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Journal articles on the topic 'AlAlamayn, Battle of, 1942'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Carter, J. P., H. G. Poulos, and R. I. Tanner. "John Robert Booker 19421998." Historical Records of Australian Science 14, no. 2 (2002): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr02008.

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Professor John Robert Booker died in Concord Hospital in Sydney on 13 January 1998, after a long and courageously-fought battle against cancer. His death cut short a brilliant academic career and deprived the Australian geotechnical and engineering mechanics communities of one of its most eminent members. At the time of his death John Booker held a personal chair in engineering mechanics in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Sydney, and he was widely regarded as one of the finest researchers of his generation working in the field of theoretical geomechanics. His long battle with cancer did not deflect him from his life's work. While understandably, he was unable to hold formal classes during the last months of his life, it is significant that he was active in research until his very last weeks, such was his love for and dedication to his work. John Booker was a warm, friendly, caring man who touched many lives. He was mentor to most with whom he came into close contact, students and colleagues alike. He is survived by his second wife Elizabeth, daughters from his first marriage, Katie and Lucie, sister Judith and mother Joan.

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2

Belov, Nikolai, and Tat'iana Mikhailova. "Rzhev July‐August 1942: The battle for hill 200." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15, no. 4 (December 2002): 79–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040208430541.

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3

Nelson, Hank. "The troops, the town and the battle: Rabaul 1942." Journal of Pacific History 27, no. 2 (November 1992): 198–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349208572707.

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4

Saunders, Denis. "OBITUARY: James (Jim) F. Lynch 1942-1998." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 2 (1998): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980175.

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Jim Lynch lost his long battle with cancer when he died at home at Shady Side Maryland, USA on 26th March. Despite the difficulties posed by his illness, he was carrying out fieldwork in Texas only three weeks before he died. Over the past year he produced several new papers and manuscripts and sustained an active correspondence with colleagues around the world.

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5

Gardner, W. J. R. "PRELUDE TO VICTORY: THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC 1942–1943." Mariner's Mirror 79, no. 3 (January 1993): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1993.10656459.

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6

Croddy, Eric, and Sarka Krčálová. "Tularemia, Biological Warfare, and the Battle for Stalingrad (1942–1943)." Military Medicine 166, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/166.10.837.

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7

Pechatnov, V. O. "The Battle of Stalingrad and the Second Front Problem." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(29) (April 28, 2013): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-2-29-86-94.

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Using less-known documents from American and British archives the article examines the impact of developments on Soviet-German front in late 1942 on military-political planning in U.S. and U.K. with a special emphasis on the second front problem. It is demonstrated how deeply the German defeat at Stalingrad affected Anglo-American military and intelligence estimates of situation at Soviet- German front and prospects of the war in general.

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8

TETUEV, A. I. "KABARDINO-BALKARIA DURING THE BATTLE FOR THE CAUCASUS (JULY 1942 – JANUARY 1943)." Kavkazologiya, no. 2 (2019): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2019-2-55-71.

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9

Jeffreys, Alan. "Roy, Kaushik, Battle for Malaya: The Indian Army in Defeat, 1941–1942." History: Reviews of New Books 48, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2020.1828752.

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10

Hayward, Joel S. A. "Von Richthofen's ‘giant fire‐magic’: TheLuftwaffe'scontribution to the battle of Kerch, 1942." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 10, no. 2 (June 1997): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049708430293.

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11

Wang, Z. George. "The Rescue of British by Chinese at Yenangyaung and Slim’s Flawed Account of the Battle." Journal of Chinese Military History 7, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341324.

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AbstractChinese and British troops fought shoulder to shoulder against the Japanese at Yenangyaung, Burma, in mid-April 1942. The official military histories of the two nations, however, record the Yenangyaung battle and appraise the Chinese contribution in striking disagreement. To find the truth through reconciling the significant discrepancies in existence for seven decades, materials of various countries have been comparatively studied. The article will present the following conclusions from this forensic inquiry: i) the narrative of the Yenangyaung battle by William Slim, the commanding officer of the British-Chinese joint forces in the battle, is fraught with misrepresentations; and ii) the official British military history errs in denying the Chinese rescue of the British troops.

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12

Knight, Sir Peter, and Gerard J. Milburn. "Daniel Frank Walls FRSNZ. 13 September 1942 — 12 May 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 61 (January 2015): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2014.0019.

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Dan Walls, a pioneer of quantum optics and especially the study of non-classical light, died in Auckland on 12 May 1999 after a battle with cancer, at the age of 57 years. Dan Walls completed a PhD with Roy Glauber at Harvard in 1969 and joined the University of Waikato in 1972. Together with his colleague Crispin Gardiner, during the next 25 years he established a major research centre for theoretical quantum optics in New Zealand and built active and productive collaborations with groups throughout the world.

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13

Wettstein, Adrian E. "Raumwahrnehmung und Raumpraktiken des deutschen Militärs im »Kampfraum Stadt« 1939–1942." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 73, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 389–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2014-0017.

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Abstract Historical spatial theories have rarely been used in operational military history. However, they can offer a fertile approach to provide a theoretical framework in operational history. This article shows the potential use of spatial theories and spatial terms in operational history by analysing urban warfare and its perception in the German army during the Second World War. Taking the battle of Stalingrad as a case study, special emphasis is given to physical and social-organisational spatial concepts.

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14

Gropman, Alan L., Stephen L. McFarland, Wesley Phillips Newton, and Daniel Ford. "To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany, 1942-1944." Journal of American History 79, no. 3 (December 1992): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080928.

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15

Lundstrom, John B., and Australian National Maritime Museum. "The Battle of the Coral Sea 1942: Conference Proceedings, 7-10 May 1992." Journal of Military History 59, no. 2 (April 1995): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944599.

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16

Clodfelter, Mark, Stephen L. McFarland, and Wesley Phillips Newton. "To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany, 1942-1944." Journal of Military History 56, no. 4 (October 1992): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986190.

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17

Morrow, John H., Stephen L. McFarland, and Wesley P. Newton. "To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany, 1942-1944." Technology and Culture 34, no. 4 (October 1993): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106442.

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18

Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. "‘The Best Laid Plans’: The Development of British Battle-Fleet Tactics, 1919–1942." International History Review 14, no. 4 (December 1992): 681–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1992.9640629.

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19

Ritchie, Rebecca, Keyvan Karimi Galougahi, and Gemma A. Figtree. "Targeting longevity genes in the battle against diabetic heart disease – is there a gene delivery fountain of youth?" European Journal of Heart Failure 22, no. 9 (July 28, 2020): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1942.

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20

Shagov, A. E., and O. V. Grigoriev. "Troops and military tribunals of NKVD in battle for the Caucasus (August– November 1942)." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity 5, no. 1 (2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2542-0488-2020-5-1-48-54.

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21

Andriessen, Samuel. "The Battle of the Atlantic: The environmental front of World War II." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 4 (November 2019): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419878943.

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This article examines the potential environmental impact in one specific theatre of World War II during a specific time frame. The study begins with an examination of the major oil spills that occurred after the 1960s to place them in a relationship with the cumulative effects of smaller spills, which best describe the numerous individual spills during 1942. It provides historical detail into the German offensive against North American shipping to establish a general scale of the resulting oil spills. Finally, it will describe the environmental impacts and assess current efforts to mitigate risks of continued oil exposure from shipwrecks in sensitive marine ecosystems. This establishes the theoretical framework to answer, at least in part, the question of whether a rapid succession of small spills would cause as much damage as large spills.

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22

Kholod, Alexander. "Social and Communication Technologies of Propagandism of the Links among Europe, Germany and Ukraine in Press of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” (in the period from 1 September 1941 to 17 July 1942)." Current Issues of Mass Communication, no. 18 (2015): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2312-5160.2015.18.33-43.

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Three aspects of the problem are studied in this research. The first aspect is the lack of knowledge about a range of European-Ukrainian and German-Ukrainian relations covered by the press controlled by the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” (hereinafter – RCU) in the period from its foundation up to the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad. The second aspect is the lack of studies on the identification and description of the specific social and communication technologies of influence through the RCU press on the minds of readers. The third aspect is the inaccuracies detected in previous studies by Ukrainian researchers, in descriptions of methods used in newspapers published under the RCU censorship. To fill these gaps in knowledge, the author has chosen as an object of study the press (newspapers) of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” from 1 September 1941 to 17 July 1942. The subject of the study is the range and trends in the Ukrainian-European and Ukrainian-German relations covered by the RCU press in the given period. In the study, the author identified the range and trends in covering the Ukrainian-European and Ukrainian-German relations in the press of the Reichcommissariat “Ukraine” in the period from 1 September 1941 to 17 July 1942. The main results of the study are the differentiations of journalistic materials in the specified period by two criteria. By the first criterion, we identified a range of topics in journalistic materials, both in quantity and quality, in the following two groups: “Ukrainian-European relations” and ” Ukrainian-German relations.” By the second criterion of the analysis (the quantity and quality of the main trends of Ukrainian-European and Ukrainian-German relations covered by the RCU press from the first day of its foundation, 1 September 1941, to the first day of the Battle of Stalingrad, 17 July 1942) four main trends were outlined, namely: 1) insisting of the RCU press on rightness of Germany’s war against the Bolshevism; 2) imposing of the idea of necessity to work aiming at assisting the German soldiers; 3) promotion of the idea of precedence of German culture as a model for the Ukrainians; 4) propagandism of the advantages of the new, German order in Ukraine. The study confirmed the author’s hypothesis that in the period prior to the Battle of Stalingrad, the RCU newspapers employed the social and communication technologies of propaganda to more intensively promote the Ukrainian-German relations than the Ukrainian-European relations.

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23

Dean, Denis J. "The Efficacy of Aerial Search During the Battle of Midway." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2011100104.

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The Battle of Midway (June 4 – 6, 1942) is considered one of the pivotal naval encounters of the Second World War. The battle has been examined in detail within both popular and scholarly literature, and a common opinion found in virtually all of these examinations is that Japanese search efforts on the morning of June 4, which were intended to determine if any U.S. naval forces were present, were inadequate. Japanese search procedures have been criticized on many separate grounds, but one fault implicit in many of these criticisms is that Japanese search plans were based upon the assumption that a searching aircraft that came within a predefined range of an enemy surface ship would inevitably sight that vessel. Intuitively, a 100% detection rate seems highly unlikely. It seems more probable that a myriad of factors influence detection probability, including characteristics of cloud cover, number and sizes of surface ships involved, relative courses, and speeds of the search aircraft and surface ships. This study employed a Monte Carlo approach built around modified GIS viewshed analyses techniques to investigate the influence of these and other factors had upon detection probability.

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24

Agarev, Alexander Fyodorovich, and Andrey Alexandrovich Shevchenko. "Railway Battleships in Defence of Ryazan Combat Site during the Battle of Moscow of 1941-1942." Manuskript, no. 8 (August 2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/manuscript.2020.8.2.

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25

Vyazmenskiy, S. B. "The Formation and the Battle Path of the K. E. Voroshilov International Guerrilla Detachment. 1942–1943." Modern History of Russia, no. 2 (2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2016.204.

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26

Ptichnikova, Galina, and Alexey Antyufeev. "Architecture of Stalingrad: the image of the hero city by the language of “Stalinist Empire style”." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183301046.

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The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of the architecture of “Stalinist Empire style” by the example of Stalingrad architecture. This city was restored again after Stalingrad battle which took place in the period of 1942-1943, in accordance with the principals of socialist urban construction. Reconstruction of Stalingrad is considered by the authors of the article as the creation of a new type of a Soviet city – a Hero City. The authors reveal the artistic features of architectural ensembles and buildings designed according to the principles of “Stalinist Empire style”.

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27

Chenaux, Philippe. "Father Włodzimierz Ledóchowski (1866–1942): Driving Force behind Papal Anti-Communism during the Interwar Period." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00501004.

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Włodzimierz Ledóchowski, superior general of the Society of Jesus, wielded great influence in the battle against Communism. His belief that there was a link of some degree between Jews and Communism, his work to establish a secretariat in Rome to counter atheistic Communism, and his influence in the development of the papal encyclical, Divini redemptoris, are explored in this article. Convinced that the Russian Revolution was a satanic force out to eradicate Christian society, Ledóchowski made it his life’s work to expose the lies and threats of Bolshevism, culminating in his penultimate Congregation (in 1938) where the superior general discussed techniques that could be used to combat the spread of Communism.

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28

KNOX, MACGREGOR. "1 OCTOBER 1942: ADOLF HITLER, WEHRMACHT OFFICER POLICY, AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION." Historical Journal 43, no. 3 (September 2000): 801–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99001284.

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The origins of the process that transmuted Prussia–Germany's most hallowed social institution and professional group, the officer corps, into a functional elite of ‘National Socialist Führer-personalities’ remain obscure. Recent studies have argued that the ‘structural pressures of modern war’ – the immense losses of summer 1942 – compelled the abolition of time-honoured educational and social qualifications for officer candidacy and the basing of promotions almost solely on battlefield prowess, and that ‘National Socialist elite manipulation’ was at best a secondary factor. Yet archival evidence makes clear that the pressures of war took second place in the army's official mind to the need to preserve order and tradition, and that it was above all Adolf Hitler who dictated the timing, shape, and extent of changes that the bureaucrats were largely incapable of imagining. ‘Führer-selection through battle’ was simultaneously the most far-reaching and lasting element in the social revolution that Hitler sought, and a decisive step in steeling the German armed forces for their fight to the bitter end. In this as in other areas, it was National Socialism's very modernity that endowed it with demonic force.

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29

Fennell, Jonathan. "Courage and Cowardice in the North African Campaign: The Eighth Army and Defeat in the Summer of 1942." War in History 20, no. 1 (January 2013): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344512454251.

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High rates of desertion and surrender during the battles in North Africa in the summer of 1942 were a major factor in Eighth Army’s poor combat performance. At the time, some suggested that these problems were symptomatic of a lack of courage or even of cowardice. There are two broad strands to the conceptualization of courage and cowardice. One focuses on the willingness of the person to fight; the other puts emphasis on how actions express an individual’s ability to cope with fear. Whichever conceptualization is used, high morale motivates the soldier to fight and shields the ordinary recruit from his fear, preventing it from overcoming him in battle. Where morale fails, the soldier is left demotivated and burdened with his terror and, therefore, and is therefore prone to desertion or surrender. Because it is extremely difficult to maintain morale at a continuously high level in an environment governed by chance and managed by humans, all soldiers can find themselves in situations where their actions may be judged as cowardly. Alternatively, if they are properly motivated to fight and prepared by the state and military to deal with the unavoidable fear of combat, all soldiers can be labelled courageous. Accordingly, emotive terms should be avoided when attempting to describe rationally explainable outcomes. The undoubtedly negative connotations attached to cowardice in battle and the positive ones attached to courage are, therefore, arguably unhelpful in understanding Eighth Army’s performance in the summer of 1942 and the human dimension in warfare more generally.

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30

Chew, Ju Ern Daniel, and Kevin Blackburn. "Dalforce at the Fall of Singapore in 1942: An Overseas Chinese Heroic Legend." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639184.

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AbstractDalforce, or the Singapore Overseas Chinese Volunteer Army as it was more popularly known among the Chinese community, was a hastily formed volunteer army created just before the fall of Singapore in February 1942. It was made up of 1,000–3,000 Chinese volunteers from all walks of life and political persuasions. Dalforce companies, armed with limited weapons and ammunition, were sent to defend the different fronts of Singapore Island after only a short stint of training. The soldiers of Dalforce, alongside the Australian, Indian and British armies, fought the Japanese invasion during the Battle for Singapore. The Overseas Chinese community in Singapore saw Dalforce as a medium through which they could join in the struggle, together with their comrades in China, against an aggressive and belligerent Japan. This small army became a symbol of something their comrades in China failed to truly achieve — the ability to unite in one force against a common enemy. The exploits of this little army became an Overseas Chinese legend.

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31

Pankov, Oleg D. "GROMOVAYA BALKA: THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE WALLOON LEGION AGAINST UNITS OF THE RED ARMY IN 1942." Известия Воронежского государственного педагогического университета, no. 4 (2020): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47438/2309-7078_2020_4_153.

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32

Mispelkamp, Peter K. H. "John Grehan and Martin Pace, Dispatches from the Front: The Battle for Norway 1940-1942 (Peter Mispelkamp)." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 31, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.135.

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33

Manders, M. R., R. W. de Hoop, S. Adhityatama, D. S. Bismoko, P. Syofiadisna, and D. Haryanto. "Battle of the Java Sea: One Event, Multiple Sites, Values and Views." Journal of Maritime Archaeology 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11457-020-09287-5.

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AbstractThree Dutch naval ships, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Kortenaer, were lost during the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942, claiming the lives of 915 sailors. Although the ships were relocated in 2002, no official action was taken until 2016 when an international diving team from the Karel Doorman Foundation discovered that the warships had disappeared. This created tension between the government of Indonesia and those countries that had lost ships in the archipelago, especially the Netherlands. A three-track cooperation agreement was set up to investigate the disappearance of the three Dutch wrecks with the aim of understanding what had happened, in order to create a better basis for cooperation in the future. The management and protection of shipwrecks from WWII is very complicated, because of the different values that stakeholders attach to them. Only with the proper understanding and consideration of the different values or significance WWII shipwrecks hold for different stakeholders can new ways of managing these complex sites be developed that have long-term effectiveness. This paper argues that different stakeholder groups from both the flag and the coastal state must work together on this issue.

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34

HODGSON, GEOFFREY M. "Editorial introduction to ‘Ownership’ by A. M. Honoré (1961)." Journal of Institutional Economics 9, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 223–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413741200032x.

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Antony (Tony) M. Honoré was born in London in 1921 but was brought up in South Africa. He served in the British Army during the Second World War and was severely wounded in the Battle of El Alamein in 1942. After the war, he continued his studies at New College, Oxford, and he has lived and taught in Oxford for well over half a century, holding fellowships at several Oxford colleges. From 1971 to 1988, he was Regius Professor of Civil Law and a Fellow of All Souls College in Oxford. He is internationally known for his work on ownership, legal causation, and Roman law.

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Pirogov, A. I. "Political Repercussions of the Battle of Stalingrad (17 July 1942 to 2 February 1943): Editor-in-Chief Address." Ekonomicheskie i sotsial’no-gumanitarnye issledovaniya 1 (17) (March 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24151/2409-1073-2018-1-5-10.

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Gomanenko, Olesya A. "On the Eve of the Battle of Stalingrad: the First Half of the 1942 Navigation on the Volga." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 19, no. 3 (2019): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2019-19-3-396-400.

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37

Ershov, Yuri, and Tatiana Cherepanova. "Military Media Discourse of Newspapers during Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-1942." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2021.10(1).63-77.

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The article presents the results of a research into military discourse via media texts about the Siege of Sevastopol. The topicality is determined by the insufficiency of studies of newspaper discourse of that period due to scarcity of available original materials. The novelty of the research is explained by introduction of new academic data about the characteristics of «The Krasnyi Chernomorets» paper, whose reporters worked at the battle-lines of Sevastopol offensive till the end of the siege. The characteristics in the focus of the authors’ interest are the spirit and the ideological implications of the media texts, as well as methods of all-out mobilization via the newspapers, and stylistic means of heroics in descriptions of the fighters’ and homefront workers’ behavior. The key method of study is a content analysis of the available original newspaper publications photocopied in the archive of rare editions. The aim was to select articles describing feats or heroic achievements of the military men and citizens of Sevastopol. Having studied hundreds of texts, the authors have also found differences in the set of expressive means used by journalists and reporters of the local newspapers and other media. One of the inferences suggests that periodical press as a social institute features a mechanism of mild self-regulation that enables journalists, in the time of a crisis, to reprogram their functions in order to produce heroics and encourage public consolidation.

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Tkachenko, S. N. "THE PROBLEM OF THE LOSS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL OF THE RED ARMY AND FLEET IN THE KERCH-FEODOSIAN AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION AND BATTLE AT THE JUMPING-OFF PLACE (JANUARY 1942)." Juvenis scientia, no. 1 (2019): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2019.01.07.

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Studying operational documents from military archives, an analysis was made of the number of personnel losses during the Kerch-Feodosiya landing operation (December 25, 1941 - January 2, 1942) and further battles on the bridgehead captured by Soviet troops with the participation of navy forces. The current assessments of the irretrievable losses of servicemen have been criticized.

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39

Perkins, Linda M. "Merze Tate and the Quest for Gender Equity at Howard University: 1942–1977." History of Education Quarterly 54, no. 4 (November 2014): 516–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12081.

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This study discusses Merze Tate, a black woman faculty member at Howard University from 1942 to 1977, and her efforts throughout her tenure at the institution to obtain gender equity for women faculty. This study also discusses Tate's decades-long battle with Rayford Logan, chair of the history department of Howard. Both Harvard PhDs, their difficulties reflect both gender differences as well as professional jealously. Tate was the first black woman to earn a degree from Oxford University (International Relations, 1935) and the first black woman to earn a PhD from Harvard in the fields of government and international relations (1941). She joined the faculty at Howard University in 1942, as one of two women ever hired in the history department. She remained on the faculty until her retirement in 1977. Tate is significant not only for her academic accomplishments and her advocacy on behalf of women but also as one of the earliest tenured women faculty members at Howard. In addition, she was a part of a very small group of highly accomplished black women academics who devoted their lives to the education of black youth. In a 1946 study of black doctorate and professional degree holders, Harry Washington Greene noted that of the three hundred eighty-one recipients, only forty-five were women. Black women were overwhelmingly enrolled and graduated from teacher training colleges that were unaccredited and/or did not provide the curriculum to attend graduate school without taking an additional year of undergraduate studies. The time and cost factor were prohibitive and many black women attended summer schools for years to take courses to prepare them for a graduate degree program.

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Sweeney, Michael S., and Patrick S. Washburn. "“Aint Justice Wonderful” The Chicago Tribune’s Battle of Midway Story and the Government’s Attempt at an Espionage Act Indictment in 1942." Journalism & Communication Monographs 16, no. 1 (December 5, 2013): 7–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637913504543.

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Насекин, Максим Анатольевич, and Александр Викторович Буганов. "ВОЕННАЯ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОСТЬ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СТАЛИНГРАДА В 1942–1943 ГГ. (ПО ДНЕВНИКАМ АННЫ АРАЦКИХ И СЕРАФИМЫ ВОРОНИНОЙ)." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2 (54) (June 10, 2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2021-54-2/26-34.

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Статья написана на материалах дневников жительниц Сталинграда Анны Арацких и Серафимы Ворониной, которые они вели в период знаменитой битвы 1942–1943 гг., под непрестанными бомбежками, когда Сталинград превратился из прифронтового города в фронтовой. Жители Сталинграда оказались заложниками воюющей местности. В архивных документах отражены военная повседневность, эмоциональное, нравственное состояние мирных жителей, тяжести их выживания на грани человеческих возможностей. Авторы описывают условия быта в руинах, сложности с обеспечением населения питанием. Продовольственные магазины и лавки были практически уничтожены, водопроводные коммуникации разрушены, регулярного подвоза воды не было. В таких условиях притуплялось чувство восприимчивости, человек привыкал ко всему: к голоду, холоду и даже смерти. На страницах дневников авторы не только рассказывали о событиях, в гуще которых они оказались, но и делились самым сокровенным, «изливали» душу, выражали свои заботы и переживания, помощь и поддержку другим. Сталинградская битва обернулась трагедией для мирного населения. Как и в бою, людям было необходимо находить правильные решения в критических ситуациях. Из-за постоянного перемещения линии фронта им также приходилось менять свое место жительства, обустраиваться на новом месте. Повседневная жизнь гражданского населения протекала буквально на передовой и определялась экстремальностью состояния общества, страны, народа в крупномасштабной войне. Речь шла не просто о проявлении патриотизма, но о коллективной жертвенности и героизме во имя общего дела. В дни обороны города это становилась нормой. В дневниках через личностное восприятие, типичное для тысяч и тысяч простых людей, проявлялся глубокий трагизм дней обороны Сталинграда. The article is based on the diaries of Anna Aratskikh and Serafima Voronina, residents of Stalingrad during the notorious battle of 1942–1943. The diaries were written under constant bombardment, when Stalingrad turned from a city near the front-line into a front-line city. The population of Stalingrad became hostage to the fighting city. The archival documents reflect the military everyday life, the emotional, moral state of the people, and survival on the verge of human capabilities. The authors describe the living conditions in the ruins, the difficulties in the food supply. Grocery stores and shops were devastated, water pipelines were destroyed, and there was no regular water supply. Human sensitivity was dropping away, one got used to everything: to hunger, cold and even death. On the pages of the diaries, the authors not only described the events they witnessed, but also shared the most intimate feelings, expressed their concerns and experiences, support to others. The battle of Stalingrad turned into a tragedy for the civilian population of the city. As in combat, they needed to look for the right solutions in critical situations. Due to the constant movement of the front line, residents also had to move and settle down in new places. The daily life of the civilian population took place literally in the trenches and was determined by the extreme situation of the large-scale war, which affected the society, the country, the people. It was not just patriotism, but a collective sacrifice and heroism in the name of a common cause. In the days of the city’s defense, this became the new norm. The diaries describe the deep tragedy of the days of the defense of Stalingrad through the personal perception of thousands and thousands of ordinary people.

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Mizerov, Ivan I. "Combat Actions of the 1st and 3rd Air Armies in the First Rzhev-Sychev Operation: Losses and Their Replacement." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-1-145-159.

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The article discusses the combat work of the Red Army air force (the 1st and the 3rd air armies of the Western and Kalinin fronts, respectively) during the Rzhev-Sychev operation, focusing on the role of field aircraft repair for the replacement of losses suffered in the battle, and for maintaining the overall combat capability of the air forces in the offensive zone. The author suggests considering the battle of Rzhev as one of the largest and longest aviation battles of the Great Patriotic War. The paper offers a comparative analysis of the number of forces involved in the Rzhev-Sychevsky operation with other large-scale air operations. Drawing on hitherto unstudied sources from the collections of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and on statistical data, the author explains the tactical application of aviation in the Central part of the Soviet-German front in the summer and autumn of 1942, as well as the patterns and main causes of losses during the military operation. The author emphasizes the critical importance of field repair for an accelerated recovery of air force strike capabilities; this gave the Soviet units significant advantages over the German Luftwaffe in the region. As the paper shows, the command of the 1st and 3rd air armies were fully aware of the importance of field repair and gave it thoughtful consideration; already during the intense fighting, measures were taken to share the gained experience with other units.

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Шевченко, А. А. "THE ROLE OF THE HOME GUARD IN PROTECTING THE RYAZAN DEFENSE AREA DURING THE BATTLE OF MOSCOW (September 30, 1941 — April 20, 1942)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 1(66) (June 8, 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.66.1.009.

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В статье исследуется актуальная на сегодняшний день проблема изучения опыта ведения боевых действий в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Акцентируется внимание на участии в оборонительных действиях частей народного ополчения в ходе Московской битвы, в том числе на Рязанском участке обороны, на основных направлениях деятельности чрезвычайных органов управления на территории Рязанской области по формированию и обеспечению подразделений народного ополчения. Опыт и проблемы применения последних рассмотрены на примере и в сравнении с ополченческими формированиями других регионов, так же ставших местом сражений Московской битвы. На основе изложенного в статье материала сформулированы выводы и обобщения по предлагаемой теме. В ходе боевых действий под Рязанью непосредственное участие в защите оборонительных рубежей, разведке противника и охране важных объектов города принимали подразделения 1-го Рязанского добровольческого рабочего полка. Как составляющая часть народного ополчения Рязанский добровольческий рабочий полк под руководством опытного командира И. Н. Ромадина смог стать реальной силой и во взаимодействии с регулярными частями Красной армии сыграл важную роль в обороне города Рязани. В статье использованы материалы мемуаров участников событий, архивных документов, научных научно-популярных изданий современных авторов, региональных энциклопедий и справочников. The article treats an issue of undisputable relevance, namely, the issue of investigating warfare activities and operations in World War II. The article focuses on the role of the Home Guard in protecting the Ryazan defense area and other defense areas during the Battle of Moscow. It also focuses on civil defense activities of the Defense Committee of the Ryazan Region. The article assesses civil defense activities and operations of the Ryazan Defense Committee and compares them with those of other regions which were also involved in the Battle of Moscow. On the basis of the assessment, the author formulates some observations and conclusions. The First Ryazan Home Guard Unit was engaged in the protection of defensive lines, safeguarded important municipal facilities, was engaged in intelligence operations. The Ryazan Home Guard Unit led by an experienced military officer I. N. Romadin was an important asset in civil defense and helped the Red Army troops to protect Ryazan. The article uses memoirs written by the participants of the events, archival materials, regional encyclopedia and reference books, and popular scientific papers written by modern authors.

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Verbovyj, Olexi. "Creation and formation of Sumy guerrilla union: activity of Putivl guerrilla group (august 1941 – february 1942)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 61 (2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.61.05.

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The article analyzes the first period of the activity of the Sumy partisan association in the period of the existence of the Putivl partisan detachment and partisan detachments of some regions of the Sumy region. The main tendencies of forming partisan detachments in the Sumy region are determined. On an example of the Putivl partisan detachment the process of training, staffing and selection of leadership, material and technical support for the underground partisan resistance movement is reflected. The reasons for failures at the initial stage of activity are determined. The activity of individual partisan detachments that operated from the beginning of the temporary Nazi occupation as separate combat units was investigated, and subsequently they became as a part of the Putivl combined partisan detachment (Sumy partisan association): the Putivl partisan detachment under the command of S. A. Kovpak, the Putivl partisan detachment of S. V. Rudnev, Glukhiv Partisan Detachment of P. L. Kulbaka, Shalyginsky (Kholopkovsky) Partisan Detachment of A. Ya. Saganyuk, Kharkiv Partisan Detachment of M. Y. Vorontsov, Krolevetsky guerrilla group of V. M. Kudryavskyj, Konotop guerrilla unit of V. P. Kochemazov and others. The system of relations between partisan detachments and their command structure with the command of the Putivl combined partisan detachment was determined. The evolution of the structural system of the Putivl combined partisan detachment and its dependence on combat conditions is shown. The battle line of the partisan detachment under the command of Kovpak – Rudnev during August 1941 – February 1942 was investigated. The military conflicts with the Nazi occupation forces and the methods of confrontation of partisan units, intelligence, sabotage, politico-propaganda activity of the Putivl combined partisan detachment (Sumy partisan Association) at the initial stage of its activity is analyzed.

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Fedorov, Aleksandr B., and Aleksey L. Bredikhin. "Organizational and Legal Bases of the Involvement of Troops of the NKVD of the USSR in the Battle for Moscow (1941 to 1942)." History of state and law 5 (April 29, 2020): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2020-5-10-13.

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Bashkin, Orit. "The Barbarism from Within—Discourses about Fascism amongst Iraqi and Iraqi-Jewish Communists, 1942-1955." DIE WELT DES ISLAMS 52, no. 3-4 (2012): 400–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-201200a7.

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This article looks at the changing significations of the word “fascist” within communist discourses in Iraq and in Israel. I do so in order to illustrate how fascism, a concept signifying a political theory conceptualized and practiced in Italy, Germany, and Spain, became a boarder frame of reference to many leftist intellectuals in the Middle East. The articles shows that communist discourses formulated in Iraq during the years 1941-1945 evoked the word “fascist” not only in order to discredit Germany and Italy but also, and more importantly, as a way of critiquing Iraq’s radical pan-Arab nationalists and Iraq’s conservative elites who proclaimed their loyalty to pan-Arabism as well. In other words, the article studies the ways in which Iraqi communist intellectuals, most notably the leader of the Iraqi Communist Party, Fahd, shifted the antifascist global battle to the Iraqi field and used the prodemocratic agenda of the Allies to criticize the absence of social justice and human rights in Iraq, and the Iraqi leadership’s submissive posture toward Britain. As it became clear to Iraqi communists that World War II was nearing its end, and that Iraq would be an important part of the American-British front, criticism of the Iraqi Premier Nūrī al-Saʿīd and his policies grew sharper, and such policies were increasingly identified as “fascist”. Within this context, Fahd equated chauvinist rightwing Iraqi nationalism in its anti-Jewish and anti- Kurdish manifestations with fascism and Nazi racism. I then look at the ways in which Iraqi Jewish communists internalized the party’s localized antifascist agenda. I argue that Iraqi Jewish communists identified rightwing Iraqi nationalism (especially the agenda espoused by a radical pan-Arab Party called al-Istiqlāl) as symptomatic of a fascist ideology. Finally, I demonstrate how Iraqi Jewish communists who migrated to Israel in the years 1950-1951 continued using the word “fascist” in their campaigns against rightwing Jewish nationalism and how this antifascist discourse influenced prominent Palestinian intellectuals

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Linets, Sergei Ivanovich, Ludmila Ivanovna Milyaeva, Aleksandr Sergeevich Linets, Margarita Sergeevna Bogoslavtseva, and Olga Borisovna Maslova. "The development and realization by the nazi leadership of the wehrmacht’s plans of the offensive operation for the spring-summer campaign of 1942 in the south wing of the soviet-german front." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202172768p.455-462.

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The article shows the history of the development by the German High Command of the plans of the Wehrmacht’s offensive operation in the south wing of the Soviet-German front for the spring-summer campaign of 1942. The objective of this paper is to elaborate on some individual aspects of the planning by the Nazi leadership of “Case Blue” (German – Fall Blau) and its subsequent realization. The result of this correction was a quick creation of the two new strategic plans: “Operation Braunschweig” – the offensive against Stalingrad and “Operation Edelweiss” – the offensive against the Caucasus. In the paper, the authors as a conclusion note that such dispersion of the armed forces of the German army led in the end to the shortage of forces for the realization of the both plans and the defeat of the Wehrmacht both in Stalingrad and in the battle of the Caucasus. The victories of the Red Army in those battles resulted in the radical turning-point at the entire Soviet-German front, in the beginning of the liberation of the Soviet territories from the German occupation troops.

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Perevalova, S. V. "The long short story “In the trenches of Stalingrad” by V.P. Nekrasov and heroic and patriotic traditions of the Russian classics." Literature at School, no. 3, 2020 (2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/0130-3414-2020-3-32-43.

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. The article is devoted to the influence of the Russian heroic traditions on characters of the long short story “In the trenches of Stalingrad” (the original edition in 1946) by V.P. Nekrasov, who took part in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942–1943 years. Today the creative legacy of the writer, who had to immigrate in 1974 due to ideological disagreements with authorities, has returned to readers of our country and the story under analyses is included in the school and universities Curricular. It is of big value in patriotic education of the young, because the artistic image of the young commander of the Red Army, the author-narrator in the story “In the trenches of Stalingrad”, clearly discloses the process of the spiritual growth of the defender of motherland. The historical and functional method of research allows to show features of perception by characters, soldiers of the Stalingrad front, of works of the Russian classical literature, primarily those, which were created by talented authors and combat officers – M.Yu. Lermontov and L.N. Tolstoy, who experienced the severity of the front life and the soldier’s duty. The system method of research allows to study all the elements of the work: the title, the system of characters, the author’s position – in unity, leading to the conclusion: in the year of the Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War the growing readers’ attention to this work is explained by the fact that the characters’ dispositions are viewed in the context of centuries-old Russian national culture, which during the Battle of Stalingrad was more important for the Red Army soldiers than ideological calls and slogans.

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Heck, Timothy. "The 64th Army at Stalingrad 1942–43: A Day-by-Day Account of a Soviet Combined Arms Infantry Army During the Battle for Stalingrad." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 32, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2019.1684000.

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Tyumentsev, Igor O. "Memories by the Chief of the Neftegorsky Group Staff of Kuban Guerrilla Troops F.S. Gotvan about the Battle at Mount Gunay on September 25, 1942." Russkii Arkhiv 10, no. 4 (December 12, 2015): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/ra.2015.10.296.

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