To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Alaska Ancestry.
Journal articles on the topic 'Alaska Ancestry'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Alaska Ancestry.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Liebler, Carolyn A. "Counting America’s First Peoples." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 677, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218766276.
Full textAbstract:
The descendants of the First Peoples of the Americas (labeled “American Indians and Alaska Natives” in the federal definition) are a particularly challenging group to count in censuses. In this article, I describe some enumeration issues and then outline what we have learned about American Indians and Alaska Natives from efforts that rely on individuals’ answers to census questions on race, ancestry, ethnicity, and tribe. Those who do not report a tribe and those who change their race response from one census to another complicate these efforts. Tribal self-enumeration and indigenous data sovereignty may improve data about some portions of the population. Census and survey enumeration efforts should continue to separate the concepts of race, ancestry, and tribe lest the various subpopulations become indistinguishable in the data, making the data much less useful and possibly misleading.
2
Sprott, Julie. ""Symbolic Ethnicity" and Alaska Natives of Mixed Ancestry Living in Anchorage: Enduring Group or a Sign of Impending Assimilation?" Human Organization 53, no. 4 (December 1994): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.53.4.y33p52n817466155.
Full text
3
Brown, Ryan A., Daniel L. Dickerson, David J. Klein, Denis Agniel, Carrie L. Johnson, and Elizabeth J. D’Amico. "Identifying as American Indian/Alaska Native in Urban Areas: Implications for Adolescent Behavioral Health and Well-Being." Youth & Society 53, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x19840048.
Full textAbstract:
American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth exhibit multiple health disparities, including high rates of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, violence and delinquency, and mental health problems. Approximately 70% of AI/AN youth reside in urban areas, where negative outcomes on behavioral health and well-being are often high. Identity development may be particularly complex in urban settings, where youth may face more fragmented and lower density AI/AN communities, as well as mixed racial-ethnic ancestry and decreased familiarity with AI/AN lifeways. This study examines racial-ethnic and cultural identity among AI/AN adolescents and associations with behavioral health and well-being by analyzing quantitative data collected from a baseline assessment of 185 AI/AN urban adolescents from California who were part of a substance use intervention study. Adolescents who identified as AI/AN on their survey reported better mental health, less alcohol and marijuana use, lower rates of delinquency, and increased happiness and spiritual health.
4
Boersma, Alexandra T., and Nicholas D. Pyenson. "Arktocara yakataga, a new fossil odontocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Oligocene of Alaska and the antiquity of Platanistoidea." PeerJ 4 (August 16, 2016): e2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2321.
Full textAbstract:
The diversification of crown cetacean lineages (i.e., crown Odontoceti and crown Mysticeti) occurred throughout the Oligocene, but it remains an ongoing challenge to resolve the phylogenetic pattern of their origins, especially with respect to stem lineages. One extant monotypic lineage,Platanista gangetica(the Ganges and Indus river dolphin), is the sole surviving member of the broader group Platanistoidea, with many fossil relatives that range from Oligocene to Miocene in age. Curiously, the highly threatenedPlatanistais restricted today to freshwater river systems of South Asia, yet nearly all fossil platanistoids are known globally from marine rocks, suggesting a marine ancestry for this group. In recent years, studies on the phylogenetic relationships in Platanistoidea have reached a general consensus about the membership of different sub-clades and putative extinct groups, although the position of some platanistoid groups (e.g., Waipatiidae) has been contested. Here we describe a new genus and species of fossil platanistoid,Arktocara yakataga, gen. et sp. nov. from the Oligocene of Alaska, USA. The type and only known specimen was collected from the marine Poul Creek Formation, a unit known to include Oligocene strata, exposed in the Yakutat City and Borough of Southeast Alaska. In our phylogenetic analysis of stem and node-based Platanistoidea,Arktocarafalls within the node-based sub-clade Allodelphinidae as the sister taxon toAllodelphis pratti. With a geochronologic age between ∼29–24 million years old,Arktocarais among the oldest crown Odontoceti, reinforcing the long-standing view that the diversification for crown lineages must have occurred no later than the early Oligocene.
5
Rollins, J. L. "Body-size and growth-rate divergence among populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 11 (November 2017): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0092.
Full textAbstract:
Body size is one of the most perceptible traits of organisms and is an important fitness proxy in evolutionary studies. Oceanic threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) have colonized and adapted to numerous freshwater habitats throughout the Holarctic since the most recent glacial retreat, giving us natural “replicates” of both convergent and divergent evolution. I observed considerable body-size variation among 22 threespine stickleback populations within a small region surrounding Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. Larger bodied populations tended to have bimodal size-frequency distributions, whereas most smaller bodied populations had unimodal distributions. Bimodal distributions suggested the presence of at least two age classes within large-bodied populations. I used a Bayesian approach to infer mean size of presumed age-1 and age-2+ fish from bimodal size-frequency distributions; I found significant differences in size among populations within ages and sexes, suggesting significant divergence in growth rate among populations. I did not find significant correlations between growth rates (age-specific size) and geographic distances among populations, drainage affiliation, or distance to the sea. Thus, historical processes like isolation by distance, gene flow, or recent common ancestry did not explain differences in growth among populations, suggesting a role for local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity in size divergence.
6
Cacari Stone, Lisa, Magdalena Avila, and Bonnie Duran. "El Nacimiento del Pueblo Mestizo: Critical Discourse on Historical Trauma, Community Resilience and Healing." Health Education & Behavior 48, no. 3 (June 2021): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981211010099.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. Historical trauma has been widely applied to American Indian/Alaska Native and other Indigenous populations and includes dimensions of language, sociocultural, and land losses and associated physical and mental disorders, as well as economic hardships. Insufficient evidence remains on the experiences of historical trauma due to waves of colonization for mixed-race Mexican people with indigenous ancestry (el pueblo mestizo). Research Question. Drawing from our critical lenses and epistemic advantages as indigenous feminist scholars, we ask, “How can historical trauma be understood through present-day discourse of two mestizo communities? What are public health practice and policy implications for healing historical trauma among mestizo populations?” Methodology and Approach. We analyzed the discourse from two community projects: focus groups and ethnographic field notes from a study in the U.S.–Mexico border region (2012–2014) and field notes and digital stories from a service-learning course in northern New Mexico (2016–2018). Findings. Our analysis describes the social and historical experiences of Mexicans, Mexican Americans, Chicanas/os, and Nuevo Mexicano peoples in the southwestern border region of the United States. We found four salient themes as manifestations of “soul-wound”: (1) violence/fear, (2) discrimination/shame, (3) loss, and (4) deep sorrow. Themes mitigating the trauma were community resiliency rooted in “querencia” (deep connection to land/home/people) and “conscientizacion” (critical consciousness). Conclusion. Historical trauma experienced by mestizo Latinx communities is rooted in local cultural and intergenerational narratives that link traumatic events in the historic past to contemporary local experiences. Future public health interventions should draw on culturally centered strength-based resilience approaches for healing trauma and advancing health equity.
7
Rudolph, Karen M., Alan J. Parkinson, and Marilyn C. Roberts. "Molecular Analysis by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Antibiogram of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 6B Isolates from Selected Areas within the United States." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 9 (1998): 2703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.9.2703-2707.1998.
Full textAbstract:
Fifty-eight clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B, including 16 from Alaska, 14 from Arizona, 11 from Washington, and 17 from seven additional states, were analyzed. The antibiograms of these isolates were assigned to 10 antibiotic profiles based on their susceptibilities to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Thirty-two (55%) of these isolates were penicillin nonsusceptible, while 21 (36%) were intermediate or resistant to three or more antibiotics. The restriction endonucleases ApaI and SmaI were used to digest intact chromosomes, and the fragments were resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The ApaI and SmaI PFGE patterns were combined, and 13 of the 16 Alaskan isolates showed indistinguishable PFGE patterns. One other isolate exhibited highly related ApaI and SmaI PFGE patterns, differing by only one band after restriction with ApaI. Among the 14 isolates from Arizona, 1 was indistinguishable from the predominantApaI and SmaI PFGE patterns seen in the Alaskan isolates; 5 others were highly related (±1 band after cutting with either enzyme) to the Alaskan isolates, suggesting a common ancestral origin. Of the remaining eight isolates, six additional ApaI plus SmaI PFGE patterns were observed. The 28 isolates from the various contiguous states had 22ApaI plus SmaI PFGE patterns. No correlations were found between specific PFGE patterns, antibiograms, dates of isolation, or geography. The serotype 6B isolates across the contiguous United States were genetically diverse, while the 6B isolates from Alaska appeared to be much less diverse.
8
Dodson, Stanley I., Daniel A. Skelly, and Carol Eunmi Lee. "Out of Alaska: morphological diversity within the genus Eurytemora from its ancestral Alaskan range (Crustacea, Copepoda)." Hydrobiologia 653, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0351-3.
Full text
9
Zhang, Chenan, Quinn Ostrom, Helen Hansen, Adam de Smith, Cassie Kline, Carol Kruchko, Zalman Vaksman, et al. "PDTM-33. EUROPEAN GENETIC ANCESTRY ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF CHILDHOOD EPENDYMOMA." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.809.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract BACKGROUND Ependymoma is a histologically-defined central nervous system tumor most commonly occurring in children. Incidence differs by race/ethnicity, with individuals of European ancestry at highest risk. No large-scale genomic analyses of ependymoma predisposition have been conducted to date. We aimed to determine whether extent of European genetic ancestry is associated with ependymoma risk. METHODS In a multi-ethnic study of Californian children (327 cases, 1970 controls), we estimated the proportions of European, African, and Native American ancestry among admixed Hispanic and African-American subjects and estimated European substructure among non-Hispanic white subjects using genome-wide data. We tested whether genome-wide ancestry differences were associated with ependymoma risk and performed admixture mapping to identify associations with local European ancestry. We also re-analyzed CBTRUS data to examine subtype-specific differences in ependymoma incidence across racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS Each 20% increase in European ancestry was associated with 1.31-fold greater odds of ependymoma among Hispanic and African-American subjects (95% CI: 1.08–1.59, Pmeta=6.7×10–3). Among non-Hispanic whites, European ancestral substructure was also significantly associated with ependymoma risk. Local admixture mapping revealed a peak at 20p13 associated with increased local European ancestry, and genotype association analysis in the region identified an association upstream of R-spondin 4 that survived Bonferroni correction (P=2.2x10-5) but was not validated in an independent set of posterior fossa type A (PF-EPN-A) patients. In complementary CBTRUS analyses, American Indian/Alaskan Natives were at reduced risk relative to non-Hispanic whites (RR=0.64, 95% CI:0.46–0.87), as were African-Americans (RR=0.67, 95% CI:0.60–0.74) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (RR=0.86, 95% CI:0.73–1.00). Although overall ependymoma rates were similar in U.S. Hispanics (RR=0.96, 95% CI:0.88–1.05), lower rates were observed for myxopapillary ependymoma and other spinal ependymoma. CONCLUSION Inter-ethnic differences in ependymoma risk vary by histopathologic and potentially molecular subgroup, and are recapitulated in the genomic ancestry of ependymoma patients.
10
Seymour, M. S., K. E. Ott, D. A. Guertin, H. N. Golden, D. B. McDonald, and M. Ben-David. "Early Holocene glacial retreat isolated populations of river otters (Lontra canadensis) along the Alaskan coast." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 9 (September 2012): 1136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-082.
Full textAbstract:
Pleistocene climatic oscillations have resulted in high rates of speciation. Lesser known are speciation events related to recent glacial retreats. During the early Holocene many Alaskan coastal glaciers receded, exposing much of the Kodiak Island Archipelago (KOD), the Kenai Peninsula, and Prince William Sound (PWS). Using fecal DNA analyses on samples collected in KOD, PWS, Kenai Fjords National Park (KEFJ), Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM), and Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC), we found isolation by distance to be an important mechanism for the divergence of populations of river otters ( Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)) along the Pacific coast. Nonetheless, our results also demonstrated that KOD river otters appear to be more isolated genetically from their mainland conspecifics (approximately 50 km away), as river otters inhabiting PWS are from those in BC (over 2500 km away). In addition, KATM and KOD otters likely differentiated from one ancestral stock that inhabited the southwestern shores of Alaska during the Pleistocene and was isolated from more easterly populations by distance. The low genetic diversity among KOD river otters, compared with similar subpopulations in PWS, is likely the result of a founder effect and limited gene flow among the different islands within the Archipelago. Our observation that glacial retreat, rising sea levels, and formation of the Gulf of Alaska Coastal Current in the early Holocene likely led to divergence of populations of river otters, a highly mobile semiaquatic mammal, highlights the potential for future speciation events related to current climate change and ocean currents in coastal animal populations.
11
Moss, Madonna L. "Did Tlingit Ancestors Eat Sea Otters? Addressing Intellectual Property and Cultural Heritage through Zooarchaeology." American Antiquity 85, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.101.
Full textAbstract:
The maritime fur trade caused the extirpation of sea otters from southeast Alaska. In the 1960s, sea otters were reintroduced, and their numbers have increased. Now, sea otters are competing with people for what have become commercially important invertebrates. After having been absent for more than a century, the reentry of this keystone species has unsettled people. Although some communities perceive sea otters as a threat to their livelihoods, others view their return as restoration of the marine ecosystem. The federal Marine Mammal Protection Act authorizes any Alaska Native to harvest sea otters for subsistence provided that the harvest is not wasteful. Some people are seeking to define “traditional” Tlingit use of sea otters as not only using their pelts but consuming them as food, but some Tlingit maintain they never ate sea otters. This project analyzes the largest precontact archaeological assemblage of sea otter bones in southeast Alaska, with the benefit of insights gained from observing a Tlingit hunter skin a sea otter to infer that Tlingit ancestors hunted sea otters primarily for pelts. The extent to which other Indigenous peoples of the North Pacific consumed sea otters as food deserves investigation, especially as sea otters recolonize their historic range.
12
Cecile, M. P., J. C. Harrison, M. K. Kos'ko, and R. R. Parrish. "Precambrian U–Pb ages of igneous rocks, Wrangel Complex, Wrangel Island, USSR." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-117.
Full textAbstract:
Proterozoic rocks exposed in an anticlinorium at the centre of Wrangel Island are among some of the few exposures of Precambrian strata around Canada Basin. U–Pb zircon dating of samples collected during joint Canadian–Soviet fieldwork on the island has provided crystallization ages of [Formula: see text] on a volcanic rock, 699 ± 2 Ma on a porphyritic granite sill, and a very imprecise age of ca. 0.7 Ga on a small leucogranite. Broadly similar 600–750 Ma, mostly metamorphic, ages are known from both the Arctic Alaska and northern Chukotkan parts of what is called the Arctic Alaska – Chukotka Ancestral Plate, supporting the hypothesis that they were once a single entity. By contrast, potential Late Proterozoic equivalents in the Canadian Arctic Islands include a deeply buried and relatively undeformed seismically defined succession of hypothesized Late Proterozoic age, now at greenschist-facies metamorphic grade, and the unmetamorphosed 725 Ma Franklin mafic sills, dykes, and volcanic rocks. The differences in metamorphic and igneous ages between the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka Ancestral Plate and the Canadian Arctic Islands suggest that these two areas have fundamentally different Precambrian rocks. If so, this challenges the fundamental assumption of most paleogeographic models of the pre-Canada Basin Arctic that the two areas once formed a single continuous plate. Earlier K–Ar dates together with major unconformities in Phanerozoic successions on Wrangel Island suggest early Paleozoic orogenic events.
13
Lescak, Emily A., Susan L. Bassham, Julian Catchen, Ofer Gelmond, Mary L. Sherbick, Frank A. von Hippel, and William A. Cresko. "Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 52 (December 14, 2015): E7204—E7212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512020112.
Full textAbstract:
How rapidly can animal populations in the wild evolve when faced with sudden environmental shifts? Uplift during the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake abruptly created freshwater ponds on multiple islands in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. In the short time since the earthquake, the phenotypes of resident freshwater threespine stickleback fish on at least three of these islands have changed dramatically from their oceanic ancestors. To test the hypothesis that these freshwater populations were derived from oceanic ancestors only 50 y ago, we generated over 130,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes from more than 1,000 individuals using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). Population genomic analyses of these data support the hypothesis of recent and repeated, independent colonization of freshwater habitats by oceanic ancestors. We find evidence of recurrent gene flow between oceanic and freshwater ecotypes where they co-occur. Our data implicate natural selection in phenotypic diversification and support the hypothesis that the metapopulation organization of this species helps maintain a large pool of genetic variation that can be redeployed rapidly when oceanic stickleback colonize freshwater environments. We find that the freshwater populations, despite population genetic analyses clearly supporting their young age, have diverged phenotypically from oceanic ancestors to nearly the same extent as populations that were likely founded thousands of years ago. Our results support the intriguing hypothesis that most stickleback evolution in fresh water occurs within the first few decades after invasion of a novel environment.
14
van Asch, Barbara, Ai-bing Zhang, Mattias C. R. Oskarsson, Cornelya F. C. Klütsch, António Amorim, and Peter Savolainen. "Pre-Columbian origins of Native American dog breeds, with only limited replacement by European dogs, confirmed by mtDNA analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1766 (September 7, 2013): 20131142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1142.
Full textAbstract:
Dogs were present in pre-Columbian America, presumably brought by early human migrants from Asia. Studies of free-ranging village/street dogs have indicated almost total replacement of these original dogs by European dogs, but the extent to which Arctic, North and South American breeds are descendants of the original population remains to be assessed. Using a comprehensive phylogeographic analysis, we traced the origin of the mitochondrial DNA lineages for Inuit, Eskimo and Greenland dogs, Alaskan Malamute, Chihuahua, xoloitzcuintli and perro sín pelo del Peru, by comparing to extensive samples of East Asian ( n = 984) and European dogs ( n = 639), and previously published pre-Columbian sequences. Evidence for a pre-Columbian origin was found for all these breeds, except Alaskan Malamute for which results were ambigous. No European influence was indicated for the Arctic breeds Inuit, Eskimo and Greenland dog, and North/South American breeds had at most 30% European female lineages, suggesting marginal replacement by European dogs. Genetic continuity through time was shown by the sharing of a unique haplotype between the Mexican breed Chihuahua and ancient Mexican samples. We also analysed free-ranging dogs, confirming limited pre-Columbian ancestry overall, but also identifying pockets of remaining populations with high proportion of indigenous ancestry, and we provide the first DNA-based evidence that the Carolina dog, a free-ranging population in the USA, may have an ancient Asian origin.
15
Bader and Malhi. "Case Study on Ancestry Estimation in an Alaskan Native Family: Identity and Safeguards against Reductionism." Human Biology 87, no. 4 (2015): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.87.4.0338.
Full text
16
Gigante, Gao, Tang, McCollum, Wilkins, Reynolds, Davidson, McLaughlin, Olson, and Li. "Genome of Alaskapox Virus, A Novel Orthopoxvirus Isolated from Alaska." Viruses 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080708.
Full textAbstract:
Since the eradication of smallpox, there have been increases in poxvirus infections and the emergence of several novel poxviruses that can infect humans and domestic animals. In 2015, a novel poxvirus was isolated from a resident of Alaska. Diagnostic testing and limited sequence analysis suggested this isolate was a member of the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus but was highly diverged from currently known species, including Akhmeta virus. Here, we present the complete 210,797 bp genome sequence of the Alaska poxvirus isolate, containing 206 predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis of the conserved central region of the genome suggested the Alaska isolate shares a common ancestor with Old World OPXVs and is diverged from New World OPXVs. We propose this isolate as a member of a new OPXV species, Alaskapox virus (AKPV). The AKPV genome contained host range and virulence genes typical of OPXVs but lacked homologs of C4L and B7R, and the hemagglutinin gene contained a unique 120 amino acid insertion. Seven predicted AKPV proteins were most similar to proteins in non-OPXV Murmansk or NY_014 poxviruses. Genomic analysis revealed evidence suggestive of recombination with Ectromelia virus in two putative regions that contain seven predicted coding sequences, including the A-type inclusion protein.
17
KUZMIN, I. V., G. J. HUGHES, A. D. BOTVINKIN, S. G. GRIBENCHA, and C. E. RUPPRECHT. "Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 4 (June 29, 2007): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880700903x.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYForty-one newly sequenced isolates of Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from GenBank. Four phylogenetic lineages of Arctic viruses were identified. Arctic-1 viruses circulate in Ontario, Arctic-2 viruses circulate in Siberia and Alaska, Arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage Arctic-4 circulates locally in Alaska. The oldest available isolates from Siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the Arctic-2 and Arctic-3 lineages and share 98·6–99·2% N gene identity with contemporary viruses. Two lineages of Arctic-like viruses were identified in southern Asia and the Middle East (Arctic-like-1) and eastern Asia (Arctic-like-2). A time-scaled tree demonstrates that the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of Arctic and Arctic-like viruses is dated between 1255 and 1786. Evolution of the Arctic viruses has occurred through a northerly spread. The Arctic-like-2 lineage diverged first, whereas Arctic viruses share a TMRCA with Arctic-like-1 viruses.
18
Salis Reyes, Nicole Alia. "“What Am I Doing to Be a Good Ancestor?”: An Indigenized Phenomenology of Giving Back Among Native College Graduates." American Educational Research Journal 56, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 603–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831218807180.
Full textAbstract:
Although giving back is consistently recognized as a goal of Native (Native Hawaiian, Native American, and Alaska Native) college students, little in the literature describes giving back in detail. To fill this gap, this research examines the essence of giving back as it is experienced by Native college graduates. It explores, through both Indigenous and phenomenological research methodologies, how Native college graduates come to value giving back, enact giving back, and make meaning of giving back. The findings from this study contribute to what is known about how Native college graduates may contribute to the self-determination of their nations and call for a reconceptualization of postsecondary success for Native peoples.
19
Røed, Knut H., and D. C. Thomas. "Transferrin variation and evolution of Canadian barren-ground caribou." Rangifer 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.883.
Full textAbstract:
Blood samples were obtained from 95 barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) of the Beverly herd in Northwest Territories, Canada. Polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis was used to score for genetic variation in the locus coding for transferrin. The pattern of allele frequency distribution are compared with previously reported values of Eurasian tundra reindeer (R.t. tarandus), Alaska caribou (R.t. granti), Peary caribou (R.t. pearyi), and Svalbard reindeer (R.t. platyrhynchus). In the Beverly herd a total of 21 different transferrin alleles were detected. The amount of genetic variation was higher in the Canadian barren-ground caribou than what has been detected in other subspecies of reindeer/caribou. Highly gene-tical differences in the allele frequencies were detected between the Canadian barren-ground caribou and the other subspecies. The genetic identity analyses indicates approximately the same amount of genetic differentiation when the Canadian barren-ground caribou are compared with Alaska caribou as with the Peary caribou. The allele frequency pattern could be explained by a possible origin of the Canadian barren-ground caribou from an ancestral population which was genetical influenced by animals surviving the We-ichselian glaciation in refugia both in high Arctic, in Beringia, and south of the ice sheet.
20
Hard, Jeffrey J., and William R. Heard. "Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-199.
Full textAbstract:
In 1976 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gametes from the Chickamin and Unuk rivers in southeastern Alaska were transplanted 250 km to establish hatchery runs at Little Port Walter (LPW), Baranof Island. From 1977 to 1989, 1 862 058 marked smolts from 12 broods were released from LPW. Homing and straying were estimated from adult recoveries at 25 locations in Alaska and British Columbia between 1981 and 1989. Of 22 198 LPW fish recovered over this period, 21 934 (98.8%) were collected at LPW. Of 264 fish recovered elsewhere, 38.3% were within 7 km of LPW; 64.4% were within 25 km of LPW. No LPW fish were recovered from the ancestral rivers, but nine fish were recovered from rivers supporting wild chinook salmon. Straying declined with distance from the release site but varied between hatcheries and streams. Straying declined with increasing age and run size. Straying was similar between the populations but varied among broods, and analysis of straying in experimental groups provided evidence for a heritable component. Males strayed more often than females. Population, gender, run size, and recovery age interacted to produce substantial variation in straying, indicating that run composition can produce complex straying responses.
21
Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia, Charles R. Bacon, Paul B. O’Sullivan, and Warren C. Day. "Apatite fission-track evidence for regional exhumation in the subtropical Eocene, block faulting, and localized fluid flow in east-central Alaska." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 3 (March 2016): 260–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0138.
Full textAbstract:
The origin and antiquity of the subdued topography of the Yukon–Tanana Upland (YTU), the physiographic province between the Denali and Tintina faults, are unresolved questions in the geologic history of interior Alaska and adjacent Yukon. We present apatite fission-track (AFT) results for 33 samples from the 2300 km2 western Fortymile district in the YTU in Alaska and propose an exhumation model that is consistent with preservation of volcanic rocks in valleys that requires base level stability of several drainages since latest Cretaceous–Paleocene time. AFT thermochronology indicates widespread cooling below ∼110 °C at ∼56–47 Ma (early Eocene) and ∼44–36 Ma (middle Eocene). Samples with ∼33–27, ∼19, and ∼10 Ma AFT ages, obtained near a major northeast-trending fault zone, apparently reflect hydrothermal fluid flow. Uplift and erosion following ∼107 Ma magmatism exposed plutonic rocks to different extents in various crustal blocks by latest Cretaceous time. We interpret the Eocene AFT ages to suggest that higher elevations were eroded during the Paleogene subtropical climate of the subarctic, while base level remained essentially stable. Tertiary basins outboard of the YTU contain sediment that may account for the required >2 km of removed overburden that was not carried to the sea by the ancestral Yukon River system. We consider a climate driven explanation for the Eocene AFT ages to be most consistent with geologic constraints in concert with block faulting related to translation on the Denali and Tintina faults resulting from oblique subduction along the southern margin of Alaska.
22
Kelso, Sylvia. "Conspectus of the genus Douglasia (Primulaceae) with comments on Douglasia alaskana, an Alaska–Yukon alpine endemic." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-076.
Full textAbstract:
The endemic North American genus Douglasia has been considered dubiously distinct from its widespread Asiatic relative Androsace, differing primarily in flower color and growth habit. The distinctive nature of Douglasia is reaffirmed here, and the definition of the genus is amplified with additional characters that include an exserted corolla tube, stellate pubescence, multiple scapes, sessile umbels, and a higher chromosome number. A species endemic to Alaska and the Yukon, formerly known as Androsace alaskana, is transferred to Douglasia on this basis. This taxon is apparently closed related to Asiatic members of Androsace and may represent an ancestral link between the two genera. Key words: Androsace, Arctic, Douglasia, Primulaceae.
23
Waythomas, Christopher F., and Kristi L. Wallace. "Flank collapse at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, recorded by volcanic mass-flow deposits in the Copper River lowland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-032.
Full textAbstract:
An areally extensive volcanic mass-flow deposit of Pleistocene age, known as the Chetaslina volcanic mass-flow deposit, is a prominent and visually striking deposit in the southeastern Copper River lowland of south-central Alaska. The mass-flow deposit consists of a diverse mixture of colorful, variably altered volcanic rocks, lahar deposits, glaciolacustrine diamicton, and till that record a major flank collapse on the southwest flank of Mount Wrangell. The deposit is well exposed near its presumed source, and thick, continuous, stratigraphic exposures have permitted us to study its sedimentary characteristics as a means of better understanding the origin, significance, and evolution of the deposit. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow in the Chetaslina River drainage are primary debris-avalanche deposits and consist of two principal facies types, a near-source block facies and a distal mixed facies. The block facies is composed entirely of block-supported, shattered and fractured blocks with individual blocks up to 40 m in diameter. The mixed facies consists of block-sized particles in a matrix of poorly sorted rock rubble, sand, and silt generated by the comminution of larger blocks. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow exposed along the Copper, Tonsina, and Chitina rivers are debris-flow deposits that evolved from the debris-avalanche component of the flow and from erosion and entrainment of local glacial and glaciolacustrine diamicton in the Copper River lowland. The debris-flow deposits were probably generated through mixing of the distal debris avalanche with the ancestral Copper River, or through breaching of a debris-avalanche dam across the ancestral river. The distribution of facies types and major-element chemistry of clasts in the deposit indicate that its source was an ancestral volcanic edifice, informally known as the Chetaslina vent, on the southwest side of Mount Wrangell. A major sector collapse of the Chetaslina vent initiated the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow forming a debris avalanche of about 4 km3 that subsequently transformed to a debris flow of unknown volume.
24
Crowell, Aron L. "Terms of engagement: The collaborative representation of Alutiiq identity." Études/Inuit/Studies 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2006): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012637ar.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The book and exhibition Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People present both Alutiiq and anthropological perspectives on a complex Alaska Native ethnicity. This community-based project, produced by the Smithsonian Institution and Alutiiq Museum in Kodiak, is considered within several frames: cultural identity and revitalization in the Alutiiq region, the new paradigm of collaborative anthropology, and contrasting essentialist and constructivist models of cultural change. An Alutiiq “cultural logic” of connection to ancestors, kin, place and a provident natural environment is proposed as the basis for continuity of identity through two centuries of cultural transformation. Collaborative engagement in Indigenous heritage projects is discussed as a complex but indispensable commitment for contemporary anthropology.
25
West, Dixie, Michael Crawford, and Arkady B. Savinetsky. "Genetics, prehistory and the colonisation of the Aleutian Islands." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98, no. 1 (March 2007): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691007000023.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe 1800 km-long Aleutian archipelago represents a model ecosystem to track human–environmental interactions across space and through time. Defining the southern margin of Beringia across which much of the early peopling of the Americas occurred, the Aleutians present a 9000 year record of human occupation in the eastern part of the island chain, and more than 3000 years in the west. Molecular evidence demonstrates: (1) that Aleuts shared common ancestry with Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos of Chukotka; (2) the original patterns of migration into the Aleutian islands were from the Alaskan peninsula in a westward direction with no evidence for island-hopping from Kamchatka; and (3) a highly significant statistical relationship between geography and genetics, based on mtDNA sequences, was observed despite previous population disruption. Historically, the Aleutian region is a rich ecotone, with ocean fisheries, abundant populations of large marine mammals, thick kelp forests, complex near-shore ecosystems and intertidal zones, spawning streams, and a highly diverse avian fauna. Each of these environments and resources has been pivotal in shaping the adaptive strategies of human occupants of the island chain since the initial colonisation of the Aleutians from the Alaskan Peninsula. In turn, Holocene human immigration, prehistoric cultural adaptations and subsequent historic events have had reciprocal impacts on the natural systems of the Aleutians.
26
Ager, Thomas A., John V. Matthews, and Warren Yeend. "Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation." Quaternary International 22-23 (January 1994): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4.
Full text
27
Britten, Hugh B., and Peter F. Brussard. "Genetic divergence and the Pleistocene history of the alpine butterflies Boloria improba (Nymphalidae) and the endangered Boloria acrocnema (Nymphalidae) in western North America." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-081.
Full textAbstract:
Allozymes were assayed at 20 presumptive loci in increasingly isolated populations of alpine butterflies in the Boloria improba species-group including the endangered Boloria acrocnema. Populations of this Holarctic group were sampled along the Rocky Mountain Cordillera from the Yukon Territory to Colorado. Samples from a more widely distributed and generalist butterfly, Boloria titania, were assayed at 18 presumptive loci for comparative purposes. Estimates of heterozygosity, percent polymorphic loci, mean number of alleles per locus, genetic identity, and distribution of regional and private alleles indicated that the current distribution of butterflies in the B. improba group is the result of a vicariance event. During the last Wisconsin glacial maximum (20 000 to 18 000 years BP) the range of ancestral B. improba was split into Alaskan refugial populations and southern glacial-margin populations. Subsequent dispersal into an ice-free corridor 12 000 to 10 000 years BP from the Alaskan refugial populations gave rise to British Columbia and Alberta B. improba populations. Results from B. titania support these findings.
28
Pistore, A. E., T. N. Barry, E. Bowles, R. Sharma, S. L. Vanderzwan, S. M. Rogers, and H. A. Jamniczky. "Characterizing phenotypic divergence using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics in four populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus; Pisces: Gasterosteidae) in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 7 (July 2016): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0239.
Full textAbstract:
The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) is a vertebrate model for the study of the relationship between phenotype and environment in facilitating rapid evolutionary change. Using four populations from a system of lakes in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, and microcomputed tomography and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that stickleback populations inhabiting freshwater environments display cranial phenotypes that are intermediate between the putative ancestral form and the low-plated freshwater populations that demonstrate substantial divergence toward new phenotypic optima. We further test the hypothesis that phenotypic covariance structure is disrupted in the context of such putatively recent adaptive events. We report significant phenotypic differences among all four populations that includes a component of sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, we show evidence of disrupted phenotypic covariance structure among these populations. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of phenotypic quantification as a key step in elucidating both the ecological processes responsible for rapid adaptive radiations and the role of developmental mechanisms in biasing evolutionary change.
29
Burr, Kirsti, Shipra Mittal, Andy Hopkins, and Carolyn Young. "Characterisation of fungal endophytes present in Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye)." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3126.
Full textAbstract:
Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye - CWR) is a native perennial cool season bunch grass tolerant to a range of soils, winter hardy and able to grow across the United Sates and as far North as Southern Alaska. Canada wildrye is often used for prairie restoration, conservation and erosion stabilisation. Young CWR plant tissue is palatable and nutritious to grazing animals. CWR has been reported to harbour a sexual endophytic fungus, Epichloë elymi, but some accessions have been identified that have not produced stroma. We isolated and characterised the epichloë endophytes from three endophyte-infected CWR accessions collected from Mexico and Texas. We established that the endophytes present in these CWR accessions are of hybrid origin, with E. elymi and E. amarillans ancestral genomes, and are therefore considered to be asexual isolates. The endophytes were examined for their alkaloid potential, particularly the detrimental ergot alkaloids, with inconclusive results. Keywords: Elymus canadensis, Canada wildrye, hybrid, Epichloë elymi, Epichloë amarillans
30
Lindo, John, Alessandro Achilli, Ugo A. Perego, David Archer, Cristina Valdiosera, Barbara Petzelt, Joycelynn Mitchell, et al. "Ancient individuals from the North American Northwest Coast reveal 10,000 years of regional genetic continuity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (April 4, 2017): 4093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620410114.
Full textAbstract:
Recent genomic studies of both ancient and modern indigenous people of the Americas have shed light on the demographic processes involved during the first peopling. The Pacific Northwest Coast proves an intriguing focus for these studies because of its association with coastal migration models and genetic ancestral patterns that are difficult to reconcile with modern DNA alone. Here, we report the low-coverage genome sequence of an ancient individual known as “Shuká Káa” (“Man Ahead of Us”) recovered from the On Your Knees Cave (OYKC) in southeastern Alaska (archaeological site 49-PET-408). The human remains date to ∼10,300 calendar (cal) y B.P. We also analyze low-coverage genomes of three more recent individuals from the nearby coast of British Columbia dating from ∼6,075 to 1,750 cal y B.P. From the resulting time series of genetic data, we show that the Pacific Northwest Coast exhibits genetic continuity for at least the past 10,300 cal y B.P. We also infer that population structure existed in the late Pleistocene of North America with Shuká Káa on a different ancestral line compared with other North American individuals from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene (i.e., Anzick-1 and Kennewick Man). Despite regional shifts in mtDNA haplogroups, we conclude from individuals sampled through time that people of the northern Northwest Coast belong to an early genetic lineage that may stem from a late Pleistocene coastal migration into the Americas.
31
Voelker, Gary. "Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Wagtails: Dispersal Versus Vicariance Revisited." Condor 104, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.725.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and ND2 genes were used in analyses of phylogenetic relationships of 10 of the 11 currently recognized species of wagtails (Aves: Motacilla). All analyses produced similar hypotheses of species relationships. Both Motacilla citreola and M. flava are paraphyletic, and consist of two and three distinct clades, respectively. M. lugens and M. alba are paraphyletic with respect to one another. None of the three currently recognized superspecies are monophyletic. A series of alternative tree topologies on which species and superspecies monophyly were enforced were significantly worse estimates of relationships in all cases except that of lugens and alba. Ancestral area reconstructions suggest that Motacilla arose in the eastern Palearctic; molecular-clock dates suggest that this occurred roughly 4.5 million years ago. Motacilla colonized Africa around 4.5 million years ago, and accomplished a second ancestral colonization of that continent about 2.9 million years ago. A number of recent dispersals from Eurasia to North Africa and North America (via both Alaska and Greenland) have occurred, and no fewer than 26 dispersals have occurred throughout the evolution of the modern distribution of this genus. This result, similar to results of other recently studied avian lineages, strongly suggests that dispersal has been an important factor in the development of modern-day avian distributions. Sistemática y Biogeografía Histórica de Motacilla: Revisión de Dispersión Versus Vicarianza Resumen. Se usaron secuencias de nucleótidos de los genes mitocondriales citocromo b y ND2 en análisis de relaciones filogenéticas en 10 de las 11 especies de aves actualmente reconocidas del género Motacilla. Todos los análisis produjeron hipótesis similares sobre las relaciones entre las especies. Tanto M. citreola como M. flava son parafiléticas, con dos y tres clados distintivos, respectivamente. M. lugens y M. alba son parafiléticas en relación a una con la otra. Ninguna de las tres super-especies actualmente reconocidas es monofilética. Una serie de árboles topológicos alternativos, en los cuales se forzó la monofilia de las especies y super-especies, brindaron estimaciones de las relaciones significativamente peores para todos los casos, con excepción de aquella para lugens y alba. Reconstrucciones ancestrales de área sugieren que Motacilla surgió en el este Paleártico; las fechas del reloj molecular sugieren que esto ocurrió hace aproximadamente 4.5 millones de años. Motacilla colonizó Africa alrededor de 4.5 millones de años atrás, y protagonizó una segunda colonización ancestral de este continente cerca de 2.9 millones de años atrás. Una serie de dispersiones recientes han ocurrido desde Eurasia hacia Africa del Norte y América del Norte (vía Alaska y Groenlandia), y no menos de 26 dispersiones han ocurrido a lo largo de la evolución de la distribución moderna de este género. Este resultado, similar al de otros estudios recientes de linajes de aves, sugiere con firmeza que la dispersión ha sido un factor importante en el desarrollo de las distribuciones modernas de aves.
32
Blair, Berill, and Amy Lovecraft. "Risks Without Borders: A Cultural Consensus Model of Risks to Sustainability in Rapidly Changing Social–Ecological Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062446.
Full textAbstract:
Global sustainability goals cannot realistically be achieved without strategies that build on multiscale definitions of risks to wellbeing. Particularly in geographic contexts experiencing rapid and complex social and environmental changes, there is a growing need to empower communities to realize self-identified adaptation goals that address self-identified risks. Meeting this demand requires tools that can help assess shared understandings about the needs for, and barriers to, positive change. This study explores consensus about risks and uncertainties in adjacent boroughs grappling with rapid social–ecological transformations in northern Alaska. The Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs, like the rest of the Arctic, are coping with a climate that is warming twice as fast as in other regions. The boroughs are predominantly inhabited by Iñupiat people, for whom the region is ancestral grounds, whose livelihoods are still supported by subsistence activities, and whose traditional tribal governance has been weakened through multiple levels of governing bodies and institutions. Drawing on extensive workshop discussions and survey experiments conducted with residents of the two boroughs, we developed a model of the northern Alaska region’s social–ecological system and its drivers of change. Using cultural consensus analysis, we gauged the extent of consensus across the boroughs about what key risks threaten the sustainability of their communities. Though both boroughs occupy vast swaths of land, each with their own resource, leadership, and management challenges, we found strong consensus around how risks that impact the sustainability of communities are evaluated and prioritized. Our results further confirmed that rapid and complex changes are creating high levels of uncertainties for community planners in both boroughs. We discuss the mobilizing potential of risk consensus toward collective adaptation action in the civic process of policy making. We note the contribution of cultural consensus analysis as a tool for cross-scale learning in areas coping with rapid environmental changes and complex social challenges.
33
Ameen, Carly, Tatiana R. Feuerborn, Sarah K. Brown, Anna Linderholm, Ardern Hulme-Beaman, Ophélie Lebrasseur, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding, et al. "Specialized sledge dogs accompanied Inuit dispersal across the North American Arctic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (November 27, 2019): 20191929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1929.
Full textAbstract:
Domestic dogs have been central to life in the North American Arctic for millennia. The ancestors of the Inuit were the first to introduce the widespread usage of dog sledge transportation technology to the Americas, but whether the Inuit adopted local Palaeo-Inuit dogs or introduced a new dog population to the region remains unknown. To test these hypotheses, we generated mitochondrial DNA and geometric morphometric data of skull and dental elements from a total of 922 North American Arctic dogs and wolves spanning over 4500 years. Our analyses revealed that dogs from Inuit sites dating from 2000 BP possess morphological and genetic signatures that distinguish them from earlier Palaeo-Inuit dogs, and identified a novel mitochondrial clade in eastern Siberia and Alaska. The genetic legacy of these Inuit dogs survives today in modern Arctic sledge dogs despite phenotypic differences between archaeological and modern Arctic dogs. Together, our data reveal that Inuit dogs derive from a secondary pre-contact migration of dogs distinct from Palaeo-Inuit dogs, and probably aided the Inuit expansion across the North American Arctic beginning around 1000 BP.
34
Ryan, James J., Nathan Hayward, and Lionel E. Jackson. "Landscape antiquity and Cenozoic drainage development of southern Yukon, through restoration modeling of the Tintina Fault." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 10 (October 2017): 1085–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0053.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of Tintina Fault displacement on the development of the Yukon River and drainage basins of central Yukon is investigated through geophysical and hydrological modeling of digital terrain model data. Regional geological evidence suggests that the age of the planation of the Klondike Plateau is at least Late Cretaceous, rather than Neogene as previously assumed, and that surprisingly there has been little net incision in the region since the late Mesozoic. The Tintina Fault has been previously interpreted to have experienced ∼430 km of dextral displacement, primarily during the Eocene. However, the alignment of river channels across the fault at specific displacements, coupled with recent seismic events and related fault activity, suggests that the fault may have moved in stages over a longer time span. Topographic restoration and hydrological models show that the drainage of the Yukon River northwestward into Alaska via the ancestral Kwikhpak River was only possible at restored displacements of up to ∼50–55 km on the Tintina Fault. We interpret the published drainage reversals convincingly attributed to the effects of Pliocene glaciation as an overprint on earlier Yukon River reversals attributed to tectonic displacements along the Tintina Fault. At restored displacements between 230 and 430 km, our models illustrate that paleo-Yukon River drainage may have flowed eastward into the continental interior via an ancestral Liard River. The revised drainage evolution has wide-reaching implications for surficial geology deposits, the flow direction and channel geometries of the region’s ancient rivers, and importantly, for exploration of placer gold deposits.
35
Bouckaert, Remco, Brenna C. Simons, Henrik Krarup, T. Max Friesen, and Carla Osiowy. "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling." PeerJ 5 (August 31, 2017): e3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3757.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundIndigenous populations of the circumpolar Arctic are considered to be endemically infected (>2% prevalence) with hepatitis B virus (HBV), with subgenotype B5 (formerly B6) unique to these populations. The distinctive properties of HBV/B5, including high nucleotide diversity yet no significant liver disease, suggest virus adaptation through long-term host-pathogen association.MethodsTo investigate the origin and evolutionary spread of HBV/B5 into the circumpolar Arctic, fifty-seven partial and full genome sequences from Alaska, Canada and Greenland, having known location and sampling dates spanning 40 years, were phylogeographically investigated by Bayesian analysis (BEAST 2) using a reversible-jump-based substitution model and a clock rate estimated at 4.1 × 10−5substitutions/site/year.ResultsFollowing an initial divergence from an Asian viral ancestor approximately 1954 years before present (YBP; 95% highest probability density interval [1188, 2901]), HBV/B5 coalescence occurred almost 1000 years later. Surprisingly, the HBV/B5 ancestor appears to locate first to Greenland in a rapid coastal route progression based on the landscape aware geographic model, with subsequent B5 evolution and spread westward. Bayesian skyline plot analysis demonstrated an HBV/B5 population expansion occurring approximately 400 YBP, coinciding with the disruption of the Neo-Eskimo Thule culture into more heterogeneous and regionally distinct Inuit populations throughout the North American Arctic.DiscussionHBV/B5 origin and spread appears to occur coincident with the movement of Neo-Eskimo (Inuit) populations within the past 1000 years, further supporting the hypothesis of HBV/host co-expansion, and illustrating the concept of host-pathogen adaptation and balance.
36
Huson, Heather J., Bridgett M. vonHoldt, Maud Rimbault, Alexandra M. Byers, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Heidi G. Parker, and Elaine A. Ostrander. "Breed-specific ancestry studies and genome-wide association analysis highlight an association between the MYH9 gene and heat tolerance in Alaskan sprint racing sled dogs." Mammalian Genome 23, no. 1-2 (November 22, 2011): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-011-9374-y.
Full text
37
Røed, Knut H., Michael A. D. Ferguson, Michel Crête, and Tom A. Bergerud. "Genetic variation in transferrin as a predictor for differentiation and evolution of caribou from eastern Canada." Rangifer 11, no. 2 (October 1, 1991): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.2.979.
Full textAbstract:
Polycrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse tranferrrin variation in caribou populations from Manitoba, Ontario, Québec/Labrador, and from Baffin Island, Northwest Territories in eastern Canada. The transferrin allele frequencies in these populations were compared with those previously reported for Canadian barren-ground caribou, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, Alaska caribou, R.t. grand, Peary caribou, R.t. pearyi, Svalbard reindeer, R.t. pla-tyrhynchus, and Eurasian tundra reindeer, R.t. tarandus. A total of twenty different alleles was detected in the analysed material, considerable genetic heterogeneity being detected among regions. Three alleles that were relatively common in caribou from Ontario, Manitoba and Québec/Labrador, were not present in R.t. grand, R.t. pearyi, R.t. tarandus or R.t. platyrhynchus, and present only at very low frequencies 'm R.t. groenlandicus. These findings, together with genetic identity analyses, suggest that the caribou in Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec/Labrador are mainly of the R.t. caribou type, and that little interbreeding has occurred with other subspecies. The large genetic distance in the transferrin locus between R.t. caribou and other subspecies of reindeer/caribou suggests that, during the Wisconsin glaciation the ancestral populations of R.t. caribou survived in a refugium different from that of the ancestral populations of the other subspecies. Significant genetic differences between Baffin Island caribou and all other populations were mainly due to the presence of one allele that was in high frequency in Baffin Island caribou, but that was absent, or present in very low frequencies, in all other reindeer/caribou populations. The genetic differences between Baffin Island caribou and the other subspecies were greater than the differences between several of the currently recognized subspecies.
38
Coulson, Mark W., H. Dawn Marshall, Pierre Pepin, and Steven M. Carr. "Mitochondrial genomics of gadine fishes: implications for taxonomy and biogeographic origins from whole-genome data sets." Genome 49, no. 9 (September 2006): 1115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-083.
Full textAbstract:
Phylogenetic analysis of 13 substantially complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences (14 036 bp) from 10 taxa of gadine codfishes and pollock provides highly corroborated resolution of outstanding questions on their biogeographic evolution. Of 6 resolvable nodes among species, 4 were supported by >95% of bootstrap replications in parsimony, distance, likelihood, and similarly high posterior probabilities in bayesian analyses, one by 85%–95% according to the method of analysis, and one by 99% by one method and a majority of the other two. The endemic Pacific species, walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), is more closely related to the endemic Atlantic species, Atlantic cod (Gadus macrocephalus), than either is to a second Pacific endemic, Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). The walleye pollock should thus be referred to the genus Gadus as originally described (Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas 1811). Arcto-Atlantic Greenland cod, previously regarded as a distinct species (G. ogac), are a genomically distinguishable subspecies within pan-Pacific G. macrocephalus. Of the 2 endemic Arctic Ocean genera, Polar cod (Boreogadus) as the outgroup to Arctic cod (Arctogadus) and Gadus sensu lato is more strongly supported than a pairing of Boreogadus and Arctogadus as sister taxa. Taking into consideration historical patterns of hydrogeography, we outline a hypothesis of the origin of the 2 endemic Pacific species as independent but simultaneous invasions through the Bering Strait from an Arcto-Atlantic ancestral lineage. In contrast to the genome data, the complete proteome sequence (3830 amino acids) resolved only 3 nodes with >95% confidence, and placed Alaska pollock outside the Gadus clade owing to reversal mutations in the ND5 locus that restore ancestral, non-Gadus, amino acid residues in that species.
39
Aramoana, Jaclyn, and Jonathan Koea. "An Integrative Review of the Barriers to Indigenous Peoples Participation in Biobanking and Genomic Research." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.00156.
Full textAbstract:
PURPOSE This investigation was undertaken to define the barriers to Indigenous peoples participating in biobanking and genomic research. METHODS A literature review was conducted to identify studies reporting on the experience of Indigenous peoples with biobanking, tissue banking, and genomic research. Studies pertaining to organ transplantation or blood donation for transfusion were excluded. The databases searched were MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with all literature available until the search date of June 1, 2018, included. The reference lists of all included papers, as well as related review articles, were manually searched to identify additional relevant studies. An inductive approach was used to identify common themes. RESULTS Seventeen publications discussed the experiences of New Zealand Māori (n = 2), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (n = 3), Native Hawaiian (n = 4), Native Alaskan (n = 2), American First Nation (n = 2), or multiple ethnicities (n = 4). Across all Indigenous peoples, four themes emerged: land, ancestors, culture, and bodily substances are powerfully interconnected and can act on each other; tissue and blood can provide important information (both Western and traditional) about a person; the ownership of specimens—custodians, trustees, or guardians; and the beneficence of the researchers and research team. CONCLUSION Indigenous communities, like Western populations, are concerned with issues pertaining to handling, treatment, and ownership of tissue as well as knowledge gained from specimen analysis. Unlike many Western populations, Indigenous communities have retained a strong sense of cultural connection to ancestors and traditional lands and view biologic specimens as inseparable from these things.
40
Shedd, Kyle R., Frank A. von Hippel, James J. Willacker, Troy R. Hamon, Ora L. Schlei, John K. Wenburg, Joe L. Miller, and Scott A. Pavey. "Ecological release leads to novel ontogenetic diet shift in kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 11 (November 2015): 1718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0146.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate adaptive resource polymorphism in kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Jo-Jo Lake, Alaska, by determining whether previously observed niche expansion occurs at the population or individual level. Utilizing morphological, genetic, and stable isotope techniques, we found no evidence of discrete trophic morphotypes as previously described, but instead found evidence for an ontogenetic diet shift. Carbon and nitrogen isotope data indicate a 40% decrease in the proportion of benthic feeding and an increase of one trophic position over the size and age ranges of adult kokanee, corresponding to a diet shift from consumption of macroinvertebrates in smaller individuals to piscivory in larger individuals. This novel piscivory in kokanee may result from predatory and competitive freedom resulting from the lack of limnetic predators in Jo-Jo Lake. Piscivorous feeding despite a phenotype–environment mismatch has resulted in large, piscivorous kokanee having up to 70% of their gill rakers damaged. Observed reductions in gill raker number relative to the putative ancestral population are convergent with expectations for piscivorous fishes, despite a presumed lack of standing genetic variation for piscivory in the sockeye salmon – kokanee species complex. Jo-Jo Lake kokanee are a distinctive example of adaptation in salmonids in response to ecological release. This unusual population highlights the importance of phenotypic plasticity in response to competition in shaping the adaptive landscape and altering evolutionary trajectories.
41
Ricketts, Michael P., Rachel S. Poretsky, Jeffrey M. Welker, and Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler. "Soil bacterial community and functional shifts in response to altered snowpack in moist acidic tundra of northern Alaska." SOIL 2, no. 3 (September 8, 2016): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-459-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Soil microbial communities play a central role in the cycling of carbon (C) in Arctic tundra ecosystems, which contain a large portion of the global C pool. Climate change predictions for Arctic regions include increased temperature and precipitation (i.e. more snow), resulting in increased winter soil insulation, increased soil temperature and moisture, and shifting plant community composition. We utilized an 18-year snow fence study site designed to examine the effects of increased winter precipitation on Arctic tundra soil bacterial communities within the context of expected ecosystem response to climate change. Soil was collected from three pre-established treatment zones representing varying degrees of snow accumulation, where deep snow ∼ 100 % and intermediate snow ∼ 50 % increased snowpack relative to the control, and low snow ∼ 25 % decreased snowpack relative to the control. Soil physical properties (temperature, moisture, active layer thaw depth) were measured, and samples were analysed for C concentration, nitrogen (N) concentration, and pH. Soil microbial community DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to reveal phylogenetic community differences between samples and determine how soil bacterial communities might respond (structurally and functionally) to changes in winter precipitation and soil chemistry. We analysed relative abundance changes of the six most abundant phyla (ranging from 82 to 96 % of total detected phyla per sample) and found four (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Chloroflexi) responded to deepened snow. All six phyla correlated with at least one of the soil chemical properties (% C, % N, C : N, pH); however, a single predictor was not identified, suggesting that each bacterial phylum responds differently to soil characteristics. Overall, bacterial community structure (beta diversity) was found to be associated with snow accumulation treatment and all soil chemical properties. Bacterial functional potential was inferred using ancestral state reconstruction to approximate functional gene abundance, revealing a decreased abundance of genes required for soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in the organic layers of the deep snow accumulation zones. These results suggest that predicted climate change scenarios may result in altered soil bacterial community structure and function, and indicate a reduction in decomposition potential, alleviated temperature limitations on extracellular enzymatic efficiency, or both. The fate of stored C in Arctic soils ultimately depends on the balance between these mechanisms.
42
Buchanan, Briggs, and Mark Collard. "Phenetics, cladistics, and the search for the Alaskan ancestors of the Paleoindians: a reassessment of relationships among the Clovis, Nenana, and Denali archaeological complexes." Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 6 (June 2008): 1683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.009.
Full text
43
Foster, Susan A. "UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK: THE VALUE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION." Behaviour 132, no. 15-16 (1995): 1107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00487.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe endemic radiation of the threespine stickleback in North America possesses features that will permit us to gain unique insights into evolutionary pattern and process. Already, comparison of populations has demonstrated a remarkable level of adaptive differentiation in reproductive behavior across populations in both southern British Columbia, Canada, and the Cook Inlet Region of Alaska, U.S.A. In small, shallow lakes, threespine stickleback feed predominantly on benthic invertebrates in the shallow littoral zone. They form large groups that attack nests defended by males, and consume all of the young within. In contrast, in larger, more oligotrophic lakes, adult stickleback feed primarily on plankton in large open-water foraging groups. They do not form groups that cannibalize young in nests. In these non-cannibalistic populations, males perform more conspicuous courtship behavior than do those in cannibalistic populations, apparently because risk of attack by visually hunting conspecifics is low. Courtship in these lakes more often includes the conspicuous zig-zag dance, and less often, meandering and dorsal pricking. Anadromous populations tend to be cannibalistic, but also are often behaviorally intermediate. They incorporate the zig-zag dance in courtship more often than do males in cannibalistic freshwater populations, but also usually incorporate the less conspicuous dorsal pricking behavior. These results suggest that the ancestral condition was intermediate and that both cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic freshwater populations display some derived elements in their reproductive repertoires. This kind of comparison among populations thought to have been independently derived from the marine form can provide insights into the patterns and causes of adaptive diversification. For populations such as these, carefully chosen from disparate geographic locations so as to preclude common evolutionary history after colonization of freshwater,
44
Chambers, Steven M., Steven R. Fain, Bud Fazio, and Michael Amaral. "An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses." North American Fauna 77, no. 1 (August 1, 2012): 1–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/nafa.77.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The available scientific literature was reviewed to assess the taxonomic standing of North American wolves, including subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. The recent scientific proposal that the eastern wolf, C. l. lycaon, is not a subspecies of gray wolf, but a full species, Canis lycaon, is well-supported by both morphological and genetic data. This species' range extends westward to Minnesota, and it hybridizes with gray wolves where the two species are in contact in eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Genetic data support a close relationship between eastern wolf and red wolf Canis rufus, but do not support the proposal that they are the same species; it is more likely that they evolved independently from different lineages of a common ancestor with coyotes. The genetic distinctiveness of the Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi supports its recognition as a subspecies. The available genetic and morphometric data do not provide clear support for the recognition of the Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, but the available genetic data are almost entirely limited to one group of genetic markers (microsatellite DNA) and are not definitive on this question. Recognition of the northern timber wolf Canis lupus occidentalis and the plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus as subspecies is supported by morphological data and extensive studies of microsatellite DNA variation where both subspecies are in contact in Canada. The wolves of coastal areas in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia should be assigned to C. lupus nubilus. There is scientific support for the taxa recognized here, but delineation of exact geographic boundaries presents challenges. Rather than sharp boundaries between taxa, boundaries should generally be thought of as intergrade zones of variable width.
45
Schluter, Dolph, Kerry B. Marchinko, Matthew E. Arnegard, Haili Zhang, Shannon D. Brady, Felicity C. Jones, Michael A. Bell, and David M. Kingsley. "Fitness maps to a large-effect locus in introduced stickleback populations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 3 (January 7, 2021): e1914889118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914889118.
Full textAbstract:
Mutations of small effect underlie most adaptation to new environments, but beneficial variants with large fitness effects are expected to contribute under certain conditions. Genes and genomic regions having large effects on phenotypic differences between populations are known from numerous taxa, but fitness effect sizes have rarely been estimated. We mapped fitness over a generation in an F2 intercross between a marine and a lake stickleback population introduced to a freshwater pond. A quantitative trait locus map of the number of surviving offspring per F2 female detected a single, large-effect locus near Ectodysplasin (Eda), a gene having an ancient freshwater allele causing reduced bony armor and other changes. F2 females homozygous for the freshwater allele had twice the number of surviving offspring as homozygotes for the marine allele, producing a large selection coefficient, s = 0.50 ± 0.09 SE. Correspondingly, the frequency of the freshwater allele increased from 0.50 in F2 mothers to 0.58 in surviving offspring. We compare these results to allele frequency changes at the Eda gene in an Alaskan lake population colonized by marine stickleback in the 1980s. The frequency of the freshwater Eda allele rose steadily over multiple generations and reached 95% within 20 y, yielding a similar estimate of selection, s = 0.49 ± 0.05, but a different degree of dominance. These findings are consistent with other studies suggesting strong selection on this gene (and/or linked genes) in fresh water. Selection on ancient genetic variants carried by colonizing ancestors is likely to increase the prevalence of large-effect fitness variants in adaptive evolution.
46
Gray, Keith D., V. Isakson, D. Schwartz, and Jeffrey D. Vervoort. "Orogenic link ∼41°N–46°N: Collisional mountain building and basin closure in the Cordillera of western North America." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 136–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02074.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Polyphase structural mapping and mineral age dating across the Salmon River suture zone in west-central Idaho (Riggins region; ∼45°30′N, ∼117°W–116°W) support a late Mesozoic history of penetrative deformation, dynamothermal metamorphism, and intermittent magmatism in response to right-oblique oceanic-continental plate convergence (Farallon–North America). High-strain linear-planar tectonite fabrics are recorded along an unbroken ∼48 km west-to-east transect extending from the Snake River (Wallowa intra-oceanic arc terrane; eastern Blue Mountains Province) over the northern Seven Devils Mountains into the lower Salmon River Canyon (ancestral North America; western Laurentia). Given the temporally overlapping nature (ca. 145–90 Ma) of east-west contraction in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt (northern Utah–southeast Idaho–southwest Montana segment), we propose that long-term terrane accretion and margin-parallel northward translation in the Cordilleran hinterland (∼41°N–46°N latitude; modern coordinates) drove mid- to upper-crustal shortening >250 km eastward into the foreland region (∼115°W–113°W). During accretion and translation, the progressive transfer of arc assemblages from subducting (Farallon) to structurally overriding (North American) plates was accommodated by displacement along a shallow westward-dipping basal décollement system underlying the Cordilleran orogen. In this context, large-magnitude horizontal shortening of passive continental margin strata was balanced by the addition of buoyant oceanic crust—late Paleozoic to Mesozoic Blue Mountains Province—to the leading edge of western Laurentia. Consistent with orogenic float modeling (mass conservation, balance, and displacement compatibility), diffuse dextral-transpressional deformation across the accretionary boundary (Salmon River suture: Cordilleran hinterland) was kinematically linked to eastward-propagating structures on the continental interior (Sevier thrust belt; Cordilleran foreland). As an alternative to noncollisional convergent margin orogenesis, we propose a collision-related tectonic origin and contractional evolution for central portions of the Sevier belt. Our timing of terrane accretion supports correlation of the Wallowa terrane with Wrangellia (composite arc/plateau assemblage) and implies diachronous south-to-north suturing and basin closure between Idaho and Alaska.
47
Buehler, Deborah M., and Allan J. Baker. "Population Divergence Times and Historical Demography in red Knots and Dunlins." Condor 107, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.497.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We employed Bayesian coalescent modeling of samples of mitochondrial control region sequences in two species of shorebird, Red Knots (Calidris canutus) and Dunlins (Calidris alpina) to estimate evolutionary effective population size, population divergence times, and time to most recent common ancestor of genes in the samples. The gene trees for the two species contrast sharply: knot haplotypes were connected in a shallow, star phylogeny whereas Dunlin haplotypes were related in a deeper bifurcating genealogy. Divergence times of populations representing all six subspecies of knots are estimated to have occurred within the last 20 000 (95% CI: 5600–58 000) years, and evolutionary effective population sizes of females are small (Nef = 2000–14 000). We hypothesized that breeding knots were restricted to unglaciated regions of Eurasia during the last glacial maximum, and gradually expanded eastwards into Alaska, the high Canadian Arctic and Greenland as the ice melted. Population divergence times in Dunlins are much older (58 000–194 000 ybp) and effective population size has historically been higher in major lineages (Nef = 12 000–44 000). We conclude that Dunlin populations were not severely reduced in size in the last 200 000 years, and major lineages have differentiated under restricted gene flow for a much longer time than knots. Knots present a snapshot of genetic evolution in the last 20 000 years, whereas Dunlins display patterns of genetic evolution over an order of magnitude longer time frame. Tiempos de Divergencia Poblacional e Historia Demográfica en Calidris canutus y C. alpina Resumen. Aplicamos modelos Bayesianos de coalescencia en una muestra de secuencias de la región de control mitocondrial de dos especies de playeros, Calidris canutus y C. alpina, para estimar el tamaño efectivo de la población, los tiempos de divergencia entre poblaciones y la distancia cronológica al antepasado común más reciente de los genes muestreados. Los árboles genealógicos de las dos especies contrastan fuertemente: los haplotipos de C. canutus están conectados superficialmente siguiendo un patrón filogenético en forma de estrella, mientras que los haplotipos de C. alpina se relacionan de manera más profunda, mostrando patrones de genealogía bifurcados. Se estima que la divergencia poblacional de las seis subespecies de C. canutus tuvo lugar durante los últimos 20 000 años aproximadamente, y los tamaños efectivos de la población de hembras son pequeños (Nef = 2000–14 000). Presumimos que la reproducción de C. canutus estuvo restringida sólo a regiones de Eurasia que estuvieron libres de hielo durante el último máximo glacial y se expandieron gradualmente hacia el este de Alaska, el Ártico canadiense y Groenlandia cuando el hielo se derritió. Los tiempos de divergencia poblacional en C. alpina son más antiguos (58 000–194 000), y el tamaño efectivo de la población ha sido históricamente más alto en los linajes principales (Nef = 12 000–44 000). Concluimos que las poblaciones de C. alpina no mostraron reducciones serias en los últimos 200 000 años, y que sus linajes se han diferenciado por un período de tiempo mucho más prolongado que los de C. canutus. Los patrones encontrados para C. canutus representan una imagen de evolución genética ocurrida durante los últimos 20 000 años, mientras que los patrones de C. alpina indican la ocurrencia de evolución genética durante un período de tiempo diez veces más largo.
48
Burtseva, Tatyana, Tatiana Ammosova, Josef T. Prchal, Vyacheslav Chasnyk, Sergei Nekhai, and Victor R. Gordeuk. "Type I Methemoglobinemia Caused by the Cytochrome b5 Reductase 806C>T Mutation Is Present in the Indigenous Evenk People of Yakutia." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 2588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2588.2588.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Abstract 2588 Poster Board II-564 Background: Congenital methemoglobinemia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (cytb5r, EC 1.6.2.2) deficiency. This enzyme exists in soluble and membrane-bound forms. The soluble erythrocytic cytb5r isoenzyme is involved in cytochrome b5 reduction and in erythrocyte methemoglobin reduction; the membrane-bound microsomal enzyme participates in a fatty acid desaturation complex and in drug metabolism. The cytb5r isoforms are a product of a single gene locus, DIA1 (or CYB5R3), on chromosome 22. Type I methemoglobinemia, a benign form in which cyanosis is the only phenotype, is characterized by cytb5r deficiency restricted to red blood cells. In less common type II methemoglobinemia, chronic cyanosis is associated with severe neurological and developmental deficits, including mental retardation, microcephaly, generalized dystonia and movement disorders. More then 40 mutations have been reported to date in the DIA1 gene, which either cause type I or type II methemoglobinemia; the majority are missense mutations and are associated with type I disease. Both methemoglobinemia types are sporadic worldwide but are claimed to be endemic among the Yakut people in Siberia, the Aleutians in Alaska and the Navajo tribe in the continental US. In 2006, a new mutation in exon 9 of the CYB5R3 gene (806C>T, Pro269Leu) was identified in 38 patients from the indigenous population of Yakutia in northeastern Siberia, a part of the Russian Federation (1). The frequency of homozygotes was reported to be 1 in 5677. The Sakha region of the Yakutia Republic has an area of 1,200,000 sq miles and a population <1 million composed of 45.5% Yakuts, 41.2% Russians, 3.7% Ukrainians and indigenous people including 1.9% Evenks, 1.2% Evens, 0.1% Dolgans, and 0.1% Yukagirs. Methods: We screened DNA of 162 subjects' samples taken from children of indigenous people from 4 different places in Sakha for the mutation 806C>T in the CYB5R3 gene using the the AluI and AciI restriction enzymes that recognize this mutation, and the results were confirmed by sequencing of the PCR product. Results: The study sample included 70 Evenks, 35 Evens, 26 Sakha (Yakuts), 23 Yukagirs, 4 Chukchas, 2 Dolgans, 1 Nenets and 1 Tatar. We found 2 806C>T heterozygous samples detected by the AciI restriction enzyme and confirmed by sequencing; both subjects were Evenks. The enzyme AluI produced a partial cut in another 22 samples that could not by confirmed as a true mutation by sequencing. Thus, the analysis with the AluI restriction enzyme frequently falsely identified heterozygotes among these 162 participants. Conclusion: In screening for the CYB5R3 806C>T mutation, the AciI restriction enzyme should be used instead of the AluI enzyme. Based on these results and according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the predicted frequency of homozygotes for the CYB5R3 806C>T gene mutation is 1 in 4,444 among the Evenks. These data suggest that the CYB5R3 806C>T mutation may be endemic among the Evenks indigenous people. Further, it remains to be determined whether the CYB5R3 806C>T mutation is also causative of type I methemoglobinemia in the Aleutian and Navajo peoples whose ancestors migrated to North America from Siberia. These data are preliminary and larger population-based studies using the AciI restriction enzyme are planned. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the ASH Visitor Training Program Award and by NHLBI Grant 2 UH1-HL03679. References 1) Гaлeeвa H.M., Haзapeнкo Л.П., Haзapeнкo C.A., Tвepcкaя C.M., Пoлякoв A.B. Moлeкyляpнo-гeнeтичecкaя пpичинa нacлeдcтвeн|Ryoй мeтгeмoглoбинeми|Rb лepвoгo типa в Якyти|Rb. Meдицинcкaя Гeнeтикa (2006). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
49
Braveman, Paula, and Tyan Parker Dominguez. "Abandon “Race.” Focus on Racism." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (September 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.689462.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of “race” emerged in the 1600s with the trans-Atlantic slave trade, justifying slavery; it has been used to justify exploitation, denigration and decimation. Since then, despite contrary scientific evidence, a deeply-rooted belief has taken hold that “race,” indicated by, e.g., skin color or facial features, reflects fundamental biological differences. We propose that the term “race” be abandoned, substituting “ethnic group” while retaining “racism,” with the goal of dismantling it. Despite scientific consensus that “race” is a social construct, in official U.S. classifications, “Hispanic”/”Latino” is an “ethnicity” while African American/Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and European American/White are “races.” There is no scientific basis for this. Each grouping reflects ancestry in a particular continent/region and shared history, e.g., the genocide and expropriation of Indigenous peoples, African Americans' enslavement, oppression and ongoing disenfranchisement, Latin America's Indigenous roots and colonization. Given migrations over millennia, each group reflects extensive genetic admixture across and within continents/regions. “Ethnicity” evokes social characteristics such as history, language, beliefs, customs. “Race” reinforces notions of inherent biological differences based on physical appearance. While not useful as a biological category, geographic ancestry is a key social category for monitoring and addressing health inequities because of racism's profound influence on health and well-being. We must continue to collect and analyze data on the population groups that have been racialized into socially constructed categories called “races.” We must not, however, continue to use that term; it is not the only obstacle to dismantling racism, but it is a significant one.
50
Ellis, Jason. "Book Reviews / Comptes Rendus." Historical Studies in Education / Revue d'histoire de l'éducation, October 20, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32316/hse/rhe.v28i2.4508.
Full textAbstract:
Chantal Fiola, Rekindling the Sacred Fire: Métis Ancestry and Anishinaabe Spirituality. Reviewed by Jonathan AnuikPhillip McCann, Island in an Empire: Education, Religion, and Social Life in Newfoundland, 1800–1855. Reviewed by Jerry BannisterGeorge E. Boulter II and Barbara Grigor-Taylor comp., The Teacher and the Superintendent: Native Schooling in the Alaska Interior, 1904 –1918. Reviewed by Sean CarletonCecilia Morgan, Creating Colonial Pasts: History, Memory, and Commemoration in Southern Ontario, 1860 –1980. Reviewed by Ryan EyfordElsie Paul, Paige Raibmon, and Harmony Johnson, Written as I Remember It: Teachings (??ms ta?aw) from the Life of a Sliammon Elder. Reviewed by Alison NormanDavid Fraser, Honorary Protestants: The Jewish School Question in Montreal, 1867–1997. Reviewed by Mary Anne PoutanenAndrew Woolford, This Benevolent Experiment: Indigenous Boarding Schools, Genocide, and Redress in Canada and the United States. Reviewed by Brian RiceLinda M. Ambrose, A Great Rural Sisterhood: Madge Robertson Watt and the ACWW. Reviewed by R. W. SandwellFrançoise F. Laot et Rebecca Rogers (dir.), Les Sciences de l’éducation. Émergence d’un champ de recherche dans l’après-guerre. Reviewed by Normand BaillargeonMartine Ruchat, Édouard Claparède. À quoi sert l’éducation ? Reviewed by Alexandre KleinMathieu Ferrand et Nathaël Istasse (éd.), Nouveaux regards sur les « Apollons de collège ». Figures du professeur humaniste en France dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle. Reviewed by Lyse Roy