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Journal articles on the topic 'Alaska commercial'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Fechhelm, Robert G., and David B. Fissel. "Wind-Aided Recruitment of Canadian Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) into Alaskan Waters." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-110.

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Summer wind data collected at Barter Island, Alaska, were compared with commercial fishery catches of arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) at the Colville River, Alaska, for the period 1967–85. There was a significant (p = 0.036) association between yearly catch-per-unit-effort and the percent of easterly winds after adjusting for a 5-yr differential in the two time series. Results suggest that young-of-the-year fish which spawn in Canada's Mackenzie River are aided in their westward dispersal into Alaskan waters via wind-driven longshore currents. The greater the prevalence of easterly winds (westerly currents), the greater the recruitment. Increased recruitment manifests itself as an increase in Alaskan commercial fishery catch some 5-yr later when fish have grown to a size that renders them susceptible to commercial nets.

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2

Lincoln, J. M., and G. A. Conway. "Preventing commercial fishing deaths in Alaska." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.10.691.

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3

Elder, Lee, and Robert Gorman. "(304) Alaska Native Plant Commerical Demand Survey." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1060A—1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1060a.

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About 333 people in the Anchorage area are involved in landscaping and landscape architecture, while about 18% of all farms in Alaska are considered greenhouse and nursery farms. These greenhouse and nursery farms account for $12.7 million in annual sales and comprise 28% of total Alaska agricultural sales. Alaskan horticulture producers have little industry knowledge of landscapers' and landscape architects' demand for Alaska native plants. This survey attempted to uncover the amounts of specific native Alaska varieties of shrubs, trees, herbaceous plants, and ferns that landscapers and landscape architects used in 2004, while also asking what types of plants they would like to use if a consistent supply was established. Landscapers' and landscape architects' business activities and perceptions are also evaluated. Surveys were distributed electronically as well as by standard mail to 165 landscapers and landscape architects in the Anchorage area. An overall 12% response rate provided insight into the commercial demand for Alaska native plant varieties.

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4

Stekoll, Michael S. "The seaweed resources of Alaska." Botanica Marina 62, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0064.

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Abstract Alaska has the longest coastline of all of the states in the USA. This coastal zone stretches from the temperate zone to past the Arctic circle. Oceanographic conditions vary from quiet estuaries to exposed open coasts. Water temperatures range from over 20°C in the summer in the south to ice covered water in the north. Consequently, the marine flora is plentiful and diverse with over 500 species of seaweeds. Three species of floating kelps occur from the southern boundary to Kodiak Island and westward along the Aleutian Chain. Species of Fucus are dominant in the intertidal along most of the coastline. There is also an abundance of red algae in the intertidal and subtidal. There is only minimal subsistence and commercial utilization of the seaweed resource. The major commercial use of seaweeds is in the herring spawn-on-kelp fishery. “Black seaweed” (Pyropia sp.) is a special resource for Alaskan Native subsistence harvest. Recently, there has been increasing interest and activity in the commercial mariculture of kelps such as Saccharina latissima and Alaria marginata.

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5

Sethi, Suresh Andrew, Michael Dalton, and Ray Hilborn. "Quantitative risk measures applied to Alaskan commercial fisheries." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 3 (March 2012): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-170.

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Risk measures can summarize the complex variability inherent in fisheries management into simple metrics. We use quantitative risk measures from investment theory to analyze catch and revenue risks for 90 commercial fisheries in Alaska, USA, nearly a complete census. We estimate the relationship between fishery characteristics and catch risk using nonparametric random forest regression to identify attributes associated with high or low risks. Catch and revenue risks for individual Alaskan fisheries are substantial and are higher than risks for farmed food alternatives. Revenue risks are greater than catch risks for most fisheries, indicating that price variability is an additional source of risk to fishermen. Regression results indicate that higher productivity species tend to be higher risk, and there is an increasing gradient of risk moving north and west across Alaskan waters, with the remote western Bering Sea fisheries tending to have the highest risks. Low risk fisheries generally have large catches and support larger fleets. Finally, fisheries with greater catch history under some form of dedicated access privileges tend to have lower catch risks.

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6

Lewis, Carol E., Roger W. Pearson, and Wayne C. Thomas. "Agricultural development in Alaska." Polar Record 23, no. 147 (September 1987): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400008378.

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AbstractDevelopment during approximately 200 years of agricultural activity in Alaska has been varied and generally inadequate. Four stages are here identified. During the period from Russian and early American colonization to the late 1880s production was largely for personal consumption. From 1898 to World War II federal intervention stimulated local commercial agriculture, and from the late 1940s to the late 1960s commercial production expanded. Since then a state- supported strategy to develop an export-based agriculture has been tried, but implementation has not been completed. Alaska remains a frontier which has yet to find a workable manner in which to implement a strategy for its agriculture.

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7

Crowell, Aron L. "Ice, Seals, and Guns: Late 19th-Century Alaska Native Commercial Sealing in Southeast Alaska." Arctic Anthropology 53, no. 2 (February 2016): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/aa.53.2.11.

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8

Stekoll, Michael S., and Wayne A. Roberts. "Commercial potential of seaweeds from St Lawrence Island, Alaska." Journal of Applied Phycology 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00004012.

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9

Roberts, Wayne A., and Michael S. Stekoll. "Commercial potential of seaweeds from St Lawrence Island, Alaska." Journal of Applied Phycology 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00004013.

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10

Zegre, Sera J., Mark D. Needham, Linda E. Kruger, and Randall S. Rosenberger. "McDonaldization and commercial outdoor recreation and tourism in Alaska." Managing Leisure 17, no. 4 (October 2012): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2012.711604.

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11

Lucas, Devin L., and Jennifer M. Lincoln. "Fatal falls overboard on commercial fishing vessels in Alaska." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50, no. 12 (2007): 962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20509.

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12

Peterson, Megan J., and Dana Hanselman. "Sablefish mortality associated with whale depredation in Alaska." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 5 (January 10, 2017): 1382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw239.

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Killer whale (Orcinus orca) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) depredation (whales removing or damaging fish caught on fishing gear) can reduce catch rates and decrease the accuracy of fish stock assessments. This study advances our understanding of the impact of whale depredation on the commercial sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) fishery in Alaska and evaluates the impact depredation may have on the annual federal sablefish assessment. A statistical modelling approach was used to estimate the whale effect on commercial sablefish fishery catch rates; killer whale depredation was more severe (catch rates declined by 45%–70%) than sperm whale depredation (24%–29%). Total estimated sablefish catch removals 1995–2014 ranged from 1251 t to 2407 t by killer whales in western Alaska management areas and 482 t to 1040 t by sperm whales in the Gulf of Alaska 2001–2014. Including sablefish mortality due to whale depredation on the commercial fishery in the sablefish stock assessment resulted in a 1% reduction in the recommended quota. Accounting for sablefish mortality due to whale depredation in the commercial fishery in the sablefish assessment will occur tandem with correcting for depredation on the annual National Marine Fisheries Service longline survey, the primary survey index used in the assessment.

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13

Rutledge, Ouina C., and Patricia S. Holloway. "Wildflower Seed Mixes for Alaska." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 867C—867. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.867c.

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The germination, establishment, survival, and public preference of four wild-flower seed mixes were evaluated in relation to irrigation and seasonal sowing date. The mixes included two commercial nonindigenous wildflower mixes, a commercial mix with indigenous and nonindigenous wildflowers, and an experimental mix composed exclusively of Alaska native wildflowers. The two latter mixes were sown with and without `Tundra' glaucous bluegrass (Poa glauca). The two nonindigenous mixes exhibited the greatest seedling establishment during the first season. Fall sowing and irrigation during seed germination significantly increased species establishment for all mixes. In the second season, 11 nonindigenous species did not reappear, whereas all of the indigenous species reappeared. The experimental mix had the greatest species richness of the six mixes in the second season. The addition of grass to the mixes did not significantly affect wildflower species richness in either the first or second season. Survey respondents preferred the nonindigenous wildflower mixes to those containing Alaska native wildflowers because of a greater mix of colors that appeared earlier in the first season than the other mixes. Alaska native species recommended for wildflower mixes include Polemonium acutiflorum, Lupinus arcticus, Hedysarum mackenzii, Arnica alpina, and Aster sibiricus.

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14

Conway, Michael A. "A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL DISPERSANT GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-189.

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ABSTRACT The Oil Dispersant Guidelines for Alaska, Cook Inlet Section, were implemented on August 6, 1986, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard, and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation signed a Memorandum of Agreement. State and federal agencies, private industry, commercial fishermen, and environmentalists had to work together toward this achievement. Without this cooperative effort, there would be no planning for effective dispersant use in Alaska as a spill control method.

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15

Wurtz, Tricia L., and Anthony F. Gasbarro. "A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72047-1.

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The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act

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16

Kroetz, Kailin, Daniel K. Lew, James N. Sanchirico, and Pierce Donovan. "Recreational Leasing of Alaska Commercial Halibut Quota: The Early Years of the GAF Program in Alaska." Coastal Management 47, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2019.1564954.

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17

Chen, Chaoping, Bai Lu, Emiko OKAZAKI, and Kazufumi OSAKO. "QUALITY ASSESSING OF COMMERCIAL ROE PRODUCTS FROM ALASKA POLLOCK ROE." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v1i0.102.

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Objective evaluation of commercial spicy pollock roes was conducted. Ovary weight, ovary length, ovary membrane thickness, egg diameter, pH, color parameters, chemical composition, mechanical properties and protein composition were included in the evaluation items. The measurements of size, pH, color parameters, chemical composition and free amino acid may be not suitable for assessing the quality of commercial spicy pollock roe in the current industry, as they do not differ much between high-priced and low-priced products. However, we found that most of products showed significant differences in ovary hardness between them. Therefore, we propose the measurements of mechanical properties such as ovary hardness as objective quality assessing methods. Keywords: Alaska pollock roe ,Chemical composition, Ovary hardness

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18

Miller, Chris. "Commercial Ice Fishing for Red King Crab in Nome, Alaska." Fisheries 43, no. 5 (May 2018): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsh.10065.

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19

Maselko, Jacek, Gretchen Bishop, and Peter Murphy. "Ghost Fishing in the Southeast Alaska Commercial Dungeness Crab Fishery." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33, no. 2 (April 2013): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2013.763875.

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20

Lincoln, J. M., M. Davis, and D. Lucas. "Dangers of Commercial Fishing in the Arctic, Alaska 2000–12." International Journal of Epidemiology 44, suppl_1 (September 23, 2015): i212—i213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv096.355.

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21

VRIES, TITY DE. "Ambiguity in an Alaskan History Theme Park: Presenting ““History as Commodity”” and ““History as Heritage””." Public Historian 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2007.29.2.55.

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America's most northern history theme park has been located in Fairbanks, Alaska since 1967. This article focuses on the evolution of the Alaskaland/Pioneer Park: from a tourist attraction where Alaskan traditions of progress and boosterism ruled into a community park with a sincere concern for preserving the local past. Due to its origins, and in spite of decades of controversies, the park became an excellent example of ““partnership”” between public and private sectors which determine the park's profile and destination. The result is a popularized presentation of Fairbanks' early twentieth-century pioneer experience where historic authenticity and commercial activities co-exist harmoniously.

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22

Padilla, Andrew J., Randy J. Brown, and Matthew J. Wooller. "Strontium isotope analyses (87Sr/86Sr) of otoliths from anadromous Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) to determine stock composition." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 7 (May 23, 2015): 2110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv096.

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Abstract A commercial fishery targeting the anadromous Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) is occurring in the Yukon River, Alaska, USA. All three of the known global spawning populations occur in Alaska. Managers believed that two of the three populations were being harvested in the fishery. To determine the likelihood of a mixed-stock fishery, we used 87Sr/86Sr values from the freshwater region of otoliths, from spawning adult Bering cisco of known origin (n = 82), to create a baseline. A 10-fold cross-validated, quadratic discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the three baseline population 87Sr/86Sr values (Yukon River, n = 27; South Fork Kuskokwim River [Kuskokwim River], n = 25; and Susitna River, n = 30) correctly reclassified 98.8% of the fish analysed. The baseline DFA model was then used to classify the 87Sr/86Sr values from a set of otoliths removed from commercially harvested Bering cisco (n = 139). Using a posterior probability threshold of 90%, we found that >97% of the commercial samples were classified as originating in the Yukon River. The remainder of the commercial samples were classified as originating in the Kuskokwim River (0.7%) or from the Susitna River (1.5%). The presence of 87Sr/86Sr values consistent with the Susitna River discovered in the Yukon River baseline (n = 1) and commercial samples (n = 2) suggested either multiple isotope signatures within the Yukon River population or straying among populations. Strontium isotope data provide an effective tool to monitor the movements and stock composition of Bering cisco.

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23

Halpern, Joel M. "Catalogue Raisonne of the Alaska Commercial Company Collection; A Legacy of Arctic Art:Catalogue Raisonne of the Alaska Commercial Company Collection;A Legacy of Arctic Art." Museum Anthropology 22, no. 3 (December 1999): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mua.1999.22.3.69.

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24

Hennen, Daniel. "Associations Between The Alaska Steller Sea Lion Decline And Commercial Fisheries." Ecological Applications 16, no. 2 (April 2006): 704–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0704:abtass]2.0.co;2.

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25

Peterson, Megan J., Franz Mueter, Dana Hanselman, Chris Lunsford, Craig Matkin, and Holly Fearnbach. "Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation effects on catch rates of six groundfish species: implications for commercial longline fisheries in Alaska." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 6 (May 22, 2013): 1220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst045.

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Abstract Peterson, M. J., Mueter, F., Hanselman, D., Lunsford, C., Matkin, C., and Fearnbach, H. 2013. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation effects on catch rates of six groundfish species: implications for commercial longline fisheries in Alaska. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1220–1232. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation occurs when whales damage or remove fish caught on longline gear. This study uses National Marine Fisheries Service longline survey data from 1998–2011 to explore spatial and temporal trends in killer whale depredation and to quantify the effect of killer whale depredation on catches of six groundfish species within three management areas in Alaska: the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and Western Gulf of Alaska. When killer whales were present during survey gear retrieval, whales removed an estimated 54–72% of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), 41–84% of arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and 73% (Bering Sea only) of Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). Effects on Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) were significant in the Western Gulf only with 51% and 46% reductions, respectively. Overall catches (depredated and non-depredated sets) for all groundfish species significantly impacted by killer whale depredation were lower by 9–28% (p < 0.05). Effects on shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) catches were not significant in any management area (p > 0.05). These results provide insight into the potential impacts of killer whale depredation on fish stock abundance indices and commercially important fisheries in Alaska and will inform future research on apex predator–fisheries interactions.

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26

Stock, A. M. "1989 – COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS." APPEA Journal 30, no. 2 (1990): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89050.

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The year 1989 provided the oil industry with some respite from the depressed prices of recent years. Burgeoning Asia-Pacific rim demand took OPEC output to levels not seen since the late 1970s. The price outlook is now brighter than it has been for several years.Equity markets offered less comfort. Oil and Gas Index turnover was up marginally on year earlier levels. The market's disenchantment with the industry was not totally undeserved. High interest rates and low prices, coupled in some instances with questionable management practices, saw the demise of several small explorer'producers during the year.Two major international developments occurred in 1989 which will impact on the commercial direction of the industry for the next decade, each summarised in a word:GreehouseValdez.Governments worldwide now seriously contemplate major new taxes on hydrocarbons to reduce world carbon dioxide emissions. Exxon spend US$2 billion cleaning up Alaska in a public relations disaster for it and the industry. Both will have commercial repercussions for years to come, but both will combine to strengthen the role of gas in domestic and international energy markets. Gas built domestic market shared in 1989 and the year heralded Australia's entry into the world LNG trade.In Papua New Guinea, industry learned the meaning of political risk with disturbances bringing mine closures on Bougainville. Reflecting the optimism which is an essential ingredient of the industry, announcement of a go-ahead on the Kutubu oil project in PNH is imminent.

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27

Winton, L. M., R. H. Leiner, A. L. Krohn, and K. L. Deahl. "Occurrence of Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans on Potato and Tomato in Alaska." Plant Disease 91, no. 5 (May 2007): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-5-0634a.

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Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight, was included in a list of plant pathogens found in Alaska in 1934 (1). No notes of symptoms, extent of disease, or dates were recorded. The only reference to the location was given as Wrangell, a town in southeast Alaska with subsistence gardening. Neither P. infestans nor late blight was noted again in the state for another 59 years. Late blight first appeared in Alaska's major potato-growing region in south-central Alaska's Matanuska Valley in 1995. Subsequent outbreaks have been sporadic, occurring only in 1998, 2005, and 2006. Each of these outbreaks was identified from rapidly enlarging brown foliar lesions with branched sporangiophores and lemon-shaped sporangia (~25 × 30 μm). The 1995 and 1998 potato late blight outbreaks in Alaska were not sampled extensively nor have they previously been formally reported. We recovered single isolates of P. infestans from symptomatic potato foliage in the 1995 and 1998 outbreaks. In 2005, symptomatic foliage was collected from individual potato plants in 10 commercial fields and from tomato plants in greenhouses at two locations. Sporulating stem and leaf tissue were used to inoculate semiselective rye medium and 147 isolates from potato and six from tomato were recovered. The isolates from the 1995, 1998, and 2005 outbreaks were analyzed to determine genotype at the allozyme loci GPI and PEP (3), mitochondrial haplotype (4), mating type, and metalaxyl sensitivity (2). The 1998 and 2005 outbreaks were similar because both were caused by the relatively aggressive US-11 allozyme genotype and had significant economic impact for commercial potato growers. All 153 isolates from potato and tomato in 2005 displayed the same allozyme pattern as the US-11 genotype, possessed the IIB mitochondrial haplotype, and were mating type A1. Of the 16 isolates tested, all were determined to be metalaxyl resistant because isolates grown on 5 and 100 μg/ml metalaxyl exhibited growth greater than 40% of the unamended control. The 1995 outbreak was caused by the relatively rare US-7 genotype and started so late during the season that economic impact was minimal. Similarly, the 2006 outbreak was noted from only one commercial potato field at the time of harvest in September 2006. However, the genotype of the 2006 isolate has not been determined because the patch was destroyed before adequate samples could be collected. Because the disease occurs so sporadically in Alaska, fungicides are not routinely in use, but it is unlikely that the pathogen has persisted locally between outbreaks. The source of P. infestans is unknown for each of the occurrences in Alaska. However, possible routes include seed potatoes for home gardens or commercial farms, tomato transplants, and retail vegetables shipped to Alaska from out of state. While potato is Alaska's main vegetable crop, there are less than 405 ha (1,000 acres) of potatoes planted in the state, with the majority planted in the Matanuska Valley. To our knowledge, this is the first formal report of P. infestans on both tomato and commercial potato in Alaska. References: (1) E. K. Cash. Plant Dis. Rep. 20:121, 1936. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Plant Pathol. 52:181, 2003. (3) S. B. Goodwin et al. Plant Dis. 79:1181, 1995. (4) G. W. Griffith and D. S. Shaw. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4007, 1998.

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28

Haugerud (ed.), Rolf Egil. "Proceedings Issue No. 1 - 2nd Arctic Ungulate Conference." Rangifer 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.16.2.1195.

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The 2nd International Arctic Ungulate Conference was held 13-17 August 1995 on the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus. The Institute of Arctic Biology and the Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit were responsible for organizing the conference with assistance from biologists with state and federal agencies and commercial organizations. David R. Klein was chair of the conference organizing committee. Over 200 people attended the conference, coming from 10 different countries. The United States, Canada, and Norway had the largest representation. The conference included invited lectures; panel discussions, and about 125 contributed papers.

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29

Bearman, Chris, Susannah B. F. Paletz, Judith Orasanu, and Benjamin P. Brooks. "Organizational Pressures and Mitigating Strategies in Small Commercial Aviation: Findings from Alaska." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/asem.2590.2009.

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30

Knorr, John R., Nancy Lethcoe, Andy Teal, Sharon Christopherson, and John Whitney. "The Interagency Shoreline Cleanup Committee: A Cooperative Approach to Shoreline Cleanup—the Exxon Valdez Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-189.

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ABSTRACT Following the spill of 11 million gallons of North Slope crude oil by the Exxon Valdez in Alaska on March 24, 1989, a major cooperative effort to plan for the cleanup of Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska shorelines was undertaken in Valdez, Alaska. All aspects of the spill response—the lightering of oil remaining on the stricken tanker, the containment of free-floating oil, and the unknown miles of remote shoreline to be cleaned up—were much larger than anything in American experience. The event provided unprecedented organizational challenges in shoreline cleanup planning and execution. The scope of the shoreline cleanup and the extended cleanup time anticipated, due to geography, weather, logistics, and other factors, required an organization not specifically identified in the National Contingency Plan or the Alaska regional contingency plan. The Interagency Shoreline Cleanup Committee—an interdisciplinary, interagency cleanup planning group—evolved in Valdez concurrently with the larger response organization implemented under existing contingency plans. As a day-to-day working group serving the needs of the federal on-scene coordinator, it included Exxon, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, federal and state land and resource management agencies, Alaska natives, and commercial fishing and environmental groups. The planning model that evolved was refined and streamlined in early 1990 and carried through the remaining cleanup seasons.

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31

Hard, Jeffrey J., Alex C. Wertheimer, and William F. Johnson. "Geographic Variation in the Occurrence of Red- and White-Fleshed Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Western North America." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-143.

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Flesh color, as reported by fishery processors, was surveyed in coded-wire tagged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) sampled from the 1983–85 Southeast Alaska commercial troll fisheries. Flesh color data were collected from 11 373 fish originating from 95 locations in western North America between southcentral Alaska and central California. White-fleshed chinook salmon were most common in stocks from coastal British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, and the tributaries of the Fraser River, British Columbia. Heterogeneity between neighboring locations was also greatest in this region, the most recently glaciated area of western North America. Differences in flesh color proportions are consistent with the hypothesis that chinook from the Pacific refuge colonized rivers in British Columbia and Southeast Alaska after the recession of the last Pleistocene glaciation. Genetic drift of populations founded by small numbers of parents is one explanation of the pattern of occurrence of white-fleshed chinook salmon. An alternate explanation is that geographic variation in the occurrence of red- and white-fleshed chinook salmon reflects evolutionary adaptations of these fish during early life history to local freshwater environments.

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32

Aldrett, Salvador, James S. Bonner, Thomas J. McDonald, Marc A. Mills, and Robin L. Autenrieth. "DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL ENHANCED BY COMMERCIAL MICROBIAL CULTURES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 995–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-995.

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ABSTRACT Remediation and cleanup of oil spills has been attempted using different technologies. Biological methods such as bioremediation have been favored over others due to their cost efficiency and their low environmental impact. Bioremediation of Alaska North Slope crude oil was effectively attempted in a laboratory study using 13 commercial products. The products containing the microorganisms were provided by different vendors. The treatments were tested over a 28-day period, and the samples were extracted and analyzed using standard methods. After 28 days, four products showed an effective enhancement of the bioremediation process: the saturate fraction was degraded approximately 80%, and the aromatic fraction was degraded approximately 70%. Biological markers such as pristane, phytane, and C30 hopane were partially degraded.

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33

Saul, Norman. "California-Alaska Trade, 1851–1867: The American Russian Commercial Company and the Russian America Company and the Sale/Purchase of Alaska." Journal of Russian American Studies 2, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jras.v2i1.7554.

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34

Glass, Jessica R., Gordon H. Kruse, and Scott A. Miller. "Socioeconomic considerations of the commercial weathervane scallop fishery off Alaska using SWOT analysis." Ocean & Coastal Management 105 (March 2015): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.01.005.

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35

Johnson, Adelaide C., J. Ryan Bellmore, Stormy Haught, and Ronald Medel. "Quantifying the Monetary Value of Alaska National Forests to Commercial Pacific Salmon Fisheries." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 39, no. 6 (November 14, 2019): 1119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10364.

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KARPOFF, JONATHAN M. "NON-PECUNIARY BENEFITS IN COMMERCIAL FISHING: EMPIRICAL FINDINGS FROM THE ALASKA SALMON FISHERIES." Economic Inquiry 23, no. 1 (January 1985): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1985.tb01757.x.

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37

BOYCE, JOHN R. "Using Participation Data to Estimate Fishing Costs for Commercial Salmon Fisheries in Alaska." Marine Resource Economics 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.8.4.42731367.

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38

Rudolphi, Josie M., and Richard L. Berg. "Injuries and illnesses to children in commercial fishing in Alaska: A brief report." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 64, no. 5 (February 22, 2021): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23232.

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39

Novak, Maciek A., and Alan L. Erera. "Evaluation of an expanded satellite based mobile communications tracking system." Journal of Transportation Management 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1175385900.

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Since the terrorist events in the United States on September 11, 2001, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration has been testing and evaluating cargo tracking technologies to improve the safety, security, and efficiency of commercial motor vehicle operations. While satellite-based systems used for tracking vehicles and cargo provide sufficient geographic coverage in the majority of the United States, there remain several vital regions that are uncovered and difficult to monitor. One such region is Alaska, where officials arc particularly concerned with the hazardous materials shipments that are transported parallel to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. This article analyzes the risks and benefits associated with adopting an Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System to monitor hazardous materials and high-value cargo in Alaska. Technical and acceptance risks are evaluated against the communication, safety, security and real time information benefits that the system provides. The findings indicate that the system provides a significant communications upgrade relative to previously available technology.

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40

Holen, Davin. "Fishing for community and culture: the value of fisheries in rural Alaska." Polar Record 50, no. 4 (May 27, 2014): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000205.

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ABSTRACTIn Alaska, fishing provides important economic and socio-cultural benefits for rural communities. This paper presents some of the findings from a research project that investigated the role of commercial and subsistence fishing in the maintenance of economic and social viability, and the ways in which residents of rural communities in Alaska value fishing. Three rural fishing communities in Alaska served as case studies for this project: Chenega Bay in Prince William Sound, Kokhanok in Bristol Bay, and Tyonek in Cook Inlet. In all three communities, both old and young residents note that younger people are not participating in fishing as much as they did in the past, and there is concern that fishing traditions will not continue. However, research findings show how important fishing is as a social, cultural, and community activity for families. Residents noted fishing provided for a quality of life that included values associated with family, community, culture, and freedom.

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41

Wild, Lauren A., Franz Mueter, Briana Witteveen, and Janice M. Straley. "Exploring variability in the diet of depredating sperm whales in the Gulf of Alaska through stable isotope analysis." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 3 (March 2020): 191110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191110.

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Sperm whales interact with commercially important groundfish fisheries offshore in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). This study aims to use stable isotope analysis to better understand the trophic variability of sperm whales and their potential prey, and to use dietary mixing models to estimate the importance of prey species to sperm whale diets. We analysed tissue samples from sperm whales and seven potential prey (five groundfish and two squid species). Samples were analysed for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, and diet composition was estimated using Bayesian isotopic mixing models. Mixing model results suggest that an isotopically combined sablefish/dogfish group, skates and rockfish make up the largest proportion of sperm whale diets (35%, 28% and 12%) in the GOA. The top prey items of whales that interact more frequently with fishing vessels consisted of skates (49%) and the sablefish/dogfish group (24%). This is the first known study to provide an isotopic baseline of adult male sperm whales and these adult groundfish and offshore squid species, and to assign contributions of prey to whale diets in the GOA. This study provides information to commercial fishermen and fisheries managers to better understand trophic connections of important commercial species.

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Hudson, Diana, and George Conway. "The role of hypothermia and drowning in commercial fishing deaths in Alaska, 1990–2002." International Journal of Circumpolar Health 63, sup2 (September 2004): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v63i0.17935.

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Schindler, Daniel E., Peter R. Leavitt, Curtis S. Brock, Susan P. Johnson, and Paul D. Quay. "MARINE-DERIVED NUTRIENTS, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, AND PRODUCTION OF SALMON AND LAKE ALGAE IN ALASKA." Ecology 86, no. 12 (December 2005): 3225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-1730.

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Lowenstein, Tom, Nelson H. H. Graburn, Molly Lee, and Jean-Loup Rousselot. "Catalogue Raisonne of the Alaska Commercial Company Collection, Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4, no. 3 (September 1998): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034174.

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Oliveira, A. C. M., P. J. Bechtel, D. X. Nguyen, L. Gurer, C. A. Crapo, Q. Fong, and R. Ralonde. "Chemical Composition and Texture of Commercial Geoduck Clams (Panopea abrupta) Harvested in Southeast Alaska." Journal of Shellfish Research 30, no. 3 (December 2011): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.030.0316.

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46

Cunningham, Curry J., Christopher M. Anderson, Jocelyn Yun-Ling Wang, Michael Link, and Ray Hilborn. "A management strategy evaluation of the commercial sockeye salmon fishery in Bristol Bay, Alaska." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 9 (September 2019): 1669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0133.

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Bristol Bay, Alaska, is home to the largest sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fishery in the world, harvesting an average of 25 million fish with an ex-vessel value exceeding US$100 million annually. Daily fishing effort is adaptively managed to achieve stock-specific escapement goals. Traditional methods for defining these goals relied on stock–recruitment analysis; however, this approach often ignores three fundamental sources of uncertainty: estimation error, implementation uncertainty, and time-varying recruitment dynamics. To compare escapement goal alternatives, we conducted a management strategy evaluation that simulated time-varying recruitment across production regimes and replicated the daily in-season management process. Results indicate (i) implementation uncertainty can be reasonably approximated with simple rules reflecting fishery managers’ daily decision process; (ii) despite implementation uncertainty, escapement goals are likely to be realized or exceeded, on average; and (iii) management strategies targeting escapement levels estimated by traditional methods to produce maximum sustainable yield may result in lower catch and greater variability in fishing opportunity compared with a strategy with defining high and low escapement goals that are targeted depending on assessed run size, which may maximize future catch while reducing the frequency of extremely low harvests.

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Laman, Edward A., Christopher N. Rooper, Kali Turner, Sean Rooney, Dan W. Cooper, and Mark Zimmermann. "Using species distribution models to describe essential fish habitat in Alaska." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 8 (August 2018): 1230–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0181.

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Describing essential habitat is an important step toward understanding and conserving harvested species in ecosystem-based fishery management. Using data from fishery-independent ichthyoplankton, groundfish surveys, and commercial fisheries observer data, we utilized species distribution modeling techniques to predict habitat-based spatial distributions of federally managed species in Alaska. The distribution and abundance maps were used to refine existing essential fish habitat descriptions for the region. In particular, we used maximum entropy and generalized additive modeling to delineate distribution and abundance of early (egg, larval, and pelagic juvenile) and later (settled juvenile and adult) life history stages of groundfishes and crabs across multiple seasons in three large marine ecosystems (Gulf of Alaska, eastern Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands) and the northern Bering Sea. We present a case study, featuring Kamchatka flounder (Atheresthes evermanni), from the eastern and northern Bering Sea to represent the >400 habitat-based distribution maps generated for more than 80 unique species–region–season–life-stage combinations. The results of these studies will be used to redescribe essential habitat of federally managed fishes and crabs in Alaska.

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48

Frederick, Seibold. "A Review of Research to Aid the Development of Commercial Arctic Marine Transportation: 1982 Trafficability Tests on the USCGC Polar Star." Marine Technology and SNAME News 22, no. 01 (January 1, 1985): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1985.22.1.28.

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A multi-year "trafficability" research program was begun in 1978 to demonstrate that year-round commercial marine transportation in Arctic waters is feasible and to collect data necessary to begin developing the criteria to design and operate marine vehicles for that environment. Using U.S. Coast Guard Polar Class icebreakers, annual winter deployments had been made in 1979, 1980, and 1981 into the Bering and Chukchi Seas to collect environmental and ship performance data. Early in 1982, the fourth phase of these research activities was conducted on the USCGC Polar Star in western Alaskan waters as far north as the Arctic Circle. Participants in the research were the Maritime Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, the Canadian Ministry of Transport, twelve participating companies of the Alaskan Oil and Gas Association, and the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. This paper reviews the results of this voyage and the data collected. The Polar Star was instrumented to continuously monitor and record propulsion and ship motion parameters and speed. Video recording equipment was used to document ice conditions. Extensive on-ice equipment was used to profile ice features and to measure other ice parameters. Numerous pressure ridges were profiled and ice cores taken to improve the understanding of Bering and Chukchi Sea winter ice conditions and ice strength. Level ice resistance tests were conducted. However, heavy level ice conditions were not encountered and it is planned to complete the level ice resistance tests in 1984. Other research tasks included an ice edge analysis, hull friction experiments, and an ice drift study.

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49

Litzow, Michael A. "Climate regime shifts and community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska: how do recent shifts compare with 1976/1977?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 8 (January 1, 2006): 1386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.06.003.

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Abstract Climate regime shifts have recently occurred in the North Pacific (1998–1999) and the Arctic (2000), but the nature of biological reaction to these events is poorly understood. An index of local climate (1960–2005), and data from commercial fishery catches (1960–2004) and from small-mesh trawl surveys (1972–2005) are used to assess the impacts of these climate events in the Subarctic Gulf of Alaska. Non-linear regression showed that survey catch composition strongly responded to local climate at lags of 2 and 4 years, providing evidence of rapid ecological response to climate change in the system. A sequential regime shift detection method identified rapid change in local climate, and in survey and commercial catches following the well-documented regime shift to a positive state of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in 1976/1977. However, the analysis failed to detect the 1998/1999 regime shift in local climate, or in survey or commercial catches. This result is consistent with the view that the 1998/1999 climate regime shift did not represent a reversion to a negative PDO state. Local temperature increased and local sea level pressure decreased in the Gulf of Alaska during the years 2001–2005, consistent with anthropogenic warming and recent spatial reorganization in Arctic climate. There was no evidence of community reorganization following this climate event. Further observation will be required to evaluate the persistence of this new climate pattern, and the nature of community reaction to it.

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Mason, Arthur. "Forms of time in Alaska natural gas development." Polar Record 49, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000702.

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ABSTRACTEnergy companies and builders of energy transportation infrastructure find it difficult to evaluate Arctic natural gas development. Their business critical decisions require the assessment of not just technical risks but intangible issues regarding the future and past interactions of an energy system. These concerns call attention to the problem of time. In this article, I examine three types of time from which efforts to commercialise Alaska natural gas are drawn into the temporality of global energy markets: (1) volatility time, in which price spikes determine outcome; (2) government time, in which law and regulation assist in commercial enterprise, and; (3) entrepreneurial time, in which individuals of industry take initiative. These types of expectation in Alaska natural gas development correspond consequently to three methods for fixing time and space. In short, they are three development time-spaces or chronotopes. By offering these forms of time, taking place between 2000–2005, this article draws attention to concrete visualisations of constructing a pipeline to deliver natural gas from Alaska to continental United States. I argue that these efforts represent precise and well-marked steps and reflect a specific course of development, passing from self-confident ignorance, to self-reflective consultation and finally to genuine understanding.

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