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1
Veeresh Kumar, G. B., R. Pramod, R. Hari Kiran Reddy, et al. "Investigation of the Tribological Characteristics of Aluminum 6061-Reinforced Titanium Carbide Metal Matrix Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (2021): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11113039.
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The current trend in the materials engineering sector is to develop newer materials that can replace the existing materials in various engineering sectors in order to be more and more efficient. Therefore, the present research work is aimed at fabricating and determining the physical, mechanical, and dry sliding wear properties of titanium carbide (TiC)-reinforced aluminum alloy (Al6061) metal matrix composites (MMCs). For the study, the Al6061-TiC microparticle-reinforced composites were fabricated via the liquid metallurgy route through the stir casting method, where the reinforcement of the TiC particles into the Al6061 alloy matrix was added in the range of 0 to 8.0 wt.%, i.e., in the steps of 2.0 wt.%. The synthesis procedure followed the investigation of the various mechanical properties of Al6061-TiC MMCs, such as the density and structure, as well as mechanical and dry wear experimentation. The tests performed on the casted Al6061, as well as its TiC composites, were in harmony with ASTM standards. As per the experimental outcome, it can be confirmed that the increase in the weight percentage of TiC into the Al6061 alloy substantially increases the density, hardness, and tensile strength, at the expense of the percentage of elongation. In addition, the dry wear experiments, performed on a pin-on-disc tribometer, showed that the Al6061-TiC MMCs have superior wear-resistance properties, as compared to those of pure Al6061 alloy. Furthermore, optical micrograph (OM), powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were employed for the developed Al6061-TiC MMCs before and after the fracture and wear test studies. From the overall analysis of the results, it can be observed that the Al6061-TiC composite material with higher TiC reinforcement displays superior mechanical characteristics.
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Bikkina, S. C. A., and P. V. Y. Jayasree. "Development of a Wire Mesh Composite Material for Aerospace Applications." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 5 (2022): 9310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5201.
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The electrical conductivity of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) may be used to reduce the dangers of lightning strikes, radar radiation, and aerial radio frequency transmitters. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) were created to guard against Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in the aircraft's electric and electrical systems. High-Intensity Radiated Field Protection (HIRFP) aircrafts are required to be manufactured from a metal matrix consisting of Al6061, Al2O3, and Fly Ash (FA) to keep up with the ever-increasing needs of industry. The current work considered three MMC combinations. MMC1 is AL6061+10% and Al2O3+5% FA, MMC2 consists of AL6061+15 and Al2O3+5% FA, and MMC3 of AL6061+20% and Al2O3+5% FA. These MMCs made the shielding more effective at different percentages. The material electrical properties were interpreted based on experiments. Analytical approaches include the testing of the electrical parameters of materials to measure the shielding effectiveness. The calculated shielding efficiencies MMC1-55.7dB, MMC2-57.2dB, and MMC3-59.1dB allow the composites to be employed in aircrafts. This indicates that, for specific applications like HIRFPs, the constructed MMCs perform well.
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Bikkina, Siva Chakra Avinash, and P. V. Y. Jayasree. "Estimation of electromagnetic shielding properties of wire mesh with AL6061 composite material for oblique incidence." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 11 (2022): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.11.020.
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Since composite materials were initially used in airplanes a few decades ago, substantial research has been done on problems such as lightning strike protection (LSP) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. In the current state of technology, the aerospace industry needs cutting-edge materials to meet requirements like lower weight and higher values of strength and stiffness and protect against electromagnetic interference. On the other hand, the metallic mesh performs poorly at high frequencies (UHF and SHF). Many present and future equipment on airplanes can only operate in the frequency range referred to above. Metal wire mesh matrix composite (MWMMC) materials may be employed to shield airplanes against electromagnetic interference (EMI) as a result of this research. In this work, we made three different MWMMCs represented as MMC-1 with 95% AL6061+5% Fly ash, MMC-2 with 90% AL6061+10% Fly ash, and MMC-3 with 85% AL6061+15% Fly ash. In this article, a stir-casting method was used to try to make Al6061 metal matrix composites that were made stronger with different amounts of fly ash particles. With fly ash, the AL6061 metal matrix composite protects against lightning strikes. So that it may serve as an aircraft surface MWMMC. The material's thickness should be maintained as low as possible. It decided to explore oblique incidence with a different mix of fly ash, reinforced to pure AL6061, to provide more significant shielding to better approximate the signal toward the practical case. Compared to the plane sheet, the shielding effectiveness of the materials and the weight of the material will be reduced. In other words, the maximum shielding effectiveness obtained was 37dB and 20 dB. The shielding effectiveness of 40.5 dB of the manufactured composite is obtained, and it is beneficial for aerospace applications.
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Singh, Vishwjeet, and Shiv Darshan. "Heat Transfer Analysis of Engine Cylinder Fins by Varying Materials." International journal for Academic Research and Development 3, no. 4 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11100563.
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This paper aims to carry out a heat transfer analysis of IC (Internal combustion) engine Fins for different fin materials. For this purpose, the Hero Super Splendor motorcycle has been taken into consideration. A parametric model of a Rectangular Engine Fin has been created to study the heat transfer and temperature distribution of the Engine fins. The steady-state thermal behavior of the engine fin is studied in this paper. The 3D model is created with the software of the Solid work. Steady-state thermal analysis isdone using Ansys software. The currently used material for the fin is Al204 and the materials used for comparison are Al6061 and Al6063. The result is compared to find the best material which gives a better heat transfer rate and has good strength and should be light in weight.
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Veeresh Kumar, G. B., and R. Pramod. "Influence of WC Particulate Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties and Sliding Wear of Al6061 Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.67.
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The research community has acknowledged the superiority of composite material properties in comparison to conventional materials. Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) sought over other conventional materials in the fields of automotive, sports, aerospace and marine applications due to their admirable improved properties. These materials are of much interest to the researchers from few decades. In this paper, the investigational results of the sliding and mechanical properties of Al6061–WC metal matrix composites are presented. The Al6061 composites containing 0–3 wt% WC were dispersed in the base matrix in steps of 1 and fabricated by powder metallurgy technique. The experimental results revealed that with an increase in WC content there was an increase in the density of the composites and these values are in sync with the theoretical values determined by the rule of mixtures. The tensile strength and hardness of the Al6061–WC composites are directly related to weight percentage of WC and an increase was observed with a decrease in ductility was observed.Wear properties increased, compared to as-cast Al6061 with an increase in WC content in the matrix.
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NAVEED, MOHAMMED. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Sliding Wear Resistance of Hybrid Aluminum Matrix Composite." Recent Progress in Materials 05, no. 02 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2302015.
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Composite materials with aluminum as matrix material have a wider amplitude of large-scale applications in engineering. Some salient features of aluminum matrix composites are, low density, low thermal coefficient of performance and low weight and high strength. Among the various series of aluminum alloy, Al6061 have been widely used by researchers due to its outstanding properties particularly as they are heat treatable. Aluminum 6061 alloys have been reinforced with various particulate reinforcements such as silicon carbide, and graphite to study their friction and wear resistance properties. Adding silicon carbide particulate reinforcement improves the sliding wear resistance of composite material. However, it makes the material brittle and hard resulting in machining difficulties and rough surface finish. On the other hand, it has been found from the literature survey that the addition of graphite particulate reinforcement increases ductility and sliding wear resistance. In this context, the present article focuses on developing hybrid aluminum matrix composites by incorporating both graphite and silicon carbide. Heat treatment has been carried out to further enhance the wear resistance and strength of the composites. Vortex-stir casting was successfully utilized to fabricate Al6061-SiC-Gr hybrid composites. There was excellent bonding between the matrix and reinforcement materials as revealed by the microstructure study. The sliding wear resistance of the Al6061-SiC composite was higher than the base matrix material. Heat treatment increases the sliding wear resistance of the composite. Ice quenching results in maximum improvement. Increased content of graphite increases the sliding wear resistance of Al6061-SiC composite. Further heat treatment increases the sliding wear resistance of the hybrid composites with ice quenching resulting in maximum improvement.
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R. Sibin Raj, R. Shadakshari, Asha, P.B. Bharath Kumar, N. Madan Tej, and Soumya. "Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of Al alloy-based Bio Composite." ACS Journal for Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2024): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/acsjse.v4i1.101.
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Al6061 alloy is most commonly used in automotive industry, marine industry and aerospace industry applications to reduce weight and improve strength of the composite. Al6061 alloy used as matrix material. The powder of bone is used asreinforcement to produce the Al6061 alloy-based bio composite. As bone takes long period of time to decompose that will affect the environment and the people living near the disposal area of bone. Bone has good compression strength and it is light in weight, which helps to improve the strength of the Al6061 alloy composite. The Al6061 alloy-based bio composite is produced through powder metallurgy method and the samples were successfully obtained for testing and analysis. Theprepared samples are analysed for hardness test, compression test and wear test.
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Lee, Jin Kyung, Young Chul Park, Joon Hyun Lee, Sang Ll Lee, and Kwan Do Hur. "Nondestructive Evaluation and Fracture Mechanism of Smart Material." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1379.
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Tensile residual stress occurring due to the difference of coefficients of thermal expansion between fiber and matrix is one of the serious problems in metal matrix composites (MMC). In this study, TiNi alloy fiber was used to solve the problem of the tensile residual stress of TiNi/Al6061 shape memory alloy(SMA) composite as the reinforced material. TiNi alloy fiber improves the tensile strength of a composite by inducing compressive residual stress in the matrix using its shape memory effect. The fixture was made to hold TiNi shape memory fiber uniformly. Some tensile test specimens with several volume fractions are made by the hot pressing method under the optimum processing condition. In order to generate the compressive residual stress in TiNi/Al6061 SMA composite, 1%, 3% and 5% pre-strain was added in advance. It was evaluated the effect of compressive residual stress corresponding to pre-strains variation using the acoustic emission(AE) technique. AE technique was also used to clarify the damage behavior and the microscopic failure mechanism of TiNi/Al6061 SMA composite. In addition, a two-dimensional AE source location technique was applied to measure the position of the crack initiation and propagation in composites.
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Shenton, M., L. Reising, and J. Leachman. "Thermal conductivity measurements for additively manufactured AlSi10Mg and Al6061-RAM2 Aluminum composites at cryogenic temperatures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1301, no. 1 (2024): 012171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012171.
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Abstract Advances in 3D printing are disruptive opportunities for material selection and component design in cryogenics. However, thermophysical property measurements for these novel materials are generally unavailable at cryogenic temperatures. This experiment explores the variation in thermal conductivities due to print direction of two aluminium composites (AlSi10Mg and Al6061-RAM). The direct linear heat flow method was utilized to calculate thermal conductivities using a measured wattage input, temperature differential, and Fourier’s Law of Conduction. A multi-measurement linear regression was applied to determine thermal conductivities at fixed average temperatures over the range of 20-100K. The AlSi10Mg composite had a greater thermal conductivity than Al6061-T6 for both printing planes by approximately 230%. The XY-plane print direction resulted in a reduction in thermal conductivity compared with the Z-plane by approximately 30%. The AL6061-RAM composite had effective thermal conductivities smaller than the machined Al6061-T6 by approximately 70% for both print directions. The thermal conductivity in the Z-plane print direction was consistently greater than the thermal conductivity in the XY print direction. Validation studies were conducted utilizing Al6061-T6 and SS-304/304L. The calculated deviation for the validation samples depicted a 20% difference from the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) recommended reference values. The calculated uncertainty of the experimental system was 5-10%, increasing as temperature decreased. These preliminary measurements depict the need for further analysis on 3D printed composite materials and reverification of common materials due to improvements in current manufacturing methods since the classic experimental measurements were carried out for SS-304/304L and Al6061-T6.
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Mantha, Subrahmanya Ranga Viswanath, Gonal Basavaraja Veeresh Kumar, Ramakrishna Pramod, and Chilakalapalli Surya Prakasha Rao. "Investigations on Microstructure, Mechanical, and Wear Properties, with Strengthening Mechanisms of Al6061-CuO Composites." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 6 (2024): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060245.
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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with Copper Oxide (CuO) and Aluminum (Al) 6061 (Al6061) alloys are being studied to determine their mechanical, physical, and dry sliding wear properties. The liquid metallurgical stir casting method with ultrasonication was employed for fabricating Al6061-CuO microparticle-reinforced composite specimens by incorporating 2–6 weight percent (wt.%) CuO particles into the matrix. Physical, mechanical, and dry sliding wear properties were investigated in Al6061-CuO MMCs, adopting ASTM standards. The experimental results show that adding CuO to an Al6061 alloy increases its density by 7.54%, hardness by 45.78%, and tensile strength by 35.02%, reducing percentage elongation by 40.03%. Dry wear measurements on a pin-on-disc apparatus show that Al6061-CuO MMCs outperform the Al6061 alloy in wear resistance. Al6061-CuO MMCs’ strength has been predicted using many strengthening mechanism models and its elastic modulus through several models. The strengthening of Al6061-CuO MMCs is predominantly influenced by thermal mismatch, more so than by Hall–Petch, Orowan strengthening, and load transfer mechanisms. As the CuO content in the composite increases, the strengthening effects due to dislocation interactions between the matrix and reinforcement particles, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) difference, grain refinement, and load transfer consistently improve. The Al6061-CuO MMCs were also examined using an optical microscope (OM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after fracture and wear tests. The investigation shows that an Al6061-CuO composite material with increased CuO reinforcement showed higher mechanical and tribological characteristics.
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Lokesh, T., and U. S. Mallikarjun. "Mechanical and Morphological Studies of Al6061-Gr-SiC Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.195.
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Abstract. In recent years, Aluminium alloy based metal matrix composites (MMC) are gaining wide spread acceptance in several aerospace and automobile applications. These composites possess excellent wear resistance in addition to other superior mechanical properties such as strength, modulus and hardness when compared with conventional alloys. The hybrid composites are new generation of composites containing more than one type, shape or sizes of reinforcements giving superior combined properties of reinforcements and the matrix. In the present work, Al6061 has been used as matrix material and the reinforcing materials selected were SiC and Graphite particulates of 10 to 30µm size. Composites Al6061-Gr (2- 8 wt. %), Al6061-SiC (2 -10wt. %) and Hybrid composites with Al6061 matrix alloy containing 3wt% graphite and varying composition of 2-10wt% SiCp were prepared by stir casting technique. The cast matrix alloy and its composites have been subjected to solutionizing treatment at a temperature of 530 ± 20C for 6 hours, followed by ageing at a temperature of 175 ± 20C for 6 hours. The mechanical properties of as cast and T6 heat treated composites have been evaluated as per ASTM standards and compared. Addition of Graphite particulates into the Al6061 matrix improved the strength and ductility of the composites. Significant improvement in tensile strength and hardness was noticed as the wt. % of SiCp increases in Al6061-SiC composites. Addition of Graphite into Al6061-SiC further improved the strength and ductility of hybrid composites. The heat treatment process had the profound effect in improving the mechanical properties of the studied composites. The microstructural studies revealed the uniform distribution of SiC and Gr particles in the matrix system.
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Donnini, Riccardo, Loredana Santo, and Vincenzo Tagliaferri. "Hot Drilling of Aluminium Matrix Composite." Materials Science Forum 678 (February 2011): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.678.95.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the behaviour in terms of drilling forces and roughness of Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) in hot drilling machining. In particular, Al2009/(SiC)w, Al6061/(SiC)w, and Al6061(Al2O3)p metal matrix composites were used, and the adopted temperature were in the range 20°C-160°C. A comparison with drilling at room temperature has been discussed. The results have shown the sensible influence of the working temperature on drilling forces and on surface material properties. In the case of Al2009/(SiC)w a minimum in the drilling forces has been found, making possible the dry machining and improving the cutting conditions. Instead, for Al6061/(SiC)W and Al6061(Al2O3)p in the used temperature range no minimum appears.
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Wang, Hailong, Wenping Deng, Tao Zhang, Jianhua Yao, and Sujuan Wang. "Development of Elastoplastic-Damage Model of AlFeSi Phase for Aluminum Alloy 6061." Metals 11, no. 6 (2021): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060954.
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Material properties affect the surface finishing in ultra-precision diamond cutting (UPDC), especially for aluminum alloy 6061 (Al6061) in which the cutting-induced temperature rise generates different types of precipitates on the machined surface. The precipitates generation not only changes the material properties but also induces imperfections on the generated surface, therefore increasing surface roughness for Al6061 in UPDC. To investigate precipitate effect so as to make a more precise control for the surface quality of the diamond turned Al6061, it is necessary to confirm the compositions and material properties of the precipitates. Previous studies have indicated that the major precipitate that induces scratch marks on the diamond turned Al6061 is an AlFeSi phase with the composition of Al86.1Fe8.3Si5.6. Therefore, in this paper, to study the material properties of the AlFeSi phase and its influences on ultra-precision machining of Al6061, an elastoplastic-damage model is proposed to build an elastoplastic constitutive model and a damage failure constitutive model of Al86.1Fe8.3Si5.6. By integrating finite element (FE) simulation and JMatPro, an efficient method is proposed to confirm the physical and thermophysical properties, temperature-phase transition characteristics, as well as the stress–strain curves of Al86.1Fe8.3Si5.6. Based on the developed elastoplastic-damage parameters of Al86.1Fe8.3Si5.6, FE simulations of the scratch test for Al86.1Fe8.3Si5.6 are conducted to verify the developed elastoplastic-damage model. Al86.1Fe8.3Si5.6 is prepared and scratch test experiments are carried out to compare with the simulation results, which indicated that, the simulation results agree well with those from scratch tests and the deviation of the scratch force in X-axis direction is less than 6.5%.
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Krishna, Hari, Sivasakti Balan, and Harish Babu. "Al6061-Basalt and Zircon Hybrid composite Material Corrosion Resistance in Acid Media." International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security 9, no. 03 (2023): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijiris.2023.v0903.02.
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The present investigation is an attempt made to develop Al6061/Basalt/Zirconium oxide Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) by liquid metallurgy technique (stir casting) and to study the wear properties of Al6061/Basalt/Zirconium oxide reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites. The composite is prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique), although other processing technique such as powder metallurgy delivers better mechanical properties in MMCs, Liquid state has some significant focal points, for example, better matrix molecule holding, simpler control of matrix structure, ease of handling, closer to net shape and wide choice of material. Al6061 is taken as a base material (matrix) and Basalt (1– 10%) and Zirconium oxides (2%) are used as reinforcements. Corrosion analysis for Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) was done in acid (HCl) media at room temperature & different time intervals. The results were tabulated & it was found that the MMC containing 4% basalt underwent maximum corrosion at room temperature. SEM is done for all the samples the results are tabulated.
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Awate, Pankaj P., and Shivprakash B. Barve. "Microstructural observation and mechanical properties behavior of Al2O3/Al6061 nanocomposite fabricated by stir casting process." Engineering Research Express 4, no. 1 (2022): 015023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac54ed.
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Abstract Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles are capable of improving the material characteristics if reinforced to soft and low strength material. The major limitation in the utilization of Al alloy 6061 in medium to heavy stress applications such as automobile, defense, transportations, and aerospace is low hardness and strength. In order to overcome the deficiency of Al6061, nano-Al2O3 reinforced Al6061 matrix nanocomposite (AMNC) was successfully fabricated on machinated aluminum stir casting furnace. Al2O3 nanoparticles in 2,4,6 and 8 wt.% were reinforced in the Al6061 matrix and the effect on mechanical and microstructure behavior was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), hardness, and tensile testing methods. Higher magnification FESEM micrographs revealed that reinforcement of nano-Al2O3 leads to considerable grain refinement and uniform distribution with less porosity. The mechanical properties results showed enhancement in tensile strength (by 130%), hardness (by 156%), yield stress (by 360%) with reinforcement of nano-Al2O3 over the base alloy Al6061. It was observed that the nano size of Al2O3 particles, the quantity of reinforcement, and the stir casting process were effective factors on the microstructure and mechanical properties enhancement.
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Bikkina, Siva Chakra Avinash, and P. V. Y. Jayasree. "Analysis of Electromagnetic Reflection Loss for Mesh Structure with A16061 MMC for Aerospace Applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1206, no. 1 (2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1206/1/012021.
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Abstract One of the major problems facing by the aircraft was a lightning strike. To overcome this problem, fiber-reinforced materials have been used. The fiber-reinforced materials have less conductivity. These fiber-reinforced materials can’t eliminate the lightning strike effect. For that purpose, the metal matrix composite materials significantly impacted the aircraft’s internal circuits and physical components from the lightning strike effect. To meet industries dynamic and ever-increasing demands, Al6061 metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash must be utilized to build the aircraft to offer HIRF. The material thickness should be kept low as possible then it can be used to cover the plane’s surface. To prevent lightning strikes, it might be used to protect electronic components from a concentrated high-intensity radiated field, primarily in Aeroplan configuration. The electromagnetic characteristics of composites are measured using the X-band for normal incidence. The electromagnetic reflection properties of AL6061 reinforced with fly ash are studied in this study for mesh structure. Mat lab Software was used to calculate the maximum reflection loss of 33.88dB for 15% fly ash and 85 percent AL6061 at X-band.
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Ateş, Serkan, and Sertaç Coşman. "Hardness, wear and thermal properties of SiC/carbon black-reinforced al6061 matrix composites produced via powder metallurgy." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2025): 16. https://doi.org/10.2298/sos250105016a.
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In this study, carbon black (CB) obtained from the pyrolysis of waste tires was used as a reinforcement material. Al6061 alloy, widely utilized in the automotive industry, was selected as the matrix material, while silicon carbide (SiC) was employed as a secondary reinforcement. The study investigated not only the feasibility of using CB as a reinforcement material but also its compatibility with SiC. The mechanically mixed powders were compacted under a pressure of 450 MPa for 1 minute and sintered at 640?C for 360 minutes, producing the composites via the powder metallurgy (P/M) method. Microstructural images and EDS analyses revealed the presence of carbon black within the internal structure, a homogeneous distribution of the reinforcing elements, and the absence of agglomeration. Significant increases in hardness were observed with higher reinforcement content. The hybrid composite reinforced with 5% CB and 7% SiC exhibited a 101.28% increase in hardness compared to the Al6061 alloy. The most substantial reduction in wear rate, 252% relative to the Al6061 alloy, was identified in the composite reinforced with 10% CB. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the Al6061 alloy, initially 167 W?m???K??, decreased to 141.5 W?m???K?? with the addition of 7% CB. In conclusion, the addition of CB significantly improved the hardness and wear resistance of the composite while reducing its thermal conductivity.
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Park, Young Chul, Jung Ho Kang, Jin Kyung Lee, Jang Hyun Sung, Seok Heum Baek, and Young Jik Jo. "A Study on Fatigue Properties of a TiNi/Al Shape Memory Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.309.
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Shape memory alloy (SMA) has been used to improve the tensile strength of composite materials. Because it produces compressive residual stress in the matrix by using its shape memory effect. In order to fabricate a shape memory alloy composite, TiNi alloy and Al2024, Al6061 were used as reinforcing material and matrix, respectively. In this study, TiNi/Al2024 and TiNi/Al6061 shape memory alloy composites were made by the hot press method. The fatigue limit of a shape memory alloy composite determined the volume ratio and reduction ratio. The probabilistic stresslife curve (P-S-N curve) about the shape memory alloy composite makes up using statistical method.
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Kumar, Kanikicharla Jaya Sudheer, and Dr B. Chandra Mohan Reddy. "Experiment with the Multivolt Drop Technique to Predict the Physical Properties of Al6061 using Artificial Neural Network." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 11, no. 2 (2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b7128.0711222.
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According to this study, because of its light weight, high specific strength, and stiffness at high temperatures, Al6061 is the most appropriate material in the transportation business. The major goal of this research is to evaluate the physical properties of Al6061, such as thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, by experimental investigation utilizing the multivolt drop approach. As Artificial Intelligence techniques become more widespread, they are being used to forecast material properties in engineering research. So, the second goal of this research is to employ Artificial Neural Networks to build a prediction model with fewer errors by utilizing experimental data. It will reduce the situation of direct observations throughout a wide range of temperatures where the physical properties of Al6061 are significant. As a consequence, it was discovered that the enhanced optimum ANN has significant mechanical properties that impact prediction. The anticipated results in electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity had Root Mean Squared Errors of 0.99966 and 0.99401, respectively, with R-Square average values of 0.820105. Various tests and ANN methodologies were used to validate and compare the suggested results. The comparison of predicted values with multivolt drop experimental results demonstrated that the projected ANN model provided efficient Al6061 accuracy qualities.
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Kanikicharla, Jaya Sudheer Kumar, and B. Chandra Mohan Reddy Dr. "Experiment with the Multivolt Drop Technique to Predict the Physical Properties of Al6061 using Artificial Neural Network." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 11, no. 2 (2022): 78–87. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B7128.0711222.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>According to this study, because of its light weight, high specific strength, and stiffness at high temperatures, Al6061 is the most appropriate material in the transportation business. The major goal of this research is to evaluate the physical properties of Al6061, such as thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, by experimental investigation utilizing the multivolt drop approach. As Artificial Intelligence techniques become more widespread, they are being used to forecast material properties in engineering research. So, the second goal of this research is to employ Artificial Neural Networks to build a prediction model with fewer errors by utilizing experimental data. It will reduce the situation of direct observations throughout a wide range of temperatures where the physical properties of Al6061 are significant. As a consequence, it was discovered that the enhanced optimum ANN has significant mechanical properties that impact prediction. The anticipated results in electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity had Root Mean Squared Errors of 0.99966 and 0.99401, respectively, with R-Square average values of 0.820105. Various tests and ANN methodologies were used to validate and compare the suggested results. The comparison of predicted values with multivolt drop experimental results demonstrated that the projected ANN model provided efficient Al6061 accuracy qualities.
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Wang, Hailong, Tao Zhang, Sujuan Wang, and Suet To. "Characterization of the Friction Coefficient of Aluminum Alloy 6061 in Ultra-Precision Machining." Metals 10, no. 3 (2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030336.
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Aluminum alloy 6061(Al6061), an Al-Mg-Si alloy, is a precipitation-hardened alloy. The generation of precipitate affects its mechanical properties, and induces a worse surface finish during diamond cutting. The friction coefficients of the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces influence temperature rise, and are therefore important predictors of tool wear and surface integrity during the diamond cutting of Al6061. This study investigated the relationship between precipitate generation and the friction coefficients of Al6061. Groups of experiments were conducted to study the influence of temperature and heating time on the number of precipitates and the friction coefficients. The results show that the generation of AlFeSi particles induces cracks, scratch marks and pits on diamond-machined Al6061 and affects the cutting forces. Moreover, the variation trend of the friction coefficient of Al6061 under different heating conditions agrees well with that of the number of AlFeSi particles. This implies that, during ultra-precision machining of precipitation-hardened alloys, cutting-induced heat causes precipitates to form on the chips and machined surface, changing their material properties. This affects the tool-workpiece and tool–chip contact conditions and the mechanisms of chip formation and surface generation in ultra-precision machining.
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Allu, Venkata Satyanarayana, Venkata Ramana Murthy Yerubandi, and Mouli V.S.A Chandra. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Al6061 Composite by Stir Casting Method." International Journal of Emerging Research in Engineering, Science, and Management 3, no. 3 (2024): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.58482/ijeresm.v3i3.9.
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Aluminium alloy-based metallic matrix composites (MMC) have recently gained popularity in various aerospace and automotive applications. Aluminium has been utilized as a matrix material due to its high mechanical qualities, superior formability, and diverse industrial applications. The Al6061 alloy system becomes harder, stronger in tension, and more wear-resistant when TiB₂-SiC-Rh is added as reinforcement. Al6061–TiB₂-SiC-Rh composites were created in this study using a liquid metallurgical method, with TiB₂-SiC-Rh added in percentages ranging from 2% to 8% by weight in increments of 2%. The cast matrix alloy and its composites were treated with solutionizing at 500°C for 1 hour before being quenched in different media like air, water, and oil. After quenching, the samples were aged both artificially and naturally. Microstructural analysis was conducted to understand the relationship between structure and mechanical properties. Mechanical characteristics, including microhardness and abrasive wear experiments, were performed on matrix Al6061 and Al6061-TiB₂-SiC-Rh composites before and after heat treatment. Under the same heat treatment conditions, the Al6061-TiB₂-SiC-Rh composites exhibited improved microhardness, tensile strength, and reduced wear compared with the Al matrix alloy.
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Melik, W., Z. Boumerzoug, and F. Delaunois. "Solide State Diffusion Bonding of Al6061-SiC Nanocomposites." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 4 (2021): 9305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.18.4.2021.13.0716.
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Aluminium matrix composites are both strong and lightweight, and are limited in their applications due to the proper choice of welding process. Conventional welding that is based on fusion at the welded joint is not suitable because it leads to the formation of certain defects at the welded joint. For this reason, solid-state welding such as diffusion bonding is one of the suitable joining methods, as there will be no melting of any of the constituents. The solid-state diffusion bonding at 520° C of Al6061-SiC nanocomposites was investigated. This composite material was made by powder metallurgy, where aluminium alloy Al6061 was selected as the base metal, and SiC nanoparticles with an average size of 50 nm were added as reinforced particles. The effects of bonding time on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded material were investigated. The main characterisation techniques were optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and microhardness measurements. We have found that increasing the holding time up to 3 h at 520° C strengthens the weldability of the two basic composite materials and increases their hardness. X-ray diffraction analysis did not reveal any new phase during diffusion welding; it is considered one of the advantages of using the solid-state diffusion welding technique for the assembly of this kind of composite material. The welding success of this composite material widens its field of use, such as the automotive or space industry, because it is a light material with high mechanical properties.
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Subramanya, Raghavendra, Manjunatha Kuntanahalli Narayanappa, Nagesh Devareddy, et al. "Study on the influence of aluminium nitride particulates on the dry sliding wear behavior and mechanical properties of aluminium 6061 alloy developed using stir casting method." Materials Technology Reports 2, no. 2 (2024): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.59400/mtr1813.
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Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with hard ceramic particles is currently being widely used as a composite material for a range of industrial and technical applications. In the current study, melt stirring was employed to incorporate Aluminium nitride (AlN) particulates into the aluminium 6061 alloy. In this study AlN particles in different proportions 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% wt were used with Al6061 alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction were used to characterise the stir cast composites and the base alloy. SEM analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of AlN particles within the Al matrix. The impact of AlN concentrations on the mechanical properties of Al6061 matrix composites was investigated. Pin on disc machines were utilised to examine the dry sliding wear properties of the composites that were manufactured. The presence of very hard AlN elements in the Al6061 matrix alloy significantly improved the mechanical and wear characteristics of the AMCs. As compared to the Al6061 base alloy, the test results showed that the Al6061 with 8% weight percentage AlN composites had better wear resistance and hardness yield strength and the alloy with 2% AlN showed highest tensile strength of 368 MPa. The good interfacial adhesion between fillers and matrix prevents cracking and allows for effective load transmission to the reinforcing phase. This is mainly because AlN is a highly strong and stiff material, and its incorporation gives strong reinforcement as well as increased tensile, flexural, and hardness strength to the composite. This enhancement in mechanical properties suggests potential applications in high-wear industries such as automotive and aerospace.
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Ashok, Kumar.M.S, and D. Shivaprasad. "Machinability Study of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (Al6061 - SiC)." Journal of Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Design 2, no. 1 (2020): 6–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3786119.
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MMC’s are the materials that are playing a vital role in today’s automobile and aeronautical applications. The present materials are almost getting replaced by these MMC’s, specially by aluminium MMC’s. These materials provide the advantage of light weight to higher strength which is of most important for the aerospace components. The most common aluminium MMCs are Aluminium 6061 material reinforced with SiC. Machining of these materials is a challenging task due to its improved mechanical properties like hardness and strength. So an appropriate machining technique should be suitable selected depending upon the application of the material. In machining, turning operation is selected to study the influence of the cutting parameters in machining the processed MMC’s. The results of the present study indicate that the cutting parameters like speed and feed rate affects the performance of the tool and the depth of the parameter is the one which has lesser impact.
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Kozlík, Jiří, Jozef Veselý, Josef Stráský, Tomáš Chráska, and Miloš Janeček. "Interface of a Al6061/Ti Composite Prepared by Field Assisted Sintering Technique." Metals 11, no. 1 (2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010073.
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Architectured heterogeneous metallic composites consist of two dissimilar materials with a particular focus on spatial arrangement of constituents. This experimental study describes the application of Field Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) for manufacturing of composite materials by sintering of a bulk reinforcement with a powder metal. Simple structure made of Ti wire (Ti Grade 2) was sintered with Al6061 alloy powder at 560 °C for 10 min. Successful material bonding and evolution of diffusion layer was thoroughly studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Diffusion layer and adjacent precipitates are described as ternary Ti-Al-Si τ1 and τ2 phases. Si, as an alloying element in the Al6061 alloy, significantly affects the formation of the diffusion layer at the material interface due to its high inter-diffusion coefficient in both Al and Ti. Detailed TEM analysis also showed a modulated τ1/τ2 structure resembling a long-period stacking order (LPSO) phase, which has not been previously reported in the Ti-Al-Si ternary compounds. FAST is capable to manufacture composites from dissimilar constituents, which opens new possibilities for design and manufacturing of architectured materials.
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Zulhanif, Z., and Z. Hasymi. "Pengaruh Variasi Temperatur Artificial Aging Pada Aluminium 6061 Terhadap Sifat Kekerasan Dan Strukur Mikro." MECHANICAL 14, no. 2 (2023): 184. https://doi.org/10.23960/mech.v14i2.3662.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk dapat mengetahui pengaruh temperatur artificial aging terhadap sifat kekerasan dan struktur mikro Al6061. Pada penelitian ini digunakan sampel aluminium seri 6061 yang diberi perlakuan panas pada suhu 450 °C selama 30 menit kemudian di quenching dengan media pendingin air. Kemudian dipanaskan dengan perubahan suhu 150 °C, 190 °C dan 230 °C dengan waktu penahanan 5 jam. Sampel kemudian didinginkan perlahan sampai suhu kamar.Hasil uji komposisi kimia menggunakan Spectromax menunjukkan bahwa persentase Al adalah 95,1%, Mg 1,5% dan Si 1,07%. Hasil uji kekerasan menggunakan alat uji kekerasan Rockwell menunjukkan nilai kekerasan tanpa perlakuan panas menunjukkan nilai kekerasan sebesar 24,5 (HRB) dan nilai kekerasan setelah quenching sebesar 21,4 (HRB). Nilai kekerasan tertinggi selama pemanasan terdapat pada perubahan suhu 190 °C dengan nilai kekerasan 3,1 (HRB), yang menunjukkan peningkatan nilai kekerasan pada suhu 190 °C dibandingkan dengan nilai kekerasan material tanpa perlakuan panas oleh 74,9. Pengujian struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa material Al6061 setelah proses artificial aging pada suhu 190 °C memiliki jumlah fasa yang lebih banyak, dan batas butir Al6061 cenderung lebih rapat dan teratur. Artinya material yang diproses dengan artificial aging memiliki deposit atau pembentukan fase kedua yang mengeraskan material dan memiliki sifat mekanik yang lebih baik.Kata kunci: Aluminium 6061, Artificial aging, Nilai kekerasan, Struktur mikro, Sifat Mekanik
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Amiri, Sina, Nora Lecis, Andrea Manes, Davide Mombelli, and Marco Giglio. "Determining Elastic-Plastic Properties of Al6061-T6 from Micro-Indentation Technique." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.610.
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Different approaches have been proposed in order to determine the material behavior of ductile materials. Since, the mechanical properties of a mechanical component are modified during manufacturing process due to plastic deformation, heat treatment and etc, a non-destructive indentation experimental procedure addressed to predict the elastic-plastic properties of material after manufacturing process is of interest. This is especially true for small size components where it is complex to extract specimens to test on standard test system. Based on dimensionless analysis and the concept of a representative strain, different approaches have been proposed to determine the material properties of power law materials by using indentation process. In this work, the Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model of the aluminum alloy Al6061-T6 is characterized by means of a well-defined optimization procedure based on micro-indentation testing and high fidelity finite element models and an optimization procedure but without the concept of dimensionless analysis and a representative strain. This methodology allows determining a set of JC constants for Al6061-T6. The obtained results have good agreement with parameters calibrated by means of universal standard tests and reverse engineering approach.
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Raju.T, Hemanth, and V. S.Ramamurthy. "Development and Mechanical Characterization of Al6061-Zircon Composites." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.12 (2018): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16433.
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Composite materials are widely used in variety of applications such as aerospace, automotive and structural components resulting in savings of material and energy. Particulate reinforced Aluminium metal matrix composite materials which are having desirable properties such as high specific stiffness, high specific strength, high coefficient of thermal expansion, increased fatigue resistance and superior dimensional stability compared to unreinforced alloys. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop composites using Al 6061 as a matrix material reinforced with Zircon particulates using stir casting technique. The Zircon particulates were varied in steps of 0 %, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. The Specimens were prepared as per the ASTM standards. The prepared composites were characterized by microstructural studies using optical microscope and tensile strength and hardness properties were evaluated. Zircon particles were observed to refine the grains and were distributed homogeneously in the aluminium matrix at 9% of Zircon. The tensile and hardness properties were higher in case of composites when compared to unreinforced Al 6061 matrix. Also increasing addition level of Zircon has resulted in further increase in both tensile strength and hardness values and optimum value was obtained at 9% of Zircon.
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Mohan, P., M. Kathirvel, N. Azhagesan, and M. Sivapragash. "The Mechanical Characterization of Al2O3 Reinforced AL6061 Metal Matrix Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.257.
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The aluminium based composites are increasingly being used in the transport, aerospace, marine, automobile and mineral processing industries. The widely used reinforcing materials for these composites are silicon carbide, aluminium oxide and graphite in the form of particles or whiskers. In this study Al6061-6 & 4wt% Al2O3 based metal matrix composite were produced by mechanical stir casting process. The obtained cast metal matrix composite is carefully machined to prepare the test specimens for hardness, tensile as well as fracture toughness studies as per ASTM standards. The hardness, tensile strength and fracture toughness properties of Al6061-Al2O3 composites are explored experimentally. Finally compare the material characterization with heat treatment process sample and compare the fracture toughness of sample with mathematical approach, experimental and finite element method.
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S., Gopinath, Prince M., and Raghav G.R. "A Novel Development and Experimentation on Lightweight Aluminium 6061-T6 Alloy as a Promising Ship Building Material Using Bio Reinforcement." Journal of Advanced Research in Industrial Engineering 5, no. 3 (2023): 18–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10354748.
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<i>In this research paper, the novel development of the Hybrid Aluminium 6061 Matrix Composites (HAMC) is processed, and their mechanical properties, tribological and corrosion behaviour is examined as per the standards. The economical stir casting technique is utilized for reinforcing different proportions of Boron Nitride (B.N.), Prosopis Juli flora Ash (P.J.A.), and graphite (C) into the Al 6061 alloy. Further, the casted composites were characterized through the influence of Scanning Electron Microscopy (S.E.M.) for validating the surface morphology of the composite lamina. The mechanical test data revealed that the Al6061-0BN-20PJA-5C composite has a decent tensile strength (219 MPa) and ductility (14.9%) due to the lesser amount of B.N. content along with the majority of Al matrix phase. The composite Al6061-15BN-5PJA-5C was found to have the highest compressive strength (317 MPa) of the reinforced samples but lower than that of the base Al 6061 alloy castings due to the brittle nature of the reinforcements. The impact strength was maximum for Al6061-0BN-20PJA-5C of 22 J3 due to the absence of BN and higher Al matrix phase. On the other hand, the density was tailored by reinforcing the low density P.J.A. than that of the base Al 6061 alloy. The fair distributions of the hard structured B.N. with P.J.A. in the Al matrix phase have promoted the maximum microhardness value (231 HV) and better wear resistance for Al6061-15BN-5PJA-5C composite. The validation of the worn-out lamina was done through the S.E.M. after the wear test, and the significant wear phenomenon is identified as adhesive wear. From the Tafel plot of the potentiodynamic polarization test, it was observed that the corrosion potential was higher for the Al6061-0BN-20PJA-5C composite -0.278± 0.005V with a lower current density of -1.2 ± 0.012µA/cm2 than the other reinforced composites and base Al alloy. </i>
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Gupta, Nitin Kumar, Gananath Doulat Thakre, and Manoj Kumar. "Dry sliding wear performance on self-healing Al6061 composites." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 5 (2020): 1357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-03-2020-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the tribological performance of the developed self-healing Al6061 composite and to optimize the operating conditions for enhanced tribo-performance of the developed material. Design/methodology/approach A unique procedure has been adopted to convert the sand casted Al6061 into self-healing material by piercing a low melting point solder material with and without MoS2. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to optimize the number of experiments and analyze the influence of operating parameters such as speed, sliding distance and load on material wear. Findings The results reveal that the paper shows the self-healing and self-repair is possible in metal through piercing low melting point alloy. Then, the load has a significant influence over other input parameters in predicting the wear behavior of developed material. Moreover, addition of MoS2 does not affect the tribo-performance of the developed material. The study concludes that the developed self-healing Al6061 has huge potential to be used in mechanical industry. Research limitations/implications The concept of self-healing in metals are very challenging task due to very slow diffusion rate of atoms at room temperature. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to explore the other new techniques to create self-healing in metals. Practical implications The self-healing materials had shown huge potential to be used in mechanical industry. The current investigation established a structural fabrication and testing procedure to understand the effects of various parameters on wear. The conclusion from the experimentation and optimization helps researchers to developed and create self-healing in metals. Originality/value The previous research works were not focused on the study of tribological property of self-healing metal composite. With the best of author’s knowledge, no one has reported tribological study, as well as optimization of parameters such as speed, load and sliding distance on wear in self-healing metals composite.
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M., Sreenivasa, Tilak Chandra Batluri, M. Nanjundasway H., S. Raghu., and N. Sujana. "Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Al6061-TiO2 Composites." Advancement in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 5, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7116015.
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<em>Aluminum MMCs are regarded as the material of the twenty-first century due to their exceptional characteristics and distinctive design possibilities when compared to traditional alloys. Higher strength, greater stiffness, a lower coefficient of thermal expansion, and exceptional wear resistance are all benefits of metal matrix composites. At least two components, such as the matrix and reinforcement, are present in metal matrix composites. To create MMCs, these components are combined. Al, Cu, Mg, Ni, and Ti are commercially employed as matrix materials, whereas Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, B<sub>4</sub>C, SiC, and TiO<sub>2</sub> are used as reinforcements. TiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and SiC are the most frequently employed reinforcing materials. The aerospace, industrial, transportation, recreational, and infrastructural sectors all use MMCs because of their advantages such as light weight, increased stiffness, stability at high temperatures, and exceptional wear resistance. The most popular MMCs are titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) reinforced aluminium alloys, which are produced using techniques like mechanical alloying, spray deposition, and stir casting. The combination of substances affects the manufacturing process choice. Materials and manufacturing techniques have an impact on the properties of metal matrix composites. Through the use of the proper procedure, a combination of ceramic particles is strengthened in a molten metal matrix in the stir casting technique. During the casting process, particle distribution in the matrix material is influenced by the heating temperature, stirring rate, stirring duration, particle wetting, and mixing efficiency.</em>
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Ram, Hariharan Sree, Marimuthu Uthayakumar, Shanmugam Suresh Kumar, Sundaresan Thirumalai Kumaran, and Kinga Korniejenko. "Modelling Approach for the Prediction of Machinability in Al6061 Composites by Electrical Discharge Machining." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052673.
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This work aims to identify the pattern for the major output parameters, material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) of different combinations of Al6061-based composites. Based on the verification carried out on these patterns using analysis of variance (ANOVA) as the mathematical tool, the work predicts the mentioned output characteristics while machining Al6061 composites of different material compositions based on their hardness values. ANOVA was employed for the generation of equations of the particular composite. The equations were compared for the coefficients of each parameter employed in ANOVA. The work was carried out comparing the characteristic equation of different combinations of Al6061-based composite. The results indicate that the coefficients of the current show a drastic variation when compared to other coefficients for both the output parameters. It was observed that the current and its coefficients contribute to the output parameters based on the variation in hardness. For surface roughness, the constant of the characteristic equation was also found to influence the parameter for the change in hardness. The equation derived for both material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) were identified to be matching with the experimental result carried out for validation. The average variation observed was 9.3% for MRR and 7.2% for surface roughness.
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Zhang, Ying, Mingwei Wang, Pengcheng Yu, and Zhe Liu. "Optical Gas-Cell Dynamic Adsorption in a Photoacoustic Spectroscopy-Based SOF2 and SO2F2 Gas Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 20 (2022): 7949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207949.
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SO2F2 and SOF2 are the main components from the decomposition of insulation gas SF6. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been acknowledged as an accurate sensing technique. Polar material adsorption for SO2F2 and SOF2 in the photoacoustic gas cell of PAS may affect detection efficiency. In this paper, the optical gas-cell dynamic adsorptions of four different materials and the detection effects on SO2F2 and SOF2 are theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The materials, including grade 304 stainless steel (SUS304), grade 6061 aluminum alloy (Al6061), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDC), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), were applied inside the optical gas cell. The results show that, compared with metallic SUS304 and Al6061, plastic PVDC and PTFE would reduce the gas adsorption of SO2F2 and SOF2 by 10 to 20% and shorten the response time during gas exchange. The complete gas defusing period in the experiment was about 30 s. The maximum variations of the 90% rising time between the different adsorption materials were approximately 3 s for SO2F2 and 6 s for SOF2, while the generated photoacoustic magnitudes were identical. This paper explored the material selection for PAS-based gas sensing in practical applications.
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Ahamed, A., and T. Prashanth. "Mechanical Property Evaluation Aluminium 6061 Nickel Coated Cenosphere Composites." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4 (2020): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0108.
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AbstractIn recent years, among all the aluminium alloys, Al6061 is gaining much popularity as a matrix material to prepare MMCs owing to its excellent mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. Fly ash cenospheres are primarily a by-product in power generation plants. Research is in progress to effectively use this byproduct to produce new usable and profitable materials as they pose major disposal and environmental problems. In the light of the above, the present investigation is aimed at development of metal coated cenosphere reinforced Al6061 composites and to characterize their mechanical properties. Al6061 nickel coated composites have been prepared by liquid metallurgy route by varying percentage of nickel coated cenospheres between 2–10% by weight in steps of 2%. Density, hardness and tensile behaviour of the composites is carried out. It is observed that there is an increase in the values of hardness, density of the composite with an increasing percentage of the nickel coated cenosphere reinforcements. There is also a notable increase in the tensile strength as well as reduction in ductility of the prepared composite. Fractographs to indicate the behaviour of the composites have also been depicted in the paper.
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Vinayashree, R. Shobha. "Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties of AL6061/E-Glass Fibre Composites before and After Severe Plastic Deformation (ECAP)." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (2023): 1291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1011.
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This study focuses on characterizing and examining the mechanical properties of Al6061 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) reinforced with E-glass fibres before and after undergoing Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Al6061 alloy is renowned for its exceptional mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion, making it highly suitable for various industrial applications. The addition of E-glass fibres enhances the composite's strength and provides the flexibility to customize material properties for specific uses. The fabrication process involved stir casting to ensure a well-dispersed and uniform material. ECAP was employed to induce grain refinement and investigate the composites' mechanical behaviour. Microstructural analysis was conducted to study the distribution of reinforcement particles and matrix phases. Density and porosity measurements were acquired using Archimedes' principle, revealing trends in the compactness of the composites. Rockwell hardness tests demonstrated an increase in hardness after ECAP, attributable to improved load-bearing capabilities. Tensile tests showed higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and reduced percentage elongation (PE) with an increase in E-glass fibre content and after ECAP. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanical behaviour of Al6061 MMCs reinforced with E-glass fibres, showcasing the potential for tailoring properties to fulfil specific industrial requirements.
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Ahmad, Zamheri. "PENGARUH WAKTU STIRRING, FRAKSI VOLUME DAN UKURAN BESAR BUTIR PARTIKEL SiC TERHADAP KEKERASAN MMC Al 6061 – SiC DENGAN SISTEM STIRRCASTING." AUSTENIT 3, no. 2 (2011): 23–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4544233.
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Material Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) merupakan material yang banyak dikembangkan akhir-akhir ini karena keunggulan yang dimilikinya dibandingkan dengan material lain baik murni maupun paduan. Material MMC yang merupakan kombinasi dari matrik logam dengan penguatnya (reinforcement) diharapkan memiliki sifat yang lebih baik dibanding dengan komponen penyusunnya. Paduan Al6061-Si-Mg/SiCp, merupakan salah satu contoh material MMC, dimana paduan alumunium sebagai matrik dan SiC sebagai penguat. Material yang dihasilkan dari kombinasi antara paduan alumunium dengan SiC ini diharapkan akan memiliki sifat ringan dan kekerasan tinggi yang tinggi. Salah satu metode pembuatan MMC paduan Al6061-Si-Mg/SiCp ini adalah pengecoran (casting). Namun teknologi pengecoran yang umum digunakan untuk memproduksi material ini masih tergolong teknologi tinggi dan mahal. Untuk itu pada penelitian ini dicoba untuk memproduksi material MMC ini dengan teknologi pengecoran yang sederhana. Metode yang dipilih adalah metode stir-casting karena dianggap paling mudah dan mungkin membuat material ini. Menurut “rule of mixture”, fraksi volume partikel penguat merupakan salah satu variabel yang sangat mempengaruhi kekuatan, sehingga pada penelitian ini dipilih fraksi volume partikel penguat sebagai parameter pengujian. Dari penelitian ini didapat bahwa semakin besar fraksi volume partikel penguat, maka kekerasan material komposit akan semakin meningkat.
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Kamatchi, R. Muthu, R. Muraliraja, C. Sabari Bharathi, T. Sathish, S. Sathyaraj, and Leevesh Kumar. "Preparation of Nanosize Bone Powder from Waste and Development of Al Composite through Squeeze Casting Process." Journal of Nanomaterials 2023 (February 23, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7470200.
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Al6061 alloy is most commonly used in automotive, marine, and aerospace applications to lighten the composite and increase its strength. Al6061 alloy is a precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy used as a matrix material. Beef bone is a biowaste that has polluted the environment and the people who live in the vicinity of its manufacturing and disposal sites. Biowaste has been used in a variety of ways by researchers in recent years, including activated carbon, water purification, reinforcement in composites, fillers, additives, etc. Beef bones that had been abandoned as waste were collected, cleaned, and grounded into a fine powder with a particle size of 50–100 nm and used as reinforcement. Squeeze casting process is used to create the newly created aluminum composite (Al6061 + 0%, 5%, 10% of bone powder). The aluminum composite was fabricated and three samples were successfully obtained for further testing and analysis. The prepared Al composites with nanopowder reinforcement are analyzed for surface morphology, elemental identification, hardness, porosity, tensile strength, and compression strength. The percentage of porosity in the composite is improved by 36.7% when compared to the Al6061 alloy. Similarly, the tensile strength of the produced composite is increased to 5.59%. A significant improvement is observed in the wear resistance and hardness of the composite as 54.55% and 48.65%, respectively.
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Lee, Donghyun, Junghwan Kim, Byeongjin Park, et al. "Mechanical and Thermal Neutron Absorbing Properties of B4C/Aluminum Alloy Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting and Hot Rolling Process." Metals 11, no. 3 (2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030413.
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In this study, to fabricate neutron shielding material, boron carbide (B4C)-reinforced aluminum (Al) alloy composites were successfully fabricated by stir casting followed by a hot rolling process. Microstructural analysis of B4C/Al6061 composites with different volume fractions (5, 10, 20, 25, and 30%) revealed that the composites had volume ratios similar to the target volume ratios of B4C. Furthermore, B4C reinforcements were uniformly dispersed in the Al matrix, forming multi-interfacial layers of Al4C3/(Ti,Cr)B2. The interfacial layer generated during stir casting maintained its own structure after the hot rolling process, indicating strong interfacial bonding strength. The tensile strengths of the B4C/Al6061 composites increased to 20 vol.% and stayed above the value for Al6061, even reaching 30 vol.%. The measured thermal neutron shielding rate increased with increasing B4C content, and the highest thermal neutron shielding rate was observed at 30 vol.% composite, which corresponds to 95.6% neutron shielding at 0.158-cm thickness.
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Purwanto, Sigit Edy, Mustakim Mustakim, Triyono Triyono, and Nurul Muhayat. "PENGARUH WAKTU PENGELASAN TERHADAP REAKSI ANTARMUKA PADA SAMBUNGAN ALUMINIUM AL6061 DAN BAJA GALVANIS." KURVATEK 4, no. 2 (2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v4i2.1147.
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AbstrakBahan bakar merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat penting bagi alat transportasi. Saat ini, cadangan bahan bakar fosil semakin berkurang. Untuk menghemat bahan bakar diperlukan alat transportasi yang ringan. Konstruksi yang ringan dapat diperoleh dengan menggabungkan dua atau lebih jenis material. Jenis sambungan yang sesuai untuk mendapatkan konstruksi yang ringan adalah sambungan las. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat mampu las antara baja galvanis dengan aluminium Al6061. Metode pengelasan yang digunakan adalah Resistance Spot Welding (RSW). Sifat mampu las dari kedua material dapat diketahui dari jenis senyawa intermetalik yang terbentuk pada antarmuka lasan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa reaksi antarmuka yang terbentuk untuk waktu pengelasan 4 dan 5 siklus adalah senyawa intermetalik FeAl dengan ketebalan masing-masing 19,25 μm dan 10,52 μm, untuk waktu pengelasan 6 siklus adalah senyawa intermetalik FeAl3 dengan ketebalan 8,07 μm. Kekeraran tertinggi 623,1 HV0.1 dan kekerasan terendah 572,2 HV0.1. Kata kunci: Aluminium Al6061, Baja Galvanis, RSW, Senyawa Intermetalik AbstractFuel is a very important in transportation. Unfortunately, the amount of fossil fuel reserve is decreasing. Using lightweight material for vehicle is one way to save fossil fuel. Lightweight construction can be obtained by combining two or more types of material. The right type of connection to get a lightweight construction is a welded joint. This study aimed to determine the properties of weldability between galvanized steel and aluminum Al6061. The welding method used was Resistance Spot Welding (RSW). The weldability of the two materials could be seen from the types of intermetallic compounds formed at the weld interface. The results of this study indicated that the formed interface reaction was FeAl intermetallic compound layer with a thickness of 19,25 μm and 10,52 μm respectively for 4 and 5 cicles of welding time, and FeA3 intermetallic compound layer with a thickness of 8,07 μm for 6 cycles of the welding time The highest hardness was 623.1 HV0.1 and the lowest hardness was 572.2 HV0.1. Keywords: Aluminum, Galvanized Steel, RSW, Intermetallic Compound
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Singh, Mandeep, Harish Kumar Garg, Sthitapragyan Maharana, et al. "Design and Analysis of an Automobile Disc Brake Rotor by Using Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite for High Reliability." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 6 (2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060244.
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Due to their superior capabilities for manufacturing lightweight automotive components, aluminium metal matrix composites have gained a lot of attention in the last few years. Aluminium metal matrix composites are an exceptional class of metal matrix composites that can solve all the major problems related to the automobile industry. Aluminium matrix composites in the disc braking system have already been employed and studied by many scientists. However, the developed materials are not yet always sufficiently accurate and reliable. In this article, a new enhanced metal matrix composite material is used and studied to improve the efficiency of an ordinary car’s braking system. To improve the accuracy of the designated braking system, an innovative hybrid aluminium matrix composite (Al6061/SiC/Gr)-based brake rotor has been developed, and its effectiveness has been determined by finite element analysis. From the simulation, the product performance confirmed that the hybrid aluminium matrix composite (Al6061/SiC/Gr)-based brake rotor has the potential to replace the standard cast iron brake disc. The new enhanced hybrid composite material used in this study can be used for the efficient design of various braking parts.
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Ramesh, Chinnakurli Suryanarayana, Saleem Khan, Khan Zulfiqar, and K. S. Sridhar. "Slurry Erosive Wear Behavior of Hot Extruded Al6061-Si3N4 Composite." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.454.
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Silicon nitride possess excellent hot hardness and wear resistance coupled with very good corrosion resistance. Hence, in recent years, silicon nitride has been a serious contender as a reinforcement to develop light weight metal matrix composites for several technological applications. Al6061 is most popular matrix alloy as it possess excellent formability and in particular the quality of extrudates of Al6061 is quite high and are the most preferred in space and naval applications especially for support structures and torpedoes blades respectively. Improved corrosion and slurry erosion resistance on use of silicon nitride in nickel and aluminum alloy matrices have been reported by several researchers. In the light of the above, this paper focuses on development of Al6061-6wt% Si3N4 by stir casting the most economical and popular route followed by hot extrusion. Hot extrusion was carried out using 200T hydraulic press at extrusion ratio of 1:10 at a temperature of 550°C. Slurry erosion tests were carried out using 3.5% NaCl solution containing silica sand particles of size 312μm at different rotational speeds varying between 300 rpm and 1200 rpm. The sand concentration was varied from 10g/l to 40 g/l. Under identical test conditions, hot extruded Al6061-6wt% Si3N4 composite do possess better slurry erosion resistance when compared with matrix alloy. The mechanism involved in the material removal process during slurry erosion process will also be discussed.
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Okokpujie, Imhade Princess, Lagouge Kwanda Tartibu, and Rajneesh K. Singh. "Development of an Aluminium-based Composite Reinforced with Various Concentrations of 600 Microns of Alumina Particulates for Engineering Applications." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering 31, no. 1 (2025): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.31.1.122.
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A popular and cost-effective method for creating and processing metal matrix composite materials is the stir casting process, which produces casting alloy-based composite components made of aluminium. This study entails the development of an aluminium matrix composite reinforced with alumina particles, with the Matrix being the Al6061 alloy and the reinforcement Al2O3 particles, with a particle size of 600 microns. The originality of this study is on the formation of the mixing ratio of the 600 microns in the composite development. The fabrication method was the stir casting technique to enable a homogeneous mixture for excellent mechanical properties of the varying composites with different reinforcement compositions, ranging from 5% - 30% of the Al2O3 material. The study performed mechanical tests such as tensile, compressive, hardness, impact and microstructural analysis on the developed composites. At the end of the study, it was discovered that the properties of the Al 6061 alloy, when reinforced with the alumina particles, improved when various tests were carried out. The tensile strength increased significantly after reinforcement, reaching a maximum value of 33.9 MPa compared to the initial value of 12.16 MPa. For the Impact test, the specimen with the most negligible impact was the aluminium composite with 0% reinforcement and 100% Al6061 alloy with an impact value of 25.75 J/mm2 and the maximum value of impact being with the composition of 30% reinforcement of Al2O3 and 70% of Al6061 with 43.67 J/mm2 amount of impact. The composite value with the maximum hardness, i.e. 30% of Al2O3 and 70% of Al6061, has a hardness value of 34.66. The study also investigated the relationships between mechanical properties and the compositions of the reinforcements, revealing valuable insights into their interplay of the load, composition percentage, and time.
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Zhou, Chun Jiang, Jian Cheng Liu, and Adrian Avila. "Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Micro Machining for AL6061-T6 Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1880.
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This paper is to experimentally investigate the mechanical micro machining properties of AL6061-T6 using tungsten-carbide micro end mills. The cutting simulation based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method is also conducted to estimate cutting forces, cutting temperature, and minimum chip thicknesses. The simulation results are used for the determination of experimental machining conditions such as depth of cut, feed rates and cutting speeds. A number of slot micro-milling experiments were performed using 400um diameter micro end mills on a 3 Axis CNC machining center attached with a high precision and high speed spindle unit. The machined surface quality, geometric feature shape, cutting burr generation as well as build-up edges are observed in the cutting experiments. Optimum cutting parameters for a better surface quality and smaller burr sizes are suggested.
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Habibi, I., Saifudin, H. R. Fatoni, et al. "Ethylene Glycol-water Based Graphene Oxide Nanofluid as Corrosion Inhibitor in Automotive Radiator." E3S Web of Conferences 543 (2024): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454303002.
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A rapid cooling process is essential to maintain an optimal working temperature in a vehicle, which directly impacts its efficiency. Corrosion is a persistent and inevitable damage in cooling systems that use water-based fluids. The current challenge is to explore water-based fluids that not only exhibit excellent corrosion resistance but also possess superior heat conduction properties to improve vehicle efficiency. This study investigated the incorporation of Graphene Oxide, renowned for its corrosion inhibition properties, into ethylene glycol/water solution to assess its protective efficacy on Al6061 material. A series of analytical methods, including Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), pH, conductivity, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and polarization techniques, are used to evaluate the corrosion inhibition performance of graphene oxide at various concentrations and under different ambient temperatures. The results showed a decrease in pH value and conductivity with increasing concentration of graphene oxide. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of a protective layer on the surface of Al6061. Corrosion rate assessment was performed on Al6061 samples immersed in ethylene glycol/water mixture with graphene oxide concentrations of 0, 0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.10%. There was a significant decrease in corrosion rate with the addition of graphene oxide to the cooling system: at 30°C, the rate decreased to 4.620, 3.308, 2.565, and 1.006 mpy; at 40°C, up to 4,728, 2,541, 1,503, and 1,270 mpy; and at 50°C, up to 5.629, 1.146, 2.947, and 1.441 mpy, corresponding graphene oxide concentrations of 0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.1%, respectively. Experimental data confirmed that graphene oxide effectively reduces the corrosion rate of Al6061 in ethylene glycol/water mixtures. The study concluded that the use of graphene oxide as a corrosion inhibitor markedly improved the resistance and performance of Al6061 in ethylene glycol/water, with graphene oxide contributing to this protective mechanism through the process of physisorption.
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Dhabale, Rahul B., Vijay K. Kurkute, Sanket S. Unde, Vrushali R. Dhabale, Umesh G. Mate, and Sarfaraj Shaikh. "Novel Algebraic Matrix Method Used to Generate Linear Equation for Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate during Wet/Dry Turning Operation on MMCs Al6061-T6/SiC." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2604, no. 1 (2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2604/1/012002.
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Abstract Stir casting process is well known for reinforcement of ceramic particle in aluminium. Due to improved properties of Al6061-T6/SiC particulate metal matrix composites have attracted by industry as well as received wider attention of material expertise. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the turning process parameters through algebraic matrix which is unique approach. Also studied effects of spindle speed, feed, SiC silicon carbide-3% and 6%, depth of cut and nose radius on modifier element for instance surface roughness Ra and material removal rate MRR in both dry and wet condition. In addition to optimize the turning process parameters are on Al6061-T6/SiC 3% and 6% with a coated tungsten tool. The experimental runs are designed using the taguchi based multiple factorial design DOE and their outcomes are analyzed using Analysis of Variance ANOVA. Mathematical models are established using algebraic matrix to represent the relationship among turning process parameters as independent variables, surface roughness and material removal rate as dependent variables. For every experimental run, a same cutting insert was used to encourage accurate reporting of the surface roughness and material removal rate. The statistical variations revealed that the main effect of spindle speed, feed, SiC silicon carbide-3% and 6%, depth of cut and nose radius are influenced the surface roughness and material removal rate. Moreover, Built-up-edge BUE formation was observed at every combinations of machining parameters such as spindle speed, feed, SiC silicon carbide-3% and 6%, depth of cut and nose radius which affected the surface quality negatively. The proximity of predicted results and experimental results provide proof that the algebraic matrix – DOE method has successfully established the predictive models. It is strongly suggested SiC silicon carbide 3% and 6% are successfully reinforced in Al6061 as well as optimize turning process parameters in wet condition than dry condition. Mathematical models for surface roughness and material removal rate are found to be statistically significant in wet condition.
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Shunmugasamy, Vasanth Chakravarthy, and Bilal Mansoor. "Friction Stir Welding on Light-Weight Metal - Aluminum Alloy Al6061." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1233.
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Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process in which metals are joined together using frictional heat and severe plastic deformation. The heating and the mixing of the metals is performed using a hardened tool with a shoulder and pin. FSW of lightweight metal alloy Al6061 has been carried out in the present study. For welding aluminum the parameters used were a constant tool rotation speed of 1600 rpm and varying tool translation speeds of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mm/min. The welded coupons were characterized for microstructural observations and mechanical properties such as tensile and Charpy impact properties. The tensile and impact properties were studied at two different temperature namely, room temperature (RT) and 300°C. The FS welded aluminum specimens showed 86% – 98% tensile yield strength, in comparison to the base material at RT. At 300°C, the yield strength was observed to be 85% to 93% of the base material value. For the impact properties, the Al specimens showed 60% – 140% specific impact energy, in comparison to their respective base materials. Based on the mechanical properties and microstructural examination, the optimal weld parameter was identified as 1600 rpm and 250 mm/min which is dependent on the tool pin and shoulder design utilized in the study.
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Sahai, Ankit, Rahul Swarup Sharma, K. Hans Raj, and Narinder Kumar Gupta. "Mechanical Properties of Al6061 Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.392.
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The severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an effective approach for producing bulk nanostructured materials. The Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is the most efficient SPD solution for achieving ultra-fined grained (UFG) material as billet undergoes severe and large deformation. The process parameters of ECAP (Channel Angle, angle of curvature, friction, number of passes, etc) influences major impact on the properties. In present work, the ECAP process is performed by pressing a specimen through a die consisting of two intersecting channels meeting at an angle φ and outer corner meeting at an angle ψ. Experiments with a circular specimen of Al6061 were conducted to investigate the changes in mechanical properties upto 2 passes. 3-D finite element simulations were also performed using metal forming software FORGE to study the evolution of strain in the specimen during the ECAP process. Simulation results were investigated by comparing them with experimental measured data in terms of load variations. The present work clearly shows that ECAP caused accentuated increase in Al6061 hardness and tensile strength during multi-pass processing. This study is beneficial in developing high quality, high strength products in manufacturing industry on account of its ability to change microstructure of materials.
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B N N, Leela. "Influence of Chill Material on Micro Structure and Mechanical Properties of Al6061-B4C Composite." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 2 (2023): 1011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23216192558.
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