Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alaska Native History

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Alaska Native History'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Alaska Native History"

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Thornburg, Steven W., and Robin W. Roberts. "“Incorporating” American Colonialism: Accounting and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act." Behavioral Research in Accounting 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-10177.

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ABSTRACT The history of Alaska is a colonial history (Pomeroy 1947; Haycox 2002). The purpose of this paper is to examine how the corporate form of organization and corporate accounting were used by the United States (U.S.) government to rationalize decisions, exercise control, and exploit Alaskan resources to benefit corporate America and the existing U.S. states. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) established Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), whose stock was distributed to qualifying Alaska Natives in exchange for their agreement to extinguish all aboriginal land claims. Guided by prior work in accounting and postmodern colonialism, our analysis uncovers ways in which ANCSA, though lauded by the U.S. government as an innovative and generous settlement, perpetuated a historical pattern of indigenous exploitation by western economic interests, and employed corporate accounting policies and techniques to further the interests of the U.S. government and large corporations at the expense of Native Alaskans.
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Villegas, Malia. "The Alaska Native Reader." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v4i1.71.

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For me, reading this volume is like coming home. As an Alutiiq/Sugpiaq (Alaska Native) researcher who recently relocated to Brisbane, Australia, it is a joy and an honor to review, The Alaska Native reader: History, culture, politics, edited by Maria Shaa Tláa Williams. This volume stands as a celebration of Alaska Native scholarship in its historical, linguistic, political, artistic, spiritual, scientific, and even culinary forms (see p. 360 for Daisy Demientieff's Best-Ever Moose Stew Recipe)! It is a treasure because it seeks to impact readers in a felt way – appealing to all of the places where knowledge lives including the mind, heart, belly, and soul. Each chapter prompted a different response ranging from pure joy to deep sadness, from rage to pride, from a sense of solidarity with other Alaska Natives to appreciation for my own particular culture, and from curiosity about what others are working toward to awe at what already has been achieved.
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Worl, Rosita Kaaháni, and Heather Kendall-Miller. "Alaska's Conflicting Objectives." Daedalus 147, no. 2 (March 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00488.

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The formal treaty-making period between the U.S. government and Native peoples ended in 1871, only four years after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia. As a result, Alaska Natives did not enter into treaties that recognized their political authority or land rights. Nor, following the end of the treaty-making period, were Alaska Natives granted the same land rights as federally recognized tribes in the lower forty-eight states. Rather, Congress created the Alaska Native Corporations as the management vehicle for conveyed lands in 1971. The unique legal status of these corporations has raised many questions about tribal land ownership and governance for future generations of Alaska Natives. Although Congress created the Native Corporations in its eagerness to settle land claims and assimilate Alaska Natives, Alaska Native cultures and governance structures persisted and evolved, and today many are reasserting the inherent authority of sovereign governments.
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Wurtz, Tricia L., and Anthony F. Gasbarro. "A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72047-1.

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The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
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Larson, Mary Ann, Susan B. Andrews, and John Creed. "Authentic Alaska: Voices of Its Native Writers." Western Historical Quarterly 30, no. 1 (1999): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971173.

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Lanzarotta, Tess. "Ethics in retrospect: Biomedical research, colonial violence, and Iñupiat sovereignty in the Alaskan Arctic." Social Studies of Science 50, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 778–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312720943678.

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Kaare Rodahl, a scientist with the US Air Force’s Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, spent much of the 1950s traveling to villages in the Alaskan Arctic to conduct research on cold acclimatization. Four decades later, it was discovered that during one such study, he had administered radioactive isotopes of iodine-131 to over one hundred Alaska Native research subjects without their knowledge or consent. This news broke just as Alaska Native communities were attempting to recover from a series of revelations surrounding other instances of Cold War radiation exposure. In response, two major federal investigations attempted to determine whether Rodahl had adhered to ethical regulations and whether his actions could be expected to have a lasting health impact on former research subjects. The National Research Council, framing the study as a singular event in the Cold War past, found that research subjects had been ‘wronged, but not harmed’. The North Slope Borough, a powerful Alaska Native municipal government, countered this finding with their own investigation, which identified both the study and the subsequent federal inquiries as facets of the still-unfolding process of American settler colonialism in Alaska. In doing so, the North Slope Borough contested the authority of federal agencies to set the terms by which ethics could be retrospectively judged. This article argues that exploring how competing ethical regimes represent the relationship between violence and time can help us better understand how institutionalized bioethics reproduces settler colonial power relations.
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Murray, Jesse D. "Together and Apart: The Russian Orthodox Church, the Russian Empire, and Orthodox Missionaries in Alaska, 1794–1917." Russian History 40, no. 1 (2013): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04001006.

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Addressing Russian Orthodox missions in the Alaskan periphery of the Russian Empire, this article discusses the flexibility of Russian Orthodox missionaries in adapting concepts of Orthodoxy and Russianness to the circumstances of their mission in Alaska and to their individual experiences there. Consulting a range of missionary writings from 1794–1917, including reports, journals, letters, and articles in church periodicals, Murray assesses varying interpretations and methods of promoting the civilizing mission, christianization, and russification over the long nineteenth century. Efforts in education and promoting moral standards were vital to the missions but always incorporated respect for the native culture. Recognizing the importance of this periphery even after the sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867, the missionaries continued to perceive the converted Alaskan communities as tied to Russian Orthodox culture and identity and their educational and moral efforts as essential to the construction of good citizens for the new political power.
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Huyser, Kimberly R. "Data & Native American Identity." Contexts 19, no. 3 (August 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504220950395.

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The history of the U.S. Census is needed to understand the count and participation of American Indian and Alaska Native peoples. The challenges and lessons learned from the census reveal an opportunity for social research to collect meaningful data in Indian Country.
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Madden, Ryan H. "Sitka's Cottages Community in Alaska History and the Development of the Alaska Native Brotherhood." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 40, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.40.2.madden.

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Jacobson, Steven A. "History of the Naukan Yupik Eskimo dictionary with implications for a future Siberian Yupik dictionary." Études/Inuit/Studies 29, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2006): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013937ar.

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Abstract Naukan is a Yupik Eskimo language spoken now by only a few people on the Russian side of the Bering Strait, but with strong Alaskan affinities. Naukan speaker Dobrieva of Lavrentiya, linguist Golovko of St. Petersburg, and linguists Jacobson and Krauss of Fairbanks have compiled a Naukan dictionary in two parallel volumes: Naukan in a latin-letter orthography to English, and Naukan in the modified Cyrillic alphabet used for Chukotkan Eskimo languages to Russian. It was both appropriate and beneficial that this project involved people from Alaska, European Russia, and Chukotka. The dictionary was recently published by the Alaska Native Language Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The Naukan dictionary in two parallel volumes can serve as a model for a new dictionary of (Central) Siberian Yupik, a language spoken, at least ancestrally, by roughly equal numbers on St. Lawrence Island Alaska and in the New Chaplino-Sirenik area of Chukotka, Russia. Such a dictionary could help to reinvigorate that language and allow it better to serve as a bridge between the two halves of a single people and culture divided only in recent decades by a boundary not of their own making.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alaska Native History"

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Panzo, Barbara Ann. "Inclusion of Alaska natives in history/social science curriculum for fifth grade." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1680.

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This project addresses the need for more authentic multicultural curriculm in the elementary schools within California, specifically concerning Native Americans in Alaska Natives. This projects supports the need to include Alaska Natives in the California History/Social Science curriculum for fifth grade.
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Wilbur, Cricket C. "A History of Place: Using Phytolith Analysis to Discern Holocene Vegetation Change on Sanak Island, Western Gulf of Alaska." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1395927847.

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Morse, Kathryn Taylor. "The nature of gold : an environmental history of the Alaska/Yukon gold rush /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10468.

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Morse, Kathryn Taylor. "The nature of gold : an environmental history of the Klondike gold rush /." Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390579433.

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"The Changing Tides of Bristol Bay: Salmon, Sovereignty, and Bristol Bay Natives." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53882.

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abstract: Located in Southwest Alaska on the Bering Sea, Bristol Bay covers the area of land and water that lies north of the Alaska Peninsula. The Bristol Bay region consists of more than 40 million acres and is home to approximately 7,400 people of mostly Alaska Native descent. Many Natives still maintain a subsistence lifestyle. The region’s Indigenous inhabitants include Aleuts, Eskimos, and Indians. Bristol Bay’s Indigenous cultures developed around the abundant salmon runs. The Bristol Bay watershed, with its extensive lake and river systems, provides the ideal breeding grounds for all five species of Pacific salmon. As a keystone species, salmon directly or indirectly impact many species in the ecosystem. This dissertation focuses on the ecology and environment, culture, and economy in the Bristol Bay salmon fishery from its beginnings in 1884 until the present. The arrival of Euro-Americans altered the human/salmon relationship as Alaska Natives entered the commercial salmon fishery. The commercial fishery largely marginalized Alaska Natives and they struggle to remain relevant in the fishery. Participation in the subsistence fishery remains strong and allows Bristol Bay Natives to continue their cultural traditions. On a global scale, the sustainable Bristol Bay’s salmon harvest provides over half of the world’s wild sockeye salmon. Salmon cultures once existed throughout the Atlantic and Pacific. With the decline of salmon, few viable salmon cultures remain today. I argue that because of the ecological, cultural, and economic factors, salmon in Bristol Bay deserve protection from competing resource development and other factors that threaten the valuable fishery. The unique ecology of Bristol Bay needs clean water to continue its bountiful production. As a member of the Bristol Bay community, I include my own experiences in the salmon fishery, incorporating “writing from home” as one of my primary methodologies. I also include ethnohistory and oral history methodologies. I conducted interviews with elders in the Bristol Bay community to incorporate Indigenous experiences as Natives faced changes brought on by the commercial salmon fishery.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation History 2019
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Shales, Joyce Walton. "Rudolph Walton : one Tlingit man’s journey through stormy seas Sitka, Alaska, 1867-1951." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8592.

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The history of contact with Europeans for Native Americans and the Tlingit people in particular has been well documented as one of extreme pain, suffering, and injustice. It was "survival time" for the Tlingit and very difficult choices had to be made. The life of one Tlingit man, Rudolph Walton, born in Sitka, Alaska in 1867, illuminates this critical time in the history of the Tlingit people. This dissertation is ah exploration of the interplay between competing cultures and interests and it is a quest to understand who Rudolph Walton was and how his life and the choices he made are connected to the larger historic themes and cross-cultural issues in Alaska Native education and religious life. In addition to providing a look at history and at cultural change through an individual's life, choices and experiences, this dissertation is also about the connection between my ancestors' choices and the impact those choices had on the survival of a people. It is at once a macro view and a micro view of the impact of history on Indian people. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States traditional Tlingit life changed forever. The Tlingit were forced on a daily basis to balance demands and pressures made by various Christian religious groups and the U. S. government. They also had to contend with the prejudice of the average American citizen. Most Native American history has been limited to the use of records written by Europeans and Americans. Our understanding of that history is limited because the voice of the Native American is rarely heard. This dissertation fills a gap in the history of Southeast Alaska through an examination of the life of Rudolph Walton. The life of Mr. Walton is important because he left us with a unique set of documents which help us to understand the difficulties he had to face as a Tlingit man during a critical time in the history of Southeast Alaska.
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Welch, Georgia P. "Right-of-Way: Equal Employment Opportunity on the Trans Alaska Oil Pipeline, 1968-1977." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9855.

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This dissertation compares four programs to create equal employment opportunity on the trans Alaska oil pipeline construction project in order to demonstrate the ruptures and continuities between manpower programs to end poverty and affirmative action to eradicate race and sex discrimination. These four programs posited different subjects and strategies for equal employment opportunity, including a statewide affirmative action plan supporting minority men in the construction industry, federal hiring goals for Alaska Natives, a state "Local Hire" law establishing hiring preference for residents of Alaska, and corporate affirmative action plans for women and minorities. I use archival records and original oral histories with pipeline employees to examine the methods government officials and agencies, corporations, trade unions, social movements, and nongovernmental organizations used to fulfill their visions of equality in employment on the 800-mile long, $8 billion pipeline project. I bridge the gender history of welfare with the history of civil rights in order to show how liberal ideals of economic citizenship in the late 1960s that prioritized creating male workers and breadwinners served as the foundational impetus for equal employment opportunity. I challenge the standard historical narrative of equal employment opportunity in the US, which has attributed affirmative action for women to a logical, if hard won, expansion of positive liberal rights first demanded by the black civil rights struggle, then legislated by the state and implemented by state bureaucrats and corporate personnel. What this narrative does not account for is how the gendered dimensions of liberalism underlying affirmative action for male minorities were able to so abruptly accommodate women as workers and economic citizens by the mid-1970s. I find that, over the course of construction of the pipeline, women in nontraditional jobs on the "Last Frontier" emerged as symbols of the success of equal employment opportunity and the legitimacy of American exceptionalism.


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"Quliaqtuavut Tuugaatigun (Our Stories in Ivory): Reconnecting Arctic Narratives with Engraved Drill Bows." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.21001.

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abstract: This dissertation explores complex representations of spiritual, social and cultural ways of knowing embedded within engraved ivory drill bows from the Bering Strait. During the nineteenth century, multi-faceted ivory drill bows formed an ideal surface on which to recount life events and indigenous epistemologies reflective of distinct environmental and socio-cultural relationships. Carvers added motifs over time and the presence of multiple hands suggests a passing down of these objects as a form of familial history and cultural patrimony. Explorers, traders and field collectors to the Bering Strait eagerly acquired engraved drill bows as aesthetic manifestations of Arctic mores but recorded few details about the carvings resulting in a disconnect between the objects and their multi-layered stories. However, continued practices of ivory carving and storytelling within Bering Strait communities holds potential for engraved drill bows to animate oral histories and foster discourse between researchers and communities. Thus, this collaborative project integrates stylistic analyses and ethno-historical accounts on drill bows with knowledge shared by Alaska Native community members and is based on the understanding that oral narratives can bring life and meaning to objects within museum collections.
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Ph.D. Art 2013
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Hillman, Paul Bishop. "Building a partnership between nature and human culture in natural history film." 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/hillman/HillmanP0505.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Alaska Native History"

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Gudgel-Holmes, Dianne. Native place names of the Kantishna drainage, Alaska: Kantishna Oral History Project. Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office, 1991.

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United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Alaska Region. Division of Environmental & Cultural Resource Management and United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. ANCSA Office, eds. Chasing the dark: Perspectives on place, history and Alaska Native land claims. Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Alaska Region, Division of Environmental and Cultural Resources Management, ANCSA Office, 2009.

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Hall, Edwin S. The Eskimo storyteller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 1998.

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Langdon, Steve. The native people of Alaska: Historic photos from various collections, Anchorage Museum of History and Art. Anchorage, Alaska: Greatland Graphics, 1987.

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Demographic effects of European expansion: A nineteenth-century native population of the Alaska Peninsula. Eugene, Or: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1986.

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Metcalfe, Peter. Earning a place in history: Shee Atiká, the Sitka Native Claims Corporation. Sitka, Alaska: Shee Atiká Inc., 2000.

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Craig, Mishler, ed. Crow is my boss =: Taatsaa' Shaa K' exalthet : the oral life history of a Tanacross Athabaskan elder. Norman [Okla.]: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.

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Antonia, Moras, ed. No need of gold: Alcohol control laws and the Alaska native population : from the Russians through the early years of statehood. Anghorage: School of Justice, University of Alaska, 1986.

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Furs and frontiers in the far north: The contest among native and foreign nations for control of the intercontinental Bering Strait fur trade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

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Donald, Mitchell. Sold American: A story of Alaska natives and their land, 1867-1959 : the army to statehood. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alaska Native History"

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"A Brief History of Native Solidarity." In The Alaska Native Reader, 202–16. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822390831-022.

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Williams, Maria Shaa Tláa. "A Brief History of Native Solidarity." In The Alaska Native Reader, 202–16. Duke University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822390831-021.

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"How It Feels to Have Your History Stolen." In The Alaska Native Reader, 176–77. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822390831-018.

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Mayac, Ted. "How It Feels to Have Your History Stolen." In The Alaska Native Reader, 176–77. Duke University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822390831-017.

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Fastie, Christopher L., and Robert A. Ott. "Successional Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest." In Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.003.0012.

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Superimposed on the topographic and climatic gradients in vegetation described in Chapter 6 are mosaics of stands of different ages reflecting the interplay between disturbance and succession, that is, the ecosystem changes that follow disturbance. The nature of disturbance governs vegetation succession, and vegetation properties, in turn, influence disturbance regime. Both disturbance and succession are controlled by state factors and by stochastic variation in local conditions such as weather and the abundance of herbivores. Even in this relatively simple biome, the interactions among site, chance, and disturbance history result in a vast array of possible successional trajectories following a disturbance event, generating at least 30 forest types in interior Alaska (Viereck et al. 1992). Despite this broad range of possible dynamics, certain patterns recur more frequently than others (Drury 1956, Viereck 1970). In this chapter, we discuss selected successional pathways that commonly occur on river floodplains and on permafrost-free or permafrost-dominated upland sites in interior Alaska. River floodplains occupy only 17% of interior Alaska, but they account for 80% of the region’s commercial forests and therefore have attracted considerable attention from forest managers (Adams 1999). These forests provide an excellent example of primary succession, that is, the succession that occurs on surfaces that have not been previously vegetated. Although many successional pathways are possible on interior Alaska’s floodplains (Fig. 7.1; Drury 1956), the trajectory that actually occurs in a particular place is usually determined by the patterns of colonization during the first decades (Egler 1954). This, in turn, depends primarily on physical environment, flood events, and seed availability. For example, fine-textured sediments, which are common along the gradual grade of the Tanana River near Fairbanks (Chapter 3), retain more moisture than gravelly substrates and favor establishment of thinleaf alder (Alnus incana subsp. tenuifolia) following the initial colonization by willow (Salix). Alder is therefore a more important component of this successional sequence than along some other rivers. In this chapter, we focus on the alder-mediated pattern of floodplain succession, which has been the major focus of the LTER research program. The common and scientific names of species mentioned in this chapter are given in Table 6.1.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Megan V. McPhee, Mara S. Zimmerman, Terry D. Beacham, Brian R. Beckman, Jeffrey B. Olsen, Lisa W. Seeb, and William D. Templin. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch58.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The causes of spatial and temporal variation in Pacific salmon abundance are poorly understood. An additional challenge in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region is the expansive and remote nature of salmon habitat. In this paper, the authors discuss a hierarchical framework that may prove helpful in identifying key variables regulating Pacific salmon abundance. The hierarchical framework considers processes that act at multiple scales of space and time, identifies generalizations across scales, and considers interactions among variables operating at different scales. This framework is used to address three overarching questions for the AYK region: 1) What are the important units of focus for conservation and management? 2) What are the factors that control abundance and connectivity of these units? 3) How can these two questions be integrated to better understand and manage Pacific salmon? Genetic and ecotypic units are organized hierarchically in space and time. Genetic units of AYK salmon have been identified at a local level among tributaries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim drainages, the Norton Sound, and at a regional level where all species share similar genetic discontinuities. Ecotypic units are habitat-organismal trait associations characteristic of Pacific salmon, but are not well documented for AYK stocks. The processes controlling abundance and connectivity among these units also occur at multiple hierarchical levels with respect to life history, space, and time. Identifying the scale at which processes or interaction among processes have the largest relative impact on salmon recruitment will be critical to effectively managing Pacific salmon. Four feasible lines of study proposed for gathering informative data from the expansive and remote AYK region include: (1) a spatial comparison between habitat and spawning populations, (2) a comparison of mortality as related to life history diversity, (3) compilation of existing migration data to explain patterns in migration timing, and (4) coordination of genetic data to test hypotheses regarding population structure. Use of existing long-term data and coordination of ongoing research efforts should be of high importance for AYK biologists and managers.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by K. Fiona Cubitt, Christopher I. Goddard, and Charles C. Krueger. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch60.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—This paper presents a synopsis of discussions by commercial and subsistence fishers, biologists, fishery managers, and academicians about salmon management held at the symposium (this volume). The group reviewed current strategies and discussed changes that may be made to improve management with respect to fish numbers, stakeholder needs, and engagement of local people. The conservation of salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. was a shared value among all participants along with the belief that sustainable salmon yields will ensure sustainable rural communities within the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region. Management by escapement goals was a useful management strategy; however, substantial concerns were expressed that high risks to salmon populations and fisheries existed when goals were based on maximum sustained yield concepts. Weekly in-season teleconferences among fishery participants and managers have provided important information, improved decision making, and built relationships and trust between managers and fishers. Traditional ecological knowledge was viewed as an important source of information and could be further incorporated into management decisions. Studies should be conducted to understand the nature of selective fishing on salmon (e.g., size, life history, sex), and its effects on the long-term sustainability of salmon populations. Allocation of subsistence harvest in times of salmon scarcity should recognize and prioritize human food as the highest use, then dog food, and last customary trade uses. Opportunities should be explored to increase interaction between freshwater and ocean managers to achieve a more holistic, ecosystem-based management of salmon stocks over their entire life history. Tensions exist within the fisheries including: commercial versus recreational versus subsistence fishers; downstream versus upstream fishers; and state versus federal management of subsistence fisheries. These tensions will continue to pose a challenge to management. With improved information, communication, and cooperation, successful management of AYK salmon is possible and will help ensure sustainability and opportunity for use by future human generations.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Allen Gottesfeld, Chris Barnes, and Cristina Soto. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch42.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Pacific salmon are important to the First Nations of the Skeena River watershed in British Columbia. The Skeena Fisheries Commission (SFC) was formed in 1985 through a memorandum of understanding between the watershed’s five First Nations: Tsimshian, Gitxsan, Gitanyow, Wet’suwet’en, and Lake Babine. SFC focuses on salmon management, research, and conservation through governance and technical committees. This paper describes the development of fishery management capacity of SFC within the context of the cultural importance of salmon, the history of salmon management measures, and land claims. Capacity is analyzed in terms of the ability to perform eight management functions: policy making, negotiation and resource planning; stock assessment; fishery monitoring; enforcement and compliance; research, habitat and enhancement activities; data gathering and analysis for resource planning; creating benefits for fishermen and communities; and training and education. Policy making, negotiating, and planning occur between SFC and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) through formal and informal consultations and monthly technical meetings. SFC also participates in committees at the federal and international levels. Stock assessment activities include spawner enumerations, counting weirs, mark-recapture studies, hydroacoustic surveys, and sampling fish for genetic stock identification. Catch monitoring of the food fishery has been regularly conducted since 1991. First Nation Rangers and federal Fisheries Officers enforce traditional and federal law, respectively. Member First Nations conduct research projects with assistance from SFC staff and infrastructure. Habitat and conservation enhancement projects include road culvert assessments and hatchery rearing of Kitwanga Lake sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka</em>. The creation of benefits for communities occurs through two in-river fisheries. Finally, training and education include SFC-run workshops and specialized training by external sources. SFC will conduct most management functions in the future; however, funding remains a constraint to program expansion. Key elements of the success of the SFC include: the cultural imperative to protect fish, the community origin and leadership of the SFC, a favorable political environment, the early recognition of the need for a watershed-wide organization, and the availability of government funding.
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Hammerson, Geoffrey A., and Larry E. Morse. "State of the States: Geographic Patterns of Diversity, Rarity, and Endemism." In Precious Heritage. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125191.003.0011.

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The natural geography of the 50 states varies tremendously, supporting an equally varied suite of wild species—from flocks of tropical birds in southern Florida to caribou migrations across the Alaskan tundra. The geography of risk, too, varies across the nation, reflecting the interaction between natural and human history. Similarly, present-day land and water uses will largely determine the future diversity and condition of the flora and fauna. We can learn much, though, from looking at the current condition of a state’s biota, since this both reflects the past and helps illuminate the future. A state’s ecological complexion and the evolutionary history of its biota are the primary determinants of its biological diversity. These environmental factors have encouraged spectacular diversification in many regions: for instance, the freshwater fish fauna in the Southeast, the magnificent conifers along the Pacific cordillera, and the small mammal assemblages of the arid Southwest. Conversely, geological events such as the expansion and contraction of the ice sheets have left other areas of the country with a more modest array of species. States, however, are artificial constructs laid out on the landscape’s natural ecological patterns. While some state lines follow natural boundaries, such as shorelines or major rivers, most cut across the land with no sensitivity to natural features or topography. Nonetheless, urban and rural dwellers alike identify with the major ecological regions within which they live, and this is often the source of considerable pride. Montana is “big sky country,” referring to the vast open plains that sweep up against the eastern phalanx of the Rocky Mountains. California’s moniker “the golden state” now refers more to its tawny hills of summer—unfortunately at present composed mostly of alien species—than to the nuggets first found at Sutter’s Creek. Maryland, home of the Chesapeake Bay, offers the tasty blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) as its unofficial invertebrate mascot. The list could go on, evidenced by the growing number of states that offer vanity license plates celebrating their natural environment. Natural features have always played a dominant role in determining patterns of settlement and land use.
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"CHAPTER XXIX. The Thirteenth Century. Patriarchs and Rulers. Sabrishu IV., Patriarch. Sabrishu V., Patriarch. Makikah II., Patriarch. Genghiz Khan. Christianity Among the Mongols and Tartars. Okatai Khan and His Relatives. War With Persia. Kublai Khan. Mar Denkah, Patriarch. The Siege of Antioch. Gregory Bar Hebraus (Abul Faraj). Jahb Alaha III. , Patriarch. Tokdan Amed Bar Abkhan. Argon Khan Bar Abkhan. Raban Saumah's Travels to Rome.Mar Abdishu, Metropolitan of Zoba, Armenia. Persecution of Jahb Alaha, Patriarch, and the Christians at Maragha." In History of the Syrian Nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East, 295–309. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463211462-035.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alaska Native History"

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Hernandez, Susan D., and Mary E. Clark. "Building Capacity and Public Involvement Among Native American Communities." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1251.

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Abstract The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) supports a number of local community initiatives to encourage public involvement in decisions regarding environmental waste management and remediation. Native American tribal communities, in most cases, operate as sovereign nations, and thus have jurisdiction over environmental management on their lands. This paper provides examples of initiatives addressing Native American concerns about past radioactive waste management practices — one addresses uranium mining wastes in the Western United States and the other, environmental contamination in Alaska. These two projects involve the community in radioactive waste management decision-making by encouraging them to articulate their concerns and observations; soliciting their recommended solutions; and facilitating leadership within the community by involving local tribal governments, individuals, scientists and educators in the project. Frequently, a community organization, such as a local college or Native American organization, is selected to manage the project due to their cultural knowledge and acceptance within the community. It should be noted that U.S. EPA, consistent with Federal requirements, respects Indian tribal self-government and supports tribal sovereignty and self-determination. For this reason, in the projects and initiatives described in the presentation, the U.S. EPA is involved at the behest and approval of Native American tribal governments and community organizations. Objectives of the activities described in this presentation are to equip Native American communities with the skills and resources to assess and resolve environmental problems on their lands. Some of the key outcomes of these projects include: • Training teachers of Navajo Indian students to provide lessons about radiation and uranium mining in their communities. Teachers will use problem-based education, which allows students to connect the subject of learning with real-world issues and concerns of their community. Teachers are encouraged to utilize members of the community and to conduct field trips to make the material as relevant to the students. • Creating an interactive database that combines scientific and technical data from peer-reviewed literature along with complementary Native American community environmental observations. • Developing educational materials that meet the national science standards for education and also incorporate Native American culture, language, and history. The use of both Native American and Western (Euro-American) educational concepts serve to reinforce learning and support cultural identity. The two projects adopt approaches that are tailored to encourage the participation of, and leadership from, Native American communities to guide environmental waste management and remediation on their lands. These initiatives are consistent with the government-to-government relationship between Native American tribes and the U.S. government and support the principle that tribes are empowered to exercise their own decision-making authority with respect to their lands.
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Haring, Rodney C. "Abstract IA12: Collaborators to the Sovereigns: Learning from history to make new chapters in research with American Indians and Alaska Natives." In Abstracts: Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp14-ia12.

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