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Journal articles on the topic 'Alarm reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Bliss, James P., Laticia Bowens, Rebecca Krefting, Ashley Byler, and Anastasia Gibson. "Collective Mistrust of Alarms." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 17 (September 2002): 1584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601712.

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Recently, alarm systems have become more sensitive and ubiquitous. Unfortunately, sensitive alarm systems may produce greater numbers of false alarms, lowering an operator's level of trust and degrading task performance. In the past, researchers have considered only situations where individuals react to alarms. Because of the frequency and variability of teamed alarm reaction scenarios, we investigated the reactions of independent and dependent teams to marginally reliable alarms. Based on prior literature, we expected dependent teams to show slower but more appropriate alarm reactions and poorer ongoing task performances. One hundred four general psychology students (52 two-person teams) independently or dependently performed a psychomotor task while reacting to alarms that were 30%, 50%, or 70% reliable. Participants responded more frequently to alarms of higher reliability, and less appropriately to those of medium reliability. Generally, dependent teams made more appropriate alarm reactions. Our results suggest that designers and trainers should promote team interdependence when operators are faced with marginally reliable signals.

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2

Fallon, Corey K., Ernesto A. Bustamante, James P. Bliss, and Brittany L. Anderson. "Combating Cry Wolf: The Effects of Synthetic Verbal Alarm Urgency on Choice Reaction Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 17 (September 2005): 1508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901701.

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Researchers have shown that increasing the perceived urgency of nonverbal auditory alarms can meliorate alarm response performance degradation due to the cry wolf effect. We conducted two experiments to examine the effects of verbal alarm urgency on the cry wolf effect. Experiment 1 revealed that participants responded significantly less often and correctly rejected more urgent alarms. Experiment 2 revealed that the results in Experiment 1 were contingent on the presence of additional task critical information. Response degradation due to the cry wolf effect was not moderated by alarm urgency in either study. However, the results suggest that performance may still benefit from increased alarm urgency provided additional task critical information is available. These results can be utilized to design verbal alarm systems that evoke more appropriate reactions to false alarms.

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3

Waterson, James, and Arkadiusz Bedner. "Types and Frequency of Infusion Pump Alarms and Infusion-Interruption to Infusion-Recovery Times for Critical Short Half-Life Infusions: Retrospective Data Analysis." JMIR Human Factors 6, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): e14123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14123.

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Background Alarm fatigue commonly leads to a reduced response to alarms. Appropriate and timely response to intravenous pump alarms is crucial to infusion continuity. The difficulty of filtering out critical short half-life infusion alarms from nonurgent alarms is a key challenge for risk management for clinicians. Critical care areas provide ample opportunities for intravenous medication error with the frequent administration of high-alert, critical short half-life infusions that require rigorous maintenance for continuity of delivery. Most serious medication errors in critical care occur during the execution of treatment, with performance-level failures outweighing rule-based or knowledge-based mistakes. Objective One objective of this study was to establish baseline data for the types and frequency of alarms that critical care clinicians are exposed to from a variety of infusion devices, including both large volume pumps and syringe drivers. Another objective was to identify the volume of these alarms that specifically relate to critical short half-life infusions and to evaluate user response times to alarms from infusion devices delivering these particular infusions. Methods The event logs of 1183 infusion pumps used in critical care environments and in general care areas within the European region were mined for a range of alarm states. The study then focused on a selection of infusion alarms from devices delivering critical short half-life infusions that would warrant rapid attention from clinicians in order to avoid potentially harmful prolonged infusion interruption. The reaction time of clinicians to infusion-interruption states and alarms for the selected critical short half-life infusions was then calculated. Results Initial analysis showed a mean average of 4.50 alarms per infusion in the general critical care pump population as opposed to the whole hospital rate of 1.39. In the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) group, the alarms per infusion value was significantly above the mean average for all critical care areas, with 8.61 alarms per infusion. Infusion-interruption of critical short half-life infusions was found to be a significant problem in all areas of the general critical care pump population, with a significant number of downstream (ie, vein and access) occlusion events noted. While the mean and median response times to critical short half-life infusion interruptions were generally within the half-lives of the selected medications, there was a high prevalence of outliers in terms of reaction times for all the critical short half-life infusions studied. Conclusions This study gives an indication of what might be expected in critical care environments in terms of the volume of general infusion alarms and critical short half-life infusion alarms, as well as for clinician reaction times to critical short half-life infusion-interruption events. This study also identifies potentially problematic areas of the hospital for alarm fatigue and for particular issues of infusion and infusion-line management. Application of the proposed protocols can help create benchmarks for pump alarm management and clinician reaction times. These protocols can be applied to studies on the impact of alarm fatigue and for the evaluation of protocols, infusion-monitoring strategies, and infusion pump-based medication safety software aimed at reducing alarm fatigue and ensuring the maintenance of critical short half-life infusions. Given the frequency of infusion alarms seen in this study, the risk of alarm fatigue due to the white noise of pump alarms present in critical care, to which clinicians are constantly exposed, is very high. Furthermore, the added difficulties of maintaining critical short half-life infusions, and other infusions in specialist areas, are made clear by the high ratio of downstream occlusion to infusion starts in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The ability to quantitatively track the volume of alarms and clinician reaction times contributes to a greater understanding of the issues of alarm fatigue in intensive care units. This can be applied to clinical audit, can allow for targeted training to reduce nuisance alarms, and can aid in planning for improvement in the key area of maintenance of steady-state plasma levels of critical short half-life infusions. One clear conclusion is that the medication administration rights should be extended to include right maintenance and ensured delivery continuity of critical short half-life infusions.

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4

Barreto, Rodrigo Egydio. "Mianserin affects alarm reaction to conspecific chemical alarm cues in Nile tilapia." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 43, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0279-2.

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5

Volpato, Gilson, and Percília Giaquinto. "HUNGER SUPPRESSES THE ONSET AND THE FREEZING COMPONENT OF THE ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSE TO CONSPECIFIC SKIN EXTRACT IN PINTADO CATFISH." Behaviour 138, no. 10 (2001): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390152822175.

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AbstractAlthough the skin of an injured conspecific releases alarm substance in some fish species, it has been shown that such damage induces feeding behaviour rather than an alarm reaction under conditions of food scarcity. We studied chemical communication associated with this paradox in a Brazilian catfish, the pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans). In preliminary tests pintado were confirmed to demonstrate an alarm reaction to conspecific skin extract. In the experiment we investigated whether skin extract of pintado induces either alarm response (panic or alert component) or feeding in hungry conspecifics. Fish feed-deprived for eight days and fed control fish were exposed to either conspecific skin extract or distilled water (as a control). Alarm reaction was restricted to the skin extract treatment and occurred in the fish irrespective of their hunger state, but the components of this response were significantly affected by hungry. Fed fish showed a complete alarm reaction (dashing and freezing behaviours). Feed-deprived fish exhibited only part of this biphasic response, the dashing component. We conclude that chemicals from injured fish elicit an alarm reaction, which is partially inhibited by feeding motivation.

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6

Rehnberg, Bradley G., R. J. F. Smith, and B. D. Sloley. "The reaction of pearl dace (Pisces, Cyprinidae) to alarm substance: time-course of behavior, brain amines, and stress physiology." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-442.

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Pearl dace, Semotilus margarita (Pisces, Cyprinidae), respond behaviorally and physiologically to conspecific alarm substance. The behavioral alarm reaction was biphasic. A brief initial phase of rapid and unpredictable swimming was followed by a period of inactivity that was observable even after 5 h. In nature, biphasic behavioral reactions may function to remove alarmed fish from the area of greatest danger and then render them inconspicuous. The physiological alarm reaction included elements of a stress response. Concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were elevated at 15 min after the detection of alarm substance, but had returned to control levels by 5 h. There were no odor-induced changes observed in brain concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or tryptophan. The biphasic behavioral response and the physiological stress response were interpreted as adaptations that permit pearl dace to successfully react to threats of predation.

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7

Bliss, James P., and Eric Chancey. "The Effects of Alarm System Reliability and Reaction Training Strategy on Alarm Responses." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, no. 27 (September 2010): 2248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193121005402706.

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8

Bliss, James P. "Alarm Reaction Patterns by Pilots as a Function of Reaction Modality." International Journal of Aviation Psychology 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0701_1.

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9

Hugie, D. M., and R. J. F. Smith. "Epidermal club cells are not linked with an alarm response in reedfish, Erpetoichthys (= Calamoichthys) calabaricus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 2057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-314.

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Club cells in the epidermis of reedfish, Erpetoichthys (= Calamoichthys) calabaricus (Pisces, Polypteriformes), are morphologically similar, perhaps homologous, to the "alarm substance cells" found in the skin of cypriniform fishes. Cypriniforms perform a fright reaction when they detect chemicals released from the damaged alarm substance cells of conspecifics. We examined the response of reedfish to conspecific skin extract and checked for a cross reaction to reedfish extract by a cypriniform fish, the zebra danio, Brachydanio rerio. Reedfish responded to conspecific skin extract with an increase in activity but this response did not resemble a fright reaction. Zebra danios responded to reedfish extract with a feeding response. We conclude that reedfish do not show a fright reaction to the skin extract of conspecifics. This suggests that if cypriniform alarm substance cells are homologous to reedfish club cells, their alarm pheromone function is a secondary adaptation.

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10

Costa, Francesco Vittori, Claudio Borghi, Stefano Boschi, Alessandra Mussi, and Ettore Ambrosioni. "Alarm Reaction and Serum K+ in Hypertensive Patients." American Journal of Hypertension 3, no. 8_Pt_1 (August 1990): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/3.8.638.

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11

Cowan, D. F., and B. E. Curry. "Histopathology of the Alarm Reaction in Small Odontocetes." Journal of Comparative Pathology 139, no. 1 (July 2008): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.11.009.

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12

Arhouma, Ashraf Kamal, and Saleh M. Amaitik. "Decision Support System for Alarm Correlation in GSM Networks Based on Artificial Neural Networks." Conference Papers in Engineering 2013 (May 27, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/958926.

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As mobile networks grow in size and complexity, huge streams of alarms are flooding the operation and maintenance center (OMC). Thus, the operator needs a decision support system that converts these massive alarms to manageable magnitudes. Alarm correlation is very important in improving the service and the efficiency of the maintenance team in mobile networks and in modern telecommunications networks. As any fault in the mobile network results in a number of alarms, correlating these different alarms and identifying their source are a major problem in fault management. In this paper, an artificial neural network model is proposed to interpret the alarm stream, thereby simplifying the decision-making process and shortening the operator's reaction time. MATLAB program is used as programming tool to develop, implement, and compare between different types of designed artificial neural network models. To assist the operators to take fast decision and detect the root cause of the alarms, the alarms and the result of the artificial neural networks model are visualized in real time on the Google Earth application.

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13

Si Mohammed, Antar, Rachid Smail, and Mourad Chebila. "Decision making under uncertainty in the alarm systems response." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 37, no. 8 (November 25, 2019): 1151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-03-2019-0078.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an advanced decision-making support for the appropriate responding to critical alarms in the hazardous industrial facilities. Design/methodology/approach A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is suggested by considering three alternatives and four criteria using triangular fuzzy numbers to handle the associated uncertainty. A logarithmic fuzzy preference programming (LFPP)-based nonlinear priority method is employed to analyze the suggested model. Findings A quantitative decision-making support is not only a necessity in responding to critical alarms but also easy to implement even in a relatively short reaction time. Confirmation may not be the appropriate option to deal with a critical alarm, even with the availability of the needed resources. Practical implications A situation related to a flammable gas alarm in a gas plant is treated using the developed model showing its practical efficiency and practicality. Originality/value The proposed model provides a rational, simple and holistic fuzzy multi criteria tool with a refined number of criteria and alternatives using an LFPP method to handle process alarms.

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14

Alpini, D., and A. Cesarani. "Tinnitus as an Alarm Bell: Stress Reaction Tinnitus Model." ORL 68, no. 1 (2006): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090488.

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15

Dupuch, Angélique, Pierre Magnan, and Lawrence M. Dill. "Sensitivity of northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos, to chemical alarm cues." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-003.

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The northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos (Cope, 1862), is subject to predation by brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814), in Canadian Shield lakes, particularly when individuals migrate to the pelagic zone at sunset to feed on zooplankton and fish shoals break up into single individuals. The objectives of the present study were to (i) determine whether northern redbelly dace react to skin extracts from conspecifics and thus potentially use chemical alarms to detect predators in nature, (ii) characterize the fright reaction in northern redbelly dace under different concentrations of alarm substance, and (iii) estimate the active space of the alarm substance in this species. Northern redbelly dace responded to skin extracts of conspecifics with a series of antipredator behaviours. The dace moved closer to the substrate and away from the area where the alarm substance was injected, increased both the cohesion and polarization of their schools, and performed more dashing and freezing behaviours. The observed responses were closely correlated with the concentration of the skin extract solution, suggesting that individuals could use this sensitivity to different concentrations of alarm substance to estimate the risk of predation in nature. The dilution experiment allowed us to estimate that 1 cm2 of northern redbelly dace skin contains enough alarm substance to generate a response of individuals in 110 558 L of water, which corresponds to a cube with sides of approximately 4.8 m. Indirect evidence suggests that the northern redbelly dace could use chemical alarm cues to assess the risk of predation by brook trout in nature.

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Petrescu, Anca S., Edward B. Mondor, and Bernard D. Roitberg. "Subversion of alarm communication: Do plants habituate aphids to their own alarm signals?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-026.

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When attacked by a predator, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, emit an alarm pheromone, (E)-β-farnesene, which causes nearby conspecifics to disperse from the area. However, herbivore-damaged plants also emit (E)-β-farnesene. We hypothesized that plants release farnesene to habituate aphids, i.e., to disrupt their alarm-pheromone responses, perhaps to reduce herbivory by increasing parasitoid or predator efficacy. Thus, we addressed two questions: (1) Do aphids habituate to (E)-β-farnesene, and (2) Are they habituated at levels produced by aphid-infested plants? On an artificial diet devoid of farnesene, aphids were exposed to 10 ng/cm3 of (E)-β-farnesene or a hexane control over 24 h. Habituation was achieved, as dropping responses to 50 ng/cm3 of (E)-β-farnesene decreased after exposure. We then exposed aphids to 0.8 ng/cm3 of (E)-β-farnesene, a pheromone concentration emitted by plants, or a hexane control for 24 h. Their reaction to 38 ng/cm3 of (E)-β-farnesene, the maximum pheromone concentration found in aphid-cornicle droplets, was not significantly different before and after exposure. Thus, our hypothesis that plants emit farnesene to disrupt aphid alarm communication remains unsupported.

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17

Tarantino, Laura, Daniela Angelucci, Alessandra Bonomo, Annalisa Cardinali, and Stefania Di Paolo. "Design and Applications of GLANCE: GLanceable Alarm Notification for a User Centered Experience." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020669.

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The trade-off between awareness and interruption is a crucial aspect in network fault notifiers: Low severity alarms should not distract operators from other primary tasks, however it might be crucial that operators promptly react to critical notifications. A notification system should hence determine when a particular interruption is appropriate and how it should be presented. In this direction, this paper presents a multistep design path beginning from the objective of designing a proof-of-concept for a glanceable alarm notification component for telecommunication network management systems based on a peripheral display approach. In particular the goal was a notifier guided by severity-based strategies and offering the information expressiveness of a one-notification-at-the-time perspective while enriching it with overview capabilities to guarantee (possibly subliminal) long-term local and global content comprehension and prompt reaction only when the interruption from the foreground task is dictated by the fault severity. A first design macro-phase led to the simple yet effective GLANCE (GLanceable Alarm Notification for a User Centered Experience) model, based on a visual coding technique oriented to comprehension and reaction, and a transition strategy oriented to interruptions and reaction. A second design macro-phase studied the application of GLANCE to a personal customizable multichannel notification tool and to a service-oriented fault monitor for digital terrestrial television broadcasting networks.

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18

Levesley, P. B., and A. E. Magurran. "Population differences in the reaction of minnows to alarm substance*." Journal of Fish Biology 32, no. 5 (May 1988): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05410.x.

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19

Cherry, Michael, Tim Jackson, and Aliza Le Roux. "DOES BRANTS' WHISTLING RAT (PAROTOMYS BRANTSII) USE AN URGENCY-BASED ALARM SYSTEM IN REACTION TO AERIAL AND TERRESTRIAL PREDATORS?" Behaviour 138, no. 6 (2001): 757–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901752233398.

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AbstractIt is predicted that differences in mammalian alarm call systems may be explained relative to the complexity of their habitat, with species inhabiting three-dimensional habitats classifying predator types (externally referential), and those living in two-dimensional environments indicating the level of risk (urgency-based). We tested this prediction in a two-dimensional environment for a small African rodent, Brants' whistling rat, Parotomys brantsii. Colony members were presented with predator models of a raptor and puff adder, as well as a human observer, to investigate their alarm call repertoire. Alarm calls consisted of simple, singlenote vocalizations, often repeated in non-rhythmic bouts. Virtually no variation was detected in the structure of alarm whistles between the calls elicited by the two model predators and humans, indicating that P. brantsii did not identify different predator types by means of vocalizations. However, note duration was dependent on the reaction of the caller: when the caller bolted towards safety, the whistle was significantly shorter than when it remained stationary. A snake and far-off human elicited relatively long-duration calls and the caller would remain above ground, signifying a low-risk situation. High-risk encounters with a nearby raptor or human provoked short calls before the whistling rat bolted underground. We conclude that P. brantsii's alarm call repertoire represents a graded 'urgency-based' system, indicating perceived threat level rather than predator type. Our study supports the prediction that mammalian alarm call systems in two-dimensional environments primarily provide information indicating the level of risk and not predator type.

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20

Cordi, V., S. Ortubay, and M. Lozada. "Visual cues during the alarm reaction of Gymnocharacinus bergi (Pisces, Characidae)." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21, no. 6 (December 2005): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00660.x.

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21

Abel, Ernest L. "Alpha-adrenergic receptors mediate imipramine/ alarm substance-induced reaction in rats." Physiology & Behavior 56, no. 2 (August 1994): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90206-2.

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22

SATO, Yuka, Jouju SAKAMOTO, Fumiko SAITO, Singo ITO, Shoji IMAI, and Hiroaki KUMANO. "Relation between False Alarm and Reaction Time in Continuous Performance Test." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 77 (September 19, 2013): 3EV—051–3EV—051. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.77.0_3ev-051.

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23

Døving, Kjell B., and Stine Lastein. "The Alarm Reaction in Fishes-Odorants, Modulations of Responses, Neural Pathways." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170, no. 1 (July 2009): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04111.x.

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24

Feinberg, William E., and Norris R. Johnson. "FIRESCAP: A computer simulation model of reaction to a fire alarm." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 20, no. 2-3 (October 1995): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.1995.9990164.

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25

HALUPKA, KONRAD, and LUCYNA HALUPKA. "Alarm calls and chick reaction: comments on Kleindorfer et al. (1996)." Animal Behaviour 55, no. 2 (February 1998): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1997.0608.

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26

CURIO, EBERHARD. "Alarm calls and chick reaction: comments on Kleindorfer et al. (1996)." Animal Behaviour 56, no. 1 (July 1998): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0789.

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27

Paciência, Filipa M. D., Deusdedith Baluya, Pay Mbaryo, Sascha Knauf, and Dietmar Zinner. "Olive baboons' (Papio anubis) response towards crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) at Lake Manyara National Park." Primate Biology 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-101-2017.

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Abstract. In this paper we report on two encounters between olive baboons (Papio anubis) and crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) at Lake Manyara National Park, northern Tanzania. During these encounters olive baboons responded by giving alarm calls and all infants and juveniles rushed down from trees seeking cover under bushes or close proximity to adult conspecifics. In one of the events, alarm calls from banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) and rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) most likely triggered alarm calling of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) which in turn prompted baboons to respond with alarm calls as well. In both observations, adult male baboons took the lead in climbing trees, threatening the eagle (staring, yawning, ground slapping) and chasing it away. The reaction of the baboons suggests that crowned eagles pose a threat at least for juvenile baboons at Lake Manyara National Park.

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Han, Ji-Hyeok, and Da-Young Ju. "Advanced Alarm Method Based on Driver’s State in Autonomous Vehicles." Electronics 10, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 2796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222796.

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In autonomous driving vehicles, the driver can engage in non-driving-related tasks and does not have to pay attention to the driving conditions or engage in manual driving. If an unexpected situation arises that the autonomous vehicle cannot manage, then the vehicle should notify and help the driver to prepare themselves for retaking manual control of the vehicle. Several effective notification methods based on multimodal warning systems have been reported. In this paper, we propose an advanced method that employs alarms for specific conditions by analyzing the differences in the driver’s responses, based on their specific situation, to trigger visual and auditory alarms in autonomous vehicles. Using a driving simulation, we carried out human-in-the-loop experiments that included a total of 38 drivers and 2 scenarios (namely drowsiness and distraction scenarios), each of which included a control-switching stage for implementing an alarm during autonomous driving. Reaction time, gaze indicator, and questionnaire data were collected, and electroencephalography measurements were performed to verify the drowsiness. Based on the experimental results, the drivers exhibited a high alertness to the auditory alarms in both the drowsy and distracted conditions, and the change in the gaze indicator was higher in the distraction condition. The results of this study show that there was a distinct difference between the driver’s response to the alarms signaled in the drowsy and distracted conditions. Accordingly, we propose an advanced notification method and future goals for further investigation on vehicle alarms.

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Weber, Paula, Carina Vogel, Carla Lang, and Bernardo Baldisserotto. "Antipredator and alarm reaction responses of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles exposed to waterborne ammonia." Neotropical Ichthyology 10, no. 2 (May 24, 2012): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252012005000006.

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Ammonia has relatively toxic effects on fish and other aquatic organisms. This study examined whether juvenile silver catfish exposed to alarm substances released by conspecifics and predators in water with different ammonia levels modify their behaviour in response to the perceived risk of predation. We used juvenile catfish that were naive to predators. The fish were raised from the larval stage in the laboratory and kept in 40-L aquaria at waterborne NH3 concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg L-1 for 10 days. The alarm substances used were predator odour and skin extract from conspecifics. The juveniles were transferred to 2-L aquaria for the antipredator and alarm reaction behavioural tests, which were performed on days 1, 5 and 10 after initial exposure to ammonia. The test aquaria contained a shelter at one end of the tank. The trials consisted of a 10-min prestimulus and a 10-min poststimulus observation period. The results of the study suggest that naive juvenile catfish are able to identify predators and skin extract from conspecifics by odour. In addition, waterborne NH3 levels modify the antipredator response of this species.

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Ghosh, Ronie Adhiraaj. "Secure Distress Alarm System for Radiation Facility." Journal of Embedded Systems and Processing 7, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joesp.2022.v07i03.002.

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In the world of today Security has become an element of prime importance. From banks to shopping centers, from dockyards to scientific laboratories, from schools to religious places, it is very important to maintain security. Real world threats of all kind are constantly in look out to gain access to places of prime importance to carry out their nefarious purpose. Different threats with different agenda viz. saboteurs, rioters, thieves, terrorists, mob etc. are becoming news events all over the world. But we do have a shield called security. Radiation and Nuclear facilities are of prime importance for 24x7 protections. Let it be guards, patrol parties, quick reaction forces or sentries, they do need a machine supported system to stand by with them in case of need. One of the most required systems is the Secure Distress Alarm System that has to be a rugged, foolproof, always available and fail proof. One such system has been developed and discussed in this paper.

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31

Zhao, Ping, and Di Cui. "Oil Spill Buoys Research for the Oil Spill Accidents Emergency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.57.

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Oil spill accidents are seen relatively frequent and becomes a severe threat to coastal and marine ecosystems and water quality. Thus, this purpose of paper is developed for the active surveillance and rapid response to marine oil spills is important and essential to environment protection. It may appears of leak places for the monitoring needs, and to achieved instant alarm technology and equipment, guarantees leak occurred timely obtained alarm information. In order toproviding oil spill accidents emergency quickly reaction time and prepared, the maximum degree reduce oil leak and accidents caused influences are ensured. Furthermore, the new oil leak forecast warning (tracking &alarm-monitor) technologies are provided.All-weather real-time dynamic system has the function of off-shore oil spill tracking, the spread of oil spill surveillance and the real-time alarm, timely, accurately grasp the oil spill accident happened at the time and place for relevant departments, quickly take emergency and rescue measures to provide reliable basis, promote the oil spill response ability level..

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32

Tsuchiya, Morikatsu, Takashi Mato, Midori Usui, Hiroto Kikuchi, and Haruhiko Tsutsumi. "Reaction time of the intensive care nurses to the vital sign alarm." Journal of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine 14, no. 4 (2007): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3918/jsicm.14.617.

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Hampton, Raymond E., and James C. Gillingham. "Habituation of the Alarm Reaction in Neonatal Eastern Garter Snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis." Journal of Herpetology 23, no. 4 (December 1989): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564059.

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Kerfoot, W. C., R. M. Newman, and Z. Hanscom. "Snail reaction to watercress leaf tissues: reinterpretation of a mutualistic ‘alarm’ hypothesis." Freshwater Biology 40, no. 2 (September 1998): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00334.x.

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Newlin, Elizabeth T., Ernesto A. Bustamante, James P. Bliss, Randall D. Spain, and Corey K. Fallon. "The Effects of Relative System Reliability and Prioritization on Alarm Reaction Patterns." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 16 (October 2006): 1675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605001634.

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36

Pfander, Isabelle, and Jürg Zettel. "Chemical communication in Ceratophysella sigillata (Collembola: Hypogastruridae): intraspecific reaction to alarm substances." Pedobiologia 48, no. 5-6 (December 2004): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.06.002.

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37

Hefetz, Abraham, and Helen A. Lloyd. "Mandibular Gland Secretions as Alarm Pheromones in Two Species of the Desert Ant Cataglyphis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 9-10 (August 1, 1985): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-9-1013.

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Abstract Mandibular gland secretion of two Cataglyphis species were chemically analyzed by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The exudates produced by C. bombycina consisted of citronellol and geraniol while that of C. nigra contained only geraniol. The reaction of both species to the glandular secretions was alarm and recruitment. While the reaction of C. bombycina was strong, that of C. nigra was relatively mild.

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Agasyeva, Irina Sergeevna, Vladimir Yakovlevich Ismailov, Mariya Vladimirovna Nefedova, and Anton Sergeevich Nastasiy. "Development of Methods for the Use of Aphid Alarm and Mite Aggregation Pheromones." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 84 (July 9, 2022): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.84.236.239.

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The purpose of this work was to develop effective methods of protecting fruit crops based on the use of aphid alarm and mite aggregation pheromones. The study was conducted in 2020-2021 on a private farm in the Krasnodar Territory. Laboratory studies were carried out on two types of aphids: Aphis pomi Deg. and Myzus cerasi F. with the use of trans-beta-farnesene where crushed aphids of the tested species served as the source of the alarm pheromone, and insects without treatment were used as a control group. Field tests were carried out on registered trees with aphid colonies up to 10% of shoots in the crown, and mite colonies of 15-23 specimens/ leaf. Significant differences in the types of ethological reactions of apple and cherry aphids to trans-beta-farnesene were observed. In A. pomi, the predominant type was the twitching of the body during the initial period of exposure to the semiochemical. In cherry aphids, only one type of behavioral reaction to the alarm pheromone was noted, namely leaving the feeding site. The results of testing trans-beta-farnesene compositions with preparations based on biorational active substances, Phytoverm CE (2 g/l), and experimental insecticides based on coriander essential oil indicate the prospects of using the aphid alarm pheromone (trans-beta-farnesene) to increase the effectiveness of anti-aphid insecticides. Similar results were obtained in tests of trans-nerolidol, the pheromone used for aggregation of red spider mites in a composition with the Apollo, SC acaricide (500 g/l).

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39

Qin, Yaoguo, Shangyang Zhang, and Zhengxi Li. "Kairomonal Effect of Aphid Alarm Pheromones and Analogs on the Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae." Insects 13, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111055.

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Aphid alarm pheromones, as important semiochemicals, not only mediate behavioral response of aphids, but can also act as kairomones to attract their natural enemies. The sesquiterpene (E)-β-farnesene (EβF), the major alarm pheromone component of most aphid species, has been shown to have a kairomonal effect on the predators of aphids, but other alarm pheromone components, especially the monoterpenes and analogs, are rarely investigated. Here, two EβF analogs were successfully synthesized via the nucleophilic substitution reaction, and we then examined the kairomonal effects of four alarm pheromone components and two EβF analogs on the aphid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae. In olfactory bioassays, D. rapae females generally showed no significant behavioral response to these alarm pheromone components and analogs under low concentrations (0.1 μg/μL). Nevertheless, their olfactory response to these compounds gradually enhanced with increasing concentrations. Among the four pheromone components, EβF showed the highest attractive activity, but the parasitoid preferred blends over single compounds. Moreover, the response time decreased as the concentration increased. We confirmed the kairomonal effect of monoterpene alarm pheromone components and their blends, in addition to EβF, on the natural enemies of aphids. This is the first report that the blend of alarm pheromone components and their analogs has a stronger kairomonal effect than do the single components on the natural enemies of aphids. This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of parasitoid behaviors by kairomones and provides a promising opportunity for designing kairomones for the aphid parasitoid to mediate aphid populations in the field.

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Fricke, Diethard. "Reaction to Alarm Substance in Cave Populations of Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae, Pisces)1." Ethology 76, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00691.x.

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VELOSO FRANCELINO, MÁRCIO R., ADRIANA DE LIMA MENDONÇA, RUTH R. DO NASCIMENTO, FERNANDO A. C. DE MENDONÇA, EDLEIDE L. DA SILVA, MARIA DO ROSÁRIO T. DE FREITAS, CYRO R. CABRAL, CARLOS EDUARDO DA SILVA, JOSÉ H. S. RIBEIRO, and ANTÔNIO EUZÉBIO G. SANTANA. "Polyethism and nestmate recognition in the alarm reaction of Atta leaf-cutting ants." Physiological Entomology 33, no. 1 (March 2008): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00598.x.

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42

Barbosa Júnior, A., and A. Hoffman. "9.P6. Alarm reaction in a South American teleost fish piauçu Leporinus macrocephalus." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 148 (August 2007): S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.099.

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43

ABEL, E., and P. BILITZKE. "Adrenal activity does not mediate alarm substance reaction in the forced swim test." Psychoneuroendocrinology 17, no. 2-3 (May 1992): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(92)90065-f.

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44

Salamat, Mimi Τ., and David L. McPherson. "Interactions among Variables in the P300 Response to a Continuous Performance Task." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 10, no. 07 (July 1999): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748510.

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AbstractThis study investigated the effect of variable interstimulus intervals (ISIs) on behavioral reaction time (RT) and on the latency and amplitude of the auditory P300 using an auditory continuous performance task (ACPT) paradigm. Twenty subjects were instructed to respond to common stimuli and ignore a rare stimulus. Common stimuli were 1000-, 1500-, and 2000-Hz pure tones. The rare stimulus was a 250-Hz pure tone. ISIs of 1, 2, and 4 seconds were used for this investigation. A significant correlation between ISI, reaction time, P300 latency, correct rejections, and false alarm rates was found. A significant correlation between P300 latency, Ρ amplitude, correct rejections, and false alarm rates was also observed. Likewise, a statistically significant increase in reaction time (RT) was observed as ISI increased. The ACPT paradigm in conjunction with the auditory P300 response can measure both behavioral and electrophysiologic changes that occur during active auditory attention and auditory cognitive processing tasks. Abbreviations: ACPT = auditory continuous performance task, ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, AERP = auditory event-related potential, CAPD = central auditory processing disorder, CCPT = Conner's continuous performance task, CPT = continuous performance task, ISI = interstimulus interval, RT = reaction time, VCPT = visual continuous performance task, VERP = visual event-related potential

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45

McLachlan, Jessica R., Chaminda P. Ratnayake, and Robert D. Magrath. "Personal information about danger trumps social information from avian alarm calls." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1899 (March 27, 2019): 20182945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2945.

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Information about predators can mean the difference between life and death, but prey face the challenge of integrating personal information about predators with social information from the alarm calls of others. This challenge might even affect the structure of interspecific information networks: species vary in response to alarm calls, potentially because different foraging ecologies constrain the acquisition of personal information. However, the hypothesis that constrained personal information explains a greater response to alarm calls has not been experimentally tested. We used a within-species test to compare the antipredator responses of New Holland honeyeaters, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae , during contrasting foraging behaviour. Compared with perched birds, which hawk for insects and have a broad view, those foraging on flowers were slower to spot gliding model predators, showing that foraging behaviour can affect predator detection. Furthermore, nectar-foraging birds were more likely to flee to alarm call playbacks. Birds also assessed social information relevance: more distant calls, and those from another species, prompted fewer flights and slower reaction times. Overall, birds made flexible decisions about danger by integrating personal and social information, while weighing information relevance. These findings support the idea that a strategic balance of personal and social information could affect community function.

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46

Samoshin, D. A., R. N. Istratov, M. M. Sharanova, V. A. Kochetygov, S. V. Tomin, and A. G. Frolov. "Researches of the pre-evacuation time of people in residential multi-storey buildings without fire warning systems." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.04.38-55.

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Introduction. According to statistics, the greatest loss of life from fires in Russia occurs in residential buildings with a height up to 28 m. At the same time, most fire protection systems are not provided in such type of buildings. In particular, in residential buildings of mentioned above height fire alarm system maybe not. That is why the real values of the pre-evacuation time (PET) in the buildings are not known, because domestic research still has not been conducted.Goals and objectives. The aim of the work was to establish the values of the PET of people in a residential building that is not equipped with a fire alarm system.The main tasks were to study the time to warn building occupants about a fire and to research the time of people’s reaction to a fire warning.Methods. The method of scientific research in this work is a full-scale experiment. In the first set of experiments focus were on warning time — it was investigated how much time it took to warn all building occupants by 1, 2 and 3 notifiers. The second set of experiments were aimed to study of people’s reaction time to a fire alarm — it was determined how long it took to start evacuating from their apartments.Results and their discussion. Studies have shown that the value of the alert time of a nine-storey building by one, two and three notifiers averaged was 20.0, 11.6 and 7.2 min, respectively. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical model was built that allows predicting the optimal number of notifiers depending on the number of storeys in the building. Studies of people’s reaction time to a fire alarm have shown that during the daytime, on average, people need less time to realize and prepare for evacuation (72 s) than at night (112 s). Combining the results obtained allowed us to determine the optimal number of notifiers to warn all people in residential building.Conclusion. Comparison of the experimental values of the PET with the data of the current Methodology of fire risk calculation for a nine-storey house showed a discrepancy of 2.6 times.

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47

Hamdani, E. H. "The Alarm Reaction in Crucian Carp is Mediated by Olfactory Neurons with Long Dendrites." Chemical Senses 27, no. 4 (May 1, 2002): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/27.4.395.

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48

Tierney, Keith B., Amber L. Taylor, Peter S. Ross, and Christopher J. Kennedy. "The alarm reaction of coho salmon parr is impaired by the carbamate fungicide IPBC." Aquatic Toxicology 79, no. 2 (August 2006): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.06.003.

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49

Rehnberg, Bradley G., and Carl B. Schreck. "Chemosensory detection of predators by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): behavioural reaction and the physiological stress response." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-074.

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Behavioral and physiological reactions were examined in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after the chemodetection of alarm substance and chemical stimuli released from predators and nonpredators. Chemical stimulus from northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) was avoided in a two-choice Y trough, whereas stimulus from the largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) was not. Paradoxically, both stimuli induced a stress response as indicated by elevations in plasma Cortisol and glucose. Plasma thyroxine was not a sensitive indicator of stress. Extracts from the broken skin of squawfish or suckers induced a physiological stress response, thereby raising the possibility of a nonostariophysan fish recognizing an ostariophysan alarm substance. Rinses from human skin or L-serine were behaviorally avoided, but neither stimulus induced physiological stress responses. A conclusion from these results is that behavioral and physiological reactions to chemical stimuli from predators do not necessarily co-occur. These data also suggest that fright is not necessarily a sufficient condition for inducing a stress response of the general adaptation syndrome type in fish.

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50

Dolotovskaya, Sofya, Camilo Flores Amasifuen, Caroline Elisabeth Haas, Fabian Nummert, and Eckhard W. Heymann. "Active anti-predator behaviour of red titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus)." Primate Biology 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-6-59-2019.

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Abstract. Due to their inconspicuous behaviour and colouration, it has been assumed that titi monkeys' main anti-predator behaviour is passive crypsis and hiding. So far, active predator mobbing has been documented only for black-fronted titi monkeys, Callicebus nigrifrons. Here we report for the first time mobbing behaviour of red titi monkeys, Plecturocebus cupreus (previously Callicebus cupreus), as reaction to an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and a Boa constrictor. We also report other active anti-predator behaviours, such as alarm calling and approaching, as reactions to tayras (Eira barbara) and raptors. Our observations provide additional evidence for sex differences in anti-predator behaviour, possibly related to the evolution and maintenance of social monogamy.

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