of silicates and calcium aluminum silicates to be 3Al2O3∙2SiO2, 3CaO∙SiO2, 2CaO∙SiO2, 3CaO∙2SiO2, CaO∙SiO2, CaO∙Al2O3∙2SiO2, 2CaO∙Al2O3∙SiO2 on the base of obtained aquations for of activities of the components and calculated parameters of the theory. The calculated diagrams will allow to determine the nature of the interaction between the components of the system, the conditions of formation, the composition and properties of the compounds formed, without isolating them from the system.

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Dong, Kai, Long Wu, and Wen Juan Liu. "Calculation on the Desulfurization Thermodynamic of CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂ Slag System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.57.

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The desulfurization ability of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2 slag at 1873 K was studied through theoretical calculation by using thermodynamic software FactSage. The effect of binary basicity is significant, compared with the mass percentage factors of Al2O3 and TiO2. Under the optimal experimental conditions, with the binary basicity is 7, the mass percentage of Al2O3 is 30 % and TiO2 is 3 %, the corresponding highest sulfur distribution coefficient for the slag are 58.14. While the content of TiO2 in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2 slag is in a range lower than 3-4 %, the desulfurization ability of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2 slag is equal to that of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag. The slag system with TiO2 can meet the desulfurization requirements of steelmaking, which is a good way for resource utilization of solid waster containing titanium.

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Xingrun, Chen, Qian Zhangxin, and Pan Jixiang. "Characteristics and formation mechanism of MgO-enriched inclusions in 2507 super duplex stainless steel during LF refinement." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 5 (2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022075.

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Herein, we present the formation mechanism and characteristics of MgO-enriched inclusions in 2507 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) during the ladle furnace (LF) refining process using a combination of thermodynamic calculations and experimental approach. The compositional analysis reveals that two types of inclusions exist in 2507 SDSS after aluminum (Al) de-oxidation during LF refining process, i.e., CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO and Al2O3-MgO inclusions. Furthermore, the inclusions are transformed into CaO-(SiO2)-Al2O3-MgO inclusions after calcium (Ca) treatment. In addition, the presence of [Mg] lowers the CaO and Al2O3 content of CaO-(SiO2)-Al2O3-MgO, forming MgO-enriched multi-component inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis confirms that the reaction of [Mg] with CaO and Al2O3 can occur in the temperature range of 1500 to 1600 °C during the LF refining process, however, the reaction between [Mg] and SiO2 is thermodynamically not feasible. Overall, the current study demonstrates that more attention should be paid to the MgO-enrichment of inclusions during LF refinement of SSDS.

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Wang, Moo-Chin, and Min-Hsiung Hon. "Properties and crystallization of Li2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2glasses." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 4 (1993): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.0890.

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The addition of CaO to Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2(LAST), forming the Li2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2(LCAST) system, is used in the preparation of low themal expansion coefficient glass-ceramics. By a progressive weight percent substitution of CaO for SiO2, at constant ratios of concentration of Li2O, Al2O3, and TiO2, a number of properties of these glasses have been studied. The results indicated that these thermal properties increased progressively with increasing CaO concentration. X-ray diffraction analysis was utilized to identify the crystalline phase in glass-ceramics of the Li2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2-TiO2system. Thed-spacings of the major crystallites were precisely measured and fitted with those of β-spodumene. The minor crystalline phase of titanite, CaO · TiO2· SiO2, was also present. The average thermal expansion coefficients from 25 to 700 °C were 3.50 × 10−6/°C, 3.81 × 10−6/°C, and 3.91 × 10−6/°C for samples A, B, and C, respectively.

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Zheng, H. Y., Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, et al. "The melting performance of high alumina blast furnace slags." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb220722009z.

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With a view to understanding the performance of the blast furnace slag with high Al2O3 content, the effects of w(MgO)/w(Al2O3), w(CaO)/w(SiO2), and w(Al2O3) on the melting performance (melting characteristic temperature and melting heat) of the blast furnace slag with high Al2O3 content were investigated by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method. Experimental results indicate that melting end temperature (Tend) for almost all the slags has no obvious change with the increase of w(MgO)/w(Al2O3), w(CaO)/w(SiO2) and w(Al2O3) of the slag will raise Tend of the slag. When (w(MgO)/w(Al2O3), R, and w(Al2O3) are high, the melting onset temperature (Tonset) of the slag increases with the increase of any variables. When w(CaO)/w(SiO2) is low, Tonset of the slag decreases with the increase of w(Al2O3). w(MgO)/w(Al2O3), w(CaO)/w(SiO2), and w(Al2O3) within the scope of this study and all these factors lead to the increase of the slag melting heat.

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Liao, Jinfa, Gele Qing, and Baojun Zhao. "Phase Equilibria Studies in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 System with Al2O3/SiO2 Weight Ratio of 0.4." Metals 13, no. 2 (2023): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020224.

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With the raw materials for ironmaking becoming increasingly complex, more accurate phase equilibrium information on the slag is needed to refine the blast furnace operation to reduce the energy cost and CO2 emissions. CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO is a basic system of ironmaking slag in which CaO and MgO mainly come from the flux, SiO2 and Al2O3 are mainly from raw materials. The effect of flux additions on the phase equilibrium of the slag can be described by a pseudo-ternary system CaO–MgO–(Al2O3+SiO2) at a fixed Al2O3/SiO2 ratio of 0.4. Liquidus temperatures and solid solutions in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system with Al2O3/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.4 have been experimentally determined using high temperature equilibration and quenching techniques followed by electron probe microanalysis. Dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2), spinel (MgO·Al2O3), merwinite (3CaO·MgO·2SiO2), anorthite (CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2), mullite (Al2O3·SiO2), periclase (MgO), melilite (2CaO·MgO·2SiO2-2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2) and forsterite (Mg2SiO4) are the major primary phases in the composition range investigated. A series of pseudo-binary phase diagrams have been constructed to demonstrate the application of the phase diagrams on blast furnace operation. Composition of the solid solutions corresponding to the liquidus have been accurately measured and will be used for the development of the thermodynamic database.

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Yu, Huixiang, Xinhua Wang, Jing Zhang, and Wanjun Wang. "Laboratory Study on Oxide Inclusions in High-Strength Low-Alloyed Steel Refined by Slag with Basicity 2–5." High Temperature Materials and Processes 34, no. 7 (2015): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0116.

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Abstract Non-metallic inclusions in high-strength low-alloyed steel refined by slag with basicity (B) 2–5 and Al2O3 content 20%–30% (in mass percent) were investigated by slag–metal equilibrium experiments in laboratory and thermodynamic calculations. Most inclusions in equilibrium were quasi-spherical CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system and the sizes were less than 5 µm. The average content ratio, CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 of the inclusions, increased with slag basicity increasing when Al2O3 content in slag was around 25%, MgO/Al2O3 and CaO/Al2O3 increased with Al2O3 content in slag decreasing when slag basicity was around 3.3. The MgO/Al2O3 of the inclusions was influenced mainly by Al2O3 content in slag and CaO/Al2O3 was influenced mainly by slag basicity. To make the inclusions out of relative lower melting region (<1,773 K), the values of CaO/Al2O3, MgO/Al2O3 and (CaO+MgO)/Al2O3 of the inclusions should be enhanced by increasing basicity and decreasing Al2O3 content in slag properly.

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Zhang, Weifeng, Guanbo Wang, Yanling Zhang, Guoguang Cheng, and Zhonghua Zhan. "Formation Mechanism and Improvement of Magnetic Particle Inspection Defects in Cr5 Backup Roller Forged Ingot." Metals 12, no. 2 (2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020295.

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Industrial tests and thermodynamic calculations were utilized to investigate the source and formation of magnetic particle inspection defects identified on the near-surface of the Cr5 back-up roll forged ingot, which was used in large cold rolling mills. The results showed that the linear aggregating SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 liquid inclusions up to 3 mm led to the flaw detection failure. SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 liquid inclusions were firstly formed in the inductive furnace. Due to its low contact angle, a huge amount of SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 liquid inclusions were inherited into the forged ingot. The formation of SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 liquid inclusions was attributed to the over-oxidation and relatively low aluminum content in the molten steel, as calculated by Factsage 8.1. Controlling the amount of aluminum in molten steel during the smelting process could modify the formation of SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 liquid oxide into solid Al2O3 type inclusions that were easily removed. Besides, the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 liquid oxide could be transformed from CaO-Al2O3 type oxide by the significant loss of aluminum content during the VD process or slag entrapment. Certain content of aluminum in the molten steel could improve the flaw detection caused by the aggregating SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 inclusions effectively.

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Wang, Hong Ming, Gui Rong Li, Xiang Zhu, and Yu Tao Zhao. "Research on Activities of CaO-SiO₂-B₂O₃ (Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃) Slag System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.492.

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A mathematical model on activities of CaO-based slag system has been established on the bases of ion-molecule coexistence theory of melted slag structure. The activities of CaO-SiO2-B2O3 (Al2O3, Fe2O3) systems are calculated. The effects of the content of B2O3, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 on activities are analyzed. The results indicate that the activities of CaO and 2CaO•SiO2 are decreased with the increases of B2O3, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The effect of B2O3 is most remarkable. Moreover, the activity of CaO•SiO2 can be enhanced with increasing the contents of B2O3, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 respectively. These effects of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are very similar, whereas the effect of B2O3 is most significant. As a conclusion, B2O3 is most effective to inhibit the formation of 2CaO•SiO2 as well as to promote the dissolution of lime.

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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Muming Li, and Ming Pan. "Metallurgical characteristics of refining slag used for high manganese steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019050.

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High manganese steel has excellent mechanical properties, which has garnered much attention. Whereas the research on the refining slag used for high Mn steel is very limited. In this study, the metallurgical characteristics of refining slag for high Mn steel were investigated based on thermodynamic calculation with FactSage 6.3 and slag-metal equilibrium reaction in MgO crucible. The calculated liquid zones of T ≤ 1873 K of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-5%MnO system are located in the middle region of pseudo-ternary CaO-SiO2-Al2O3. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-MnO system, the apparent liquid zone at 1873 K enlarges with MnO content in slag increasing, and moves toward the direction of SiO2 and Al2O3 content increasing. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO system, the liquidus zone shrinks with the basicity increasing, and moves toward the direction of Al2O3 content increasing. The measured MnO content in top slag reacted with high Mn steel was much higher than that reacted with conventional steels. In present experiments, the MnO content was around 5% when CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag with basicity of 4 was in equilibrium with high Mn steel (Mn = 10, 20%) at 1873 K. The inclusions in master high Mn steel were mainly MnO type. After reaction with top slag, most inclusions transformed to MnO-SiO2 system and MnO-Al2O3-MgO system, in which the MnO content still shared the majority. Thermodynamic calculations show that SiO2 in top slag can be reduced by [Mn] in steel to supply [Si] under present experimental condition, which subsequently reacts with [O] in steel bath to form SiO2.

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Jahanshahi, Sharif, and Steven Wright. "Redox Equilibria in Al2O3-CaO-FeOx-SiO2 and Al2O3-CaO-FeOx-MgO-SiO2 Slags." ISIJ International 33, no. 1 (1993): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.195.

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Monteiro, R. C. C., F. P. Glasser, and E. E. Lachowski. "Crystallization of CaO−Al2O3−SiO2 and CaO−MO−Al2O3−SiO2 (M=Mg, Zn) glasses." Journal of Materials Science 24, no. 8 (1989): 2839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02385635.

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Pan, Xiao Lin, Hai Yan Yu, Kai Wei Dong, Bo Wang, Wu Zhang, and Shi Wen Bi. "Effect of FeO on Sintering and Leaching of Calcium Aluminates in the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ System." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 1014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.1014.

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The sintering characteristic and leaching property of calcium aluminates in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system with different FeO additions were investigated. FeO decreases the melting temperature of clinker, and makes the clinker not self-pulverizable. As FeO addition increases from 0 to 4%, the main phases of clinkers sintering at 1350 °C are 12CaO•7Al2O3 and 2CaO•SiO2 as well as some CaO•Al2O3 when the mass ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 is 5.0 and the molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 is 1.4. The interplanar spacing of 12CaO•7Al2O3 in the clinker increases with the increase of FeO addition, and the proportion of CaO•Al2O3 in the clinker decreases with the increase of FeO addition. FeO does not affect the Al2O3 leaching rate of clinker obviously, but increases the molar ratio of caustic Na2O to Al2O3 in the leached liquor.

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Wang, Qixin, Shengchao Duan, Junhan Huang, et al. "New Molecular Theory and Its Model Applications." Processes 13, no. 3 (2025): 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030828.

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A new molecular theory of slag suggests that complex oxides in the phase diagram are also present in liquid slag. In contrast to the ion‒molecule coexistence theory, basic oxides (CaO, MgO, MnO, FeO, etc.) in slag are considered to agglomerate in the liquid state due to their strong mutual attraction, although they are ionized (M2+ and O2−). The predicted slag structure agrees with the experimental results, and when the model is applied to the CaO-SiO2, CaO-Al2O3, and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag systems, the calculated molar fractions of CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3 (NCaO,NSiO2,NAl2O3) are close to the measured activities (αCaO,aSiO2 and aAl2O3) reported by different researchers. In the CaO-Al2O3 slag system, the results based on the new molecular theory are closer to the experimental values than the results of other theoretical calculations. In the practical application of the new molecular theory, the maximum concentration of each complex molecule is consistent with the position of the melting point of the same solid‒liquid components in the phase diagram, indicating that complex molecules have a strong influence on the melting point of slag. In addition, it is believed that the formation and decomposition of different complex molecules are responsible for changes in component activity in the CaO-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3 slag systems, and it is further deduced that 3CaO-SiO2 is formed in two steps.

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Wu, Huajie, Qiaoqi Li, Chongyi Wei, and Zhe Wang. "Study on the behaviour of DS-Class inclusions in advanced bearing steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 2 (2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018096.

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The source and generated mechanisms of DS-size inclusions in bearing steel were studied by sampling systematically and using ASPEX, SEM and EDS to analyse the morphology, composition and amount of non-metallic inclusions larger than 13 µm. Two kinds of typical DS-size inclusions were found in the refining process: type I is CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 distributed evenly and wrapped by CaS; type II is composite inclusion with MgO-Al2O3 as the core, CaO-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2 as the inner layer, covered by CaS. Based on the FactSage and thermodynamic calculations, the DS inclusions formation mechanisms were drawn. There are two formation mechanisms of the type II inclusions: one is the solid phases will precipitate from the matrix of type I inclusions as the temperature drops; another is that when the reaction time is not sufficient, the MgO∙Al2O3 spinel core will not be transformed completely, and the evolution can be summarized as: Al2O3 → MgO-Al2O3 → CaO-MgO-Al2O3 → surrounded by CaO-Al2O3(SiO2) → covered by CaS.

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Chen, Xingrun, Guoguang Cheng, Jingyu Li, Yuyang Hou, Jixiang Pan, and Qiang Ruan. "Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in 304L Stainless Steel during the VOD Refining Process." Metals 8, no. 12 (2018): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121024.

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The formation and characteristics of non-metallic inclusions in 304L stainless steel during the vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) refining process were investigated using industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The compositional characteristics indicated that two types of inclusions with different sizes (from 1 μm to 30 μm) existed in 304L stainless steel during the VOD refining process, i.e., CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO external inclusions, and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO endogenous inclusions. The calculation results obtained using the FactSage 7.1 software confirmed that the inclusions that were larger than 5 μm were mostly CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO; the similarity in composition to the slag indicated that these inclusions originated from the slag entrapment. The CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO inclusions that were smaller than 5 μm originated mainly from the oxidation reaction with Ca, Al, Mg, Si, and Mn. The changes in the inclusion composition resulting from changes in the Ca, Al, and O contents, and the temperature during the VOD refining process was larger for the smaller inclusions. Generating mechanisms for the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO inclusions in the 304L stainless steel were proposed.

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Fomenko, Elena, Natalia Anshits, Galina Akimochkina, Leonid Solovyov, Sergey Kukhteskiy, and Alexander Anshits. "The Composition and Origin of PM1-2 Microspheres in High-Calcium Fly Ash from Pulverized Lignite Combustion." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155551.

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This article presents the results of a systematic study on the composition and origin of PM1-2 microspheres in high-calcium fly ash. The composition of individual microspheres was studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It is shown that the compositions of the analyzed microspheres satisfy the general dependency with a high correlation coefficient: [SiO2 + Al2O3] = 88.80 − 1.02 [CaO + Fe2O3 + MgO], r = −0.97. The formation pathway is parallel to the general trend: anorthite, gehlenite, esseneite, tricalcium aluminate, ferrigehlenite, and brownmillerite. The microspheres were classified into four groups depending on the content of major components: Group 1 (CaO > 40, SiO2 + Al2O3 ≤ 35, Fe2O3 < 23, MgO < 16 wt %); Group 2 (30 < CaO < 40, SiO2 + Al2O3 ≤ 40, Fe2O3 < 27, MgO < 21 wt %); Group 3 (CaO ≤ 30, 40 ≤ SiO2 + Al2O3 ≤ 75, Fe2O3 < 10, MgO < 10 wt %); and Group 4 (14 < CaO < 40, SiO2 + Al2O3 < 14, Fe2O3 > 30, MgO ≤ 14 wt %). A comparative analysis of the relationship between major component concentrations suggests the routes of PM1-2 formation from feldspars and Ca–, Mg–, and Fe–humate complexes during lignite combustion.

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Shu, Qifeng, Chaoge You, Tuomas Alatarvas, and Timo Matti Juhani Fabritius. "Experimental and Modeling Study of Deformability of Glassy CaO-(MnO)-Al2O3-SiO2 Inclusions." Metals 12, no. 3 (2022): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030522.

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The occurrence of non-deformable, non-metallic inclusions is the dominant reason for failure of wire during drawing and degrades service life for some steel grades, e.g., tire cord steel. To investigate the deformability of glassy inclusions in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and MnO-Al2O3-SiO2 systems, experimental and numerical methods were used. Young’s modulus values of some glasses based on the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and MnO-Al2O3-SiO2 systems, which correspond to typical inclusions in tire cord steel, were measured with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The effect of basicity, defined as the ratio of mass percentage of CaO to SiO2, on Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were investigated. The Young’s moduli of glasses are enhanced with increasing basicity, which could be attributed to the high field strength of calcium ions. The Poisson’s ratios of glasses also show an increase tendency with increasing basicity, which could be due to the loss of rigidity of network with introduction of calcium ions. The equations in the literature for Young’s modulus calculation were evaluated based on the present and literature data. Appen’s equation is modified by re-fitting the present and literature data to give accurate estimation of Young’s modulus with the mean deviation of 2%. The iso-Young’s modulus diagrams for CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 systems were constructed. It is proposed that the iso-Young’s modulus diagram could be combined with liquid area in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary phase diagram to optimize the inclusion composition during both hot rolling and cold drawing.

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Ge, Yangyang, Shuo Zhao, Liang Ma, Tao Yan, Zushu Li, and Bin Yang. "Inclusions Control and Refining Slag Optimization for Fork Flat Steel." Metals 9, no. 2 (2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020253.

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In order to investigate the causes of the large number of cracks and porosities formed in 33MnCrTiB fork flat steel produced by a special steel plant, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis, and large sample electrolysis of the obtained steel samples were carried out in different steps of the steelmaking processes. The main micro-inclusions in the fork flat steel samples were Al2O3, CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, and TiN, and the macro-inclusions were mainly Al2O3, CaO-Al2O3, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2, and CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-(K2O) systems which originated from the ladle slag and mold flux in the production process. In order to reduce the number of micro-inclusions effectively, the control range of components in the refining slag was confirmed by the thermodynamic calculation, where the mass ratio of CaO/Al2O3 should be in the range of 1.85–1.92, and the mass fraction of SiO2 and MgO should be controlled to 7.5–20% and 6–8%, respectively. In addition, the numbers of macro-inclusions in the flat steel should be effectively reduced by optimizing the flow field of mold and preventing the secondary oxidation, and the flat steel quality problems caused by the inclusions can be improved by the optimization process above.

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Hino, Mitsutaka, Susumu Kitagawa, and Shiro Ban-Ya. "Sulphide Capacities of CaO-Al2O3-MgO and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Slags." ISIJ International 33, no. 1 (1993): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.36.

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Al-Wakeel, E. I., and S. A. El-Korashy. "Reaction mechanism of the hydrothermally treated CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaSO4 systems." Journal of Materials Science 31, no. 7 (1996): 1909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00372207.

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Wang, Shuo Ming, Jian Xing Wang, and Ju Gao. "Research on MRT3-BA Steel in Macro Inclusions." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1855.

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The research about the macro-inclusions of three processes: BOF→ LF→ CC, BOF→ RH→ CC and BOF→ LF→ RH→ CC, shows that: The types of inclusion are SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-TiO2-MnO, SiO2 and SiO2-Al2O3. The content of SiO2-Al2O3- CaO-TiO2-MnO in the three processes are 34.2%、23.5% and 27%; The content of SiO2 are 24.4%、47% and 27%; The content of SiO2-Al2O3 are 26.8%、17.6% and 9%. Large inclusion>300μm takes up 69.8%~85% of the total inclusion in billet in three technological processes, and the inclusion, containing K and Na, is the most; slag entrapment in mould is really serious. Considering the cleanliness and cost, the better technological process of MRT3-BA stamping steel is BOF→ RH→ CC.

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Wang, L. J., Q. Wang, J. M. Li, and K. C. Chou. "Dissolution mechanism of Al2O3 in refining slags containing Ce2O3." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 52, no. 1 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb140706004w.

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In the present work, the rate of dissolution of Al2O3 rod in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Ce2O3 slags were carried out in the temperature range of 1793 K (1520?C) - 1853 K (1580?C) under static conditions. The cross section of the rod and the boundary layers were identified and analyzed by SEM-EDS. The dissolution of Al2O3 was favored with the increasing CaO/Al2O3 ratio, elevating temperatures as well as the addition of Ce2O3. An intermediate product 3CaO5Al2O3Ce2O3 was detected. The mechanism of dissolution of Al2O3 in the Ce2O3 containing slag were also proposed as three steps involved: 1) the formation of calcium aluminates CaO?Al2O3 at the interface 2) the formation of 3CaO5Al2O3Ce2O3 as the reaction progresses; and 3) the dissolution of 3CaO5Al2O3Ce2O3 into the slag.

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Talapaneni, Trinath, Natraj Yedla, and Smarajit Sarkar. "Study on desulfurization capacity of high alumina blast furnace slag at 1773 K using slag-metal equilibrium technique." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 5 (2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018018.

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In the current paper, we have determined the desulfurization ability of a CaO–MgO–SiO2–Al2O3 slag system using slag-metal equilibrium technique. The chemical composition of slag samples consists of Al2O3 in the range of 25–30 wt%, CaO/SiO2 ratio (0.8–1.6) and MgO (8–16 wt%). All the experiments are conducted at a temperature of 1773 K. The sulphur content in the slag as well as in metal after desulfurization reaction is analyzed using XRF (X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy) for calculating sulphur partition ratio (LS) of the slags. The influence of Al2O3, CaO/SiO2 ratio and MgO content on LS have been studied. It is observed that LS increase with an increase in CaO/SiO2 ratio and MgO content, but it reduces as the Al2O3 content increase in slag. Also, the amount of bridge oxygen ([BO]) represented by (O0) decreases with increase in basicity and MgO content. However, O0 increases with increase in Al2O3. It is witnessed that the experimental values closely fit with the values obtained from corrected optical basicity model.

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Xu, Ji Fang, Jie Yu Zhang, Chang Jie, Gong Yuan Liu, and Fei Ruan. "Measuring and Modeling of Viscosities of Selected CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Slags." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.782.

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Viscosities of selected quaternary CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags have been measured by rotary cylinder method up to a temperature of 1875K. 9 slag compositions have been selected in the composition range 40.04-50.64 wt. % CaO, 6.40-7.12 wt. % MgO, 22.84-41.73 wt. % Al2O3 and 10.25-20.70 wt. % SiO2. The effect of increasing temperature was investigated and it was shown that viscosity decreased, as expected, with increasing temperature. The viscosity increases with increasing the ratios of CaO/Al2O3, and following by a decrease with further increasing the ratios of CaO/Al2O3. An application of Iida’s viscosity model has been made. The Iida model gave good consistency with the measured viscosity values.

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Li, Shijian, Guoyu Qian, Yiwei Sun, Sheng Pang, Dong Wang, and Zhi Wang. "Innovative separation model for boron removal from silicon during slag refining based on ion and molecule coexistence theory." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 3 (2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022024.

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How to reduce boron concentration to an extremely low level has become a major obstacle during silicon waste recycling. As a simple and efficient method of removing impurities, slag refining plays an increasingly important role for industrial silicon waste recovery. The deboration ability of slag is usually evaluated by boron distribution ratio LB. However, the development of a separation prediction model is challenged by the limitations on the recognition of impurity structure in slag and complexity of slag-silicon reactions. Herein, a novel thermodynamic model for predicting boron distribution ratio between CaO-SiO2 based slags and molten silicon has been developed based on ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT), i.e., IMCT-LB model. The reaction abilities of structural units are represented by the calculated mass action concentration. The predictive boron distribution ratio between CaO-SiO2, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2, CaF2-CaO-SiO2 slags and silicon correspond well with experimental data, reflecting the reasonability of IMCT-LB model. According to IMCT, deboration reactions between slags and silicon can be represented by ion couples (Ca2+ + O2–), simple molecule Al2O3 with SiO2 to form eight deboration products as B2O3, 3CaO · B2O3, 2CaO · B2O3, CaO · B2O3, CaO · 2B2O3, 2Al2O3 · B2O3, 9Al2O3 · B2O3, CaO · 2SiO2 · B2O3. With the developed IMCT-LB model, the respective boron distribution ratio LB,i of the eight deboration products can be determined quantitatively. Furthermore, the effect of temperature, mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 (%CaO/%SiO2), Al2O3 and CaF2 content of CaO-SiO2 based slags on LB are fully discussed.

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Chen, Xingrun, Guoguang Cheng, Yuyang Hou, and Jingyu Li. "Oxide-Inclusion Evolution in the Steelmaking Process of 304L Stainless Steel for Nuclear Power." Metals 9, no. 2 (2019): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020257.

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The inclusions formed in 304L stainless steel for nuclear power produced by the electric arc furnace (EAF)-argon oxygen decarburization furnace (AOD)-ladle furnace (LF)-continuous casting (CC) process were investigated by thermodynamics calculations and experimental results. The results showed that the inclusions after AOD and LF refining were almost the same as the slag composition. The types of inclusions (sizes larger than 5 µm) were mainly CaSiO3 with high SiO2 content at the end of AOD, and Ca2SiO4 with high CaO content at the end of LF. The Al2O3 and MgO content of inclusions increased from AOD to LF. There were two types of inclusions in the tundish: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO inclusions with MgO·Al2O3 spinel precipitation. The content of Al2O3 in the inclusions increased rapidly with the decrease in temperature from the end of LF refining to continuous casting, as calculated using FactSage6.3 software. The rapid increase of Al2O3 in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-(MnO) inclusions promoted the precipitation of MgO·Al2O3 spinel in continuous casting tundish, suggesting mechanisms for the formation of inclusions in the 304L stainless steel.

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Liao, Jinfa, Gele Qing, and Baojun Zhao. "Phase Equilibrium Studies in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO System with MgO/CaO Ratio of 0.2." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 54, no. 2 (2023): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02726-3.

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AbstractWith the raw materials for ironmaking are becoming increasingly complex, more accurate control of blast furnace operation is essential to reduce the energy cost and CO2 emission. CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO is a basic system of ironmaking slag in which CaO and MgO are mainly come from the flux, SiO2 and Al2O3 are mainly from the raw materials. Effect of raw material composition on phase equilibrium of the slag can be described by a pseudo-ternary system (CaO + MgO)–SiO2–Al2O3 at a fixed MgO/CaO ratio of 0.2. High-temperature experiments have been carried out in this system, and the quenched samples were analyzed by an electron-probe microanalyzer. The results are presented in a pseudo-ternary phase diagram (CaO + MgO)–SiO2–Al2O3 with a fixed MgO/CaO weight ratio of 0.2. Dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), Melilite (2CaO·MgO·2SiO2–2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2), spinel (MgO·Al2O3), merwinite (3CaO·MgO·2SiO2), and anorthite (CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2) are the major primary phases in the composition range investigated. A series of pseudo-binary phase diagrams have been constructed to demonstrate the applications of phase diagram on blast furnace operation. CaO-rich cordierite solid solution has been first time reported with the accurate compositions and microstructure. The liquidus temperatures and solid solution compositions are compared between the experimental data and FactSage predictions to provide useful information for optimization of the thermodynamic database.

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