Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alachlor'

A cana-de-açúcar e uma das principais culturas agrícolas do pais, ocupando mais de oito milhões de hectares. Recentemente, o seu sistema de colheita passa pela substituição da queima para a não queima da palhada por ocasião da colheita, gerando de 8 a 20 Mg ha-1 de resíduos na superfície do solo. Alem disso, o aproveitamento de resíduos gerados no beneficiamento para produção do álcool ou açúcar e cada vez mais frequente. Estas medidas minimizam a erosão, levam a ciclagem de nutrientes e aumento nos teores de carbono orgânico do solo, reduzindo os custos de produção. Em decorrência destas praticas, alterações no comportamento ambiental de moléculas pesticidas são esperadas, pois se sabe que o seu potencial de sorção pode variar com o teor de carbono orgânico do solo, adição de resíduos e o tempo de residência no solo (\'aging\'). Alem disso, pode ocorrer interceptação dos herbicidas pelos resíduos aplicados ao solo reduzindo sua lixiviação. Por isso, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: (i) avaliar o efeito da adição de três resíduos orgânicos (composto, palha e cinzas da palha da cana-de-açúcar) e do tempo de residência (\"envelhecimento\") no potencial de sorção dos herbicidas (14C) alachlor e diuron, e o efeito da adição destes resíduos na lixiviação do alachlor; (ii) determinar os coeficientes de sorção do alachlor e diuron (14C) em amostras de solos coletadas em regiões produtoras de cana-de-açúcar do estado de São Paulo, e verificar o efeito do sistema de colheita (com e sem queima) sobre estes coeficientes. Os resultados mostraram que (i): a adição de composto e palha não afetou enquanto que a adição de cinza aumentou significativamente o potencial de sorção dos herbicidas. O envelhecimento (28 dias) aumentou de 1,3 a 2,3 vezes os valores de Kd. A adição de palha e de cinza diminuiu a lixiviação do alachlor (< 1,0% do aplicado) em relação ao composto e o controle (~6% do aplicado). A palha reteve ~80% do alachlor aplicado. (ii): a sorção foi mais elevada para o herbicida diuron (Kd médio = 26,5 L kg-1) em relação ao alachlor (Kd médio = 2,3 L kg-1). De modo geral, os atributos do solo que melhor se correlacionaram com os valores de Kd foram os teores de carbono orgânico, argila e CTC. Os coeficientes de sorção do alachlor e diuron foram bem correlacionados com os teores de óxidos ferro livres e amorfos (r > 0,7), respectivamente. De forma geral, a manutenção da palha no solo promoveu incrementos nos valores de Kd, mas não alterou sua classificação quanto ao potencial de mobilidade.<br>Sugarcane is a major crop in Brazil covering more than eight million hectares. Recently, its harvesting system has been changing from burning to not-burning of straw at harvesting, generating 8-20 Mg ha-1 of residue on the soil surface. Furthermore, the use of waste generated in sugarcane processing for the production of alcohol or sugar is more and more frequent. These measures minimize soil erosion and favor nutrient cycling and increased levels of organic carbon in the soil, reducing production costs. As a result, changes in environmental behavior of pesticide molecules are expected, since their sorption potential can vary according to the organic carbon content in the soil, the addition of waste and the residence time in the soil (\"aging\"). Moreover, the residues on the soil can intercept herbicides reducing their leaching. Therefore, the objectives of this research were: (i) to evaluate the effect of three organic wastes (compost, straw and straw ashes of sugarcane) and residence time (\"aging\") on the sorption potential of herbicides (14C) alachlor and diuron, and the effect of these wastes on the leaching of alachlor; (ii) determine the sorption of alachlor and diuron (14C) in soil samples collected from sugarcane producing regions in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and verify the effect of the harvesting system (with and without burning) on these coefficients. The results showed that: (i) the addition of the compost and straw did not affect herbicide sorption while the addition of ash significantly increased the sorption potential of herbicides. The aging (28 days) increased 1.3 to 2.3 times the Kd values. The addition of straw and ash decreased the leaching of alachlor (< 1.0% of applied dose) in relation to compost and control (~6% of applied dose). The straw retained ~80% of alachlor applied; (ii) the sorption was higher for the herbicide diuron (average Kd = 26.5 L kg-1) in relation to alachlor (average Kd = 2.3 L kg-1). In general, the soil characteristics that best correlated with Kd values were the contents of organic carbon, clay and CEC. The sorption coefficients of alachlor and diuron were well correlated with the concentration of free and amorphous iron oxides (r > 0.7), respectively. Overall, the maintenance of straw on the soil promoted increases in Kd values, but did not change its classification regarding its the potential of mobility.

The work presented investigates various aspects of glutathione-dependent electrophile metabolism in bacteria. First, we studied the response of <I>Staphyloccocus aureus</I> to the electrophile methylglyoxal. We found that under our experimental conditions, this organism is incapable of methylglyoxal metabolism by either glutatione-dependent or independent mechanisms. Glutatione was found to sensitise <I>S. aureus</I> to methylglyoxal. Furthermore, the sulphydryl group of glutathione is essential in this process. This implies that a glutathione conjugate may be involved in the increased sensitivity. Methylglyoxal does not activate K⁺ efflux from <I>S. aureus</I> cells, suggesting that the KefB K⁺ efflux system is absent from this organism. NEM activates a slow release of K⁺ indicating that the KefC system may be present. We investigated the response of <I>E. coli</I> and <I>Pseudomonas</I> sp. to the electrophilic herbicide alachlor. This compound activates a release of K⁺ from <I>E.coli</I> but not from any Pseudomona tested. K⁺ efflux is not mediated by KefB, KefC or the major mechanosensitive channels. In addition to the K⁺ efflux, alachlor stimulated an increase in the absorbance at 265 nm of media containing <I>E. coli</I>. It is not fully understood what this absorbance increase represents but it may reflect an increase in the solubility of alachlor over time. Despite its potential toxicity, alachlor did not affect the growth of either <I>E. coli</I> or <I>P. fragi</I>. However, when <I>E. coli</I> were treated with EDTA they became sensitive to alachlor. This result and data obtained using ¹⁴C-labelled alachlor indicated that alachlor does not normally enter <I>E. coli</I> cells. Finally, we investigated the response of <I>E. coli</I> expressing <I>dcm</I>A from <I>Methylophilus</I> sp. DM11 to DCM. Addition of DCM resulted in immediate cessation of growth, which was not due to formaldehyde accumulation. Cells washed free of DCM after a short incubation resume growth at the pre-addition rate, indicating DCM dehalogenation causes no permanent damage to the cell.

Xenobiotics are toxic chemicals that are normally not the natural substrates for enzymes or transporters involved in plant resistance. Plants have developed a three phases detoxification system from toxic compounds. Xenobiotic are firstly activated so that certain functional groups can be exposed to the successive action of several modifying enzymes. Among them, the glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalyze the nucleophilic addition of glutathione (GSH) to the electrophilic groups of a large variety of hydrophobic toxic molecules. Previously, two gstu genes have been isolated from sweet orange leaves [(Citrus sinensis) L. Osbeck)] namely GSTU1 and GSTU2. The encoded proteins differ in three amino acids, all of them included in the C-terminal domain of the enzymes (R89P, E117K, I172V). In order to evaluate the contribution of the mismatched amino acids on the catalytic activity of enzymes, several cross-mutant genes were produced by site-directed mutagenesis followed by the biochemical characterization of the in vitro expressed enzymes. In this work, transgenic tobacco plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation over-expressing both the wild type and mutant CsGSTU genes were generated. Along with the molecular characterization of transformed plants, an in planta study to assess their ability in detoxifying herbicides was also performed. Therefore, transgenic plants were subjected to the action of fluorodifen, a diphenyl ether herbicide that cause photooxidative stress by inhibition of the plastid protoporphyrinogen oxidase and alachlor a chloroacetanilide herbicide which is used to control the growth of broad-leafed weeds and grasses in many crops. The electrolytic leakage assay was carried out to test the damage caused by fluorodifen treatment upon transformed and untransformed tobacco plants. The data revealed that the transgenic lines show a sharp reduction of membrane damage compared with the wild type tobacco plants. To study the tolerance towards alachlor in planta, we assayed the growth inhibition of untrasformed wild type and transgenic tobacco seedlings in the presence of 7.5 mg/l of alachlor. Alachlor negatively influences the growth of roots and stems of untransformed an transformed tobacco seedlings with the exception of the transgenic plants over-expressing CsGSTU2 which are clearly unaffected by herbicide treatment considering either stem or root lenght. Consequently, the herbicide-tolerant transgenic tobacco plants, which are described in the present study, can be utilized for phytoremediation of residual xenobiotics in the environment. Drought and salinity stress tolerance was also assessed. When exposed to 200 mM NaCl both the wild type and transgenic seedlings exhibit a reduction of root lenght, with the exception of the CsGSTU2 over-expressing tobacco line whose root length is as long as untreated control roots indicating a high level of tolerance to NaCl. The effect of drought stress upon root elongation was measured by growing seedlings in the presence of 8% mannitol. In this case all treated tobacco seedlings disclose a sharp decrease of root length, although transgenic lines appear to better tolerate drought stress conditions as the mean root length is significantly higher than that of treated tobacco wild type seedlings. In order to understand the response of tobacco plants over-expressing the CsGSTU genes to biotic stress, untransformed and transformed tobacco leaves were infiltrated with a bacterial suspension of the P. syringae pv. tabaci Tox+ DAPPG-PG 676 strain. The differences observed in symptomatology indicate that the over-expression of CsGSTU1 and CsGSTU2 in tobacco plant bestow the capability to avoid active toxin diffusion in plant tissues blocking chlorotic halos formation probably because tabtoxin is head towards a modification pathway in which CsGSTs could be involved in. This result was confirmed when tobacco leaves was treated with culture filtrates.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar a influência dos herbicidas alachlor e diuron sobre a atividade microbiana do solo, emergência de plântulas e crescimento da mamoneira anã (EBDA MPB01), cultivada em um Latossolo Amarelo distrocoeso, do Recôncavo Baiano. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos (ano 1 e ano 2) no Campo Experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, em Cruz das Almas-BA, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos (testemunha: dose zero; alachlor 5 L.ha-1; alachlor 7 L.ha-1; diuron 2,4 L.ha-1; diuron 4,0 L.ha-1) e quatro repetições. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em pré-emergência, um dia antes do plantio da variedade de mamoneira anã MPB 01, em espaçamento 1,0m x 0,5 m. As avaliações da atividade microbiana foi semanal, e as do crescimento da planta foram quinzenais. Ainda, determinou-se os índices fisiológicos (AF, IAF, TAL, TCC, TCA, TCRA e RAF). Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente, sendo utilizada a ANAVA, bem como os testes de Tukey e Scott-Knott, ambos a 5 % de probabilidade. Fez-se também regressão polinomial, onde coube. Concluiuse que: os herbicidas utilizados estimulam a atividade microbiana do solo e que o alachlor prejudica a velocidade e a emergência final de plântulas daquela variedade; os rendimentos obtidos foram baixos, os índices fisiológicos da cultivar apresentaram tendências de crescimento típico desta cultura, não sendo afetados pelos herbicidas alachlor e diuron.<br>Tese submetida à Câmara de Ensino de Pós- Graduação e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia como requisito para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciências Agrárias.

A presen&ccedil;a de defensivos agr&iacute;colas no meio ambiente, mesmo que em baixas concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es (ng L-1/ &#956;g L-1), representa uma potencial fonte de perturba&ccedil;&atilde;o end&oacute;crina para os seres vivos. Neste cen&aacute;rio, destacam-se os herbicidas alaclor e atrazina, que s&atilde;o amplamente utilizados no combate a ervas daninhas. Entretanto, a Ag&ecirc;ncia de Prote&ccedil;&atilde;o Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (EPA) classifica como carcinog&ecirc;nicos, desreguladores end&oacute;crinos e seu limite, em &aacute;gua, n&atilde;o pode ultrapassar 2 e 3 &#956;g L-1, respectivamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o eletroqu&iacute;mica do alaclor e atrazina, utilizando uma c&eacute;lula do tipo filtro-prensa, e um &acirc;nodo dimensionalmente est&aacute;vel (ADE) de composi&ccedil;&atilde;o nominal Ti/Ru0,3Ti0,7O2, pH inicial fixo em 3 e a temperatura em 25 &ordm;C, uma vez que, os m&eacute;todos convencionais de tratamento n&atilde;o s&atilde;o totalmente eficientes na remo&ccedil;&atilde;o destes compostos org&acirc;nicos nos sistemas aquosos. Inicialmente realizou-se apenas a degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o eletroqu&iacute;mica do herbicida alaclor (100 mg L-1) via planejamento fatorial de ponto central do tipo 32, tendo como vari&aacute;veis, a concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o do eletr&oacute;lito suporte cloreto de s&oacute;dio (0,05, 01 e 0,15 g L-1) e a densidade de corrente (10, 30 e 50 mA cm-2), obtendo como melhor resposta, 93,45 % de remo&ccedil;&atilde;o e 71,6 % de mineraliza&ccedil;&atilde;o, ao usar CNaCl de 0,15 g L-1 e 50 mA cm-2. Por&eacute;m, a CNaCl de 0,15 g L-1 e densidade de 30 mA cm-2 foi escolhida como a melhor condi&ccedil;&atilde;o estudada, em virtude do seu menor valor de consumo energ&eacute;tico e por apresentar a taxa de remo&ccedil;&atilde;o (93,6%) e mineraliza&ccedil;&atilde;o (71,24%) pr&oacute;ximas ao uso da maior densidade de corrente. S&oacute; ent&atilde;o, na melhor condi&ccedil;&atilde;o, obtida previamente a partir dos experimentos de degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o do alaclor, que realizou-se a oxida&ccedil;&atilde;o de 100 mg L-1 de atrazina e da mistura dos herbicidas. Tamb&eacute;m foi observado uma cin&eacute;tica de pseudo primeira ordem na oxida&ccedil;&atilde;o dos herbicidas, e, al&eacute;m disso, foi realizada a identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o dos intermedi&aacute;rios e/ou produtos de degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o do alaclor e atrazina atrav&eacute;s da t&eacute;cnica de CLAE acoplada a um espectr&ocirc;metro de massas.<br>The pesticides presence in environment represents a potential endocrine disturbance source for the living beings, even in low concentrations (ng L-1/ &#956;g L-1). The herbicides alachlor and atrazine are important to highlight, these herbicides are widely used to combat weeds herbs. However, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies alachlor and atrazine as carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and their water limit may not exceed 2 and 3 &#956;g L-1, respectively. The aim of this work was to study the electrochemical degradation of alachlor and atrazine, using a filter-press cell, and a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) with a nominal composition Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, fixed initial pH of 3 and temperature of 25&ordm;C. The conventional treatment methods are not completely effective to remove these organic compounds in aqueous systems. Initially, only an electrochemical degradation of alachlor (100 mg L-1) was made by factorial design center point type 32, considering as variables: the supporting electrolyte sodium chloride concentration (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 g L-1) and current density (10, 30 and 50 mA cm-2). In this initial degradation was obtained as better result: 93.45% of removal and 71.6% of mineralization of alachlor, using CNaCl of 0.15 g L-1 and 50 mA cm-2. However, CNaCl of 0.15 g L-1 and a density of 30 mA cm-2 was chosen as the best condition studied, in the reason of its lower energy consumption value and presents a removal rate (93.6%) and the mineralization (71.24%) closer to the use of higher current density. The electrolyses of 100 mg L-1 of atrazine and the herbicides mixture were performed only in the best condition, previously obtained with alachlor degradation experiments. In addition, a kinetic of pseudo first order for both herbicides and their mixture oxidation was observed, and besides, the identification of intermediates and/or degradation products of alachlor and atrazine was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>應用化學系碩士班<br>92<br>Beside of the active ingredient, there are six impurities which exceed the amount of 0.1% and have been found when the analytical technique of gas chromatography with flame ionization detector was used to analyze Alachlor herbicide. These impurities were named with impurity A to Impurity F for convenient identification. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometer was also used to identify these impurities in this study. The mass spectra of these impurities were compared with the NIST mass library to find out the possible matching chemicals for these impurities. The active ingredient was identified as Alachlor and the impurity A was identified as 2,6-diethylaniline. The other five impurities can’t be identified successfully with the NIST mass library. The possible structures of these impurities can be proposed by the mass spectra and the manufacturing process of Alachlor. Standard reference substance of impurity B was obtained from Sinon Corporation and be confirmed by means of the confirmation evidence obtained from the retention time of gas chromatography and the fragment ions of mass detection. Impurity C and impurity D were prepared by organic synthesis and were confirmed by NMR and FT-IR analysis. The chemical structures of impurity E and impurity F can’t be proposed as lack of sufficient information. Thus, the preparative HPLC purification technique was needed to obtain enough amounts of impurity E and impurity F. The analysis of both collected impurities was conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. NMR spectra were accordingly to deduce their structures of impurity E and impurity F. As a result of this study, four major impurities of Alachlor were identified successfully. Impurity A was 2,6-diethylaniline. Impurity B was 2-Chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide. Impurity C was 2-Chloro-N-(2,6-di- ethylphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. Impurity D was 2,2-Dichloro-N-(2,6-diethyl- phenyl)-N-methoxymethylacetamide. Impurity E and impurity F are not totally confirmed due to the sample containing small amount of other unknown components. Impurity E was proposeded as N-(2-sec-Butyl-6-ethylphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methoxymethyl- acetamide. And impurity F was proposed as 2-Chloro-N-methoxy-methyl- N-(2,4,6-triethylphenyl)acetamide.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>應用化學系碩士班<br>94<br>The main purpose of this experiment is to formulate a herbicide-Alachlor capsule suspension (CS) by two methods: interfacial condensation polymerization and in situ condensation polymerization.Results of stability test show that sample prepared by the interfacial condensation polymerization method is more stable than that by in situ condensation polymerization method. The particle size of the capsule appeared in the in situ condensation polymerization method is smaller than the size appeared in interfacial condensation polymerization method.There is no significant difference in herbicide release rates between capsules prepared by the two methods.The water phase polymers for interfacial condensation polymerization and in situ condensation polymerization are 1,6-Hexamethylenediamine and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), respectively.Since TDI is a controlled toxic chemical substance, we suggest that the interfacial condensation polymerization is a more appropriate method to prepare Alachlor capsule suspension herbicide.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系所<br>101<br>The aim of this study is to remove alachlor, highly toxic endocrine disruptors, by advanced treatment by coagulation, activated carbon adsorption, and advanced oxidation process (UVC/H2O2 and UVA/TiO2). Therefore, explore the feasibility of advanced treatment applied to alachlor. This research used aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate as coagulant. The adsorbents were two commercial activated carbons, granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbons (PACs). Moreover, in advanced oxidation processes employ ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation-hydrogen peroxide, and ultraviolet-A (UVA) -titanium dioxide. They strongly rely on oxidative characteristics of free-radical species such as hydroxyl radicals (HO˙) that mediate degradation or decomposition of target compounds. The TiO2 was synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), high resolution X-ray diffractometer (HRXRD), and electron spectroscope for chemical analysis (ESCA). FE-SEM results showed that TiO2 had smaller particle size than commercial TiO2 about 22 nm amd 88 nm, respectively. The crystal structures of TiO2 contains anatase and rutile. Furthermore, the surface of photocatalyst is related to O-Ti-O bonds. Only 10 % of alachlor decay in coagulation–flocculation performance. The adsorption of alachlor on GAC shows that extended Langmuir model gives a best fit with experimental observations, where the higest percentage of adsorption capacity was 99 %. However it required seven hours. On the other hand, it could be achieved about 98% of adsorption rapidly of both acid and basic solution for PAC after two hours, and equilibrium data fitted well with Freundlich model. Besides, alachlor could be degraded by more than 80% by direct photolysis. But the concentration of alachlor did not conformed to the EPA emission standard. Nevertheless the effectiveness of H2O2 addition for alachlor removal during UVC treatment was increase to 99 %. Although direct photolysis of alachlor in UVA/TiO2 system were inefficient, removal efficiency would reach about 93 % of the adsorption capacity and photocatalytic reaction by the photocatalyst. Two kinds of photocatalytic degradation reactions followed pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Summary of this study, UVC/H2O2 advanced oxidation process was the best treatment of alachlor.

碩士<br>中臺科技大學<br>安全與防災科技研究所<br>101<br>The most commonly used purification method for environmental pollution in recent years is photocatalytic degradation integrating various illuminants and photocatalyst in photodegradation of organic pollutants, which photodegrades with the best processing efficiency. This study used the photocatalyst, Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), to degrade organochloride herbicide, alachlor, and investigated its degradation and factors which influenced catalysis. In order to discuss degradation and mineralization rate of BiVO4, this study increased catalyst activity by the way of enhancing its absorption of visible light and selected the best BiVO4 addition option. From the experiment results it is found that adequate addition of H2O2 increases alachlor’s degradation rate, and in alkaline environment alachlor has better performance in degradation, the higher pH value the better performance. After six experiments of repeated recycle, no significant photocatalytic activity loss of was found in the catalyst of BiVO4, indicating the photocatalyst had the property for repeated use.

碩士<br>國立臺東大學<br>生命科學系碩士班<br>97<br>In this study, the health effect of exposure of alachlor, butachlor and phorate was investigated and evaluated on producers and farmers in Taiwan. These results is able to provide producers and farmers a better understanding in toxicities and poisoning of pesticides, enhance the protection measures and reduce the danger for them. According to three routes for pesticide exposure by skin, breath, and mouth-eye into human bodies and taking dosage, kinds and toxicity of pesticides and protection equipments into consideration, we collected samples from environmental air, breath and skin of producers and farmers and evaluated safety of these three pesticides by Percentage of Toxic Dose Per Hour (PTDPH), Margins of Safety (MOS) and Breath Exposure Hazard Index (HI). The results showed that there were two packaging workers exposed to butachlor in the condition without protection equipments, the chronic exposure MOS was smaller than 100 and indicated it was harmful. However, in the condition with protection equipments, the MOS was greater than 100 and belonged to secured exposure. Further, in the factory of phorate, the HI of environmental air and breath from all staff was smaller than 1 and there was no obvious danger in this environment. But, the acute exposure amount analyzed by PTDPH was greater than 1 in five producers without protection and they had health anxiety. After with protection cover, masks and gloves, there were just dispensers having health anxiety with PTDPH over 1%. Another,all of the dispensers had the MOS of chronic exposure amount smaller than 100 under the condition without protection and this showed that it is harm for health. If offering protective equipments to dispensers, MOS value of two dispensers was greater than 100 and belonged to safe range. From the evaluation, the dispensers contacted pesticides directly and protection equipments were important for them. In the risk assessment of alachlor and autachlor to farmers, the MOS was in secure range. The acute exposure amount of phorate for farmers was analyzed by PTDPH, the data revealed that PTDPH was lower than 1% regardless of with protective cover, masks and gloves or not and there were not health anxieties. However, in the data of the chronic exposure amount of MOS, there was still all farmer had health anxieties after with protection. Finally, the non-cancer risk assessment of five farmers by HTI was smaller than 1 and showed that the farmers did not have health anxieties. In conclusion, in this research we found drug poisoning of producers or farmers often caused from that there were enough protection and bad working habits. Thus, the complete protection equipments were essential for them. It is needed to appeal for producers and users to take care in contacting with pesticides.

碩士<br>中山醫學大學<br>職業安全衛生學系碩士班<br>102<br>Alachlor and butachlor has been widely used as herbicide, it is an important global pollutant for environmental hormone effect and bioaccumulation effect in biota and it could cause health effect and cancer. Alachlor contaminates biota with food chain and were detected in various environmental matrices, including water, sediment and air and various organisms, including aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, even human. For the purpose of assessing the Taiwan resident individual exposure source and exposure levels of alachlor.Water pollution was one of major alachlor exposure sources according to previous literatures.This study will determine alachlor concentration of tape water & reservoir water of general area and high pollutant area. Dichloromethane was applied to dissolve the grinded cereals and vegetables sample. The concentrated dichloromethane solution was extracted by the saturated acetone/hexane/acetonitrile solution. The residues were then eluted by hexane and ethyl ether solution (85＋15，v/v) through a SPE Tube. The final purified samples were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The samples of reservoir water were concentrated with SPE-DEX4790.The concentrated dichloromethane solution was eluted by dichloromethane.The residues were then eluted by ethyl acetate.The final purified samples were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This study determined 6 types of cereals and vegetables in Taiwan (n＝125). The results indicated that corn contained the highest concentration of alachlor, with the concentration of 17.839±16.908 ng/100g. The alachlor concentration of brown rice was 9.205±8.970 ng/100g, which was the second high. This study determined 2 types of reservoir water in Taiwan (n＝14).The results indicated that Taihu Reservoir raw water contained the highest concentration of alachlor, with the concentration of 1080μg/L. The alachlor concentration of Bansin Water Treatment Plant raw water was 298μg/L, which was the second high. This study shows that corn contained the highest amount of alachlor,corn are 2～3 times of others. The detection rate of alachlor in corn was 67% (14/21),the study suggested eat corn or susceptible alachlor contaminated crops should be particularly cleaning.Butachlor detect that of cereals and vegetables detection rate were 25% (21/83) and 33% (14/42). Reservoir raw water alachlor content detection rate was 43% (3/7), and treated water alachlor content detection rate was 43% (3/7). Sources of alachlor pollution might be related to water pollution and air pollution.

碩士<br>中山醫學大學<br>職業安全衛生學系碩士班<br>103<br>Alachlor has been widely used as herbicide, it is an important global pollutant for environmental hormone effect and bioaccumulation effect in biota and it could have health effect and cause cancer. Alachlor is as a toxic substances of screening list in EPA, also one of controlled pesticides. According to the Sales of Quantity of Taiwan Crop Protection Industry Association, the country used 83000 kilograms in 2010, the amount second to the Paraquat. Alachlor contaminated biota with food chain and was detected in various environmental matrices, including water, sediment, air and various organisms, including aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, even human. Water pollution was one of major alachlor exposure sources according to previous literatures, the crops also were polluted by alachlor, for these reasons, human and organism could be exposure of pesticide residues in food, it may lead to public health problems and health effects. The purpose of this study is to determine concentration of alachlor in meat and fish in Taiwan market. This study determined 133 samples in the north, central, south and east of Taiwan markets, including chicken, pork, beef, lamb and fish. The concentration of alachlor was analyzed by GC/MS. Calibration curves of concentration range of 0.5 to 25 ppb, detection limit was 0.2 ppb. The results indicated that lamb contained the highest concentration of alachlor with the concentration was 0.938±1.423 ng/g (ppb), the second high is chicken with the concentration was 0.799±1.276 ng/g , beef and pork with the concentration were 0.780±1.242 ng/g and 0.370±0.531 ng/g. The detection rate of alachlor in chicken was 46％ which is the highest detection rate, the detection rate of beef, lamb, and pork were 41％, 35％ and 33％. Tilapia and milkfish were not detected. Beef and lamb in Taiwan market are mostly imported, the detection rate of alachlor in Australian beef was 57％, the concentration were 1.172±1.414 ng/g, the detection rate of alachlor in American beef was 14％, with the concentration were 0.094±0.015 ng/g, and the detection rate of alachlor in Australian lamb was 32％, with the concentration were 1.008±1.549 ng/g. According to the Department of Health set of alachlor allowable standard of vegetables was 0.01 ppm, but the meats are no standard issued.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系所<br>106<br>In view of technological advances, people start to use disposable Hand warmer. However, it leads to an increasing of iron-containing waste. Though hand warmer is harmless to the environment, it sill needs to be recycled. Therefore, it is supposed to recycle and reuse the iron-containing waste. This study bases on advanced oxidation treatment technology. Heterogeneous Fenton reaction can treat Alachlor of high toxicity endocrine disrupting chemicals. The catalyst is divided into core-shell zero-valent iron and Hand warmer recovery iron different treatment methods. Hand warmer is utilized to become Fe@Fe2O3 core shell nano-zero-valent iron, which compare with FeCl3•6H2O. Another direct use Hand warmer waste iron, which is divided into untreated iron(HWW), hydrochloric acid pickled iron(AHWW) and sodium borohydride reduced iron(RHWW). In this study explored Fenton-like reaction different treatment conditions (Amount of catalyst, concentration of oxidant, concentration of reducing agent, pH, etc.) on the degradation of Alachlor. The results show (1) Core-shell zero-valent iron optimal conditions was 0.1g/L catalyst , 2mM H2O2 and 0.3mM AA. Alachlor removal rate of Fe@Fe2O3 and R-Fe@Fe2O3 were 99.84% and 93.64%. The system is not affected by competitive ions and catalyst has reusability. (2) The AHWW of use directly Hand warmer waste iron is degradation of Alachlor better than the HWW and RHWW. The optimal conditions was 0.4 g/L catalyst , 2 mM H2O2 and 0.4 mM AA. The AHWW removal rate of Alachlor was 66.22% in the 60 min. The studies demonstrated that Hand warmer waste iron might be an economy and feasible way to removed pollutants for Alachlor.

The herbicide alachlor is one of the most widely used pesticides in the world; over 52 million pounds are applied to U.S. croplands annually. The acetanilide compounds 2-chloro-2$\sp\prime,6\sp\prime$-diethylacetanilide (CDA) and 2-hydroxy-2$\sp\prime,6\sp\prime$-diethylacetanilide (HDA) are environmental degradative products of alachlor. CDA, HDA and alachlor are ground and surface water contaminants; CDA and HDA are mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay. There is a paucity of data on the environmental fate of CDA and HDA. The development of two competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISA) for the detection of CDA and HDA is reported. cELISA3 is specific for CDA with a detection range of 0.015 to 10 $\mu$g/ml. Solid phase extraction of CDA residues from aqueous samples gives a 1000-fold concentration factor resulting in an effective detection limit of 15 pg/ml. cELISA4 is specific for both CDA and HDA in combination, with a detection range of 0.01 to 10 $\mu$g/ml. Solid phase extraction of aqueous samples prior to cELISA analysis results in an effective detection limit of 10 pg/ml. Chloroacetanilide herbicides and other alachlor metabolites that may be present in environmental samples do not interfere with the detection of CDA and HDA. cELISA3, cELISA4 and the antisera they are based on provide a means of studying the environmental fate of CDA and HDA through a variety of analytical strategies.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1998.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-105).

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學系<br>87<br>Alachlor ( 2-Chloro-2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxy-methyl) acetanilide ), being widely used as herbicides, constitutes a major class of pollutants that contaminate the ecosystem extensively. In this research, alachlor is first studied by cyclic voltammetry and being scanned within +1.0V and -1.0V in a fixed scan rate to obtain the currents in different potentials. By observing the cyclic voltammogram, the oxidative and the reductive potential of alachlor can be understood. The potentials observed is used in the single potential time base technique, the suitable conditions for the time base reaction was studied, including the pH value, the electrolyte used and the effect of the oxygen. The alachlor solution that had been treated with time base reaction, was injected into HPLC in certain time interval to try to monitoring the degradation of alachlor. The products of alachlor is then isolated, and identified by using MS (Mass) and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), then we try to derive plausible oxidative and reductive mechanisms for the degradation of alachlor. Meanwhile, the kinetic of the degradation of alachlor was also studied by using electrochemical method and HPLC.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-140).

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學系<br>90<br>The determination of alachlor in culture medium was carried out by HPLC coupled with a liquid-liquid extraction. However, it took time and wasted large quantity of organic solvents, which was risk for health. Microdialysis technique is considered with advantages of convenience, rapid isolation of trace components from viscous, turbid, and complicate matrix sample. In this study, microdialysis-HPLC system has been investigated for preconcentrating and analyzing alachlor decomposed by Rhizopus stolonifer in culture solution. A reversed-phase C-18 column was used separate the alachlor and 2,6-D with an eluent of acetonotrile-water mixture(1：1) containing 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. Detection was carried out with an UV detector operated at 210 nm. Conditions for obtaining optimum dialysis preconcentration efficiency such as dialysis fiber length, flow-rate, solvent of perfusion, pH and added-salt in sample solution, as well as chromatographic conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the dialysis preconcentration using 40 cm regenerated cellulose, hollow fiber, and perfusion at 0.1μl /min of hexane offered optimum enrich efficiency. The enrichment reached to 403 and 386 times for alachlor and 2,6-D. respectively, with less than 5% RSD. The proposed method provided a very simple and fast procedures to enriched and determine the alachlor decomposed by Rhizopus stolonifer in culture solution.

Niniejsza praca doktorska dotyczy zdolności wybranych szczepów Trichoderma w biotransformacji alachloru i metolachloru z jednoczesnym uwzględnieniem oddziaływania tychże związków na system antyoksydacyjny oraz profil lipidowy modelu badawczego. Ponadto poddano również ocenie zdolność Trichoderma spp. do promowania wzrostu roślin.<br>1. Dotacja celowa na działalność związaną z prowadzeniem badań naukowych lub prac rozwojowych oraz zadań z nimi związanych, służących rozwojowi młodych naukowców oraz uczestników studiów doktoranckich pt. "Analiza zmian w profilu lipidowym oraz ocena aktywności systemu antyoksydacyjnego szczepów Trichoderma poddanych działaniu alachloru''. Kod projektu: B1611000001200.02, 2016, kierownik. 2. Dotacja celowa na działalność związaną z prowadzeniem badań naukowych lub prac rozwojowych oraz zadań z nimi związanych, służących rozwojowi młodych naukowców oraz uczestników studiów doktoranckich pt. "Ocena wpływu enzymów oksydoredukcyjnych w eliminacji wybranych herbicydów chloroacetanilidowych". Kod projektu: B1711000001551.02, 2017, kierownik. 3. Dotacja celowa na działalność związaną z prowadzeniem badań naukowych lub prac rozwojowych oraz zadań z nimi związanych, służących rozwojowi młodych naukowców oraz uczestników studiów doktoranckich pt. "Identyfikacja oraz ocena detoksykacji produktów mikrobiologicznej degradacji metolachloru". Kod projektu: B1811000001839.02, 2018, kierownik.

An abundance of waste products from the forestry industry (sawdust and paper pulp) lead to the concept of using them as growing media for high value crops on a field scale. However, management of subsequent weed growth posed a problem as the impact of these novel media on the performance and fate of herbicides was unknown. Three aspects of sawdust and paper pulp waste were examined and compared to two cropping soils, viz. their effect on herbicide behaviour with regard to crop selectivity, weed control efficacy and the environmental fate of selected chemicals. Cropping species such as lettuce and onions were more susceptible to alachlor and chlorpropham in sawdust than in paper pulp. The two cropping soils evaluated (Horotiu sandy loam and Mangateretere silt loam) tended to be intermediate although the former was often close to the sawdust and the latter to the paper pulp in terms of herbicide phytotoxicity to the crop plants. For the less water soluble herbicide pendimethalin, the differences in crop selectivity in the different media were not significant. The effect of the media on the efficacy of weed control was evaluated through plant species with a much lower tolerance to the herbicides evaluated in contrast to the above species. For these plants the efficacy of the herbicides was generally lower in both the sawdust and paper pulp than in the two soils. The effect was more pronounced with the more soluble alachlor, where efficacy was reduced by factors of 5 – 10, compared to pendimethalin where efficacy reduction was by factors of 0 – 3. The two high organic media had contrasting effects on the various environmental behaviour indices evaluated. Herbicide adsorption as quantified by distribution coefficient (Kd) was higher in the two novel media compared to both the Horotiu and Mangateretere soils. However, when the Kd was normalised to organic carbon (Koc), there was less variation amongst the media indicating that organic matter is an important factor in controlling sorption in these media. However, despite the high level of adsorption in the sawdust, herbicides were most prone to leaching in this medium. Conversely the paper pulp tended to be more retentive while the two soils were intermediate. The degradation as quantified by half-lives (t½) of the herbicides was generally slower in the two novel media, probably reflecting the higher sorption in these two media but also due to the lower level of microbial activity in the sawdust and paper pulp. The study shows that herbicide behaviour in these carbon based media differs significantly from that expected from soil organic matter, mainly due to the non-humified nature of the organic matter in the media and its poor biological activity.