Academic literature on the topic 'ALARA principle'
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Journal articles on the topic "ALARA principle"
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Yeung, A. W. K. "The “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) principle: a brief historical overview and a bibliometric analysis of the most cited publications." Radioprotection 54, no. 2 (2019): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2019016.
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The “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) principle is largely followed in the radiology field. The current article provided a historical overview on the evolution and development of the ALARA principle and its related concepts. Meanwhile, the scientific impact of papers dealing with the ALARA principle was largely unknown. The current study aimed to identify the body of literature dealing with the ALARA principle, which of them were cited the most, and which of their references were cited the most. The Web of Science database hosted by Clarivate Analytics was accessed. Relevant papers were identified and analyzed. The search identified 979 relevant publications. Six journals (Health Physics, Pediatric Radiology, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, Fusion Engineering and Design, and American Journal of Roentgenology) have accounted for nearly one-fifth of these publications. The most cited publications and references mainly related to two patient groups, children and pregnant women. It is important to adhere to the ALARA principle whenever a decision is made to irradiate a patient, because the exact effect of radiation on the patient health is not yet totally understood and predictable.
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Othman, Siti Amira, Nor Farah Amirah Nor Azman, Nurul Fathihah Abu Bakar, and Nurin Saqinah Jasrin. "Safety Culture in Handling Radioactive Materials for Radiation Practitioners: A Review." International Journal of Public Health Research 11, no. 02 (2021): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ijphr.1102.2021.11.
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This paper reviews the safety culture in handling radioactive sources. Safety culture refers to how safety is addressed and communicated in the workplace. It encompasses the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and values of all employees in an organization in relation to safety. A good safety culture can be promoted by management through commitment to safety, realistic practices for handling hazards, continuous organizational learning and concern for hazards shared across the workforce. The radioactive substances used should comply with the following characteristics where radiotoxicity must be as low as possible, short-living isotopes are preferred than long-living ones and the amounts used must be kept to a minimum. Therefore, the ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’ (ALARA) principle was applied that based on the minimization of radiation doses and limiting the release of radioactive materials into the environment by employing all reasonable methods. Besides that, the ALARA principle is an integral part of all activities that involve the use of radiation or radioactive materials and can help prevent unnecessary exposure as well as overexposure. The three major ALARA principles to assist with maintaining doses are time, distance and shielding. It takes a whole team effort to successfully implement the ALARA in safety culture while doing routine element of working in handling radioactive materials.
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Bagley, Jennifer E., Freshta Nematzadeh, Jean Lea Spitz, and Jonathan Baldwin. "Written Feedback on Thermal Index During the First-Trimester Nuchal Translucency Examination Does Not Improve Compliance With the “as Low as Reasonably Achievable” Principle." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 35, no. 6 (2019): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479319871252.
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Objective: The null hypothesis was that there would be no change in as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) behavior based on feedback from comments on the nuchal translucency quality review (NTQR) image submissions. Methods: A review of the Perinatal Quality Foundation Database found 206 practitioners who failed their first credential attempt and received ALARA comments as feedback. The second submissions of the same subjects were reviewed to determine if compliance with ALARA improved following written feedback. Results: Seventeen percent of all second submissions addressed ALARA. Sixty-one percent of second submissions passed, however only 18.4 % of those addressed ALARA. Among those who submitted thermal index at bone values on both first and second submissions, the mean values on the second submission were 0.20 lower compared to the first submission ( P = .0288). Second submission mean thermal index at bone values were 0.68 lower among those submissions with ALARA concerns addressed compared to those not addressing these concerns ( P < .001). Conclusions: Written feedback without consequences on the ALARA principle did not improve compliance.
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Rahman, Fadhlil Ulum Abdul, Aga Satria Nurrachman, Eha Renwi Astuti, Lusi Epsilawati, and Azhari Azhari. "Paradigma baru konsep proteksi radiasi dalam pemeriksaan radiologi kedokteran gigi: dari ALARA menjadi ALADAIP." Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 4, no. 2 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v4i2.555.
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Objectives: This article is aimed to widely share information and discuss further about the emerging transformation theories of the traditional radiation protection concept of ALARA into some more modern proposed concepts, particularly in dentomaxillofacial radiology. 
 Literature Review: The concept of radiation protection in the use of X-ray modalities in the medical field has developed along with the development of science over past decades. The concept of ALARA which has been widely known for a long time and is used as a basic of theory or main reference in radiation protection policies in several countries or at the international level now becomes a traditional, conservative and invalid principle to apply. There are several emerging theories which are considered to be more valid and representative to replace the ALARA principle. 
 Conclusion: Newer concepts of radiation protection that have developed, ALADAIP, are considered to be more precise and specific to be the main principle of radiation protection at this time, especially in the field of dentomaxillofacial radiology.
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Oakley, Paul A., and Deed E. Harrison. "Death of the ALARA Radiation Protection Principle as Used in the Medical Sector." Dose-Response 18, no. 2 (2020): 155932582092164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820921641.
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ALARA is the acronym for “As Low As Reasonably Achievable.” It is a radiation protection concept borne from the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis. There are no valid data today supporting the use of LNT in the low-dose range, so dose as a surrogate for risk in radiological imaging is not appropriate, and therefore, the use of the ALARA concept is obsolete. Continued use of an outdated and erroneous principle unnecessarily constrains medical professionals attempting to deliver high-quality care to patients by leading to a reluctance by doctors to order images, a resistance from patients/parents to receive images, subquality images, repeated imaging, increased radiation exposures, the stifling of low-dose radiation research and treatment, and the propagation of radiophobia and continued endorsement of ALARA by regulatory bodies. All these factors result from the fear of radiogenic cancer, many years in the future, that will not occur. It has been established that the dose threshold for leukemia is higher than previously thought. A low-dose radiation exposure from medical imaging will likely upregulate the body’s adaptive protection systems leading to the prevention of future cancers. The ALARA principle, as used as a radiation protection principle throughout medicine, is scientifically defunct and should be abandoned.
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Glazunov, V. O., B. A. Bezrukov, and I. V. Dolzhenkov. "Adoption of the alara principle at nuclear, power plants in Russia." Atomic Energy 87, no. 5 (1999): 798–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02673276.
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Lierman, S., and L. Veuchelen. "The optimisation approach of ALARA in nuclear practice: an early application of the Precautionary Principle. Scientific uncertainty versus legal uncertainty." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 6 (2005): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0154.
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The late health effects of exposure to low doses of ionising radiation are subject to scientific controversy: one view finds threats of high cancer incidence exaggerated, while the other view thinks the effects are underestimated. Both views have good scientific arguments in favour of them. Since the nuclear field, both industry and medicine have had to deal with this controversy for many decades. One can argue that the optimisation approach to keep the effective doses as low as reasonably achievable, taking economic and social factors into account (ALARA), is a precautionary approach. However, because of these stochastic effects, no scientific proof can be provided. This paper explores how ALARA and the Precautionary Principle are influential in the legal field and in particular in tort law, because liability should be a strong incentive for safer behaviour. This so-called “deterrence effect” of liability seems to evaporate in today's technical and highly complex society, in particular when dealing with the late health effects of low doses of ionising radiation. Two main issues will be dealt with in the paper:How are the health risks attributable to “low doses” of radiation regulated in nuclear law and what lessons can be learned from the field of radiation protection?What does ALARA have to inform the discussion of the Precautionary Principle and vice-versa, in particular, as far as legal sanctions and liability are concerned?It will be shown that the Precautionary Principle has not yet been sufficiently implemented into nuclear law.
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Musolino, Stephen V., Joseph DeFranco, and Richard Schlueck. "THE ALARA PRINCIPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF A RADIOLOGICAL OR NUCLEAR EMERGENCY." Health Physics 94, no. 2 (2008): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000285801.87304.3f.
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Bogorad, V., O. Slepchenko, and Yu Kyrylenko. "ALARA Principle to Minimize Collective Dose in NPP Accident Management within the Containment." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 4(72) (November 14, 2016): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2016.4(72).03.
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The paper focuses on application of the ALARA principle to minimize the collective doses (both for NPP personnel and the public) related to admission of personnel to the containment for accident management activities and depending on operation of ventilation systems.
 Results from assessment of radiation consequences are applied to a smallbreak LOCA with failure of LPIS at VVER-1000 reactors. The public doses are evaluated using up-to-date RODOS, MACCS and HotSpot software for assessment of radiation consequences. The personnel doses are evaluated with MicroShield and InterRAS codes. The time function and optimal value of the collective dose are defined.
 The developed approach can be applied for minimization of the collective dose for optimization of accident management strategies at NPPs.
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Brindhaban, A., F. Abdulwahab, F. Essa, and N. Tariq. "SU-E-I-61: Application of the ALARA Principle in Digital Radiography Systems." Medical Physics 38, no. 6Part5 (2011): 3409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3611634.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "ALARA principle"
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Esparza, Enrique. "Radiation and litigation : analyses of the ALARA principle and low dose radiation in the courts, and the future of radiation in court cases." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41588.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-39).<br>Currently there are a growing number of radiation workers. In order to ensure the safety of the employees, regulations have been established by the federal government and state governments to limit the dose equivalent to radiation workers. The most well known strategy for reducing radiation doses in the work place is the ALARA principle which stands for "as low as reasonably achievable". Within the phrase, "reasonably achievable" there is an implied element of subjectivity. Because "reasonably achievable" can vary in meaning for different people, this paper will analyze the ALARA principle in detail. Also, the manner in which inconclusive data on low dose radiation are treated in the court rooms will be evaluated. A secondary part of the paper will deal with what happens when accidents occur to radiation workers. Specifically, this paper will deal with the accidents at Kerr-McGee, Three Mile Island and SONGS. The thesis will delve into the litigation that followed the radiation accidents and analyses of the rulings, and will look at where current radiation litigation is heading.<br>by Enrique Esparza.<br>S.B.
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Levy, Denise Sahyun. "Informatização e unificação dos programas de proteção radiológica: monitoramento das radiações ionizantes e sua otimização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-15102015-090116/.
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Um programa de monitoramento para fins de proteção radiológica deve mostrar como ele auxilia na obtenção e demonstração de um grau de proteção adequado e comprovar que as condições de trabalho continuam satisfatórias com o transcorrer do tempo. Para o controle operacional das exposições à radiação ionizante em qualquer local de trabalho, a Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (CIPR) recomenda um programa de proteção radiológica operacional, proporcional ao grau de risco, para garantir o gerenciamento efetivo das medidas necessárias para se satisfazer o principio da otimização. O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem como premissa o potencial das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) como ferramenta para a comunicação e disseminação do conhecimento em Proteção Radiológica. O trabalho inclui a informatização da filosofia e técnica do monitoramento e sua otimização, unificando e inter-relacionando informações advindas de diversas publicações nacionais e internacionais, oferecendo às instalações radiativas brasileiras um veículo completo para informação e pesquisa, que permite dimensionar os esforços de otimização tornando-os eficazes e justificados. O sistema oferece ainda tópicos de discussões no intuito de ampliar o repertório dos profissionais do campo da proteção radiológica, suscitando novas reflexões a favor da segurança. Trata-se dos temas desenvolvidos nesta tese, a saber: a necessidade de um monitoramento auditor e discussões mais aprofundadas sobre as exposições potenciais. As reflexões propostas na presente tese vêm ao encontro das novas exigências internacionais, propondo ações passíveis de serem incorporadas na prática laboral. Dentro dos princípios da proteção radiológica, a implementação de um programa de monitoramento auditor permite avaliar se os critérios e ações previamente estabelecidas pelo Serviço de Proteção Radiológica são ou não atendidos, se foram implementados com eficácia e se permanecem adequados. Os fatos resultantes dos procedimentos de auditoria auxiliam a detectar deficiências no processo, possibilitando conclusões e recomendações diante de possíveis fatores desencadeadores de exposições indevidas. Por meio de exames sistemáticos das atividades realizadas em cada tipo de monitoramento, a auditoria infere segurança ao processo, respaldando o trabalhador na realização do monitoramento relacionado com a tarefa e respaldando a instalação, que empreende ações responsáveis a favor da segurança. Em relação às exposições potenciais, somente duas publicações da CIPR são expressivas e desenvolvem o assunto. Entretanto, ainda que forneçam a fundamentação teórica, são incompletas em seus exemplos. Há uma grande falta de conhecimento das probabilidades de falhas, o que atualmente constitui um vasto campo de pesquisa da proteção radiológica. A presente tese propõe, a partir de árvores de falhas, caminhos que auxiliam a quantificar probabilisticamente a ocorrência das exposições potenciais e a probabilidade de se atingir um determinado valor da dose. Acreditamos que o potencial das TIC contribuirá largamente para a disseminação da informação para as instalações radiativas, estimulando o desenvolvimento neste país de grandes extensões territoriais, onde permanece um desafio oferecer o acesso à informação ao maior número de pessoas possível, minimizando custos e maximizando resultados.<br>A monitoring program for the purposes of radiological protection should demonstrate an adequate protection degree and prove that working conditions remain appropriate as time goes by. For operational control of exposures to ionizing radiation in any workplace, the International Comission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) recommends establishing a program of operational radiation protection, proportional to the risk, to ensure the effective management of all necessary measures to satisfy the principle of optimization. This research work focus on the potential value of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to enhance communication and education on Radiological Protection throughout Brazil. The work includes the informatization of the monitoring policy and techniques, interrelating information currently scattered in several documents, providing Brazilian radioactive facilities a complete repository for research, consultation and information, which allows to size optimization efforts by technology, enabling them to be effective and justified. The content of monitoring programs involves not only the collection and interrelationship of existing information in the publications, but also new approaches from some recommendations, presenting some initiatives towards safety. In this sense, the two contents researched and expanded are: the need for an auditor monitoring and discussions on potential exposures. The recommendations proposed in this thesis meet the new international requirements stablished by the International Agency of Nuclear Energy (IAEA) and propose appropriate actions to be incorporated into labor practice. Respecting the scope of the principles of radiological protection, an auditing program permits to evaluate whether criteria and actions previously established by Radiological Protection Service are effectively implemented and remain appropriate as time goes by. The results of auditing procedures help to detect deficiencies in the process, enabling conclusions and recommendations, avoiding possible triggers of undue exposures. Through systematic examinations of activities in each type of monitoring, auditing attempt to ensure the process, supporting the employee in performing task-related monitoring and support the facility that choose responsible actions towards safety. Furthermore, regarding potential exposures, only two publications of ICRP develop expressively the issue. Even though these publications provide the fundamental theory, they are incomplete in their examples. There is still lack of knowledge of failure probabilities, which currently constitutes a broad research field in radiological protection. This research work proposes the development of fault trees, suggesting paths to quantify probabilistically the occurrence of potential exposures, as well as probabilities to reach a certain level of dose. We believe that the potential of ICT shall contribute greatly to provide information where it is needed, stimulating development in this large country where it is a strong challenge to ensure access to information to as many people as possible, minimizing costs and optimizing results.
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Levy, Denise Sahyun. "Contribuição para informatização de programas de proteção radiológica para instalações radiativas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-10122012-130100/.
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Para elaborar um programa de proteção radiológica, as instalações radiativas brasileiras devem considerar normas, diretrizes e recomendações nacionais e internacionais que encontram-se em documentos de diferentes organizações publicados nas últimas décadas: Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (CIPR), Organismo Internacional de Energia Atômica (OIEA) e Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN). Visando a proporcionar a essas instalações o acesso às informações pertinentes de forma rápida, integrada e eficiente, este projeto propõe informatizar e disponibilizar em um só documento os programas de otimização da proteção radiológica unificados, inter-relacionados e em português, fornecendo ao público usuário um veículo completo para fins de pesquisa, consulta e informação. A partir do discernimento do que deve conter cada programa e seu real dimensionamento, foi trabalhado o inter-relacionamento das informações de maneira a satisfazer as normas e recomendações nacionais e internacionais. O projeto inclui conceitos, definições e teoria necessários, além da pesquisa detalhada do conteúdo do programa de otimização, das técnicas de ajuda para tomada de decisão, das doses de radiação e detrimento e das informações relacionadas aos custos de proteção. O conteúdo permite responder a todas as questões que devem ser colocadas na elaboração de um programa de otimização de forma a possibilitar montagem do plano de Proteção Radiológica conforme a situação específica do usuário. Para a informatização dos programas de otimização foram estudadas as possibilidades de acesso à Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação nas empresas brasileiras, possibilitando identificar o perfil de utilização do sistema e definir a estrutura funcional adequada para a criação das melhores interfaces de ferramentas e recursos, bem como de um projeto de navegabilidade eficaz facilitando a busca de informações. O poder de processamento dos servidores aliado à tecnologia dos bancos de dados relacionais permite correlacionar informações advindas de diferentes fontes, possibilitando consultas complexas com tempo de resposta reduzido. O sistema segue o padrão WEB 2.0, que possibilita a estrutura organizacional necessária para a adequada informatização da proteção radiológica e considera os corretos critérios de indexação da informação para garantir seu reconhecimento pelos motores de busca da internet. O projeto conta com a combinação de várias tecnologias, potencializando os recursos disponíveis em cada uma delas para alcançar os objetivos propostos. Este trabalho experimental lança um cerne inicial para a informatização dos programas de proteção radiológica, informatizando inicialmente os programas de otimização. A investigação do perfil de utilização durante um período de cinco meses possibilitou o levantamento de dados importantes que apontam novas possibilidades para o desenvolvimento da informatização dos programas de proteção radiológica. Pretende-se, a partir dos resultados deste projeto, aprofundar o trabalho de investigação e completar a execução do sistema de informatização.<br>In order to establish a Radiation Protection Plan or a Radiation Emergency Plan, Brazilian facilities should take into account all procedures based on both national and international standards, guidelines and recommendations. This information can be found in several documents published by different organizations over the past decades, namely: the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN). This project aims the informatization of the radiological protection optimization programs in a single system in order to offer unified programs and inter-related information in Portuguese, providing Brazilian radioactive facilities a complete repository for research, consultation and information. In order to meet both national and international recommendations within the scope of this work, we conducted a comprehensive job of perception about each program contents as well as its real dimension, identifying and detailing the vital parts of programs. The content includes concepts, definitions and theory in addition to the optimization programs, help decision making techniques, information related to protection costs, radiation doses and detriment. The content allows to answer to every question when an optimization program is elaborated, according to decision maker´s specific situation. For dimensioning the work of informatization and developing the WEB platform according to the needs of the target public profile, we have conducted an extensive research regarding the possibilities of Information and Communication Technology access in companies throughout the country. That allowed us to define the best interfaces tools and resources. The servers processing power added to the technology of relational databases allow to integrate information from different sources, enabling complex queries with reduced response time. The project was implemented in a web environment, using the Web 2.0 tools and resources that allow the entire organizational structure, that would enable the inter-relationships and joints needed for proper use of information technology in radiological protection. The correct indexing of contents guarantees that search engines will find the desired information in the shortest time possible. This project uses the combination of multiple technologies, maximizing the resources available in each one of them in order to achieve our goals. For now we intend to begin an initial core working only the optimization program, which in the near future could be extended to other fields of radiological protection. The investigation of the usage profile for five months enabled important data that suggest new possibilities for the development of computerization of radiation protection programs. According to the results of this project, we intend to lead a further research work and complete the informatization system.
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Cherry, Shirley J. "Do Exposure Principles and ALARA Apply in Digital Imaging?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2480.
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Lindberg, Josef, and Joakim Gustafsson. "Mätning av bildkvalitet och stråldos vid olika avstånd mellan objekt och detektor." Thesis, Jönköping University, Hälsohögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49011.
Full textBooks on the topic "ALARA principle"
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Implementation of the principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for medical and dental personnel: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. The Council, 1990.
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Barucci, Piero, Piero Bini, and Lucilla Conigliello, eds. Intellettuali e uomini di regime nell’Italia fascista. Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-958-4.
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Intellettuali e uomini di regime nell’Italia fascista. Il volume raccoglie nove saggi sulla cultura politica, economica e giuridica in Italia durante il fascismo. Alla ricostruzione di personalità di spicco del regime, come Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata e Alberto Beneduce, si affiancano studi che analizzano il rapporto, talvolta critico tal altra organico, tra il regime e una serie di reputati intellettuali, come Vilfredo Pareto, Giuseppe Maranini, Jacopo Mazzei, Francesco A. Répaci. Un capitolo è dedicato a Edoardo Moroni, ministro dell’agricoltura durante la Repubblica sociale italiana, che emigrò nel dopoguerra in Argentina dove portò un significativo contributo alla riforma agraria di quel paese. Il volume comprende anche due saggi non riconducibili al filone biografico: il primo ha come oggetto il tema della disoccupazione durante il fascismo, mentre il secondo presenta i principali aspetti della legge urbanistica del 1942.
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Goldstone, Karen E. Principles and control methods. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0006.
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Justification, optimization, and limitation are the three underlying principles of good radiation protection. This chapter considers how these principles apply in a variety of exposure situations. Risk-based application of the principles results in control methods comprising control over areas, control over people, and control over radiation sources. These are implemented through judgements based on the use of dose limits, dose constraints, and application of the ALARA principle. Potential dose levels and possible control measures appropriate to each situation are reviewed and evaluated in risk assessments prior to work being undertaken.
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Hughes, Jim. Radiation protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0005.
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The basics of radiation protection in theatre for the patient follow principles similar to those used in plain-film imaging. These include ensuring positive identification of the patient, justification of radiation exposure, avoiding irradiation of pregnant patients wherever possible, minimization and optimization of exposures performed (ALARP principle), protection of all staff involved, and recording and monitoring of all exposures performed. This chapter covers the aspects of protection from radiation for the patient, surgical team, and the radiographer when performing imaging during surgical interventions. Topics covered include the use of beam collimation, minimizing exposure to the patient and team, radiation scatter, and the use and requirements of radiation shielding such as lead aprons and barriers.
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Lakey. ALARA - Principles, Practice and Consequences, Proceedings of the Symposium on ALARA - Quantitative Techniques for Radiation Protection in the Nuclear ... of Civil Engineers, London, September 1986. Taylor & Francis, 1987.
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Williams, Jerry R. Diagnostic radiology equipment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0012.
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The chapter is concerned with the features of radiographic and fluoroscopic equipment that present radiation protection issues for both patients and staff. These are managed through regulation, manufacturing standards, and adherence to safe working practices. It is different for patients who are deliberately irradiated in accordance with justification protocols not considered here. Radiation protection is based on the ALARP principle which requires the resultant dose to be minimized consistent with image quality is sufficient to provide accurate and safe diagnosis. Dose minimization is critically dependent on detector efficiency. Quality control of dose for individual examinations is particularly important to provide assurance of ALARP. It should include not only patient dose assessment but also detector dose indicators, particularly in radiography. These issues are discussed in detail together with other dose-saving features and discussion on objective methods of image quality assessment. Commissioning and lifetime tests are required for quality assurance programmes. These are described.
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Symposium on 'ALARA' - Quantitative Techniques for Radiation Protection in the Nuclear Industry (1986 London). ALARA: Principles, practice and consequences : proceedings of the symposium on 'ALARA' - Quantitative Optimization Techniques for Radiation Protection in the Nuclear Industry, held by the Institution of Nuclear Engineers, London, 18 September 1986. 1987.
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Ince, A. Nejat. Principles of Integrated Maritime Surveillance Systems. Springer, 2013.
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Nejat, Ince A., ed. Principles of integrated maritime surveillance systems. Kluwer Academic, 2000.
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Sutton, David G., and Colin J. Martin. Diagnostic radiology—Facility. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0013.
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The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then combined with the dose criteria to derive transmission requirements for protective barriers. Specific requirements for secondary scattered radiation and primary beams in radiography are considered. The methodology is described together with practical examples of room design for different X-ray techniques and elements of personnel radiation protection are discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "ALARA principle"
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Alara, Bat, and the substitution Principle." In Handbook of Safety Principles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119443070.ch26.
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Ulrich, Thomas A., Ronald L. Boring, Steffen Werner, and Roger Lew. "A Comparison of an Attention Acknowledgement Measure and Eye Tracking: Application of the as Low as Reasonable Assessment (ALARA) Discount Usability Principle for Control System Studies." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58628-1_20.
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Trbojevic, Vladimir. "Application of ALARP Principle in Design." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management. Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_419.
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Baker, Shan R. "Interpolated Melolabial Flaps: Reconstruction of Alar and Columellar Units." In Principles of Nasal Reconstruction. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89028-9_13.
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He, Ping, Huiqi Sun, Wei Shang, and Pan Li. "The Principle and Algorithm of Earthquake Alarm System Designed for Families." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23220-6_46.
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Polakiewicz, Jörg, and Julia Katharina Kirchmayr. "Sounding the Alarm: The Council of Europe As the Guardian of the Rule of Law in Contemporary Europe." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_14.
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AbstractThe Council of Europe was founded upon the Rule of Law as one of its three core principles. This transpires from the preamble of the Council’s Statute and the requirements for membership, as enshrined in Article 3 where “every member of the Council of Europe must accept the principles of the Rule of Law [emphasis added] and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council.”
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Nolan, Dennis P. "Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems." In Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-7857-1.00017-3.
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Nolan, Dennis P. "Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems." In Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-31301-8.00017-9.
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Abrahamsen, H., and E. Abrahamsen. "On the appropriateness of using the ALARP principle in safety management." In Safety and Reliability of Complex Engineered Systems. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19094-104.
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KURODA, N., J. LI, Y. IWAYA, M. UNOKI, and M. AKAGI. "EFFECTS OF SPATIAL CUES ON DETECTABILITY OF ALARM SIGNALS IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS." In Principles and Applications of Spatial Hearing. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814299312_0038.
Full textConference papers on the topic "ALARA principle"
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Gilmore, Geoff, and Andrew Becker. "Advanced Pipe Replacement Procedure for a Defective CRDM Housing Nozzle Enables Continued Normal Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89326.
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During the 2003 outage at the Ringhals Nuclear Plant in Sweden, a leak was found in the vicinity of a Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CRDM) housing nozzle at Unit 1. Based on the ALARA principle for radioactive contamination, a unique repair process was developed. The repair system includes utilization of custom, remotely controlled GTAW-robots, a CNC cutting and finishing machine, snake-arm robots and NDE equipment. The success of the repair solution was based on performing the machining and welding operations from the inside of the SCRAM pipe through the CRDM housing since accessibility from the outside was extremely limited. Before the actual pipe replacement procedure was performed, comprehensive training programs were conducted. Training was followed by certification of equipment, staff and procedures during qualification tests in a full scale mock-up of the housing nozzle. Due to the ingenuity of the overall repair solution and training programs, the actual pipe replacement procedure was completed in less than half the anticipated time. As a result of the successful pipe replacement, the nuclear power plant was returned to normal operation.
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Alzufri, Habib Syeh, and Dede Nurmiati. "Efektifitas Penggunaan Sistem AEC (Smart mA) untuk Optimisasi Dosis dan Kualitas Citra pada Protokol CT Abdomen." In Seminar Si-INTAN. Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53862/ssi.v1.062021.002.
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This study aims to analyze Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) with Smart mA software on water phantom image quality and CTDIvol dose. The researched image quality is CT Number and noise. In addition, the CT Number is evaluated for accuracy, uniformity, and noise using the Noise Power Spectrum method. The results of image measurements with and without Smart mA on CT Number accuracy are still in the Standard range of ± 4 CT, the uniformity value of CT Number and noise is also still within the Standard, namely ± 2 CT. The use of Smart mA increases the noise value by 14.29%. The noise value from the noise power spectrum analysis when using Smart mA is higher than without using Smart mA. Meanwhile, the CTDIvol radiation dose from using Smart mA decreases by 52.33%. Image quality using Smart mA has a CT Number value almost the same or uniform with the test object, namely water phantom, so that the use of Smart mA can characterize body tissues well, but the noise value generated is more significant than without using Smart mA. Although the noise value generated by Smart mA is more excellent, visually, the noise value does not disturb the radiologist too much in determining the diagnosis because the image quality is still in good condition so that it can give a dose according to the patient's body thickness according to the ALARA principle. Keywords: CT Number, CTDIvol, AEC, NPS.
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Trbojevic, Vladimir M. "ALARP Principle and Design." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28398.
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The safety framework in most of the industries is based on some kind of goal setting principle, where the safety goals are postulated and not the means of achieving those. This framework has the advantage over the old prescriptive approach to safety, since it not only allows innovation but also encourages more efficient design. The important aspects of goal setting approach is a method (risk criteria) by which the results of a risk analysis can be interpreted in terms of recommendations on the tolerability of the overall facility risk and the optimum design, and the extent to which taking further measures to improve the design and reduce the risk may be justified. In other words, risk criteria should not just drive the risk to the level which is as low as practicable, but should also inspire a designer to seek an optimum design. One such “method” is embodied in the Tolerability Doctrine in the UK in form of the ALARP Principle. This paper sets to explore the ways in which the application of ALARP Principle facilitate search for an optimum design.
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Lin, Kou-Ming, Ching-Tu Chang, Ming-Shin Wu, Wen-Chen Lee, Jen-Chieh Chung, and Tsong-Yang Wei. "Treatment of Spent Acidic Decontaminants With a High-Efficiency Cementation Method." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59063.
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Metal scrap is a major waste generated from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Through a decontamination process, most of the metal scraps can be cleaned to meet the clearance levels, which can then be reused or released according to the regulatory procedure. Usually, chemical processes will be used in the cleaning step. Phosphoric acid and fluoroboric acid are the typical chemicals used for decontamination. Although the decontaminant could be reused multiple times after regeneration, its decontamination efficiency would decrease after 3 to 5 cycles. In addition, the radioactive nuclides such as Cs-137 are not easily removed during the regeneration process; it tends to accumulate slowly in the decontaminant. According to the ALARA principle, decontaminant must be replaced if its radioactive activity exceeds the regulatory levels. As a result, a significant amount of spent strong acid solution would be generated. The conventional way of treatment is to neutralize the acid solution with an alkaline solution. However, such method will produce a large amount of sludge that requires further stabilization, which offsets the advantages of metal decontamination by use of the decontaminant. A high-efficiency solidification method has been developed and used to treat the spent phosphoric acid and fluoroboric acid solution in Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER). The self-polymerization nature of highly concentrated phosphoric acid is adopted to immobilize the radioactive nuclides. The volume of solidified form is almost equal to that of the treated acid solution. The waste form demonstrates its quality by compression test and leaching test. This cementation process is an excellent method to minimize the secondary waste, which is generated from chemical decontamination for treating metal waste.
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Hessami, A. G. "Safety principles - ALARP debate." In IEE Seminar on Safety Assurance. IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20050422.
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Objois, Laurent, Fabrice Moggia, Valérie Toulemonde, Thierry Varet, Frédéric Richard, and Fernand Benchikhoune. "Improvements Realized on the Cryogenic Solution Called NiThrow™." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96281.
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The economic, environmental, social and societal constraints have pushed the nuclear industry to develop new dismantling and decommissioning (D&D) techniques in order to meet the current industrial requirements. Since 5 years, AREVA, in partnership with Air Liquide, has been working on a new cryogenic solution that can be used to achieve the main important D&D operations (i.e. cutting, surface decontamination and concrete scabbling). This solution, called NiThrow™, is based on the Nitrocision LLC concept and consists in spraying highly pressurized liquid nitrogen (3500 bar) at a very low temperature (−140°C) onto a surface. The main advantage in using liquid nitrogen instead of water is due to its rapid conversion into gaseous nitrogen that will avoid the generation of liquid effluent. The preliminary trials made in France at Saint Ouen l’Aumône and at the AREVA SICN facility by using NiThrow™ appeared to be very interesting and promising in terms of effectiveness, reduction of the dosimetry (i.e. ALARA principle) and adaptability to the different types of surfaces and materials to be treated. On an other hand, they also highlighted a couple of defects like a lack of reliability that is not compatible with a safety use in a nuclear environment. In 2009, with the aim of fixing all these issues, AREVA decided to start an extensive R&D program. This work has been essentially focused on the lancing tool, the insulation and the flexibility of the liquid nitrogen distribution network, but also on the design and the manufacturing of a waste collection unit and a dedicated carrier. Today, these R&D efforts have been totally completed. and resulted to the publication of 3 patents. Also, the collaboration, with Air Liquide and the American company Conco allows AREVA to propose to its customers a safe and reliable solution for their cleaning operations in France and all over the world.
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Bester, P., and T. Hill. "South African Licensing Framework for the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58185.
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The electrical utility in South Africa (Eskom) plan to construct a first of a kind Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR). It has been recognized that there is a need to adapt the licensing process for the PBMR to ensure that credible and effective licensing process be developed and implemented for this technology. This paper will briefly outline the regulatory framework within South Africa, explain the licensing process adopted and present the challenges that the South African National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) was facing in developing and implementing the licensing process and how these are being addressed. The paper will discuss the update of the regulatory framework and the gaps identified in terms of regulatory requirements needed for such a project. The scope of the regulatory assessment for the licensing of the PBMR is based on the licensing requirements and criteria defined by the NNR in regulatory documents that expand on the current legislative requirements. In addition guidance is provided on selected issues in regulatory guidance documents and position papers. The requirements comprise, besides the general requirements to respect good engineering practice and the ALARA and defense-in-depth principle, specific risk criteria and radiation dose limits. These are categorized for normal operation and operational occurrences as well as for design basis events and beyond design basis events for workers and the public. Additional requirements and recommendations are stipulated by the NNR on safety important areas like quality and safety management, qualification of the nuclear fuel and the core structures, core design, verification and validation of computer codes, source term analysis and others. Selected NNR Position Papers have been developed to elaborate and provide further clarification on NNR requirements. For preparation of the PBMR safety case so-called Key Licensing Issues have been defined and agreed with the applicant. Discussions relating to these Key Licensing Issues allow important nuclear safety aspects identified for the PBMR demonstration plant to be clarified in advance of the safety case submittal.
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Zhang, Liying, Yaxiao Wang, Xiaoxia Wang, Bo Gao, Aijun Mi, and Yawei Mao. "Study of the Impact of Stellite Material on PWR Co-60 Contamination." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67859.
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According with the requirements of HAF-102[1], the purpose of radiation protection optimization is to achieve occupational exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). More than 80% of the collective exposure doses are received during the outage for PWRs. Activated corrosion products, especially Co-60, deposited on the surface of reactor coolant system are the main causes of these doses. Co-60 is the principle contributor to out-of-core radiation fields in PWRs, which is a high energy gamma emitter with a 5.3 year half-life period. The contamination by Co-60 plates out in plant piping systems and produces long term high radiation areas in the plant. Stellite, a hard facing alloy trade, which has high Co-59 content (approximately 60%), is identified as one of the most important source of Co-60 in reactors, whereas the contribution of Stellite to cobalt are always not paid enough attention to. Cobalt is released through ware and corrosion of Stellite. When cobalt is released in systems with a flow path to the reactor, it can become activated by neutron to Co-60. This paper analyzes the Stellite material release into the primary coolant. Based on the above considerations, the impact of Stellite replacement on plant contamination by Co-60 is calculated and analyzed with the use of activated corrosion product source term calculation program. The primary conclusions are as follows: (1) Reducing the quantity of Stellite material used during the design and building of PWRs can significantly reduce the Co-60 deposition on primary circuit. (2) The replacement of Stellite material has a positive impact on PWR contamination by Co-60, but the outcome is not so significant. Based on the above analysis, recommendations are made. Stellite material replacement project can be used for the operating reactors to reduce the Co-60 contamination. But for the design and building of new reactors, reduction of the use of Stellite material is the best choice.
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Yasseri, Sirous F., and Peter Menhennett. "Costing for ALARP." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67017.
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A key principle for achieving Tolerable Risk under the UK Health and Safety Executive’s (HSE) approach is the reduction of risks to “As Low As Reasonably Practicable” or ALARP. This principle is founded on the ideal of reducing risks to a point of diminishing returns where additional risk reduction would cost “disproportionally” more than the risk reduction benefit achieved. The HSE approach of estimating the degree of disproportionality between the cost and benefits associated with a potential risk reduction measure is a variation of the Cost Effectiveness approach to ALARP Evaluation. A probabilistic cost-benefit analysis method is outlined for evaluating design options and establishing whether the conditions of ALARP are met. This paper demonstrates the value of probabilistic cost-benefit analysis for the selection of a target safety level and also presents an example of its practical application by way of a case history.
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Timms, C. "Achieving ALARP with safety instrumented systems." In IET Seminar on SIL Determination: Principles and Practical Experience. IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20070810.
Full textReports on the topic "ALARA principle"
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Ortega, Iñaki, Mayte Sancho, and Marco Stampini. Fragilidad de las instituciones de cuidado a la vejez ante el Covid-19: Lecciones aprendidas y recomendaciones para la reforma de los servicios. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003111.
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La cohorte de edad que más ha padecido el covid-19 en términos de mortalidad ha sido la de los adultos mayores. Además, una gran mayoría de los fallecidos de esa edad, a lo largo y ancho del mundo, vivían en residencias de mayores. El impacto de la pandemia también ha puesto de manifiesto un preocupante edadismo en la gestión de la alarma sanitaria y una fragilidad de los sistemas de cuidados para los adultos mayores. El análisis de los datos disponibles, sin embargo, no permite vincular la tasa de envejecimiento, el gasto sanitario o la tasa de cobertura de residencias con el número de fallecimientos. Mediante un proceso cualitativo desarrollado en 2020 y un análisis de fuentes disponible para Europa, con especial foco en España, se han identificado los principales elementos a mejorar en la gestión de este tipo de crisis sanitarias en los adultos mayores, así como una serie de buenas prácticas, en las siguientes cuatro áreas: adaptaciones de los servicios residenciales, potenciación de los recursos humanos, iniciativas (y tecnologías) de apoyo al bienestar emocional y finalmente actuaciones en el ámbito comunitario y cooperativo. A su vez se han sistematizado recomendaciones para avanzar hacia un sistema de cuidados centrado en la persona para los adultos mayores en el contexto de la economía plateada.
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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.
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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).