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Journal articles on the topic 'Albanian language'
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1
Kadi, Fabiola, and Helona Pani. "THE ALBANIAN EVANGELICAL CHURCH – A POWERFUL SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE IN THE TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 6 (October 4, 2019): 1749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34061749k.
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It is a fact that Christianity is deeply rooted in the history of the Albanian nation, but, unfortunately, such a fact has opened the gate to endless discussions. This paper aims to highlight an important event in the history of Albania, which will influence the future history of this nation. During the nineteenth century, Protestants contributed significantly to the Albanian national issue through performing translations of several books of the Bible, at a time when books in Albanian language were very rare. Different foreign missionaries came to Albania to spread their religious views. They strongly influenced the opening of Albanian schools while Albanians, under Turkish rule, were forbidden to use their language, to learn to write, or read it. Gradually, the foreign missionaries were attended by Albanian intellectuals, who insist on the opening of the Albanian school and the education of Albanians in Albanian language. Interestingly, Protestantism was the only religious belief that supported Albanian writing and reading, while other religious beliefs exercised in Albania were the fiery opponents of every Albanian component. The Albanian language on one hand was opposed by the Greek Orthodox Church, on the other hand, by the Latin Catholic Church and above all, Ottoman rule opposed the teaching of the Albanian language in order to keep the Albanian people as subordinate as possible. It seems that Protestantism has emerged in all the countries where it has spread, supporting various national identities, but especially in Albania, it has played an important role in supporting the national identity of Albanians and the education of generations, especially of girls. The opening of the first Albanian girls' school in the city of Korça keeps the seal of the Protestant church and it has had a great impact in the future for the emancipation of Albanian society, of women and girls who are oppressed and printed in many directions. Sevasti Qiriazi, as a representative of the Protestant church in Korça, and the first teacher in Albania, will protect the school and try to support the spread of the Albanian language at all costs. Through the spread of faith in Albanian, the first Protestants in Albania conveyed not only knowledge, but also great human, moral, and educational values to people who were suffering, but eager for knowledge and development. The Protestant Albanian movement was actually an 'Albanian spiritual movement' with religious, educational, national and cultural values and purposes. For several decades, during the communist regime in Albania, a good part of the influence of protestants in the country was denied and all efforts were made to overshadow the influence of Protestantism towards education and emancipation of Albanians in this period. Today, after many years of shadow, Protestantism is again one of the religions that are practiced in Albania and numerous efforts are being made to discover many of the unknown elements of the positive influence that this belief had in educating Albanians over the years.
2
Dulaj, Fridrik. "The influence of the media on children's language." Technium Social Sciences Journal 36 (October 8, 2022): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v36i1.7501.
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Our paper aims to point out the sociolinguistic relations between the Albanian Language dialects and Standard Albanian. The focus of our research are school environments. The roads construction and the freedom of movement inside and outside Kosovo, especially the close relations with Albania and the TV platforms Digitalb and Tring being important sociolinguistic factors have brought closer the sweetness of Albanian Language to Albanians. Therefore, this paper will elaborate the role and connection of these factors in language. TV channels as Bang Bang, T, Tring Tring, Tring Albania, Discovery Science, Tring History, Tring Nature, or the TV program “Albanian Tracks” led by Marin Mema are educational programs that spread general knowledge in different fields like: nature, history, etc. In larger schools, especially in classrooms where students come from different countries, we notice language systems and subsystems which interact in children’s general communication.
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Pata Kapo, Irena. "ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFLUENCE IN THE 21st CENTURY ALBANIA AND ENGLISH LOANS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 33, no. 1 (July 10, 2011): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.33.41.
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The intake of English lexis in the Eastern Europe countries has been increasing considerably since the end of their political, social and cultural isolation. Having one of the most severe and violent political systems Albania was probably more eager to accelerate the exchanges with the ‘outer world’ and its integration in Europe. Thus adapting to the international context English language was, and still is, one of the mediators to achieve this integration. From the linguistic perspective what results from this languages contact are the loans, neologisms, and even ‘pseudo – loans’ (Albanian words with the form or the pronunciation of the donor language - English in this case, but that do not exist in the donor language). In this context this paper states some of the extra-linguistic factors (historical, social, political and other factors) which conditioned and determined the language contact between English and Albanian and that would further lead to a considerable number of borrowings from English. Pseudo loans and other new Albanian words created under the influence of English language are briefly discussed under the title of ‘Language shifting’. The study also describes Albanians’ attitude toward English language, which is found to be definitely a positive attitude. Based on the above overview of English-Albanian contact and on some of the linguistic outcomes deriving from it, is concluded that the impact of English language and culture in the Albanian context is of a considerable degree, and that the outcomes of this impact are only at the primary stages of identification and examination. Key words: Albanians’ attitude to English, English-Albanian contact, language shifting.
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Kume, Enida. "A Historical Overview on Fulfillment of the Right to Basic Education Among Albanians from Middle Ages to Beginning of The Last Decade of the XX Century." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 11, no. 1 S1 (April 23, 2024): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n1s106.
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Albanians are among the peoples of the Balkans who for centuries have faced the denial of the right to be educated in their native language. The attitude and action of the Ottoman occupier for the prohibition of education in the Albanian language in all Albanian regions during all occupational period was added the effect of the prohibitive action of the religious institutions and neighboring countries that aimed at the territorial annexation of Albania. The realization of the right to education in the Albanian language among Albanian people has been one of the main objectives of the Albanian National Movement for freedom and independence. The declaration of independence also marks the beginning of education in the Albanian language for Albanians as a public right. The decisions of the Vlora government were the first important efforts to realize this right. Economic and social development, the level of culture and traditions, the heritage related to long period under occupation, the geopolitical factors and developments in the first half of the century XX do not promote the process for the development of the basic education system in Albania. At the end of the second world war, Albania was the country with the highest level of illiteracy in the Balkan region. The development of the education system has been one of the main priorities of the Government in the period after the second world war. The right to education was defined as a constitutional right and basic education as a legal obligation for every Albanian citizen. During the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the main characteristic of the education system in Albania was its high level of ideologization. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024
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Golemi, Marinela. "Othello in the Balkans: Performing Race Rhetoric on the Albanian Stage." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 22, no. 37 (December 30, 2020): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.22.08.
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This essay examines the racialized rhetoric in Fan Noli’s 1916 Othello translation and the racialized performance techniques employed in A.J. Ricko’s 1953 National Theatre of Albania production. Hoping to combat racial discrimination in Albania, Noli’s translation of Othello renders the Moor an exceptional Turk whose alienation in Venice was designed to mirror the Albanophobic experiences of Albanian immigrants. Moreover, the Albanian Othello can serve as a platform for addressing ethno-racial tensions between Albanians and Turks, northern and southern Albanians, and Albanians of color and white Albanians. Both Noli and Ricko believed there was an anti-racist power inherent within Shakespeare’s play. In the end, however, the race-based rhetoric in the Albanian language, the use of blackface make-up in performance, and the logic and rhetoric of Shakespeare’s play itself challenged these lofty goals for race-healing.
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Katolo, Artur. "Arbërisht Literature as an Example of Preserving a Cultural Identity Abroad." Collectanea Philologica, no. 26 (October 5, 2023): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.26.20.
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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the origins of the literature of the Arbëreshë people and its impact on the survival of the language outside the country of origin. The cultural identity of the Italo-Albanians is marked by Byzantine influences: religion, economy, culture and military. The centuries-long, harsh Turkish occupation of Albania contributed to the cultural stagnation. Albanians in the territory of the Ottoman Empire were deprived of all rights, including the right to use their own language and profess their faith. The teaching of the Albanian language, as well as teaching in that language, and all publications were banned. Groups of Albanian refugees were welcomed in southern Italy as heroes and defenders of the faith. The few Albanian humanists were the descendants of immigrants educated in Ragusa, Padua or other Italian centres of research and education.
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Gjoshi, Ragip. "Opening of Albanian Schools for Learning the Albanian Language in Kosovo During 1941-45." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p37-43.
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Difficult, long and troublesome was the journey of Albanian letters in all Albanian lands, especially in Kosovo. The marking of the 75th anniversary of the Albanian school, being commemorated this year in all Albanian lands, is a good opportunity to see the long-lasting path of Albanian education. There are many reasons, but some are more necessary to be written and spoken about. It is rare that nations had to pay dearly for the right to write on their own language compared to Albanian people. So much blood has been shed to escape assimilation. However, when World War II had spread largely over Europe, the Nazi-fascist powers had invaded other countries including all Albanian-inhabited areas. After Albania, Yugoslavia succumbed as well. At that time, the territories of today’s Republic of Kosovo were also occupied. At that point, Kosovo was divided into three occupation zones: Italian, German and Bulgarian. Almost most of Kosovo's lands belonged to the Italian occupation zone. Thus, most of Kosovo and Western Macedonia joined Albania with Royal Decree and King of Vicar Decree no. 264, dated 12. VIII. 1941. In all three areas of occupation, the administration of governance was established in the service of the occupiers. The long and harsh oppression had an impact that Albanians would experience and perceive the new circumstances in every aspect as a resemblance of a real freedom, because the tyranny of the 1918-1941 period had exceeded all genocidal dimensions. With the initiative of Albanian Minister E. Koliqi, a contingent of teachers was sent to Kosovo as Kosovo lacked educational-pedagogical staff. This work set in motion the reflection of Albanian intelligence in Kosovo in order to open Albanian schools for Albanian students everywhere as soon as possible.
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Pollozhani, Elsa. "Language Shift among the Arbereshe of Italy." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i1-193.
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Throughout history the world has faced migration, occupations, assimilations and explorations that have significantly influenced the way that the world functions today. Humankind has it in its nature to extend and confirm its knowledge. The world has undergone many political and cultural changes through the ages. It has witnessed different world orders, changes of borders and maps, colonization, globalization and similar significant processes. Among the many changes, language is a particular phenomenon that has faced shift, change and many times death. These are common language phenomena that require attention from scholars, researchers and most importantly from decision makers. But how much is being done for the preservation of minority languages? Not enough. Because first of all a language needs institutional and legal protection. This can be done by governments and their linguistic policies. Taking into account actions taken to date, this paper aims to study the under-researched area of Italy’s policy towards Arbëresh, a variety of Albanian language spoken by the Albanians of Italy or the Arbëreshë. Arbëresh presents an archaic variant of Albanian, spoken five centuries ago in Albania and has managed to survive in the Albanian communities in Italy, mostly spoken in Calabria and Sicily.
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Kadzadej, Brikena, and Mario de Matteis. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL INTERLINGUAL INTERFERENCE IN BILINGUAL ALBANIANS DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD (AFTER THE FALL OF THE COMMUNIST REGIME)." Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no. 41 (November 2022): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902//fll.41.2022.10.
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In this article, interference is defined as the incorrect and mostly unconscious transfer of linguistic features from one language to another by bilingual speakers (namely Albanians during the democratic transition period), caused by the mutual impact of both languages (German and Albanian). The aim of the present article is to make an exhaustive list of the interference occurrences at the phonetic and phonological level among bilingual Albanians during the transition period, to describe them and draw appropriate conclusions about such linguistic phenomena. The present study draws on important scientific findings as well as the collected data of an empirical study on Albanian-German bilingualism (including a questionnaire and corresponding interviews). According to the interviews carried out, this fact is put down to the Albanian language level of the test subjects which indicates that even those who pretend to be bilingual speakers cannot completely differentiate between the two language systems (Albanian and German). Phonetic and phonological interferences have often been noticeable among the German-speaking Albanians: Probably this might be caused by the significant difference in nature between the German and the Albanian language.
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Ҫaushi, Elvira. "Lexical Values to Albanian Language and the Use of the Foreign Words in Albanian without Criteria." European Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v1i1.p89-92.
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This paper aims to show that the Albanian language like all the other languages has great lexically values for all its users at all Albanian speaking territories. Languages evolve and refine in all systems, giving and taking from each - other, when it is necessary . While from the irresponsible users of the Albanian language is noticed an excessive use of uncontrolled foreign word instead of Albanian word , while it is being faded more and more the significance and the beauty of Albanian word . The method used is that of the research on theoretical material and the use of living resources. In this study I have concluded that the Albanian language is an important lexical value and the Albanians should use a foreign word instead of Albanian word, only when it is necessary and required. So, in Albanian we can not have an extreme purification, but neither excessive use of foreign words.
11
Verli, Jorina, and Bujar DUGOLLI. "The Rivalry between Italy and Great Britain to Obtain a Monopolistic Concession on the Albanian Oil." Balkanistic Forum 32, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i3.4.
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After his return to power in 1924, the problems of the weak Albanian economy made Ahmet Zogu seek quick solutions to stabilize both the state and his regime. Albania started welcoming foreign financial capitals to solve its economic problems, which were also political. Meanwhile, the longtime competitors, Italy and Great Britain, through their powerful companies, tried to invest in strategic sectors of the Albanian economy. In this way, big international companies, such as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, the Standard Oil Company, the powerful Italian company “Ferrovie dello Stato Italiano”, “Le Syndicat Franco-Albanais” representing the French capital etc., emerged in Albania. This created a political scene charged with tensions and ongoing negotiations between all the affected actors, including the Albanian state. In 1925, the aftermath of the international diplomatic efforts put under the spotlight the two main rivals for prevalence in Albania, Italy and Great Britain. While the first was directly and vitally concerned about Albania and the Balkans, the second was merely interested in the stability of the region. Speaking of Albania’s interests, in the achieved agreements with the different foreign companies, there were indeed a series of articles that were disadvantageous for the state and its economy. However, Ahmet Zogu made an utmost effort to play a significant role, above the real possibilities Albania had at that time.
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Kharatyan, Hranush S. "Identification and Self-Identification Terms of Udi-Christians Based on Materials of Armenian and Udi Written Sources." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016492-8.
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After the abolition of the second kingdom of Caucasian Albania, accompanied by the process of Islamization of its peoples, the remaining Christian Albanians, who retained their Albanian identity until the 18th century, were concentrated on the territory of the historical regions of Shaki and Kabala. Created in the 7th century, the myth about the Apostle Yeghishe contributed to the “nationalization” of Christianity in the Shaki–Kabala region in Albania. In parallel with islamization and the loss of a common Albanian identity, among the islamized Caucasian-speaking groups of Albanians, processes of the formation of a narrow ethnic “me”, “we”, and a significant number of various names close to ethnonyms gradually emerged. The Christian-Albanian identity of the Christian part of the population was concentrated among the worshipers of the Apostle Yeghishe Albanian Christianity up to the 18th century. The most visible group with the Albanian identity were the Udins. During the 18th century most of them were forcibly islamized and assimilated. Among the remaining Christian Udins, the cultural and political importance of the “Albanian national-religious dissidence” disappeared, and new processes of self-determination emerged, leading to multi-level group ethno-religious loyalties. Religious commonality with the Armenian Church and the Armenian people was reflected in the common Udi word գshton and the literary Armenian word lusavorchakan. Ethnonymic designations “uti/udi”, “Udin-speaking tribe”, “Udin-speaking nation” reflected their own narrow ethnic belonging. In the Udi language, there is no word that marks ethnicity – the equivalent of the words “people”, “nation”, they are replaced by words xalq, milleti borrowed from the Turkic language.
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Gjoshi, Ragip. "Chronicle of Designing of Textbooks – ABC Books, Reading Comprehension and Grammar Books in Albanian Language in Kosovo 1886 – 2019." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p44-52.
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According to the pedagogue and scholar of the school textbooks, the textbook is a basic and mandatory school book, which serves as a basic tool and source of knowledge in the given field of study. Created in support of the education curriculum and didactically shaped, taking into account the psychophysical skills of the students, the subject matter of the course, the type of school, the degree and the profile of education. Students use it in all stages of the learning process and in everyday self-education. It is known that the existence of the scripture is mentioned by the old Babylonia when tile plates were used to write the textual content, as early as four thousand years ago. In addition to that, in ancient Egypt, the texts were written in papyrus, which was used even in old Greece and later in Rome. The parchment was used in the middle Ages, whereby it is believed that the texts were written two thousand years ago. The story of the proper text begins with the discovery of Jan Gutenberg's printing press in 1438. This is where the textbook as a massive book of education derives from. It was an epochal discovery. Meanwhile, while it is known that although Albanian is one of the oldest languages in Europe, it is however documented late. The first documents of the Albanian language are considered from the 15th century (Formula e Pagëzimit, Fjalorthi i A.Von Harfit dhe Perikopeja e Shen Matineut). Meanwhile, Buzuku (Meshari 1555), for us Albanians, is the starting point for text design. It was the time when the didactic reformer Czech pedagogue Jan Amos Komenski (1592-1670), with the first text in Latin, illustrated Orbis sensualium pictus (The Sensual World in Photography), arrived as the founder of the textbook theory. However, it can be concluded that the ABC book, the literature and grammar texts in particular, and the textbook in general, in Kosovo were of multiple importance to Albanians who were deprived of the right to education in Albanian language. The history of textbook design in Albanian language in Kosovo is very new. After the Renaissance, which was marked as a bright epoch in the effort to draft textbooks for Albanian schools, "The Literary Commission" (Komisia Letrare), established in Shkodra in 1916 would join to serve in the name of this cause. The aim of this body was to gather and publish the visions of Albanian folk literature such as: poetry and songs, tales, traditions, lessons, etc. Recently, efforts have been made to compile literary bibliographies in Albanian language. Nevertheless, it would be useful to continue with a bibliography of Albanian Language reading comprehension books in the school tradition in Albania, Kosovo and other areas where Albanians live and are educated in Albanian language. In Kosovo, Mati Logoreci is a pedagogue, is considered to be among the first textbook writers. This patriot and intellectual is a treasure of Albanian tradition in many fields, especially of education and school, as didactic, text analyst, organizer, controversial to highlight scientific, educational, social values. Mati Logoreci has an indisputable value in the history of the Albanian didactic thinking, in particular, the current educational values, adding to these values also some features of contemporary personality traits, traditional learning, within the learning methods. Logoreci was among the first Albanian educators in Kosovo. The path to development of the book in Albanian language in Kosovo was difficult, which at the same time is the best indicator of the situation of this group of the Albanians.
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Haziri, Shemsi, and Shkumbin Munishi. "Development of Police Terminology in Albanian Language in Kosovo and Albania." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.6p.126.
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In this paper chronologically are presented several periods of development of police terminology in Kosovo and Albania. Below are some of the topics which will be elaborated:- Development of police terminology in Albania;- Development of police terminology in Kosovo;- Word formation of police terminology in Albanian language;- Influence of foreign languages (Serbo-Croatian, Italian and English).Police terminology in Albania differs based on time period and historic developments, two World Wars from 1913 until 1945, with main influence from Italian language police terminology. Influence by Russian language is present during the communist time in Albania from 1945 until 1990 when the Italian influence returns again and it also starts influence by English language with the establishment of democratic pluralist system. In Kosovo, as a result of historic developments, development of police terminology was mainly influenced by Yugoslav system of government, Serbo-Croatian language, which was the dominant language in use in comparison to other languages in ex-Yugoslavia: Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian and Hungarian. Whereas, after declaration of Kosovo independence in 2008 the dominant influential language in police terminology in Albanian language has been English after 10 years (1999-2008) during which Kosovo Police was led by United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the police force in Kosovo was called UNMIK Police.
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Dheskali, Vincenzo. "USING SFG TO ANALYZE AUTHORIAL EMPHASIZERS AND PROPOSITIONAL INTENSIFIERS: A COMPARISON OF ALBANIAN AND ITALIAN ACADEMIC WRITING." Discourse and Interaction 14, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2021-2-61.
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Modality expresses high probability and total degree through boosters (Halliday 1985,Holmes 1990). Through them, writers reinforce statements with the assurance of reliableknowledge (cf. Hyland 1998b). This study compares the usage of boosting emphasizers (e.g. certainly) and intensifiers (e.g. completely) (cf. Quirk et al. 1985) and their orientation and manifestation (cf. Halliday & Matthiessen 2014) in Albanian and Italian student academic writings in L1 and English as an L2. I compiled an Italian and an Italian English corpus (around 3 million words each) as well as an Albanian corpus (around 2.2 million words) and Albanian English one (around 700,000 words). The corpora are comparable in terms of genre, disciplinary domain, gender and the division of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ sciences. Since very little research has been conducted on academic writing in Albania (Toska 2015), it is essential to initiate research in this field. The results showed that boosters were significantly favored in Italian and Italian English and less favored in Albanian. Conclusively, Italians show more commitment than Albanians.
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Dorda, Shpresa, Sindorela DOLI - KRYEZIU, and Gentian Muhaxhiri. "The penetration of foreings in the terminology of some vital areas in Albania and Kosovo." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p198-206.
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Albanian language in its current shape is conditioned by historical factors, social, economic, political, and by internal factors of its development. An important direction of development of language is dealing with borrowings, once they benefited from this mutual enrichment between languages in contact, the times words are superimposed where the consequences are evident in the course of development of the host language. Even the Albanian language has a similar approach as both in Albania and Kosovo. Her relationship with neighboring languages, and not only with them, have made her face be the result and reflection of this phenomenon.The trend/tendence of recent years of Albanian people using foreign words as a result of political and social factors we have observed in Albania and Kosovo. Languages of which we have received most borrowings word are mainly from two countries English, Italian and less from French.Foreign words penetrated many vital aspects of the Albanians people life and in two countries. Given the fact of the establishment of linguistic culture , social, historical , we become aware that the development of technology, many expressions and borrowings have entered our daily lexicon , because , at the moment we have not made any our discovery and we don’t have any real name to put to these objects . Even in various fields of science and technology are added borrowings, where the object or phenomenon introduced, along with the name of the language of the country that invented or issue.To further we have selected some areas terminology, such as administrative and legal terminology, language terminology, culinary, sports, information and technology. Examples of borrowings that we received from each area have given the sentence to get a context where there are used, except linguistic terminology for which we did not see it reasonable to give examples in sentences , since the paper work is in this area and only the term is sufficient.
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Vasili, Evis. "Internationalisms: Do They Affect or Enrich the Modern Albanian Language?" European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p352-356.
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Language is a symbol of cultural, national or state identity. For Albanians, language was and is the most important feature establishing their identity. The first attempts to codify the written Albanian language were distinguished since the second half of the nineteenth century by the Albanian scholars, who led the cultural movement "Albanian National Renaissance", where first of all we can mention Konstandin Kristoforidhi and Sami Frashëri. As an isolated Indo-European language, Albanian language is part of the Balkan linguistic connection. Although the Albanian language has not lost its origin, throughout its history it has proven and suffered interventions and major influences not only from the Indo-European but also from non-Indo-European languages. These influences are more directly reflected in the lexicon as the most fluid system of language. Like any other language, the Albanian language has responded to the demands of social development, changes in the field of production, technology, science, culture and so on by enriching and further developing its vocabulary, inter alia, by borrowing words from other languages. Language lexicon flows are larger than outflows and this explains the fact that the lexicon is expanded from generation to generation with new units. In general, there is a large number of words in Albanian language borrowed from Latin, Slavic languages in the south and Turkish. Most of the borrowed words such as anglicisms, germanisms, greecisms, italicisms etc are introduced in Albanian language in written form and orally, mainly in the last thirty years as a result of direct contact of Albanians with European and transatlantic countries, where they have lived and continue to live as immigrants, asylum seekers or workers. The number of foreign lexemes in Albanian language often differs from region to region and even from one person to another. Motivation of borrowing the words from a linguistic community, who regarding the cultural, technical and economic aspect prevails to the other community, is the desire and need to name new terms, objects and events, which are unknown in the language that takes these words. Borrowing new words for new issues also serves to cover linguistic requirements. However, taking foreign expressions does not necessarily show a sign of weakness; in a typical case there is a language enrichment, because new words are attributed to new things, new knowledge or new spiritual values. There are also cases when a word already exists in Albanian, but it is still replaced with the foreign word. In different circumstances both can be used. From this point of view, a question arises: What attitude should be taken for foreign words? Do foreign words enrich or spoil a language?
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Zissi, Leonard. "Polish Literature in Albanian." Perspektywy Kultury 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2502.11.
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Albania is a small country in Europe, which was under Turkish occupation for nearly five centuries. It did not regain its independence until 28 November 1912. During the occupation there was almost no foreign literature translated into Albanian, as more than 85% of the population were illiterate and in general there were no scientific institutions or schools. The first primary school was opened in 1887. Only in the 1920s, with the emergence of intelligentsia, world literature started to be translated into Albanian, which included Polish literature. However, the translations were not done from the Polish language but from Italian translations of it. The first Polish literary work translated into Albanian from Italian was the Nobel prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel, Quo Vadis? (in 1933). The book was translated for the second time in 1999. The translation of Polish literature into Albanian gained momentum after World War II, and especially after 2000. So far, nearly 55 books by 34 Polish authors have been translated into Albanian, including Adam Mickiewicz (among them his great work, Pan Tadeusz), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Boleslaw Prus, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska, Olga Tokarczuk, Ryszard Kapuściński, Tadeusz Różewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Fr. Marcin Czermiński, and others. At the same time, 8 Albanian authors wrote books on Polish topics in Albanian. Apart from the Albanian translators from Albania, Polish literature has also been translated into Albanian by Albanians from Kosovo. In comparison with other European countries, Albania is a leader as far as the number of Polish books translated is concerned. Polish literature in Albanian is generally popular among Albanian readers. Some of the books are published for the second, or even after the third time.
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Makhmudova, S. M., and A. A. Muradyan. "New Translations of Written Monuments of Caucasian Albania: Historical and Philological Analysis." Язык и текст 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2024): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2024110202.
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<p>For many centuries, the history of the oldest state in the Eastern Caucasus was forgotten, there were no studies of Caucasian Albania, no mention of the fact that Albanians had their own written language, that the king of Albania was almost the first in the world to adopt Christianity as an official religion, although Greco-Roman sources (Strabo, Plutarch, Pliny the Elder, Arrian and others) wrote about this country. History knows Albania's wars with Pompey, Trajan and Alexander the Great. However, the history of Caucasian Albania cannot fade into oblivion, as monumental monuments of architecture still stand in modern Azerbaijan, Karabakh, Eretia and Dagestan. Our work will be devoted to the analysis of some written sources and artefacts containing inscriptions in Albanian.</p>
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Gadzhiev, Murtazali S. "The Role and Place of the Middle Persian Language and Writing in Caucasian Albania." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016630-0.
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A significant political influence of Sasanian Iran on Caucasian Albania gives reasons to consider the spread of the Middle Persian language and writing among the Albanian nobility and authorities. This process contributed by the existence of close dynastic ties between the Arsacids of Albania and the Sasanian royal family at least since from the reign of King Urnayr (ca. 350–375) up the abolition of Albanian kingdom at the beginning of the 6th century. Written sources provide the correspondence of the rulers of Albania, Armenia, Iberia with the Sasanians and the written decrees of the shāhanshāhs sent to the Transcaucasian provinces of Iran, which indirectly indicates the spread of the Middle Persian language and writing here. Currently, there are three known unique gem-seals that date back to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 6th century and belonged to the representatives of higher secular and church authorities. These are the seals of the King of Albania Aswahen, Crown Prince Asay and the Great Catholicos of Albania and Balasakan. They are of great interest for the study of cultural and political ties between Sasanian Iran and Albania, Albanian sphragistics. The title inscriptions on these official seals are made in pārsīg (pahlavi), which shows the role of the Middle Persian languages and writing among the highest Albanian nobility and the highest Christian clergy of the country, clearly indicates the huge political and cultural influence of Sasanian Iran on the Caucasian Albania. These monuments of glyptics show that the Middle Persian language and writing had the official status in the Early Medieval Albania.
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Pllana Breznica, Albulena, Fisnike Pllana, and Zana Pllana. "Overview of the Usage of Some Turkicisms from Albanian Language Students at the University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti” in Prizren." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i2-200.
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The Albanian language, as well as the other Balkan languages, have received a large number of Turkish language elements, first of them being the acceptance of Turkish words. These words, respectively the Turkicisms, have penetrated in almost all spheres in the fields of social life. In Albanian, there are many words in these social spheres: religious spheres, administrative spheres, military spheres, crafts, construction, home environment, names etc. The historical and linguistic conditions of the borrowing of Turkicisms are known. Albanians and Turks (Ottomans) got into contact in the wars and battles between them, as well as during the reign of the Turkish Empire in the Balkan Peninsula, and in the Albanian territories as well. Turkicisms began to enter the Albanian language from the time the Turks deployed military officers and clerks in several Albanian cities. The ruling period of the foreign invaders and the typology of the communicating languages had a huge influence on linguistic borrowings. The Albanian language is typologically quite remote from Turkish and has therefore assumed relatively few Turkicisms compared to the long period of Turkish rule in the Albanian area. For this purpose, this research and analysis method has been used: A survey was carried out with 60 students of the Department of Albanian Language and Literature at the University of Prizren "Ukshin Hoti" in Prizren, with first year students of the second semester and with second year students of the second semester. In the analysis of the tests, graphical presentations of the use of some Turkish words (Turkicisms) have been created, which are used by students in conversations with each other, in the family and in society, in the city and around Prizren.
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Prendushi, Gjilda Alimhilli. "Languages in Contact - Some Results of Research at Albanian University Students in Italy." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (January 21, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i3.p49-54.
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This work is the result of personal observations of university Albanian students` studying Albanian language, with different times of residence in Italy, and contact between the Albanian and Italian language, too. My contacts with the students are grouped in two situations: those at work as lectures, seminars, receptions and examinations, and casual. It can be seen big differences in the use of two languages in these different situations. In the first group, at work, the use of the Albanian language is certainly much more correct and various forms of "mixing" almost non-existent. In the second group, especially among people very close or in the presence of Italian friends, it can be seen immediately code changes between Albanian and Italian. The communication code changing is under the influence of various factors. It is clear that reference students use Italian for formal use, for example, in their communications with teachers, while the Albanian in informal situations as at home and more. Thus, the choice of language is influenced by situational factors, like the stylistic choices that people make in a single language. Moreover, they with the language choice can move and change the tone of a situation, from formal to informal, too. These situations encountered made the basis for beginning the study. The examples cited in this paper are collected and classified, in accordance with the standard methodology, into various groups according to the probable cause for the change of the code of communication: Code changes used mainly in Italy but also in Albania; Code changes related to technology; Code changes related to the pronunciation; Code changes related to the characteristics of the country where they stay; Translations. Certainly, this first phase of research has shown the clear presence of code changes in the Albanian language. These phenomena are of various types and of varying importance: in a group of individuals it is a strong influence of the territory, Italy, for this reason we can presume that, back in Albania, the students will lose it; in another group of individuals it seems that it could turn, maybe, into loans. The last category includes some words that reflect deficiencies in the lexicon of the Albanian language, but also others that may gain ground thanks to their peculiarities. The results presented in this work should not be generalized, they only aspire to expand our understanding to the linguistic and social phenomena of contact between two languages such as Albanian and Italian, and in general, on the subject of bilingualism and the effects of the stay for a long time in Italy of Albanian people.
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Babuna, Aydin. "The Albanians of Kosovo and Macedonia: Ethnic Identity Superseding Religion." Nationalities Papers 28, no. 1 (March 2000): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990050002461.
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The Albanians are divided between three religions: the Catholics, the Orthodox, and the Muslims. The religious groups participated in the national development of the Albanians around 1900 each in its own way and in proportion to its own strength. As the majority group, the Muslims (70–80%) played the most important role. Most of the Muslims wanted to remain within the Ottoman Empire as long as their traditional rights were maintained, in spite of a strong desire for local self-government, but, as the Ottoman Empire declined, radical Albanian leaders stressing cultural and linguistic unity rather than religious unity were to gain the upper hand. The Albanian language, culture, and feeling of common blood played the most important roles in Albanian nationalism. The Albanian language in particular gave Albanians the feeling of belonging to the same nation.
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Sawicka, Irena. "A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient – The Case of Albanian Culture." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 2 (June 13, 2015): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2013.006.
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A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient – The Case of Albanian CultureAlbania is a unique example of authentic mentally-coded multiculturalism. The influence of a certain type of culture on believes shared by all Albanians is connected with either a specific period in history or specific territory. Modern Albania inherits various influences. As a unique European society Albanians do not define their identity through affiliation to a specific cultural (religious) circle. Nowadays Albanian national identity is devoid of religious context. It is based on the idea of Illyrian origin, great figures of Albanian history, mythology, language separateness. Religious components make up a surface of purely ethnographic character. Albanians attach greater importance to traditional values connected with the medieval clan law (besa ‘a word, a promise of keeping the word, commitment’, honor, the cult of a visitor, clan vengeance, the institution of a sworn virgin and so on). Kultura albańska – zderzenie Zachodu, Wschodu i Orientu Albania jest unikalnym przykładem prawdziwej, zakodowanej mentalnie multikulturowości. Wpływ określonego typu kultury na poglądy wspólne wszystkim Albańczykom związany jest bądź z określonym okresem historycznym, bądź z określonym terytorium. Dzisiejsza Albania dziedziczy różne wpływy i, jako unikalne w Europie społeczeństwo, Albańczycy nie określają swojej tożsamości poprzez przynależność do określonego kręgu kulturowego (religijnego). Współcześnie tożsamość narodowa Albańczyków zbudowana jest więc bez kontekstu religijnego. Opiera się na koncepcji pochodzenia od Ilirów, wielkich postaciach historii albańskiej, mitologii, odrębności językowej. Elementy religijne stanowią warstwę powierzchowną, czysto etnograficzną. Większą wagę przywiązują Albańczycy do wartości tradycyjnych, związanych ze średniowiecznym prawem rodowym (besa ‘słowo, obietnica, zobowiązanie’, honor, kult gościa, danego słowa i in.).
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JANI, Greta, and Doliana CELAJ. "LANGUAGE BARRIERS IN LEARNING ENGLISH FOR YOUTH ALBANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN ENGLAND." Ezikov Svyat volume 22 issue 2, ezs.swu.v22i2 (May 30, 2024): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v22i2.17.
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The emigration of Albanians to England has increased significantly in recent years, making the role of using and learning the English language decisive, especially for the Albanian youths who attend school. The purpose of studying the English language encompasses various aspects such as education, economics, social integration, and more. This study explores the language barriers young immigrant Albanians face in England when learning English, as well as the unique factors that influence their experiences in school. The study involved the observation of 75 Albanian youths, 30 males and 45 females. The problems caused by mastering the mother tongue are related to grammar, vocabulary, and articulation. Given the connections between culture, language, and individuality, cultural concerns emphasise how crucial it is to include different cultures in the classroom. The study suggests educational approaches, such as bilingual classes, to address language barriers and promote fluency in Albanian and English. Adding Albanian social aspects to culturally sensitive curriculum and teaching is recommended to improve student interaction and foster a sense of belonging. The study recommends teacher preparation courses that emphasise barriers to linguistic and cultural sensitivity, to improve the capacity of teachers to deal with particular issues. The research suggests a comprehensive, collaborative strategy that combines educators, communities, and legislators to create a welcoming and encouraging atmosphere for successful language learning in English through the skills and social inclusion of Albanian youth immigrants.
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Bushi, Jonida, and Endri Papajorgji. "Translation in Terms of Law and Communication: Difficulties Regarding the Translation of Legal Texts from Albanian into German and Vice Versa." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0076.
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This article deals with the peculiarities of translating legal terminology from German into Albanian and vice versa. Legal texts constitute an important part of translation into both languages. Translations of legal texts in Albania have increased since the latter's attempts to join the EU. European Union translation materials are in large volumes and require a lot of work. Therefore, the request for translation of legal documents, such as provisions or court decisions into other languages of the Union, including German, has increased. Despite institutional efforts to draft a glossary of legislation with the cooperation of professionals led by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation), as well as some efforts made in compiling Albanian-German legal dictionaries, there are no genuine publications in the Albanian language that handle the problems of translation in this field. Since technical legal language is a practical or institutional language, it is characterized by a high percentage of technical terms as well as a standardized sentence structure. Legal language is characterized by accuracy and clarity. Received: 5 May 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Arapi, Ina. "Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685)." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.020.
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Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685)The old Albanian literature (mid-16th – mid-17th century), which includes the philosophical–theological treaty Cuneus prophetarum by Pjetër Bogdani (Padua, 1685), was born and developed as a literature mainly of religious content for the needs of the Catholic religion. Regardless of the topic, this literature was created in a certain historical, cultural and social environment, namely that of northern Albania and the Albanian population that lived there. Hence, the data provided in this book constitutes an invaluable source through which we have the possibility of learning more about the way of life and the functioning of this part of Albanian society of that time. Interesting data on the situation of the Albanian language of that time is to be found in the preface of this work. The author urges Albanians not to let their language and science degenerate, but just as other nations do, they should make efforts concerning its evolution and development. But the alarm for destructing the mother tongue is linked with author and his contemporaries’ high conscious more than with the reality. In fact, Bogdani´s work itself proves that Albanian at that time had expressive possibilities equal to those of the Italian language. Not only the expressive and lexical richness, but the syntactic structure of phrases shows a high degree of development and elaboration in the Albanian language of that time.Examining the foreword of the book, we can learn that efforts were being made to unify the language and to develop one literary variant based on the dialect of the town of Shkodra. Bogdani also tried to adjust the language of his work according to this town’s dialect.Relations with Italian and Croatian intellectuals are clearly demonstrated in dithyrambic poetry and in the dedications at the beginning of the book. In this work, we also find data on Albanian mythology. Cuneus prophetarum occupies a special place in Albanian literature, because it is the first original work of prose, unlike previous writings, which were mainly translations. Albania u zmierzchu XVII wieku i jej stosunki z państwami sąsiedzkimi według "Oddziału proroków" arcybiskupa Pjetra Bogdaniego (1685)Utwór Pietra Bogdaniego Cuneus prophetarum (Padwa 1685) jest jednym z najważniejszych tekstów starej literatury albańskiej (XVI-XVII wieku), która rozwijała się na potrzeby Kościoła katolickiego i zawierała głównie treści religijne. Znaczna część tego utworu to traktat filozoficzno-teologiczny. Tekst, mimo że ma zasadniczo charakter religijny, odsyła także do kontekstu historycznego, kulturowego i społecznego północnej Albanii, stanowiąc tym samym bezcenne źródło informacji o sposobie życia i funkcjonowania części społeczeństwa albańskiego w tym czasie.Już we wstępie znajdują się ciekawe informacje na temat sytuacji języka albańskiego. Między innymi autor wzywa Albańczyków, by nie dopuścili do degeneracji języka i nauki, wzywa także inne narody, by dbały o rozwój języka. Ta troska o język ojczysty i obawa przed jego zepsuciem wiąże się z pozycją autora, który był świadom sytuacji bardziej niż ktokolwiek inny. W istocie sama praca Bogdaniego udowadnia, że w tym czasie język albański dysponował nie mniejszymi środkami ekspresji niż język włoski. Nie tylko bogactwo form i leksyki, lecz także struktury składniowe wskazują na ówczesny wysoki stopień jego rozwoju i na wysoki stopień świadomości językowej.Jednakże, jak można dostrzec we wstępie, nie podejmowano wysiłków w celu ujednolicenia języka. Rozwijał się głównie wariant literacki, oparty na dialekcie miasta Shkodra. Bogdani próbował również dostosować swój język do tego dialektu.Świadectwem związków autora z włoskimi i chorwackimi intelektualistami są poetyckie dytyramby zamieszczone w dedykacji. W utworze znajdujemy również informacje na temat mitologii albańskiej.Cuneus prophetarum zajmuje szczególne miejsce w literaturze albańskiej, ponieważ jest pierwszym oryginalnym, albańskim utworem prozatorskim.
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Janova, Arjan, and Oktaj Hasani. "The attitude of the international community to the October 1997 student protests in Kosovo, before and after the outbreak." UNISCI Journal 20, no. 58 (January 15, 2022): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31439/unisci-131.
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During the administration of the former Yugoslavia, the Albanian population of Kosovo was denied the basic right to education. Albanian students, although they were numerically in the majority at the University of Pristina, did not even enjoy the basic rights to education in the Albanian language, despite the fact that this university was Albanian and was founded by Albanians more than 20 years ago. This situation pushed Albanians to organise themselves to defend their freedoms and rights, especially in the field of education. The student protests of October 1997, organised in a spirit of cooperation between students, civil society and teachers, became one of the many factors that brought the treatment of the Albanian people under Slobodan Milosevic's regime to the attention of the world.
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Novik, Alexander A. "Albanians in Ukraine: Albanian “standard” language vs Albanian lect and identity in the 21st century." Centre of Linguocultural Research Balcanica. Proceedings of Round Tables, no. 6 (2018): 68–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0842.2018.6.
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The author analyzes ethno-cultural processes among the Albanians in Ukraine during the last two decades. He especially focuses on the attempts to save the Albanian dialect that the community undertakes. The study pays attention to the revitalization of traditional culture what is perceived by the locals as a continuation of Albanian cultural code in the Western Balkans. The research is focused on the transformation of identity and positionality of the Albanians of Budjak and the Azov Sea region surrounded by poly-ethnic settlements in the globalizing word.
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Umud oğlu Əliyev, Əli. "Nizami creativity in the mirror of the XXI century." SCIENTIFIC WORK 70, no. 09 (September 21, 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/70/26-39.
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The naming of 2021 as the "Year of Nizami" is a manifestation of the high value given to our literature, language and culture by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev. This article talks about the immortality of the world-famous great Azerbaijani philosopher and poet Nizami Ganjavi, the antiquity of the ethnic lineage of the Azerbaijani Turks and the formation of the Azerbaijani language on the basis of the ancient Turkic language. All this is substantiated by the example of Nizami's personality and creativity, and it is concluded that Nizami Ganjavi is an Azer Turk of Albanian descent who converted to Islam. Nizami Ganjavi is a world-famous philosopher and poet. If he was not a Turk, he would not marry his Kipchak daughter Afag. Of course, they spoke Turkish at home. This Turkish language was Gargar-Kipchak dialect. The Armenian province of Caucasian Albania, reflected in the works of Nizami Ganjavi, is not present-day Armenia. The Caucasus is a province of Albania and was inhabited by Albanians. If the Armenian name existed in the 12th century, Nizami, the mirror of his time, would have told the world about the Armenians and their characteristics. Nizami considers himself a "stranger" to the philosophy of life. This is due to the fact that the people and environment that formed Nizami have just moved from fire-worship, idolatry and Christianity to Islamic thought. Therefore, Nizami was neither a Christian nor an Islamist like Islam. Therefore, standing at the crossroads of these two roads, he says that I - the double Nizami is a stranger, half the vinegar in the world, half the honey. I think he emphasized that he was as sour as vinegar because he left Christianity and that he tasted honey because he converted to Islam. Therefore, pre-Islamic beliefs and discoveries in the works of Nizami Ganjavi. Christianity, sayings and feelings about Jesus Christ are widespread. This is due to Nizami's commitment to his ethnic roots as a Christian Albanian. Nizami Ganjavi leaned on Albanian literature and culture and presented pearls to the treasury of world culture. Key words: Nizami, poet, Kipchak, Afag, Harum, Barda, Christian, Caucasus, Albanian, Albanian, Armenian, Marzankush, Marzili
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Ndoci, Rexhina. "An Albanian Ethnolect of Modern Greek? Testing the Waters Perceptually." Languages 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010020.
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Ethnolects have been defined as varieties linked to particular ethnic minorities by the minorities themselves or by other ethnic communities. The present paper investigates this association between ethnic groups and language varieties in the Greek context. I seek to answer whether there is an association made (by Albanians or Greeks) between Albanian migrants in Greece and a particular variety that is not their L1, i.e., Albanian, and if so, whether this is an Albanian ethnolect of Greek. I show experimentally that, in fact, there is a variety of Greek that is linked with listeners’ perceptions of Albanian migrants. However, that criterion is not enough in itself to designate the variety as an ethnolect as the acquisition of this variety by the second or subsequent generations of migrants is not evidenced. Rather, those generations are undergoing language shift from Albanian to Greek. Therefore, the classification of Albanian Greek as an Albanian ethnolect of Greek is not possible despite the association between the variety and the particular minority in Greece. Classification as an L2 Greek variety or a Mock Albanian Greek (MAG) variety is instead argued.
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Draçini, Rrezarta. "Linguistic Dominance in Code Switching and Code Mixing Situations (Case of Study the Bilinguals with Albanian as L1)." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0017.
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Abstract Code switching and code mixing are processes, which happen often to bilingual speakers, depending on the linguistic situations in which they find themselves. These two processes are well known and are being studied for a long time. But, in this work we will concentrate on bilinguals with the Albanian language as L1, because there is a substantial lack of studies for the Albanian language and this particular situation. In the center of this work are the concrete examples, studied and analyzed. We will analyze: the effect that linguistic features of L1 have, while code switching and code mixing occur, because the Albanian language has a grammatical which is complex and is different from that of other languages, like English. The displacement that speakers have from one place to the other cause the relations of language use on the day to day basis communication to change, consequently different linguistic situations occur. How does the effect that L1, L2 languages change in relation to the everyday usage level from the speakers? In the code mixing process a code breach of one language occurs as a consequence of the inclusion in the language production of elements from another language. What are the linguistic features of the words which are included in the code mixing? Parts of our study are Albanian speaking subject, who live in Albania and outside, which have been recorded as they communicate in different linguistic situations. Their analysis has been conducted based on the latest linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic literature.
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Zeqiri, Albulena Lala, and Veneranda Xhelili Kryeziu. "Lexical Borrowings in Our Press and the Possibility of Their Replacement with Albanian Words." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n2p177.
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Abstract The present paper treats the influence of foreign words in our press and the possibility of their replacement with Albanian words. The Albanian Language used today in our press suffers from a reckless use of excessive borrowings that is significantly distorting its nature. Its natural that languages cooperate with one another through borrowing and loaning words but there must also be specific criteria and responsibilities for such borrowings. It is the duty of all subjects involved to give the right direction to this issue : Purification of Albanian language from foreign words and its enrichment with native words. Therefore, in this paper, we intend to identify non-Albanian words that wander in our language, and invite Albanian language writers how to write the Albanian language in Albanian. The methods implemented in this research are: historical method, the method of comparative analysis, gathering and selection of material (books, foreign language dictionaries and Albanian newspapers), analysis, comparison and description of the material. Results expected from this research are to bring into evidence borrowed words from other languages in our press, their identification and study, comparison of many words used today in our press, possibilities of replacement of such words with relevant Albanian words while using words from our country folk treasure, which is an inexhaustible source of enrichment of Albanian language.
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Muceku, Albana. "The Organization of the Albanian Education System and the Status of the Italian Language in the Period 1920-1944." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 4 (January 21, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i4.p36-42.
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The article in question reflects in a summarized way the organization of the Albanian education system in the years 1920-1944, as well as the status and position of the Italian language in this system, during that period. The existing interest in the Italian language in Albania is closely related to the old relations the two countries have had. Notwithstanding fluctuations that such relations have undergone, this connection never disappeared. This long-standing relationship is the result of good neighborly ties built and maintained naturally by the people of the two countries. The wish of Ahmet Zog (the king in power at the time) and his cabinet was to create a state based on Western European models. Therefore, there was wide cooperation, not just in the economic and diplomatic field, but also in other areas, particularly concerning relations with the Italian state which at that period was the main supporter of Albania, and also with other western countries. Western European models served to establish and strengthen the Albanian state which had just been taking shape trying to follow the model European-leaning states. Based on historical facts, during the period 1920-1944, the Albanian educational system underwent numerous changes. These changes enabled the Albanian education system to take the form of a more unified and more developed model. The influence of the Italians in Albania was obvious in different fields such as the commercial, economic and social sectors. Given that this period was characterized by the intensification of the relations between Italy and Albania, it was inescapable that this relationship would be manifested also in the field of education. Therefore, this paper intends to demonstrate through historical facts extracted from press articles and publications of the time, the changes to the Albanian education system in the years 1920-1944, as well as the status of the Italian language during this period.Keywords: Albanian education, Italian language, organization, influence, relations.
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Mani, Kujtim. "Lute and Canon: Millosh Encounters Miloš." Balkanistic Forum 32, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.5.
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This paper seeks to examine the epic and canonical status of the lute and songs of the Kosovo Cycle in both, Albania and Serbia. The interplay of epics with national identity and political aims will be scrutinized, with a particular focus on the nexus of imagination, identity, and history. Moreover, the Kosovo Cycle of Serbs, takes a central position concerning the fall of the medieval state following from the Battle of Kosovo (1389). On the other hand, the Albanian Cycle is more consecrated to the hero as an individual, a brave loyal nobleman and honest chevalier who fights for his besa as code d’honeur. Millosh Kopiliqi/Miloš (K)obilić, the hero of the Battle of Kosovo, is without doubt the most chevaleresque figure of the cycle, in Albanian and Serbian songs. Why the lute became an identity corner stone of Albanians, Serbs, and the other nations in the region? Figuratively speaking, it is the lute epic space of the Kosovo Cycle in Albanian and Serbian where Millosh encounters Miloš and historical truth and imaginary encounters fiction.
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Mati, Diellza Nagavci, Mentor Hamiti, Arsim Susuri, Besnik Selimi, and Jaumin Ajdari. "Building Dictionaries for Low Resource Languages: Challenges of Unsupervised Learning." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2021.03.005.
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The development of natural language processing resources for Albanian has grown steadily in recent years. This paper presents research conducted on unsupervised learning-the challenges associated with building a dictionary for the Albanian language and creating part-of-speech tagging models. The majority of languages have their own dictionary, but languages with low resources suffer from a lack of resources. It facilitates the sharing of information and services for users and whole communities through natural language processing. The experimentation corpora for the Albanian language includes 250K sentences from different disciplines, with a proposal for a part-of-speech tagging tag set that can adequately represent the underlying linguistic phenomena. Contributing to the development of Albanian is the purpose of this paper. The results of experiments with the Albanian language corpus revealed that its use of articles and pronouns resembles that of more high-resource languages. According to this study, the total expected frequency as a means for correctly tagging words has been proven effective for populating the Albanian language dictionary.
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Hajdari, Ardita, and Nuri Bexheti. "Albanian Press on the Efforts of Cooperation be-tween Kosovo Albanians and the Bulgarians of Macedonia (1912-1914)." Balkanistic Forum 33, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v33i1.6.
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The article explores a particular source of Albanian newspapers for the cooperative efforts between Kosovo Albanians and Bulgarians in Macedonia. The Albanian press in the diaspora, particularly in Bulgaria, was of great importance for Albanian ideol-ogists after the closure of Albanian-language clubs, schools, and newspapers in Koso-vo. In Albanian newspapers, we can observe a different perspective on the efforts to cooperate between Albanian and Bulgarian insurgents until 1913. The Conference of Ambassadors in London and the waves of Albanian and Bulgarian refugees caused by the Balkan wars reaffirmed these tentative of collaboration for the common interest of both parties. These also resulted with joint Albanian and Bulgarian kachak forces in exile on the September Ohrid-Dibra uprising. Despite the failure of the uprising, Alba-nian newspapers remained supportive of the idea of common resistance.
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Pata Kapo, Irena. "Pseudo-Anglicism in Albanian Language." Quaderni di Linguistica e Studi Orientali 9 (September 30, 2023): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/qulso-2421-7220-15149.
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Anglicisms in the Albanian language is a domain not much and sufficiently frequented by Albanian linguists; false anglicisms or Pseudo-anglicisms are much less. Therefore, the focus of this paper is primarily the identification of Anglicisms and Pseudo-anglicisms in the Albanian language, how we distinguish and provide the ground for drawing the line between these two different but interconnected categories, and then introducing and analyzing several examples of Pseudo-anglicisms in Albanian. Transformations of English loans or the native words (in terms of morphological, semantic, orthographic, phonetic, etc., features) or the coinage of new words in the Albanian language under the influence of English language (the resemblance to English being the only connection to English language) are processes that produce the so-called ‘false loans’ or ‘Pseudo-anglicisms’. Pseudo-anglicisms in Albanian can not be studied separately from other European languages as they share most of their features with Pseudo-anglicisms in French, Italian, Spanish, German, etc.
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Breu, Walter. "Italo-Albanian: Balkan Inheritance and Romance Influence." Journal of Language Contact 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 147–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-14010006.
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Abstract This chapter deals with contact-induced change in Italo-Albanian and its effects on the Balkan inheritance of this minority language. The introduction is dedicated to the general characteristics of Albanian and its varieties from a historical, dialectological and geographic perspective, followed by a section on the historical and present situation of the Italo-Albanians. While Section 3 discusses the role of Balkanisms in Standard Albanian, Section 4 gives a general overview of the fate of these Sprachbund criteria in Italo-Albanian. In Section 5, contact-induced changes in the verb systems in single Italo-Albanian dialects are investigated, with special regard to the changes in the future tense, in the analytical perfect and verbal aspect, followed by a discussion of the innovative causative construction and other periphrases. Finally, changes in the domains of mood and voice in the Italo-Albanian dialects are described, most of them of recent date and, in part, not accepted by conservative speakers. All contact-induced developments in the minority language, as well as those parts of its grammar that have resisted foreign influence, are contrasted with their Standard-Albanian counterparts. As will be shown, many traditional Balkan features have been weakened or lost, whereas others have even expanded, but always in the direction of Romance models, to which Italo-Albanian functionally has adapted or which it has calqued.
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JAHJA, Nesrin. "Ellipsis in English and Albanian." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v5i1.222.
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This research attempted to conduct an in-depth analysis of the text-forming elements based on the fact that cohesive devices are insufficiently treated in the Albanian language, although considerable research and publications have been made in other languages. This study aims to bring evidence in recognizing, determining, and categorizing the structures of ellipsis and substitution which perform in English and Albanian. Comparing these important elements of grammatical cohesion in two languages will bring light upon the differences and similarities between the two languages. It will also show how frequently they are used in English and Albanian. Particularly, the aim is to show how these two mechanisms enable the avoidance of repetition, either by choosing other short words, phrases, and clauses or by removal of words, phrases, and clauses. This study involved samples of fiction and non-fiction texts of English and Albanian language, consisting of two novels and two daily newspapers. The findings of the research indicate that in fiction texts, ellipsis is used more in the Albanian language rather than in English whereas substitution prevails more in English than Albanian. Ellipsis is used more in the Albanian language rather than in English in non-fiction texts too. Nevertheless, the frequency of substitution seems to be the same in both languages with a total of 4 items in English and 3 items in Albanian.
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Kryeziu, Labehat, and Visar Shehu. "Bert Based Named Entity Recognition for the Albanian Language." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, no. 3 (November 23, 2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n302.
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In this paper, we explore the application of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model for Named Entity Recognition (NER) in the Albanian language. Despite the success of BERT in various NLP tasks across numerous languages, Albanian remains under-represented. Our approach leverages a transfer learning strategy with multilingual BERT, fine-tuned on a newly created, comprehensive Albanian language corpus. The corpus includes texts from various domains, thereby facilitating the identification of a broad range of named entities. We report on the challenges faced during corpus creation, model fine-tuning, and testing phases, such as dealing with dialectal variations and lack of existing resources for the Albanian language. This research not only contributes to the advancement of NER systems for low-resource languages, but also provides a robust foundation for further advancements in Albanian language processing.
Received: 21 September 2023 / Accepted: 29 October 2023 / Published: 23 November 2023
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Daiu, Dorina. "CONGRESS OF ELBASAN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NORMAL (PEDAGOGICAL) SCHOOL." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072499d.
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Throughout the history, teachers have played a crucial and missionary role in the preparation of generations as citizens of the future. Gratitude on teachers is definitely a patriotic obligation to them.In Albania, due to different historical, geographical and economic factors, teachers have worked and lived in difficult conditions. This is not only in the long periods of foreign conquests and in the period of the National Renaissance but also after the victory of Independence and the creation of an independent Albanian state.Most of them, as true missionaries, regardless of the conditions, devoted themselves to that noble silence, worked without a self-propelled for the nation, which always required renaissance. With and without appropriate school facilities, with difficult general conditions, with or without texts, with a lack of teaching resources, without guaranteed livelihoods, served in an exemplary manner to teach new generations the writing of Albanian language and to cultivate to the student knowledge and how to love their country.But when does the formation of teachers in Albania have the most significant institutional beginnings or developments?Through this paper I tried to bring into attention the decisions of the Congress of Elbasan in 1909 as the first Albanian Pedagogical Congress whose primary task was the opening of a Pedagogical School. This school would served in the institutionally studied preparation of teachers whose job at that time was a national emergency for the development of the Albanian nation. This school was set up to open in the city of Elbasan.Elbasan, a city of Middle Albania, has been described as the cradle of the Normal School. Alongside the economic and social development, Elbasan was also acclaimed for his cultural and educational development, especially in the period of the National Renaissance.Of great importance in the formation of students there is the patriotic spirit of the Renaissance, which was always alive and powerful among Normale's teachers.Patriotic education of students remained as primary target in the field of general formation. Albania's Albanian language (literature, history, and geography) was developed at the highest possible level of time. Since its beginning, Normal School was not seen simply as a high school, but as an educational institution that represented the dignity of the nation, which would radiate the light of Albanian knowledge. Opening Normale School was not a matter of knowledge but also patriotism.
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Kapo, Irena Pata. "Morphological Adaptation of Anglicisms in the Albanian Press." European Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p143-154.
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The flux of Anglicisms in Albanian language is a phenomenon of the last two decades. Similarly to many other European languages Albanian has been under the influence of English language for some time now and in a wide range of areas of life, study, etc. This paper, which is only a part of the author’s research study of Anglicisms’ ‘behavior’ in Albanian, aims at analyzing the morphological adaptation of English loan words in Albanian; their grammatical categories, how they adapt to Albanian grammatical system and the changes they go through in order to ‘survive’ permanently, stay and be used temporarily by Albanian speakers or leave the Albanian lexis, due to their equivalents already existing in Albanian or to the high level resistance Albanian language poses to them. This analysis is performed referring to the counterpart categories of these loans in Albanian, thus adaptation of nouns and how does their declension, gender and number fit within the noun category in Albanian, adaptation of adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc.; a part of this paper analysis are also the acronyms borrowed directly from English, compounds as well as some forms of word formation under the influence of English language.
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Neziri, Senad. "Grammatical Influences (Morphological) of Albanian Language in the Languages of Minorities in the Region of Prizren." Journal of Educational and Social Research 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2018-0031.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to prove the presence of calques (loan translation) of Albanian language in the languages of minorities (Gorani community, Bosnian community) in the region of Prizren. We will make an effort to provide evidence for the role of Albanian as a donor language through daily contacts with the members of the above-mentioned communities. The corpus of this study will be the edited volume of songs and folk tales from minority areas, respectively from the population of Gorani and Bosnian ethnicity and their dialects. The research will be focused in minority areas in the municipality of Dragash (Sharr) where Gorani people live, as well as in other areas of minority language speakers, mainly in Zhupa, in the municipality of Prizren. The paper will be important in enlightening the facts of using the structure of Albanian, both in the spoken language of the minority community and that of Albanian community. The cases where certain elements of Albanian language are encountered in another language, where Albanian appears as a donor language, will be considered as important. The reason which has pushed us to conduct the research regarding the presence of Albanian elements, basically morphological, in a non-Albanian speaking community in Kosovar society, respectively in the multi-ethnic society of Prizren, is the way of speaking of this minority community and the confirmation of the impact of Albanian language and ethno-culture on this minority language since ancient times to the present.
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de Leeuw, Esther, Enkeleida Kapia, and Scott Lewis. "Sound Change in Albanian Monolinguals and Albanian–English Sequential Bilingual Returnees in Tirana, Albania." Languages 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010080.
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This research investigated contrastive perception of L1 phonological categories in Albanian–English bilinguals who returned to Albania after living abroad for over on average a decade. In Standard Albanian, there are phonemic contrasts between /c/ and /tʃ/, /ɫ/ and /l/, and /ɹ/ and /r/. These phonemic contrasts do not occur in English. Using a “real speech” binary minimal pair identification task, we compared the accuracy and response times of bilingual returnees against functional Albanian monolinguals who had never lived abroad. Results showed that (1) reaction times for /c/ versus /tʃ/ were longest for both groups, indicating that this contrast was “harder” than the other contrasts. Surprisingly, (2) bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in accurately identifying /c/ versus /tʃ/; and (3) no significant group differences were found for the other two phonemic contrasts. In combination with other research showing that Albanian is undergoing a merger of /c/ and /tʃ/, our findings suggest that this merger is more advanced in monolinguals than bilinguals—probably because the bilinguals were abroad when the merger started. Examination of variation within the bilinguals indicated that (4) the younger the speaker was when they left Albania, and the more recently they had returned, the lower their accuracy was in identifying the laterals. These phonological findings enhance our understanding of perceptual L1 attrition whilst underlining the need to examine language change in the country of origin in L1 attrition research.
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Mesi, Agron. "The “Discovery” of Albanians and Their Culture from Western Europe." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p64-80.
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Although Albanian inhabited areas are almost at the gates of Western Europe, historically, this country’s fate, identity and culture were ignored by Western Europe for almost five centuries, a period when Albanian territories existed as the periphery of the imperial Ottoman domination.The incipience of modernity, in the nineteenth century, was the time to restore the attention of Western Romantic Europe to Albanians and their culture, to their particular language, to the multifarious folk art, to the many crafts, the “magnificent” clothing and the archaic customs of this nation, as well as to the geography of the “majestic” and “virgin” landscape, the “impressive” architectural typologies of cities and dwellings. Interest in Albania at that time was related to the awareness (although delayed) that the Western Europe had to regain this Orientalised territory, which previously belonged both administratively and culturally to it. Albania’s destiny, to some extent, was linked from its beginnings, to European chancelleries and primarily their political and economic interests, and certainly their cultural interests as well, over this precious “threshold” territory (or “at the border”).The territory inhabited by Albanians was crisscrossed from the beginning of this century and on from all the categories of visitors. The first Europeans who reached the Albanian territories were diplomats, politicians, soldiers, merchants, and simultaneously many exploration anthropologists, historians, linguists, geologists, archaeologists, botanists, poets, painters and even thrill-seeking adventurers.This paper aims to provide evidence on the growing interest shown by Europe to Albania in the XIX century, an interest that will be examined in this case, focusing on its cultural and ethnological components rather than its political element. In particular, attention will be paid to how these foreigners explored and identified the autochthonous characteristics, intertwined with many influences from the foreign Ottoman culture. In the landscape geography, in the typologies of architectural constructions, urban organisation of inhabited centres, in the traditional crafts, traditional costumes and in the overall lifestyle, there aren’t represented straight aspects of cultural production and architectural creativity, but idiosyncratic phenomena generated by cultural interferences and a mix of superimposed or layered factors such as in a “palimpsest”, that are all mixed together representing the wealth classified nowadays as the material culture of our nation in that particular historical period, when Albania more than ever was perceived as a “frontier” territory, culturally more “East” and geographically more “West”.
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Zaçellari, Manjola, and Flamur Shala. "Minority languages in Europe: Problems of Albanian as the second official language in North Macedonia." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i4.24775.
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<span lang="EN-US">This study aimed at analyzing the status of Albanian as the second official language in North Macedonia, by firstly giving an overview of the language policy in the European Union (EU), its approach to multilingualism, stressing out the idea that a similar multilingual policy can be used as a model by other European countries. The study analysed the current situation regarding the use and application of the Albanian language in North Macedonia, by analyzing the law on languages and some issues regarding Albanian as the language of instruction. Qualitative methods were used for the aims of this study. The data was collected through document analysis for analyzing how the EU deals with multilingual issues; identify arising issues due to the use of Albanian as the second official language in North Macedonia and through semi-structured interviews with Albanian teachers from various schools to investigate their perceptions of the status of Albanian and about problems they face in their work routine. Teachers were posed five interview questions. After evaluating the data, some important issues were identified such as the need for further improvement to the law on languages, the need for opening more Albanian schools, and the need for continuous training for teachers.</span>
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Aleksandra, Chivarzina. "Yellow or green? Distinguishing green and yellow colors in Albanian." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 5 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.5.59-65.
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When studying the system of color terms in the Albanian language, one can notice that it significantly diff ers from the corresponding systems in the neighboring Balkan languages in a number of parameters. This article considers the basic color terms for ‘green’ and ‘yellow’ in the Albanian language, which clearly demonstrate how contacts of different nations in the Balkans could aff ect the color categories, in particular these two fragments of the Albanian system of color terms. During the Roman era, Latin borrowings entered the language and became the most common way of denoting these two colors. Turkish, being the language of the privileged population for many centuries, has also left deep traces in the lexical system of Albanian. The color terms of Proto-Albanian origin are marginal in the language compared to the borrowed ones. The present article discusses the diff erentiation of various expressions of diff erent origin for yellow and green in Albanian.
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Demneri, Ejona. "Students’ Difficulties in Writing in English Language." Proceedings of The International Conference on Modern Research in Education, Teaching and Learning 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2024): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icmetl.v3i1.290.
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English language is no doubt one of the most used and influential languages around the world. In Albania, English language learning starts since 6-year-old age. Therefore, many studies and research have been done concerning English language and competences. When studying a foreign language, writing is considered as the most demanding and crucial competence. Based on previous studies in Albania, students tend to face difficulties during the writing process. They lack the necessary writing skills needed to have a successful writing performance and they claim that further attention and importance should be given to the writing process by teachers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the most common errors that Albanian students make in writing and what difficulties they have when it comes to it. The data is provided through a writing task in the form of an essay to second year English language students. There were 47 students of English Language at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Tirana, taking part in the research. Based on the study data, students mostly made grammatical and vocabulary mistakes. They were aware of the patterns used in different writing types and they made less mistakes compared to other errors considered in the study. Even though they tend to be careful not to think in Albanian, its influence is obvious in their writing, especially when it comes to the word order of clauses and sentences. Considering the findings, some practical recommendations have been made in the end.
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Gaba, Arben. "A Contrastive Analysis of English and Albanian Somatic Idioms - A Cognitive Perspective." European Journal of Language and Literature 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/498diq14u.
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In this paper we try to make a cognitive comparison between phraseological expressions originating from body-part terms in English and Albanian (taking English as our starting point). Although these languages are distant in space they do have similarities. This similarity / difference is seen better than nowhere else in the way how they conceive of the world (and the way this is expressed linguistically). They are at different stages of their linguistic cultivation where English is in a dominant position (remember here that every technological innovation has knock-on linguistic effects that affect every language including Albanian) and Albanian is in a defensive position since it has to cope with a host of concepts and realities that in one way or another have to be made tangible to Albanian speakers as well. Phraseological expressions are conceived as the tip of the iceberg of a process grounded upon transformational mechanisms (the best known of which are metaphors and metonymy) with emotional coloring adding to the mix. By way of illustration we give the following example: get blood from/out of a stone - nxjerr dhjamё nga pleshti, nxjerr ujё nga guri (extract fat out of a flea, extract water from the stone) Albanian literal translation in italics and brackets. From what we see, Albanians associate the equivalent of the English phraseological unit with water (since they are a Mediterranean country with dry summers), or with fat and flea (Albanians are known for their animal husbandry and meat-related terms).