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1
Zissi, Leonard. "Polish Literature in Albanian." Perspektywy Kultury 25, no. 2 (2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2502.11.
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Albania is a small country in Europe, which was under Turkish occupation for nearly five centuries. It did not regain its independence until 28 November 1912. During the occupation there was almost no foreign literature translated into Albanian, as more than 85% of the population were illiterate and in general there were no scientific institutions or schools. The first primary school was opened in 1887. Only in the 1920s, with the emergence of intelligentsia, world literature started to be translated into Albanian, which included Polish literature. However, the translations were not done from the Polish language but from Italian translations of it. The first Polish literary work translated into Albanian from Italian was the Nobel prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel, Quo Vadis? (in 1933). The book was translated for the second time in 1999. The translation of Polish literature into Albanian gained momentum after World War II, and especially after 2000. So far, nearly 55 books by 34 Polish authors have been translated into Albanian, including Adam Mickiewicz (among them his great work, Pan Tadeusz), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Boleslaw Prus, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska, Olga Tokarczuk, Ryszard Kapuściński, Tadeusz Różewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Fr. Marcin Czermiński, and others. At the same time, 8 Albanian authors wrote books on Polish topics in Albanian. Apart from the Albanian translators from Albania, Polish literature has also been translated into Albanian by Albanians from Kosovo. In comparison with other European countries, Albania is a leader as far as the number of Polish books translated is concerned. Polish literature in Albanian is generally popular among Albanian readers. Some of the books are published for the second, or even after the third time.
2
Xhaferri, Manjola, and Mirela Tase. "The Influence of Ottoman Culture on the Way of life of Albanian Society." Journal of Education Culture and Society 15, no. 1 (2024): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2024.1.557.566.
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Aim. This paper aims to highlight the elements of Ottoman culture that have influenced Albanians' culture and way of life. Albania was under Ottoman occupation for five centuries, which has had various consequences on the country's economic, cultural, and social life. Methods. To realize this study, a series of methods have been used, such as research, comparative, and cartographic methods. The comparative method consists of the authors confronting each other regarding the influences of Ottoman culture and how widespread it became in Albanian culture. The cartographic method aims to explain the extent of Ottoman work in Albania and whether it managed to penetrate Albanian territorial integrity. Results. Whether we like it or not, Ottoman influences are already part of our heritage in values, customs, traditions, beliefs, material culture, folklore, clothing, architecture, and the life of Albanians. Conclusion. The study has enabled a better understanding of the constructions of the time, their quality, level, and extent; at the same time, they testify to historical phenomena, such as the process of resistance to the invaders, the Islamization of the Albanian population, and the beginning of economic growth and especially of cities.
3
de Rapper, Gilles. "Pelasgic Encounters in the Greek-Albanian Borderland." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 18, no. 1 (2009): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2009.180104.
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In the last ten years, many books and articles dedicated to Pelasgians have been published in Albania, mostly by amateur historians and linguists. These works question the official discourse on the Illyrian origin of Albanians inherited from the socialist era. They also question the relationship of Albanians with Greeks, both in ancient times and in the present. Considering the fact that a significant number of those authors originate from southern Albania and that their books are widely read and appreciated in this Albanian borderland, this article argues that the recent success of Pelasgic theories can be partially explained by the new uses of the border in the post-1991 context and by the state of relations between Albanians and Greeks as experienced at the local level. Imagining the Pelasgians as prestigious ancestors appears as an answer to feelings of inequality and marginality related to new practices of the border.
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Echimovich, Mariana, Svetozar Shchekich, and Maksim Braјovich. "Features of Albanian separatism in Kosovo and Metohija." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2023.2.40882.
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Authors examine the formation and development of Albanian separatism in the Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija. The article deals with the main aspects of the history of creation and functioning of the first armed extremist groups of Kosovo Albanians, in particular the activities of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) during the hottest phases of the Kosovo crisis in the 1990s, including the role of international actors in the development of Albanian terrorism in the Serbian province. In the article, the authors conclude that Albanian separatism is not a spontaneously organized ethnic group with the aim of fighting against "terror" perpetrated by state power, but is instead the embodiment of the idea of a "Greater Albania", projected in the First and Second Prizer Leagues. Western countries also actively supported the formation, training, logistical support and funding of the KLA. The leader among Western states supporting Albanian separatism in Serbia was the United States, which provided Kosovo separatists with comprehensive support. With the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244 and the arrival of the UN Military and Civil Mission in Kosovo and Metohija (KFOR and UMNIK), Albanian extremists and terrorists used all-out violence to expel the non-Albanian population from Kosovo and Metohija. The separation of Kosovo from Serbia, which took place under the careful guidance of the international community represented by the USA and the EU, as well as the recognition of the so-called Kosovo's "independence" by, above all, Western countries, grossly violated not only UNSC Resolution 1244 and international law in general, but also created an international legal precedent which gave other proponents of territorial secession an excuse and right to seek the same as that of the so-called Kosovo.
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Pacifici, Michela, Fabio Attorre, Stefano Martellos, et al. "BioNNA: the Biodiversity National Network of Albania." Nature Conservation 25 (March 13, 2018): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.22387.
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Recently, the Albanian Government started the process to join the European Union. This process also involves matching the EU parameters in protecting its biodiversity. In order to support the Albanian authorities, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Directorate for Development Cooperation (DGCS) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) joined efforts in the project “Institutional Support to the Albanian Ministry of Environment, Forest and Water Administration for Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation and Use in Protected Areas”. This project aims at identifying priority needs in safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Another project funded by the EU – “Strengthening capacity in National Nature Protection – preparation for Natura 2000 network” – started in 2015 with the aim to raise awareness for assisting local and national Albanian institutions to better exploit the potential of protected areas. One of the main issues encountered during these projects was the need for a national biodiversity data repository. The Biodiversity National Network of Albania (BioNNA) has been created to aggregate occurrence records of plants and animals and aims at becoming the most relevant source of information for biodiversity data as far as Albania is concerned. In this paper, the authors detail structure and data of BioNNA, including the process of data gathering and aggregation, taxonomic coverage, software details and WebGIS development. BioNNA is a milestone on the path towards Albania’s inclusion in the EU and has also a relevant potential social relevance for improving people’s awareness on the importance of biodiversity in the country.
6
Maloku-Morina, Mihrije, and Sefedin Rahimi. "Divine Insights: Religious Influences in Albanian Literature." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 10 (2024): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/pt6xzj21.
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This paper aims to investigate the profound influences of Biblical and Koranic discourse on Albanian literature during a specific period, with a focus on the principal authors. The study adopts on applied research approach, employing textual analysis and comparative literary studies to examine the integration of oriental and occidental themes, motifs and conceptions in Albanian literature. By delving into the structural elements and elements of discourse influenced by codified beliefs, the research explores religious interplay within the literature.Through a thorough analysis of literary works, this study reveals that the Bible and Koran hold significant literary importance, with numerous authors drawing inspiration from these sacred texts. The research findings demonstrate the extensive utilization of motifs, literary figures, stylistic elements, events and characters from the Bible and the Koran in Albanian literature. Holy Scripture, embodying a noble and holy spirit, serves as inexhaustible source of artistic inspiration, vitality and creativity for prominent authors. Notably, the research highlights the prominence of Biblical events that portray the struggle for freedom, which have found expression in Albanian literature. This exploration sheds light on enduring influence of the Bible and the Koran on the cultural fabric of Albanian society.Based on the research findings, this study concludes that the integration of Biblical and Koranic discourse in Albanian literature reflects the deep-rooted Islamic and Christian culture within the Albanian psyche. The research underscores the significance of these sacred texts as sources of artistic inspiration and creativity, shaping the cultural tradition and civilization of Albanians. By uncovering the profound interplay between religion and literature, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the cultural and religious dynamics within Albanian literary works.
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Lamçja, Dhurata. "The Poetry and Prose, as Well as the Impact of Communist Ideology in the Albanian Literature of the ’80." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 2 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/172ixp24v.
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Albanian literature has come a long way through the many historical events it has passed and managed to survive. One of the harshest periods for Albanian literature, has not come as a consequence of external invasion, but from within. The communist dictatorship in Albania, which started in the remains of the Second World War, and lasted up until 1991, besides controlling the politics, foreign relationships, economy and social structures, used art and in particular literature as a weapon to demolish free thought and enforce its ideology through the canonized structures and cliches, such as the martyrdom. This led the Albanian authors to find new ways hidden inside literary figures, which they mastered, to spread their message and express their true thoughts and feelings beyond the censorship, and trained the readers to read through and understand the intentions of the authors.
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Mërkuri, Prof Phd Nexhip, and Elira Xhakollari. "Language Policiy for the Tendency of the Sound Complex in the Albanian Anthroponymy and Patronymic." European Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 1 (2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p16-26.
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The authors reflects on the progress of anthroponymy and patronomy sounds tendency and its applied linguistic policy in the last century and the beginning of the new millennium. The research is carried out in two periods: during and post-communism. The authors have done a long-time research on this topic, which has resulted in an accurate argumentative discourse on pre-linguistic choices of these sonoric complex usages in family discourse. The authors have listed carefully the entry of Illyrian/Albanian names and the tendency of sonoric usages, which were part of language planning process; and everything is argued on the basis of national spirit of the time. The linguistic policy of entering of Illyrian names into family discourse is also seen as a general trend of Renaissance (1730-1912) for the purpose of restoring historic memory to Albanians. After the 1990-s, the beginning of democracy in Albania, nonetheless the publishing of the study on newborn names, the linguistic policy has never been applied for many reasons. For the last two years, 2015-2016, linguistics, students, surveyors, educational secretaries, members of civil status, have listed a number of reasons on the choices of the names of newborns in Albania. The freedom of choice of the sonoric complex, the trend of names, the tendency of names in the western world, emigration, etc., are some of the reasons to justify the choices and the linguistic behavior of sonoric complexes. The study is carried out in several municipalities and it is noticed that sonoric choices are highly influenced by the trends in media. There is an avoidance of inherited muslim, catholic and orthodox names and of those names claimed by linguistic policy of 1970-1990. Such linguistic tendency is argued on national basis by making comparisons on the frequency of uses. Diachronic comparisons of Albanian names found in registers of different years reflect the cultural trends of the parents. Albanian families have been quite generous with the borrowings of names from other cultures. Borrowings, as an integral part of linguistic policy, are result of foreign literature, movies, history and fashion.
9
Çitaku, Muhamed. "The Influence of the Bible on Albanian Literature." Obnovljeni život 78, no. 1 (2023): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31337/oz.78.1.6.
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Just as the Bible has had a great influence on world literature, so too has it influenced Albanian literature. The impact of this book is evident in all literary periods throughout the history of Albanian literature. Albanian authors have taken stories, characters, motifs, and themes from the Bible and have conveyed these in a variety of artistic forms. Through biblical symbols Albanian authors have expressed ideas about themselves, society, culture, and politics and have demonstrated that these symbols have different meanings in Albanian literature. They have achieved this by giving biblical stories a unique structure, modifying them partially by adding new characters and events, etc. Therefore, as a result, biblical stories and characters in Albanian literature have a new distinctive quality as compared to those in the Bible. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the influence that the Bible has had on principal Albanian authors, as well as the peculiarities that biblical events and characters acquire in Albanian literature. The authors have used quantitative and hermeneutic analysis to help identify biblical elements in Albanian literature.
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Ismajli, Faton, and Shemsi Haziri. "The use of Anglicisms in headlines of some online media outlets in Albanian." XLinguae 17, no. 2 (2024): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2024.17.02.17.
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This research paper will analyze the Anglicisms in headlines of some online media outlets in Albanian in the aspect of their usage. The impact of linguistic and media globalism on the information and education of news readers will be the basis of the paper when it comes mainly to the impact of online media outlets, which are very popular and easily accessible to each user. While analyzing the Anglicisms, three online media outlets in three regions with Albanian population have been selected with a particular focus: http://www.balkanweb.com/live/#gsc.tab=0 from Albania; http://www.indeksonline.net from Kosovo; and http://www.portalb.mk/ from North Macedonia, while not being limited to only these media outlets, in the general aspect of the use of Anglicisms. During the theoretical and practical explication of the paper, after choosing the research questions, the authors have endeavored to find proven answers on why the use of Anglicisms in online media outlets is in Albanian so desirable and necessary, and in this particular case, in their news titles that have much more readers and impact to all the readers. Furthermore, the authors have sought to give explanations as to whether the Albanian language can substitute all the Anglicism used in online media with its original words and whether Albanian is joining other minor languages when it comes to the great influence of English in the processes of globalization and North-Atlantic integration, and so on. Furthermore, in the final part of the paper, the authors will lay out other results of the findings of this paper, in relation to media and language, to carry out a general scientific analysis in general in the field of communication in online media outlets in Albanian.
11
Osmanaj (Shyti), Enejda. "Copyright Protection in Albania – A Brief Historical Overview." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p8-17.
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Human creativity flourishes in a suitable environment, which is provided by the existence of an efficient legal system of copyright protection. In general, copyright is protected on national basis therefore the scope of protection and the requirements that must be met to ensure the protection of works and creations, differ from one country to another. Albania has its own legislation for copyright protection, as most of European countries. This paper is a historical overview of copyright legislation development in Albania. History has undeniable impact in a country's legislation. So, Albanian copyright legislation has been changed and improved from stages to stages. Copyright has found protection in Albania’s legislation, initially during the time of King Zog’s Ist (1925-1939) Reign. The Civil Code (1929) marks the first strands of copyright protection in Albania. This Code is referred to the best European legislations of the time. During the communist regime private intellectual creations and works could not be privately owned. The copyright belonged to the state. The government and the totalitarian Albanian state of that time decided to reproduce the work, or allow translation into foreign languages as well as the creation of derivative works. The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania (1981) came into force with new provisions that provided recognition and protection of copyright. After the collapse of the communism the recognition of private property was re-appeared. The authors and creators became owners of their works/performances. Firstly, Albanian Parliament adopted the law no. 7564, dated 19.05.1992 “On copyright”. Thirteen years later, the parliament enacted the Law no. 9380, dated 28.04.2005 “On copyright and other rights related to” that incorporated the provisions of the European Union Directives on Copyright Protection. Currently, the protection of copyright is provided even through some provisions of other legal acts, such as: Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998), law no.7961/1995 “On the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7895 /1995 “Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7859 /1994 “On the Civil Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended) etc. In addition to the national legislation, Albania has ratified a number of international acts, which intend to protect copyright etc.
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Kunic, Zvjezdan, and Blerina Mahmutaj. "New communication trends in Serbian and Albanian Media in the Era of the Covid-19 pandemic as an effective means of shaping the Image of Russia in the Balkans 2020-2021." Litera, no. 5 (May 2022): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.5.37751.
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The goal of this study is to identify new trends in the Serbian and Albanian media during the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, which contributed to the formation of Russia's image in the Balkans. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of the popular Serbian and Albanian media in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, the image of Russia in the Balkans is being studied. As a result, the authors give a generalized description of how the image of the state is formed. This article traces the main realities of relations between Russia and the Balkans. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the West on the formation of communication trends in the media of the Balkan region. The authors seek to trace the process of formation of new trends that emerged in the media of Albania and Serbia in 2020-2021. Also, attention is paid to what new trends have appeared in the Serbian and Albanian media in relation to Russia against the background of the pandemic.
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Austin, Robert C., and Jonathan Ellison. "Post-Communist Transitional Justice in Albania." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 22, no. 2 (2008): 373–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325408315768.
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The article provides a detailed and informative account of the transitional justice process in Albania and examines the logic behind the initiation of lustration process. Describing the accurate historical context of the country's communist past, the authors explain the factors that prevented the successful implementation of the post-communist transitional justice in Albania, such as its political culture, the impact of the communist regime, and most importantly, the lack of political will from Albanian political leadership to break away from its communist past. A pioneer in initiating transitional justice laws in the Balkans in the early nineties, Albania failed to successfully implement them, as the leadership saw the lustration process as a political means to crush the opposition and consolidate its power. The article explains that transitional justice process in Albania became highly politicized and was used by politicians for political gains, which ultimately led to loss of trust from general public failing to detach the Albanian political scene from its communist past.
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Ahmeti, Siana, Albana Demi, and Marios Katsioloudes. "The Industry of Tourism in Developing Countries." International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models 4, no. 2 (2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfbmbm.2019070102.
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This article briefly describes the development of the tourism sector in Albania, summarizing consumer behavior theory at a micro prospective, and providing a few general ideas on how the Albanian market can stimulate a change in European consumers' behavior and attract a larger and constant stream of tourists. This article is elaborated from three perspectives of the environment: the economic, the socio–cultural, and the technological. Starting with the economic environment perspective, the authors explore ways to ensure the efficient development of the economy through resource management, with the purpose of creating space for future generations. Following the social-cultural environment perspective, they analyze the way social and cultural sustainability ensures and enhances people's life skills, strengthens community identity and improves food safety practices through educational campaigns in the hospitality sector. Closing with the technological environment perspective, the authors explore ways to strengthen Albania's online position and improve telecommunication channels between urban and rural areas.
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Tokrri, Renata. "Pluralist Albania- Religious Tolerance or Peaceful Coexistence?" European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/434cpf71b.
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It has been noted that the whole history of man has been marked by religion, in particular the Albanian one by three religions and four religious denominations: the Sunni one, to which the majority of the population belongs, the Bektashi Sufis, which is a very moderate branch of the Islam, the Orthodox and Catholics. Over the centuries, Albania has become a multi-religious society, but what is singular is that despite profound differences in religion the Albanians have always lived together in peace, the country has never known extremism, conflict or war of religion. Several authors have tried to identify the source and reasons for this exemplary harmonious coexistence that still reigns in the country, but the real reason is still a matter of dispute among intellectuals. It is certainly the answers can only be found in history.
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Xhaferri, Shqipe, Ilindena Sotirofski, Albana Demi, Daniela Lika, and Flutura Domi. "Factors impacting the public social insurance scheme: The developing market study." Corporate and Business Strategy Review 5, no. 1 (2024): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv5i1art16.
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This research deals with the performance and factors of the social insurance system in Albania, which is of great importance for the economy to analyze, and the pension system that is subject to Albania’s government policies that can change over time. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between social entrepreneurship and the social environment by analyzing public revenue, expenditure, fiscal policy, and the changes in minimum and maximum wages of public social contributions in Albania for the period 1999–2020. The authors find that public pension system variables such as income, expenditure, and minimum/maximum wage follow a normal distribution and their respective p-values are greater than 0.05, and income has an impact on public pension expenditure. For this study, the linear model is used, and the statistical tests used to obtain the required results are Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk, and the correlation coefficient (r = 0.986) indicates that there is a strong positive relationship between them. The results are useful for Albanian politicians to manage the public welfare system geared towards social entrepreneurship and encourage the authors to proceed with the analysis of other financial instruments related to this system.
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Shala, Nita, Avni Puka, and Gianluigi Pratola. "Criminalization of Animal Cruelty in Context: An Albanian Perspective." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 71, no. 6 (2022): 921–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.71.6.05.
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The Albanian legislature has been slow to comprehensively regulate and suitably penalize cruelty towards animals. During the second decade of building a democratic legal system, adopted legislation mandated administrative penalties for only a small number of acts of commission or omission that constituted cruelty to animals. A petition from 37,527 electors obliged the Committee of Laws at the Albanian Parliament to deliberate on the criminalization of animal cruelty for the first time in November of 2017. Two years later, on 18 July 2019, the Albanian Criminal Code was amended with six provisions criminalizing animal cruelty. How has context and other factors shaped the law in Albania with regards to animal cruelty? Authors aim to respond to this question through a functional method with a problem-solving contextual approach, engaging in an in-depth legal evaluation of the Albanian legislation and comparative analysis on the topic. This work draws on deliberations from eight meetings of the Committee of Laws and consultation with nineteen Members of the Parliament, civil servants in responsible institutions, and representatives from civil society, to clarify how society’s effort shaped the criminalization of cruelty towards animals in Albania. The discussion proceeds with a comparative legal analysis between proposed legislation and adopted changes in the Criminal Code with legislation in certain EU Member States and EU acquis. Concerns linger about whether criminalizing a behavior such as animal cruelty is the appropriate way to reduce the occurrence of this offence.
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Karjagdiu, Lirak, Naim Kryeziu, and Isa Spahiu. "The Reception of Ernest Hemingway’s Works in Albanian Literature and Culture." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 5, no. 3 (2021): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no3.11.
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The main aim of this paper is to illuminate the positive reception and influence of Hemingway’s translated work in the Albanian-speaking world. On the whole, Hemingway’s reception in Albanian literature and culture has largely been overlooked and it thus requires more profound attention and consideration. Hence, this paper will attempt to fill up a large vacuum that existed so far in Ernest Hemingway’s reception in Albanian literature and culture.“Jeta e re,” one of the most reputable literary journals in Kosova, published several journalistic and literary critiques on Hemingway written by various Albanian and international authors throughout the 20th century. Using a critical and comparative literary approach and by referencing these published prefaces, introductions, articles, reviews, etc. mainly by Albanian authors, this paper details and analyzes the research, journalism, and literary criticism published in “Jeta e re” regarding Hemingway’s works. The paper concludes that Hemingway’s literary works and masterpieces were translated and published frequently and were received with warmth and enthusiasm, leading to Hemingway becoming one of the most admired authors among Albanian readers.
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Novik, Alexander, and Marina Domosiletskaya. "Citron in the culture and language of the Greeks and Albanians of Himara." JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY AND CULTUROLOGY 33 (August 2023): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/rec.2023.33.03.
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The role of some plants and especially the importance of the sacred plant citron – Citrus medica (etrog in the Jewish holiday of Sukkot) is extremely exaggerated. The paper deals with citron, which was cultivated in trading volumes in Southern Albania before the middle of the XX century, when Himariot/Albanian cultural, ethnic, and economic contacts with the Jews of the Mediterranean world were extremely intensive and close. The study is based on the archives’ data and the field research during many years in the Balkans (1994–2022). The authors analyze the decay and complete disappearance of the tradition of growing citron in socialist Albania under the influence of political, social and ideological factors. The persistence of narratives about the former well-being of settlements on specific circumstances of the life of the Jewish diaspora in postwar Albania are described. All Albanian (qitro, kitёr, citron, etc.) and Greek (κιτριά, κιτρό, tsitróni, etc.) phytonyms for Citrus medica are analyzed, etymologized and compared with the names of citron in other languages of the Adriatic and the Ionian coast – Italian, Aromanian, Croatian.
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Kocaqi, Elena. "The democracy in the Albanian Canonical law and in the Ancient Greece." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 8, no. 1 (2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv8n106.
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This paper treats some common democratic elements between the institutions and rights previewed by the Albanian Canon and those used of Ancient Greeks. Those similarities are seen also by foreign authors and trawlers that visited Albanian of XIX century. This issue is important to point out the links between Albanian political culture and that of Ancient Greece. Those links are evident because of the common origin of the both people in ancient time. Those political traditions are conserved until today by Albanian people like they were in Homeric times and in Ancient Greece. Also the standards of direct democracy in Albanian Canons such as in political status, political representation of people, are not only higher than those of Ancient Greece but are higher than many democratic standards of today. The method of work is based in the analyses of the data given for the institution of Gerousia, Ecclesia, the Albanian Council of Elders and Assembly of People, to point out the similarities and differences between them. Data are gathered by ancient authors and Albanian Canons and also by the authors that have written for this issue.
 
 Received: 10 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
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Draçini, Rrezarta, and Rezearta Murati. "Current Trends and Issues in Albanian Language Use." Journal of Educational and Social Research 8, no. 1 (2018): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2018-0008.
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Abstract Language is an instrument for communication and it has the obligation to serve people improving it. But in fact there are moments when language and its rules, decided by a group of people, goes against this purpose, creating so a disorientation between the users and misapprehension of the messages transmitted. In the Orthography of Albanian Language printed in 1973 (p.23) is written “The foreign names has to be written according to the tradition of their use in Albanian taking in consideration the pronunciation in their relative language.” Last 20 years in publications, periodic and visual medias in Albania we can note that the Albanian language is in crossroad between: a rule imposed in a situation of complete isolation and the actual situation of multiple contacts that makes the rule a barrier. Nowadays the same names are written in different forms losing so the correlation with the original and causing a enormous problem not only linguistic but cultural and interpersonal, too. For example referring to high school textbook of literature we will find the names of the American authors as pronounced, in the following forms: Teodor Ruthk, Robert Louell, Xhon Berrimen, Robert Krili, Allen Ginsbergu, Majkell Meklur, Xhek Spicer, Diane Uakoski etc. If an Albanian student would like to prepare a homework and he goes to search in internet information or to find bibliography about these authors, will be impossible to have results, because these names don’t exist in that form. According to the EU and UN norms, the names must be written in respect of the original form. Therefore the Albanian language should reflect social, political and cultural changes of the society, an open society needs an flexible and opened language because as Hudson said “Linguistics ignores the society for its harm”.
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Hoti, Altin, Alqi Naqellari, and Scherazade S. Rehman. "Analysis of the Albanian Economy through the IS-LM Model." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 5 (2022): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0142.
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The objective of the study is the analysis of IS-LM curves. The aim is to prove that the current theoretical models of IS-LM are not applicable in the Albanian economy. In this paper, the theoretical IS-LM model is analyzed according to the balance of I = S (investment - savings), and AE = Y (aggregate expenditure - gross domestic product). The models I + G = S + T and NX = NFI are not analyzed in this study. Two representative models were obtained, by the authors Hicks - Hansen and Dornbusch - Fischer - Startz. The theoretical and practical aspects of the application of the models are analyzed. The defect of the Dornbusch-Fischer-Startz model and the impossibility of applying it to the data of the Albanian economy is evident. The authors have proposed an improvement of the Hicks-Hansen model for the IS curve because the theoretical model is not applicable. They have replaced the half where Investment equals Savings with a reflection curve of the opportunity cost. This has made the model effective. In the analysis, two of the features of the Albanian economy were taken into consideration: the structure of the currency market where half of it is covered by foreign currency (euro and dollar), and the informal economy that affects the exchange rates and the effectiveness of the policies of the Bank of Albania. In the material, it is found that the transmission effect of the monetary policies implemented by the Bank of Albania is missing. There are weak connections between the rate of REPOs, monetary aggregates and some of the macroeconomic indicators. The rate of inflation and the rate of REPOs are strongly related to the first direction. Recommended; to apply the IS model according to the proposal made by the authors, to realize the de-euroization of the market, to change the objective of the Central Bank, putting as the main objective the preservation of the exchange rate of All in function of economic growth and financial stability. In the analysis, the method of comparison, description, analytical methods and statistical methods are used. Used Data is from INSTAT and the Central Bank of Albania.
 
 Received: 18 July 2022 / Accepted: 25 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022
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Kaçorri, Denisa, Albina Basholli, and Luela Prifti. "Using Cluster Analysis for Author Classification of Albanian Texts: A Study on the Effectiveness of Stop Words." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER RESEARCH 12 (October 19, 2023): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232018.2024.12.2.
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Cluster analysis is a statistical approach that identifies uniform clusters within data. The closeness of data is measured quantitatively using distance functions. Specifically for text data mining, clustering serves as a method of categorization of words based on the similarity of their occurrence within texts and classifying texts by topics or author. Hierarchical clustering is a powerful technique for identifying natural groupings within datasets, which can be especially useful for unsupervised text classification. This paper aims to utilize cluster analysis to establish Albanian texts clusters by authors. Using agglomerative hierarchical clustering we classify Albanian texts by authors according to the similarity of their word frequency. The similarity of texts is evaluated using cosine and Euclidean distances. Considering two study cases, respectively with and without Albanian stop words we conclude that the best clustering by authors of the Albanian documents is achieved with 87% accuracy using Ward’s method with cosine distance in the case of study by removing stop words.
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Dreshaj-Baliu, Myrvete, and Era Baliu. "Woman as a Character and Author in the Albanian Literature (Inter-influences of European Literature)." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 2 (2022): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.17.
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The Albanians are an ancient people in the Balkans with very rich oral literature, but very late written literature, which was not written until after the 15th century. The late documentation certainly has to do with the existential and historical circumstances that our people lived through. Compared to the age of the people and their oral history, this literature seems to have emerged so late in terms of the authorship of women writers. They were characters before they became women writers. The written literature is simply late in comparison to the antiquity of the people and their oral texts in terms of the authorship of women writers. Before they were characters, they were authors. If we look at the chronological context of Albanian literary historiography, first we had the literature about women, then the literature of women authors, and lately, more and more influenced by secular literature, we have started to create and read feminist literature of our women authors, so we call this literature gender literature. In the process of development of Albanian literature (over time and geographical space), in this paper, I treat the woman from her character to her creativity. I have treated her in this paper both comparatively and influencing and empirically: from the referential level to the narratological level.
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Mujadžević, Dino, and Christian Voß. "Sub-Yugoslav Identity Building in the Enciklopedija Jugoslavije (1955–1990): The Case of the Albanian Question." Comparative Southeast European Studies 69, no. 2-3 (2021): 375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2021-0037.
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Abstract The Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia (Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, EJ) was the flagship project of socialist Yugoslav nation-building in the fields of culture and academic knowledge. The first edition of the EJ was published in one Serbo-Croatian version (1955–1971), but the unfinished second edition of the EJ (1980–90) appeared in Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian in Latin and in Cyrillic script, Macedonian, Hungarian, and Albanian versions. The EJ was transformed from a staunchly federalist Yugoslav cultural platform of the 1950s, which supported Yugoslav unitarism, to one that strongly affirmed the nation-building(s) of the republics and autonomous provinces, thereby reflecting the decentralist remodeling of Yugoslavia from the late 1960s onwards. Using the examples of the two articles on “Albanians” and “Albanian-Yugoslav relations” in the EJ in their 1955, 1980, and 1983 versions, the authors elaborate on the political struggles within the Yugoslav ruling elite and within academia.
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Mehmetukaj, Paula, and Oriola Musa. "Green products and consumer behaviour in Albania." CRJ, no. 1 (September 18, 2023): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59380/crj.v1i1.2748.
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Due to the increasing of environmental awareness, consumers nowadays tend to pay more attention to the safety of personal care items and products that claim to offer environmental benefits. Over the years, both consumers awareness and consumers attitudes towards sustainable or “green” brands have increased significantly.The purpose of this thesis is to affirm this conclusion reached by the authors of scientific articles for Albania as a case study. From the questionnaire conducted online with 268 participants, in the beginning of the analyses we concluded that Albanian consumers have information and knowledge regarding the term “green” products, also some of them are users of these products and prefer them compared to traditional products as a result of greater quality and bigger benefits. But by the end of the analysis, we saw that despite the qualities highlighted and pointed out by participating consumers, and the possible reasons for using green products, their behaviour does not comply with these thoughtsof theirs. What is most important during this research is the low exposure of green products or brands in Albania, creating major constraints on finding and disposing of these products for the Albanian consumer.
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Osmani, Pranvera. "Argument Structure of the Verb in Albanian Linguistic." European Journal of Language and Literature 6, no. 1 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v6i1.p61-64.
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In this paper we attempt to address the argumentative structure of the verb in Albanian language. It is an almost common opinion that in the syntactic studies of Albanian language the way how they deal with phenomena, conceptions, ideas are logical. The verb forms the nucleus (core) of the sentence. It assigns to other components of the syntagm the semantic roles they will carry and their structure. In generative linguistics the necessary ingredients are called arguments, while the non-essentials are called adjuncts. As a corpus we will have the treatment of various authors on this issue, the most representative of Albanian language grammar. Different views of Albanian scholars are presented in this issue in the Albanian syntax.
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Çifligu, Eneida Përmeti. "The Relationship between Public Debt and Economic Growth in Albania and Other Countries." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 3 (2018): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0061.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is the relationship between public debt and economic growth in Albania in post-dictatorships. Many authors have analyzed the mutual link between economic growth and public debt and the results and the methodologies are different in different countries and periods. Let’s see what data are specifically about these two indicators (provided by the Ministry of Finance, the Bank of Albania and the International Monetary Fund). Does the public debt performance affects the trend of the economic growth or not? I have mentioned what are the main events and phenomena in Albania, in Europe and in the World that have affected the Albanian economy. For these years, I have made comparisons with situations in other countries.
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Zimmerman, Lynn W., and Laureta Vavla. "Exploring of the Role of Teacher’s Input in Fossilization: An Examination of Some Spoken Errors by Albanian Speakers of English." Anglica Wratislaviensia 54 (November 15, 2016): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.54.11.
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Fossilization in second language acquisition is generally defined as a discrepancy between the foreign language learner’s usage of a structure or form and what is considered “correct” in the target language. Second language theory and research generally support the notion that classroom instruction can reduce and, even prevent, fossilization. However, a small body of research suggests that not all classroom instruction may effectively prevent fossilization and some may even promote it. The authors examine research about the relationship between fossilization and classroom practice, then look at the effects classroom practice may have on fossilization, focusing on the role of input. Next they consider the question: How likely are fossilized forms to be ignored or even promoted in a classroom with a teacher who is a non-native speaker of the target language? Anecdotal evidence collected from observations of classroom teachers and students of English in Albania highlights some errors which are fossilized. The study demonstrates that the Albanian context plays a role in several significant ways. Until the early 1990s most Albanian teachers of English had little or no direct contact with native English speakers nor with authentic listening and reading materials. This trend is changing, but there is still a tendency among Albanian teachers to repeat the incorrect forms which were taught to them by their teachers of English. The authors explore a few common errors and suggest some changes to classroom practice to help teachers and their students overcome fossilization using appropriate input, by first recognizing fossilized forms, then revising their output to correct forms.
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Zejnullahi, Veton, Denis Çelçima, Antigona Gashi, Donikë Krasniqi, and Votim Hanoli. "Religious Diversity and The Influence of Religion on Albanians During Different Stages of History." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 7 (2024): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/t1mthx41.
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The paper aims to investigate the role and influence of religion on Albanians in all ethnic areas, as well as show the role and influence that religions have had on the Albanian nation since their appearance, especially the influence they have today. In this research, authors reiterate that religious tolerance, cultivated for centuries, has now gone beyond acceptance and tolerance, and has advanced in religious harmony and coexistence, which is often taken as an example by other peoples. However, the religious conversions taking place within the ethnic Albanian territories, it is assumed to be a consequence of the economic situation and the decline in the level of education. Still, there are also some other reasons because many circles are trying to introduce disunity and division among the Albanians. the religious aspect, among others, an absurd accusation by the Special Court of The Hague, which at one point mentions the mistreatment and torture caused by the KLA fighters against Catholics, forgetting the fact that within the KLA there were many fighters of the faith Christians, who have never been identified as such, therefore this absurd decision to treat Catholics as a special category within the Albanian nation, which for us as a nation, is as insulting as it is tendentious and unacceptable. In this research, in addition to other research methods, we created a survey on the Google platform, trying to include citizens of all ages, ethnicities, and religions, because only in this way would the picture be more complete.
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Brahimi, Drita. "LA GUERRE D’ESPAGNE – MÉMOIRE COLLECTIVE SOUS L’OPTIQUE DES DEUX ÉCRIVAINS MALRAUX ET MARKO." La mémoire et ses enjeux. Balkans – France: regards croisés, X/ 2019 (December 30, 2019): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.29.2019.8.
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SPANISH WAR – COLLECTIVE MEMORY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TWO WRITERS MALRAUX AND MARKO The Civil War of Spain is a distant event in time, but very alive thanks to men of letters, respectively Malraux and Marko, the one French and the other Albanian. I would try to bring their perspective on this collective memory, which although it is a factual event, is evoked by the two authors in a rather original way. Through his novel entitled Man’s hope Malraux undertakes a general study of a revolutionary crisis among different groups of characters. Endearing to war, horror, fear and death a sense of brotherhood and peaceful coexistence, he manages to make us think that even in times of war there is hope for better days in the world to come up. All that organized according to a structure in movement. The novel entitled Hasta la Vista marks the author’s attempt to evoke a rather broad plan of the the Civil War front, a glorious epic of the Spanish people written with the blood of Albanian volunteers and other peoples. As supporters of the aspirations of the Spanish people, Albanian volunteers fight for a better reality in Albania. Keywords: Spanish war, collective memory, optics, hope.
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Nikolla, Jolanda, Milda Nanushi, Gentian Vyshka, and Hasan Hafizi. "A Six-Month Study of Pulmonary Cancer in Albanian Women." ISRN Preventive Medicine 2013 (March 4, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/824670.
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Lung cancer is a potentially lethal disease, whose prevalence in Albania is constantly increasing, especially in women. Early diagnosis is extremely important with regard to life expectancy and quality. The authors conducted a survey on the behaviour in a sample group of Albanian women diagnosed with primary and secondary lung cancers. A discussion upon diagnostic methods, smoking habits, histological type, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and treatment modalities is made. The data collected by the authors suggest that nonsmokers formed the main group of lung cancer female patients. The most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma. Mesothelioma was the most frequent of the secondary pulmonary lung cancers, followed from metastasizing breast cancer. Despite a generally good performance of the cases, the diagnosis of pulmonary cancer is delayed. The data collected could not find a convincing etiological role of tobacco smoking, but caution is needed, regarding the short time length of the study and the sustained number of participants.
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Salillari, Denisa, and Luela Prifti. "Comparison Study of Logistic Regression Model for Albanian Texts." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS 12, no. 9 (2016): 6572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jam.v12i9.127.
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Considering authorship attribution as a classification problem we attempt to estimate the probability to find the right author for each text under study. In this paper using R we first improve the simple model for six Albanian texts, (I) increasing number of texts and number of independent variables and then compare the results taken with them of the multinomial logistic regression (II). The model was applied on a set of one hundred texts of ten different authors. For all the authors under study the average correct predicted probability is 0.918. Analyzing data from different Albanian texts, results that about 40% of their letters consist of vowels. As conclusion comparing results taken with them of (II) multinomial logistic regression model for Albanian texts has more advantages than logistic regression model.
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Kerimi, Salim Kadri. "Iseljavanje Turaka iz Jugoslavije u Tursku: 70. godina od “Džentlmenskog sporazuma”." Historijski pogledi 6, no. 9 (2023): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.184.
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This (2023) year marks the 70th anniversary of the achievement of the so-called “Gentlemen’s Agreement”, for the emigration of Turks from FPR of Yugoslavia to the Republic of Turkey. According to some indications and documents, this agreement was reached between the President of FPR of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito and the Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Republic of Turkey, Fuad Köprülü, in Brioni, on January 22nd or 23rd, 1953. In order to operationalize this agreement, about three months later an “Agreement between the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of the FPR of Yugoslavia and the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Belgrade, for the emigration of Turks”, was signed. After reaching the two aforementioned agreements the process of emigration of the Muslim population of Yugoslavia to Turkey gained dramatic proportions. Beside the Turks, especially between 1953 and 1968, a large number of Albanians, Bosniaks and Pomacs immigrated to Turkey. In other words it was the largest exodus that took place in Europe in the period after the Second World War. As it is already known, the emigration of Turks and other Muslim populations of Yugoslavia to Turkey in the 50’s and 60’s of the 20th century was not new, because the emigration of the aforementioned population began in the second half of the 17th century - after the second defeat of the Ottoman army at the gates of Vienna in 1683, and continued in the period after the Second World War. In a period of more than 300 years, the most massive emigrations of the Muslim population from the territory of former Yugoslavia took place especially after the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878, after the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the First World War (1914-1918). The emigrations which took place after the Second World War, that I am writing about, are characteristic in that they took place in a peacetime period, as a result of the insidious abuse/ disrespect by the Yugoslav side of the agreement from 1953, which was signed between representatives of Yugoslavia and Turkey. Among the researchers of this issue, there are different views about the total number of emigrants who emigrated from Yugoslavia to Turkey in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, and especially about their nationality. Albanian historians and other authors from Albania and Kosovo go so far as to treat almost all emigrants from Kosovo and Macedonia as Albanians. Unlike them, Albanian historians and other authors from Macedonia admit that there were Turks among the emigrants from Macedonia, but that the dominant part of the emigrants were allegedly Albanians. Unlike them, I and several other authors from the Republic of Northern Macedonia (V. Achkovska, B. Ilievski, G. Todorovski, and others) claim that the majority of emigrants from the Republic of Macedonia were Turks.
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Miodyński, Lech. "Amnezja zaprojektowana. Albański kompleks etnogenetyczny we współczesnej ocenie macedońskiego środowiska intelektualnego." Kultura Słowian Rocznik Komisji Kultury Słowian PAU 18 (November 9, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25439561ksr.22.003.16355.
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W niepodległym państwie macedońskim niewielu słowiańskich autorów próbowało kompleksowo określić swój stosunek do etnokulturowych tradycji i mitologii historycznej Albańczyków. Wyraźniej zakwestionowano spójność składników ich kultury po roku 2001, gdy w atmosferze napięć etnicznych zaczęto opisywać albański kompleks etnogenetyczny w kategoriach falsyfikacji i kamuflażu elementów obcych. Przykłady pokazują, że kwestie autochtoniczności, języka czy oryginalności programu narodowego pojawiają się w tym kontekście jako dowody nienaturalnego wykreowania jednolitej tożsamości sąsiedniej wspólnoty. Prescribed Amnesia. Albanian Ethnogenetic Complex in the Contemporary Opinion of Macedonian Intellectual Environment In the independent Macedonian state few Slavic authors tried to determine comprehensively their attitude towards ethnocultural traditions and historical mythology of Albanians. The coherence of the components of their culture after 2001 was more directly questioned, when in an atmosphere of ethnic tensions the Albanian ethnogenetic complex began to be described in terms of falsification and camouflage of foreign elements. The examples show that the issues of indigenousness, language or the originality of the national program appear in this context as the evidence of the unnatural creation of the homogeneous identity in a neighboring community.
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Karp, Karol. "In communist Albania. On the regime and the individual in the works of Albanian-Italian authors." Studia Neofilologiczne 15 (2019): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sn.2019.15.08.
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Kadriu, Bekim, and Ylber Sela. "The right to use the Albanian language as an official language in Macedonia: the new draft law, its content, advancement and comparison." International Journal of Business & Technology 6, no. 1 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2017.6.1.01.
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The use of Albanian language as official language in Macedonia has been a challenge especially after the Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA) in 2001. Before 2001, Albanian language was defined as an official language and was used only in private matters as well in primary and secondary education. With the OFA and Constitutional changes in 2002, the language that is spoken by 20% of the population in the country was defined as an official language, but it’s application in practice was left to be regulated by e specific law. The law was adopted in 2008, 6 years after the constitutional changes. Now there is a new law proposed, which is supposed to regulate in more efficient way the use of Albanian language as official language in Macedonia. With this paper the authors are trying to answer some legal questions that has been debated in the country: firstly, is Albanian language official language and whether it is of a same level of application as Macedonian language; secondly, what are the novelties of the new draft law, and how the use of Albanian language is improved and advanced; thirdly, what are the practical challenges for the implementation of the new draft law. The authors of the paper will refer to international standards on use of languages as well as to relevant national legislation, as a tool to compare the new draft law in Macedonia.
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Macaj, Edlira. "Missing Poetry: A historiography of Albanian Literature during the Communist Regime." Interlitteraria 28, no. 2 (2023): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2023.28.2.8.
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The paper aims at a panoramic view of the partial representation of Albanian poetry in the texts of the history of Albanian literature published during the dictatorship period (1945–1990). The fragmentary presentation of Albanian poetry and poets in informative scholarly and university texts on literature highlights the complications and the problems derived from this one-sided representation. The information gained only after the fall of the dictatorship, changed the situation regarding the literary values specifically related to poetry. What crucial representative texts on Albanian literary history were published during the dictatorship? Who were the most noticeable authors and poets, and why were they set aside, censored, imprisoned, executed, and not published? The answers suggest that only thanks to political change and awareness of literature can the reader today reassess this missing part of Albanian literature in historical texts published during the communist regime.
 The methodology relies on a historical, analytical, and critical approach to the most representative authors and their texts that is intertwined with factual data. The conclusions reinforce the idea that any evaluation of the literary process dictated by extra-literary principles damages the natural literary process. The revitalisation of literature after the 1990s, although with much delay, restored the natural process of aesthetic assessment. Now we can reassess the best part of that missing poetry.
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Laudano, Maria Carmen, Lamberto Zollo, Cristiano Ciappei, and Vincenzo Zampi. "Entrepreneurial universities and women entrepreneurship: a cross-cultural study." Management Decision 57, no. 9 (2019): 2541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-04-2018-0391.
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Purpose Through a cross-culture study, the purpose of this paper is to understand about how entrepreneurial universities can foster entrepreneurship in women by attending to psychological and environmental factors and personality traits that encourage women to form entrepreneurial intent. Design/methodology/approach The authors test the proposed conceptual model on a cross-cultural sample comprising 350 students from Italy, a developed country, and from Albania, an emerging country. Structural equation modeling is used to validate the proposed model and test the hypothesized relationships. Findings In both Italy and Albania, entrepreneurial universities significantly impact entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions in women. The major differences relate to psychological factors that predict self-employment attitudes and intentions. Specifically, risk-taking propensity and locus of control are important antecedents of attitudes in both samples; the need for independence is a significant predictor only in the Italian sample; need for achievement has significant influence only in the Albanian sample. Originality/value To better understand and interpret the phenomenon of female entrepreneurship, the authors use the theory of planned behavior to investigate entrepreneurial universities located in Italy, a developed country, and Albania, an emerging country.
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Mrasori, Naser, and Naim Kryeziu. "Similarities and Comparisons Between Stefan Zweig’s ‘Last Mass in St. Sophia’s Cathedral’ and Ismail Kadare’s ‘Saint Sophia’s Church’." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 6 (2023): 1337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1306.01.
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Zweig’s contribution in Albanian literature comes from the effort of well-known Albanian intellectuals and translators, which in turn has inspired and influenced prominent figures in Albanian literature and culture. This paper focuses on the inspirations, similarities and differences between ‘Last Mass in the Cathedral of St. Sophia’ by the German author Stefan Zweig, who is one of the authors most frequently translated into Albanian, and ‘The Church of St. Sofia’ by the famous Albanian author, Ismail Kadare. The paper provides solid arguments demonstrating the interesting parallels between the theme, plot and motives in the two stories that depict the same historical event, the conquest of Constantinople and the invasion of Ottoman soldiers into the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Particularly, they emphasise the Church of Saint Sophia, the Sultan’s amazement at its beauty, the conversion of the Church into a mosque and the covering of the Christian elements, the faces of the saints and especially ‘those of Christ and Saint Mary’. Furthermore, icons and elements of historical and religious Christian significance, the fall of the Cross and the altering of the direction of prayers according to religious affiliation are also depicted. Thus, it may be said that great writers, such as Zweig and Kadare, do not have any regularity in where and when they appear. Hence, the connections and literary similarities, whether accidental or a sign of inspiration and influence, can be found in their works, as in many other authors of world literature.
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Kreka, Alba. "REFLECTING ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR IN ALBANIA." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 54, no. 5 (2022): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij5405867k.
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Albania was considered "a wild province" by the British missions that served in the "land of the eagles"during the Second World War. First, the Italian occupation and then the German occupation created the ground forthe anti-fascist national liberation war, carried out by various political forces operating in the country at that time.This paper aims to analyze the approaches and controversies of the civil war in Albania through the lens of Britishmilitary missions’ (SOE) official documents, Albanian archival documentation as well as from the literature ofvarious authors. Referring to this documentation, the beginning of the civil war in Albania is related to thecapitulation of Italy in September 1943 and the arrival of the German army, which occupied Albania, Yugoslaviaand Greece in three weeks. Domestic political situation in Albania was strained because off encountered difficultiesin creating a common front by the nationalist forces. The main rivalry was between a part of National Front calledBalli Kombetar (BK) and Albanian Communist Party (ACP). BK was a republican, liberal and nationalist wingorganization with an anti-communist program. Meanwhile, ACP identified itself with the National Liberation Front.In the vortex of these events, in August 1943 it was organized a meeting called “Mukje Meeting” due to the name ofthe village where it was held. The two rival political forces concluded an agreement, which lasted only one month;the communists cancelled it under the directives of the Yugoslavs because it meant equal power for both politicalforces and territorial unification with Kosovo after the war. These and other decisions were officially announced atthe next conference organized by APC, called Labinot Conference II (September 1943). At the Central Archives ofAlbania it is found a circular - letter of October 1, year 1943 addressed to the APC Committees. Through it EnverHoxha, as the secretary of APC opposed the union of BK forces with National Front, describing them as enemies.From this moment and on began the civil war. The confrontations are confirmed by the reports of SOE addressed tothe British Foreign Ministry; it was reported that only 10% of the British weapons given to the communists wereused in the war against the Germans, while the rest, 90% of them were used to fight the opponents (BK). Communisthistoriography denied the existence of civil war by censoring the history learned by Albanians for 45 years. After thefall of the communist regime, it was a necessary reviewing and rewriting the history of Albania. Even today,historians share different opinions regarding the period of World War II and especially the (in)existence of the civilwar. The fact that Albania has had a civil war reflected in the struggle for power, just like the countries of the region,does not at all diminish the organization of a liberation war and its commitment to the Allies. To reflect about thisperiod of Albania's history, we will refer to historical facts, arguments and various sources, which prove theexistence of the civil war even after the liberation of the country. In January 1945, when the Germans had leftAlbania, it happen another confrontation, known as the Battle of Tamara. In the time when the victory of thecommunists was a fact and they were full of glory, this event is interpreted as the last step towards the power. Withthe coming of the communists in power, the civil war was replaced by the class war, which marked countlessvictims during the entire communist dictatorship.
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Qeriqi, Besim. "Kosovo Liberation Army in the Discourse of International Authors." Kroatologija 14, no. 1 (2023): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59323/k.14.1.14.
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This paper aims to recall the main events that influenced Kosovo to receive international attention in the late 1990s. This paper contains an analysis that focuses in the circumstances of the establishment of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) from the viewpoint of international authors. KLA in International Discourse is an analytical review of the international debate on what constituted the KLA, its purpose and function, and it examines the role of internal and international perceptions on the topic and the fundamental course of events that made Kosovo take its historical movement towards independence that it has today. A selection of special literature has been researched such as scientific articles, memoirs, monographs, etc. Following an objective approach, the paper discusses the main causes of creating the Kosovo Liberation Army and the debate that sparked its founding. The information on the international debate on KLA managed to unite Albanians in their just cause of their struggle for liberation. As a result of the just idea of liberation, and the popular effort, the issue of Kosovo managed to quickly get international attention, with the most powerful political-military states, US and NATO, lining up in defense of the Albanian people, and in cooperation with the KLA ended the Serbian regime in Kosovo.
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Novik, Alexander, and Marina Domosiletskaya. "Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.) in the Traditional Culture of the Contact Zones of the Adriatic and Ionian Coasts in the Balkans." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp215411421.
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The paper deals with the special status of broom in the Balkans and its practice in different contact areas of the peninsula. It is a symbolic plant on the Adriatic coast of Croatia (Zadar), with a sacred status for the local Albanians (Arbënesh). It plays an extremely great role as a ritual plant during the celebration of Holy Virgin from Loreto. That’s what separates Arbnesh from their neighbor Croatians, who take it only for pragmatic use — weaving and manufacturing rough textile. On the Ionic coast (in Labёria, Albania) broom is used for weaving and spinning of coarse fabric. But ideal local conditions helped the Albanians to produce specific thin broom fabric. And finally, in the Albanian-Greek contact zone of Himara which is situated in the best enabling climate environment, there is lack of serious attention to broom — its role is quite insignificant. The authors analyze the mechanisms of the introduction of the plant, which is important for the traditions, into the cultural codes of the Balkan peoples, consider all local Balkan phytonyms, which makes it possible to interpret anthropological facts through linguistic material. The research is based on long-term field observations conducted in 2008—2019, as well as on the analysis of ethnological, folklore and historical materials. The historical approach makes it possible to reveal the fundamental laws of the genesis of cultural memory and the evolution of ethnic identity.
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Sadiku, Blerina, and Majlinda Velcani. "Political Culture as a Determinant Factor in the Performance of the Public Sector in Albania." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 8, no. 1 (2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv8n104.
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The successful implementation of reforms in public institutions is crucial for a country’s progress. The achievement of these reforms always depends on various factors. One of the most important ones to be considered while evaluating the fulfillment of a reform is culture and mainly the political culture. Culture itself is a wide concept, yet, authors have tried to give several definitions to it. Nowadays, several authors are trying to connect the concept of culture to the nations’ “performance” in fields like economy, public sector etc. Reforms in the public institutions are mainly needed in those countries that experience transitional political regimes. Albania has changed its political regime since the early 90s, however the reforms on its public insitutions have been quite slow, even though some obvious progress has been made in the 30 years after the fall of communism. Therefore, this study aims to focus in the role of the political culture of the Albanian society in the performance of the public sector in this country. This study will analyze the concept of political culture by focusing in the characteristics of individual vs collevtist societies and the society’s attitude towards politics and governance, therefore the political culture concept will be used to explain the behavior of the Albanian society towards the “efficiency and effectiveness” of its public institutions.
 
 Received: 4 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
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Alikberov, Alikber K. "Caucasian Albania and the “Gates” in the Caucasus: Caspian, Albanian and Alanian." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016652-4.
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The article dedicated to the Caspian, Albanian and Alanian "gates" in the Caucasus continues the series of publications by the authors on the topic of the historical onomastics of Caucasian Albania. The focus is on the problem of mixing the names of the Caucasian "gates" - the most important mountain passes on the main routes of movement in antiquity, due to the common origin of the names Aluan and Alan from the old root *’äle- meaning“king, prince, lord”. This problem, typical for sources of various origins - Greco-Roman, Armenian, Arab-Persian and others - is solved on the basis of these sources themselves, including using data from the Albanian palimpsest, in which the word alye is directly recorded in the meaning of ‘senior; ruler'. An equally important task is the closely related interpretation of the contexts of reference and the possible localization of the "gates" in the Caucasus. The analysis of the sources made it possible to clarify some of the prevailing views on the locations of mountain passes, to provide additional source study and linguistic arguments to confirm the change in specific localizations during the time of fixing the names of the "gates" in historical writings. Caucasian etymologies have been developed for the words "Chor" and "Caspian". The use of the entire set of data, including the names of the dominant mountains with the etymologically the same word in phrases, shows the productivity of this model for constructing geographical names and determines the historical boundaries of the distribution of the languages of the North Caucasian language family.
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Kastrati, Muhamet, and Marenglen Biba. "Natural language processing for Albanian: a state-of-the-art survey." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (2022): 6432. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp6432-6439.
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<span lang="EN-US">Due to its wide applicability, natural language processing (NLP) has attracted significant research efforts to the machine learning and deep learning research community. Despite this, research works investigating NLP for the Albanian language are still limited. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature review available, which presents a clear picture of what has been studied, argued, and established in the area. The main objective of this survey is to comprehensively review, analyze and discuss the state-of-the-art in NLP for the Albanian language. Here, we present an extensive study concerning the contribution of several authors that have contributed to the application of NLP to the Albanian language. Also, we present an overview of research carried out in the typical applications of NLP for the Albanian language. Finally, some future challenges and limitations of the area are discussed.</span>
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Brestovci, Meliha, and Sadete Ternava-Osmani. "English Prepositions of Time Translated into Albanian." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 4 (2017): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0804.07.
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The study of language as a form of communication includes the structure and rules under which words interrelate. Scholars are facing the need for research on difficult issues and comparisons at the global and local level. The theme of this research is prepositions of time. Its aim is to deepen the knowledge of distinct prepositions and their use. Several comparative studies of this nature exist regarding the English and Albanian languages; it is tried to update the studies to facilitate students’ acquisition of English as a foreign language and the work of translators between English and Albanian. On the basis of this research, the question rises as: How English prepositions of time for and after are translated into Albanian? In order to clarify the research, it was studied the use of prepositions, particularly prepositional phrases with emphasis on prepositions of time (for and after), and compared them with prepositions in the Albanian language from selected novels in English and Albanian. The research is based on a corpus of four novels, two by English authors and two by an Albanian writer. This research looked into analytical and comparative nature with the aim of enhancing and improving the current state of learning and it resulted that our assumption was right as these prepositions were translated as it was expected in the dictionary.
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BRAME, Olger. "Neuter Nouns to the Old Authors of the Albanian Language. Evidence from the Albanian Language Lexicon of Gjon Buzuku." ANALELE UNIVERSITĂȚII DIN CRAIOVA SERIA ȘTIINȚE FILOLOGICE LIMBI STRĂINE APLICATE, no. 1 (January 2023): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52744/aucsflsa.2022.01.01.
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KAU, Renata, and Jonida GJIKA. "Lis Pendens in the Albanian Civil Procedural Code in the light of the European legislation." Jus & Justicia 16, no. 1 (2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/oaeq8412.
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Justice reform in Albania dates back to 2014 and it is still in progress. It has the scope to reform the justice system by affecting all aspects of its organization, functioning and administration in order to strengthen and increase the independence of the justice system in Albania. Among other things, this reform approved Law 38/2017 on some additions and amendments to the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Albania, which aims to improve the access to justice, the adjudication of cases within a reasonable time and the non-delay of cases. In fact, the innovations of this law are numerous, so for this paper it has been selected to analyze an institute which from the point of view of the authors is important such as the Lis Pendens. This institute aims to regulate a situation of simultaneous pending of two proceedings with the identity of the parts, object and title that have been brought before the courts of different states. The Albanian Civil Procedural Code lacks a proper definition of international Lis Pendens, but it is regulated lately in the provision of article 38 of this code, which by law no. 38/2017, has undergone relevant changes, to be object of analysis in this article. These changes are in line with those in the European legislation. Therefore, object of our analysis will be also the problems in the judicial practice regarding the competence of judges which brought the need for changes in the European discipline of Lis Pendens and were disciplined in the EU Regulation no. 1215/2012, which for the first-time regulated cases of litigation between Member States and third States. Finally, will be analyzed the effects of these changes in the international context and the impact they will have on the Albanian civil process.
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Predojevic, Jelena. "Fertility transition in works of Albanian authors from Kosovo and Metohia." Stanovnistvo 39, no. 1-4 (2001): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0104131p.
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A high level of fertility indicates that the reproductive model with elements of traditional type, characterized by a long period of birth-giving during the reproductive period, as well as a considerable participation of higher confinement order, is still present in Kosovo and Metohia. A large number of Albanian authors from Kosovo and Metohia believe such a state, which is directly caused by the undeveloped condition of the Province in the social, economic, medical, cultural and other senses, is due to historical conditions in which the population developed, especially of Albanian nationality, namely the way of life in which the oldfashioned spirit prevails and the traditional system of values. A very significant place within the psychological factors of fertility is taken by tradition, whose influence is manifested through the determination of the age of the married couple when getting married, the stability of the marriage, negative attitude on celibacy, moreover the relation of tradition and birth giving towards the sex of the child, as well as the tie between tradition and religion. The position of women in the family and society takes a significant place, because the inferior position of the women contributes to the fact that she becomes the "guardian of tradition", namely that she provides the continuity of the old fashioned way of life even though its values are turned against the actual women. It may be said the there is a consensus among the Albanian authors from Kosovo and Metohia that the slow transition of fertility is due the most to the unfavorable socio-economic position of the population. The Province of all parts of SFR Yugoslavia went the last into the process of urbanization and industrialization, while as stated, the scope and tempo of those processes was insufficient for them to significantly influence the demographic complex change and social state in general. It is also stated that if an intensive economic development of Kosovo and Metohia was carried out, the level of natality would be decreased in a considerably shorter time than what other parts of the country succeeded. Family planning is a field which provoked the most polemics among Albanian authors from Kosovo and Metohia. The themes which stood out according to importance may be divided in three groups: what is understood by family planning, what are the reasons for adopting and carring out the family planning program, and what are the possible ways of carrying our these programs. Two groups of researchers may also be singled out. The first which believes that reproductive conscience is determined by society modernization factors, namely that family planning is solved only in conjuction with economic and social development of the Province, and the other group of authors which believes that socio-economic development is a necessary condition, however, society should direct actions in order to develop certain social activities and provide conditions for carrying out the rights of man to free parenthood and family planning programs.