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Relevant bibliographies by topics / ALARA principle

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Academic literature on the topic 'ALARA principle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "ALARA principle"

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Yeung, A. W. K. "The “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) principle: a brief historical overview and a bibliometric analysis of the most cited publications." Radioprotection 54, no. 2 (2019): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2019016.

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The “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) principle is largely followed in the radiology field. The current article provided a historical overview on the evolution and development of the ALARA principle and its related concepts. Meanwhile, the scientific impact of papers dealing with the ALARA principle was largely unknown. The current study aimed to identify the body of literature dealing with the ALARA principle, which of them were cited the most, and which of their references were cited the most. The Web of Science database hosted by Clarivate Analytics was accessed. Relevant papers wer

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Othman, Siti Amira, Nor Farah Amirah Nor Azman, Nurul Fathihah Abu Bakar, and Nurin Saqinah Jasrin. "Safety Culture in Handling Radioactive Materials for Radiation Practitioners: A Review." International Journal of Public Health Research 11, no. 02 (2021): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ijphr.1102.2021.11.

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This paper reviews the safety culture in handling radioactive sources. Safety culture refers to how safety is addressed and communicated in the workplace. It encompasses the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and values of all employees in an organization in relation to safety. A good safety culture can be promoted by management through commitment to safety, realistic practices for handling hazards, continuous organizational learning and concern for hazards shared across the workforce. The radioactive substances used should comply with the following characteristics where radiotoxicity must be as

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Bagley, Jennifer E., Freshta Nematzadeh, Jean Lea Spitz, and Jonathan Baldwin. "Written Feedback on Thermal Index During the First-Trimester Nuchal Translucency Examination Does Not Improve Compliance With the “as Low as Reasonably Achievable” Principle." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 35, no. 6 (2019): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479319871252.

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Objective: The null hypothesis was that there would be no change in as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) behavior based on feedback from comments on the nuchal translucency quality review (NTQR) image submissions. Methods: A review of the Perinatal Quality Foundation Database found 206 practitioners who failed their first credential attempt and received ALARA comments as feedback. The second submissions of the same subjects were reviewed to determine if compliance with ALARA improved following written feedback. Results: Seventeen percent of all second submissions addressed ALARA. Sixty-one

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Rahman, Fadhlil Ulum Abdul, Aga Satria Nurrachman, Eha Renwi Astuti, Lusi Epsilawati, and Azhari Azhari. "Paradigma baru konsep proteksi radiasi dalam pemeriksaan radiologi kedokteran gigi: dari ALARA menjadi ALADAIP." Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 4, no. 2 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v4i2.555.

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Objectives: This article is aimed to widely share information and discuss further about the emerging transformation theories of the traditional radiation protection concept of ALARA into some more modern proposed concepts, particularly in dentomaxillofacial radiology.  Literature Review: The concept of radiation protection in the use of X-ray modalities in the medical field has developed along with the development of science over past decades. The concept of ALARA which has been widely known for a long time and is used as a basic of theory or main reference in radiation protection polici

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Oakley, Paul A., and Deed E. Harrison. "Death of the ALARA Radiation Protection Principle as Used in the Medical Sector." Dose-Response 18, no. 2 (2020): 155932582092164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820921641.

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ALARA is the acronym for “As Low As Reasonably Achievable.” It is a radiation protection concept borne from the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis. There are no valid data today supporting the use of LNT in the low-dose range, so dose as a surrogate for risk in radiological imaging is not appropriate, and therefore, the use of the ALARA concept is obsolete. Continued use of an outdated and erroneous principle unnecessarily constrains medical professionals attempting to deliver high-quality care to patients by leading to a reluctance by doctors to order images, a resistance from patients/pare

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Glazunov, V. O., B. A. Bezrukov, and I. V. Dolzhenkov. "Adoption of the alara principle at nuclear, power plants in Russia." Atomic Energy 87, no. 5 (1999): 798–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02673276.

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Lierman, S., and L. Veuchelen. "The optimisation approach of ALARA in nuclear practice: an early application of the Precautionary Principle. Scientific uncertainty versus legal uncertainty." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 6 (2005): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0154.

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The late health effects of exposure to low doses of ionising radiation are subject to scientific controversy: one view finds threats of high cancer incidence exaggerated, while the other view thinks the effects are underestimated. Both views have good scientific arguments in favour of them. Since the nuclear field, both industry and medicine have had to deal with this controversy for many decades. One can argue that the optimisation approach to keep the effective doses as low as reasonably achievable, taking economic and social factors into account (ALARA), is a precautionary approach. However

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Musolino, Stephen V., Joseph DeFranco, and Richard Schlueck. "THE ALARA PRINCIPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF A RADIOLOGICAL OR NUCLEAR EMERGENCY." Health Physics 94, no. 2 (2008): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000285801.87304.3f.

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Bogorad, V., O. Slepchenko, and Yu Kyrylenko. "ALARA Principle to Minimize Collective Dose in NPP Accident Management within the Containment." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 4(72) (November 14, 2016): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2016.4(72).03.

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The paper focuses on application of the ALARA principle to minimize the collective doses (both for NPP personnel and the public) related to admission of personnel to the containment for accident management activities and depending on operation of ventilation systems. Results from assessment of radiation consequences are applied to a smallbreak LOCA with failure of LPIS at VVER-1000 reactors. The public doses are evaluated using up-to-date RODOS, MACCS and HotSpot software for assessment of radiation consequences. The personnel doses are evaluated with MicroShield and InterRAS codes. The

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Brindhaban, A., F. Abdulwahab, F. Essa, and N. Tariq. "SU-E-I-61: Application of the ALARA Principle in Digital Radiography Systems." Medical Physics 38, no. 6Part5 (2011): 3409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3611634.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ALARA principle"

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Esparza, Enrique. "Radiation and litigation : analyses of the ALARA principle and low dose radiation in the courts, and the future of radiation in court cases." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41588.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-39).<br>Currently there are a growing number of radiation workers. In order to ensure the safety of the employees, regulations have been established by the federal government and state governments to limit the dose equivalent to radiation workers. The most well known strategy for reducing radiation doses in the work place is the ALARA principle which stands for "as low as reasonably achievable". Within the phrase, "reasonably achievable" there

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Levy, Denise Sahyun. "Informatização e unificação dos programas de proteção radiológica: monitoramento das radiações ionizantes e sua otimização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-15102015-090116/.

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Um programa de monitoramento para fins de proteção radiológica deve mostrar como ele auxilia na obtenção e demonstração de um grau de proteção adequado e comprovar que as condições de trabalho continuam satisfatórias com o transcorrer do tempo. Para o controle operacional das exposições à radiação ionizante em qualquer local de trabalho, a Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (CIPR) recomenda um programa de proteção radiológica operacional, proporcional ao grau de risco, para garantir o gerenciamento efetivo das medidas necessárias para se satisfazer o principio da otimização. O pres

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Levy, Denise Sahyun. "Contribuição para informatização de programas de proteção radiológica para instalações radiativas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-10122012-130100/.

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Para elaborar um programa de proteção radiológica, as instalações radiativas brasileiras devem considerar normas, diretrizes e recomendações nacionais e internacionais que encontram-se em documentos de diferentes organizações publicados nas últimas décadas: Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (CIPR), Organismo Internacional de Energia Atômica (OIEA) e Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN). Visando a proporcionar a essas instalações o acesso às informações pertinentes de forma rápida, integrada e eficiente, este projeto propõe informatizar e disponibilizar em um só documento os

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Cherry, Shirley J. "Do Exposure Principles and ALARA Apply in Digital Imaging?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2480.

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Lindberg, Josef, and Joakim Gustafsson. "Mätning av bildkvalitet och stråldos vid olika avstånd mellan objekt och detektor." Thesis, Jönköping University, Hälsohögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49011.

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Books on the topic "ALARA principle"

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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Implementation of the principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for medical and dental personnel: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. The Council, 1990.

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Barucci, Piero, Piero Bini, and Lucilla Conigliello, eds. Intellettuali e uomini di regime nell’Italia fascista. Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-958-4.

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Intellettuali e uomini di regime nell’Italia fascista. Il volume raccoglie nove saggi sulla cultura politica, economica e giuridica in Italia durante il fascismo. Alla ricostruzione di personalità di spicco del regime, come Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata e Alberto Beneduce, si affiancano studi che analizzano il rapporto, talvolta critico tal altra organico, tra il regime e una serie di reputati intellettuali, come Vilfredo Pareto, Giuseppe Maranini, Jacopo Mazzei, Francesco A. Répaci. Un capitolo è dedicato a Edoardo Moroni, ministro dell’agricoltura durante la Repubblica sociale italiana, che emi

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Goldstone, Karen E. Principles and control methods. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0006.

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Justification, optimization, and limitation are the three underlying principles of good radiation protection. This chapter considers how these principles apply in a variety of exposure situations. Risk-based application of the principles results in control methods comprising control over areas, control over people, and control over radiation sources. These are implemented through judgements based on the use of dose limits, dose constraints, and application of the ALARA principle. Potential dose levels and possible control measures appropriate to each situation are reviewed and evaluated in ris

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Hughes, Jim. Radiation protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0005.

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The basics of radiation protection in theatre for the patient follow principles similar to those used in plain-film imaging. These include ensuring positive identification of the patient, justification of radiation exposure, avoiding irradiation of pregnant patients wherever possible, minimization and optimization of exposures performed (ALARP principle), protection of all staff involved, and recording and monitoring of all exposures performed. This chapter covers the aspects of protection from radiation for the patient, surgical team, and the radiographer when performing imaging during surgic

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Lakey. ALARA - Principles, Practice and Consequences, Proceedings of the Symposium on ALARA - Quantitative Techniques for Radiation Protection in the Nuclear ... of Civil Engineers, London, September 1986. Taylor & Francis, 1987.

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Williams, Jerry R. Diagnostic radiology equipment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0012.

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The chapter is concerned with the features of radiographic and fluoroscopic equipment that present radiation protection issues for both patients and staff. These are managed through regulation, manufacturing standards, and adherence to safe working practices. It is different for patients who are deliberately irradiated in accordance with justification protocols not considered here. Radiation protection is based on the ALARP principle which requires the resultant dose to be minimized consistent with image quality is sufficient to provide accurate and safe diagnosis. Dose minimization is critica

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Symposium on 'ALARA' - Quantitative Techniques for Radiation Protection in the Nuclear Industry (1986 London). ALARA: Principles, practice and consequences : proceedings of the symposium on 'ALARA' - Quantitative Optimization Techniques for Radiation Protection in the Nuclear Industry, held by the Institution of Nuclear Engineers, London, 18 September 1986. 1987.

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8

Ince, A. Nejat. Principles of Integrated Maritime Surveillance Systems. Springer, 2013.

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Nejat, Ince A., ed. Principles of integrated maritime surveillance systems. Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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Sutton, David G., and Colin J. Martin. Diagnostic radiology—Facility. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0013.

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The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then

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Book chapters on the topic "ALARA principle"

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Alara, Bat, and the substitution Principle." In Handbook of Safety Principles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119443070.ch26.

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Ulrich, Thomas A., Ronald L. Boring, Steffen Werner, and Roger Lew. "A Comparison of an Attention Acknowledgement Measure and Eye Tracking: Application of the as Low as Reasonable Assessment (ALARA) Discount Usability Principle for Control System Studies." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58628-1_20.

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Trbojevic, Vladimir. "Application of ALARP Principle in Design." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management. Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_419.

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Baker, Shan R. "Interpolated Melolabial Flaps: Reconstruction of Alar and Columellar Units." In Principles of Nasal Reconstruction. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89028-9_13.

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He, Ping, Huiqi Sun, Wei Shang, and Pan Li. "The Principle and Algorithm of Earthquake Alarm System Designed for Families." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23220-6_46.

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Polakiewicz, Jörg, and Julia Katharina Kirchmayr. "Sounding the Alarm: The Council of Europe As the Guardian of the Rule of Law in Contemporary Europe." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_14.

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AbstractThe Council of Europe was founded upon the Rule of Law as one of its three core principles. This transpires from the preamble of the Council’s Statute and the requirements for membership, as enshrined in Article 3 where “every member of the Council of Europe must accept the principles of the Rule of Law [emphasis added] and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council.”

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Nolan, Dennis P. "Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems." In Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-7857-1.00017-3.

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Nolan, Dennis P. "Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems." In Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-31301-8.00017-9.

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Abrahamsen, H., and E. Abrahamsen. "On the appropriateness of using the ALARP principle in safety management." In Safety and Reliability of Complex Engineered Systems. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19094-104.

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KURODA, N., J. LI, Y. IWAYA, M. UNOKI, and M. AKAGI. "EFFECTS OF SPATIAL CUES ON DETECTABILITY OF ALARM SIGNALS IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS." In Principles and Applications of Spatial Hearing. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814299312_0038.

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Conference papers on the topic "ALARA principle"

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Gilmore, Geoff, and Andrew Becker. "Advanced Pipe Replacement Procedure for a Defective CRDM Housing Nozzle Enables Continued Normal Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89326.

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During the 2003 outage at the Ringhals Nuclear Plant in Sweden, a leak was found in the vicinity of a Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CRDM) housing nozzle at Unit 1. Based on the ALARA principle for radioactive contamination, a unique repair process was developed. The repair system includes utilization of custom, remotely controlled GTAW-robots, a CNC cutting and finishing machine, snake-arm robots and NDE equipment. The success of the repair solution was based on performing the machining and welding operations from the inside of the SCRAM pipe through the CRDM housing since accessibility from th

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Alzufri, Habib Syeh, and Dede Nurmiati. "Efektifitas Penggunaan Sistem AEC (Smart mA) untuk Optimisasi Dosis dan Kualitas Citra pada Protokol CT Abdomen." In Seminar Si-INTAN. Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53862/ssi.v1.062021.002.

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This study aims to analyze Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) with Smart mA software on water phantom image quality and CTDIvol dose. The researched image quality is CT Number and noise. In addition, the CT Number is evaluated for accuracy, uniformity, and noise using the Noise Power Spectrum method. The results of image measurements with and without Smart mA on CT Number accuracy are still in the Standard range of ± 4 CT, the uniformity value of CT Number and noise is also still within the Standard, namely ± 2 CT. The use of Smart mA increases the noise value by 14.29%. The noise value from the

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Trbojevic, Vladimir M. "ALARP Principle and Design." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28398.

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The safety framework in most of the industries is based on some kind of goal setting principle, where the safety goals are postulated and not the means of achieving those. This framework has the advantage over the old prescriptive approach to safety, since it not only allows innovation but also encourages more efficient design. The important aspects of goal setting approach is a method (risk criteria) by which the results of a risk analysis can be interpreted in terms of recommendations on the tolerability of the overall facility risk and the optimum design, and the extent to which taking furt

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Lin, Kou-Ming, Ching-Tu Chang, Ming-Shin Wu, Wen-Chen Lee, Jen-Chieh Chung, and Tsong-Yang Wei. "Treatment of Spent Acidic Decontaminants With a High-Efficiency Cementation Method." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59063.

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Metal scrap is a major waste generated from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Through a decontamination process, most of the metal scraps can be cleaned to meet the clearance levels, which can then be reused or released according to the regulatory procedure. Usually, chemical processes will be used in the cleaning step. Phosphoric acid and fluoroboric acid are the typical chemicals used for decontamination. Although the decontaminant could be reused multiple times after regeneration, its decontamination efficiency would decrease after 3 to 5 cycles. In addition, the radioactive nuclid

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Hessami, A. G. "Safety principles - ALARP debate." In IEE Seminar on Safety Assurance. IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20050422.

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Objois, Laurent, Fabrice Moggia, Valérie Toulemonde, Thierry Varet, Frédéric Richard, and Fernand Benchikhoune. "Improvements Realized on the Cryogenic Solution Called NiThrow™." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96281.

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The economic, environmental, social and societal constraints have pushed the nuclear industry to develop new dismantling and decommissioning (D&D) techniques in order to meet the current industrial requirements. Since 5 years, AREVA, in partnership with Air Liquide, has been working on a new cryogenic solution that can be used to achieve the main important D&D operations (i.e. cutting, surface decontamination and concrete scabbling). This solution, called NiThrow™, is based on the Nitrocision LLC concept and consists in spraying highly pressurized liquid nitrogen (3500 bar) at a very l

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Bester, P., and T. Hill. "South African Licensing Framework for the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58185.

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The electrical utility in South Africa (Eskom) plan to construct a first of a kind Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR). It has been recognized that there is a need to adapt the licensing process for the PBMR to ensure that credible and effective licensing process be developed and implemented for this technology. This paper will briefly outline the regulatory framework within South Africa, explain the licensing process adopted and present the challenges that the South African National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) was facing in developing and implementing the licensing process and how these are being a

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Zhang, Liying, Yaxiao Wang, Xiaoxia Wang, Bo Gao, Aijun Mi, and Yawei Mao. "Study of the Impact of Stellite Material on PWR Co-60 Contamination." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67859.

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According with the requirements of HAF-102[1], the purpose of radiation protection optimization is to achieve occupational exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). More than 80% of the collective exposure doses are received during the outage for PWRs. Activated corrosion products, especially Co-60, deposited on the surface of reactor coolant system are the main causes of these doses. Co-60 is the principle contributor to out-of-core radiation fields in PWRs, which is a high energy gamma emitter with a 5.3 year half-life period. The contamination by Co-60 plates out in plant piping sy

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Yasseri, Sirous F., and Peter Menhennett. "Costing for ALARP." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67017.

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A key principle for achieving Tolerable Risk under the UK Health and Safety Executive’s (HSE) approach is the reduction of risks to “As Low As Reasonably Practicable” or ALARP. This principle is founded on the ideal of reducing risks to a point of diminishing returns where additional risk reduction would cost “disproportionally” more than the risk reduction benefit achieved. The HSE approach of estimating the degree of disproportionality between the cost and benefits associated with a potential risk reduction measure is a variation of the Cost Effectiveness approach to ALARP Evaluation. A prob

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Timms, C. "Achieving ALARP with safety instrumented systems." In IET Seminar on SIL Determination: Principles and Practical Experience. IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20070810.

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Reports on the topic "ALARA principle"

1

Ortega, Iñaki, Mayte Sancho, and Marco Stampini. Fragilidad de las instituciones de cuidado a la vejez ante el Covid-19: Lecciones aprendidas y recomendaciones para la reforma de los servicios. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003111.

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La cohorte de edad que más ha padecido el covid-19 en términos de mortalidad ha sido la de los adultos mayores. Además, una gran mayoría de los fallecidos de esa edad, a lo largo y ancho del mundo, vivían en residencias de mayores. El impacto de la pandemia también ha puesto de manifiesto un preocupante edadismo en la gestión de la alarma sanitaria y una fragilidad de los sistemas de cuidados para los adultos mayores. El análisis de los datos disponibles, sin embargo, no permite vincular la tasa de envejecimiento, el gasto sanitario o la tasa de cobertura de residencias con el número de fallec

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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.

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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against

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