Relevant bibliographies by topics / Albanian languages and literature

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Albanian languages and literature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Albanian languages and literature"

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Zissi, Leonard. "Polish Literature in Albanian." Perspektywy Kultury 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2502.11.

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Albania is a small country in Europe, which was under Turkish occupation for nearly five centuries. It did not regain its independence until 28 November 1912. During the occupation there was almost no foreign literature translated into Albanian, as more than 85% of the population were illiterate and in general there were no scientific institutions or schools. The first primary school was opened in 1887. Only in the 1920s, with the emergence of intelligentsia, world literature started to be translated into Albanian, which included Polish literature. However, the translations were not done from the Polish language but from Italian translations of it. The first Polish literary work translated into Albanian from Italian was the Nobel prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel, Quo Vadis? (in 1933). The book was translated for the second time in 1999. The translation of Polish literature into Albanian gained momentum after World War II, and especially after 2000. So far, nearly 55 books by 34 Polish authors have been translated into Albanian, including Adam Mickiewicz (among them his great work, Pan Tadeusz), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Boleslaw Prus, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska, Olga Tokarczuk, Ryszard Kapuściński, Tadeusz Różewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Fr. Marcin Czermiński, and others. At the same time, 8 Albanian authors wrote books on Polish topics in Albanian. Apart from the Albanian translators from Albania, Polish literature has also been translated into Albanian by Albanians from Kosovo. In comparison with other European countries, Albania is a leader as far as the number of Polish books translated is concerned. Polish literature in Albanian is generally popular among Albanian readers. Some of the books are published for the second, or even after the third time.
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Golemi, Marinela. "Othello in the Balkans: Performing Race Rhetoric on the Albanian Stage." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 22, no. 37 (December 30, 2020): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.22.08.

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This essay examines the racialized rhetoric in Fan Noli’s 1916 Othello translation and the racialized performance techniques employed in A.J. Ricko’s 1953 National Theatre of Albania production. Hoping to combat racial discrimination in Albania, Noli’s translation of Othello renders the Moor an exceptional Turk whose alienation in Venice was designed to mirror the Albanophobic experiences of Albanian immigrants. Moreover, the Albanian Othello can serve as a platform for addressing ethno-racial tensions between Albanians and Turks, northern and southern Albanians, and Albanians of color and white Albanians. Both Noli and Ricko believed there was an anti-racist power inherent within Shakespeare’s play. In the end, however, the race-based rhetoric in the Albanian language, the use of blackface make-up in performance, and the logic and rhetoric of Shakespeare’s play itself challenged these lofty goals for race-healing.
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Gjoshi, Ragip. "Chronicle of Designing of Textbooks – ABC Books, Reading Comprehension and Grammar Books in Albanian Language in Kosovo 1886 – 2019." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p44-52.

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According to the pedagogue and scholar of the school textbooks, the textbook is a basic and mandatory school book, which serves as a basic tool and source of knowledge in the given field of study. Created in support of the education curriculum and didactically shaped, taking into account the psychophysical skills of the students, the subject matter of the course, the type of school, the degree and the profile of education. Students use it in all stages of the learning process and in everyday self-education. It is known that the existence of the scripture is mentioned by the old Babylonia when tile plates were used to write the textual content, as early as four thousand years ago. In addition to that, in ancient Egypt, the texts were written in papyrus, which was used even in old Greece and later in Rome. The parchment was used in the middle Ages, whereby it is believed that the texts were written two thousand years ago. The story of the proper text begins with the discovery of Jan Gutenberg's printing press in 1438. This is where the textbook as a massive book of education derives from. It was an epochal discovery. Meanwhile, while it is known that although Albanian is one of the oldest languages in Europe, it is however documented late. The first documents of the Albanian language are considered from the 15th century (Formula e Pagëzimit, Fjalorthi i A.Von Harfit dhe Perikopeja e Shen Matineut). Meanwhile, Buzuku (Meshari 1555), for us Albanians, is the starting point for text design. It was the time when the didactic reformer Czech pedagogue Jan Amos Komenski (1592-1670), with the first text in Latin, illustrated Orbis sensualium pictus (The Sensual World in Photography), arrived as the founder of the textbook theory. However, it can be concluded that the ABC book, the literature and grammar texts in particular, and the textbook in general, in Kosovo were of multiple importance to Albanians who were deprived of the right to education in Albanian language. The history of textbook design in Albanian language in Kosovo is very new. After the Renaissance, which was marked as a bright epoch in the effort to draft textbooks for Albanian schools, "The Literary Commission" (Komisia Letrare), established in Shkodra in 1916 would join to serve in the name of this cause. The aim of this body was to gather and publish the visions of Albanian folk literature such as: poetry and songs, tales, traditions, lessons, etc. Recently, efforts have been made to compile literary bibliographies in Albanian language. Nevertheless, it would be useful to continue with a bibliography of Albanian Language reading comprehension books in the school tradition in Albania, Kosovo and other areas where Albanians live and are educated in Albanian language. In Kosovo, Mati Logoreci is a pedagogue, is considered to be among the first textbook writers. This patriot and intellectual is a treasure of Albanian tradition in many fields, especially of education and school, as didactic, text analyst, organizer, controversial to highlight scientific, educational, social values. Mati Logoreci has an indisputable value in the history of the Albanian didactic thinking, in particular, the current educational values, adding to these values also some features of contemporary personality traits, traditional learning, within the learning methods. Logoreci was among the first Albanian educators in Kosovo. The path to development of the book in Albanian language in Kosovo was difficult, which at the same time is the best indicator of the situation of this group of the Albanians.
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Pllana Breznica, Albulena, Fisnike Pllana, and Zana Pllana. "Overview of the Usage of Some Turkicisms from Albanian Language Students at the University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti” in Prizren." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i2-200.

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The Albanian language, as well as the other Balkan languages, have received a large number of Turkish language elements, first of them being the acceptance of Turkish words. These words, respectively the Turkicisms, have penetrated in almost all spheres in the fields of social life. In Albanian, there are many words in these social spheres: religious spheres, administrative spheres, military spheres, crafts, construction, home environment, names etc. The historical and linguistic conditions of the borrowing of Turkicisms are known. Albanians and Turks (Ottomans) got into contact in the wars and battles between them, as well as during the reign of the Turkish Empire in the Balkan Peninsula, and in the Albanian territories as well. Turkicisms began to enter the Albanian language from the time the Turks deployed military officers and clerks in several Albanian cities. The ruling period of the foreign invaders and the typology of the communicating languages had a huge influence on linguistic borrowings. The Albanian language is typologically quite remote from Turkish and has therefore assumed relatively few Turkicisms compared to the long period of Turkish rule in the Albanian area. For this purpose, this research and analysis method has been used: A survey was carried out with 60 students of the Department of Albanian Language and Literature at the University of Prizren "Ukshin Hoti" in Prizren, with first year students of the second semester and with second year students of the second semester. In the analysis of the tests, graphical presentations of the use of some Turkish words (Turkicisms) have been created, which are used by students in conversations with each other, in the family and in society, in the city and around Prizren.
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Draçini, Rrezarta. "Linguistic Dominance in Code Switching and Code Mixing Situations (Case of Study the Bilinguals with Albanian as L1)." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0017.

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Abstract Code switching and code mixing are processes, which happen often to bilingual speakers, depending on the linguistic situations in which they find themselves. These two processes are well known and are being studied for a long time. But, in this work we will concentrate on bilinguals with the Albanian language as L1, because there is a substantial lack of studies for the Albanian language and this particular situation. In the center of this work are the concrete examples, studied and analyzed. We will analyze: the effect that linguistic features of L1 have, while code switching and code mixing occur, because the Albanian language has a grammatical which is complex and is different from that of other languages, like English. The displacement that speakers have from one place to the other cause the relations of language use on the day to day basis communication to change, consequently different linguistic situations occur. How does the effect that L1, L2 languages change in relation to the everyday usage level from the speakers? In the code mixing process a code breach of one language occurs as a consequence of the inclusion in the language production of elements from another language. What are the linguistic features of the words which are included in the code mixing? Parts of our study are Albanian speaking subject, who live in Albania and outside, which have been recorded as they communicate in different linguistic situations. Their analysis has been conducted based on the latest linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic literature.
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Arapi, Ina. "Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685)." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.020.

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Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685)The old Albanian literature (mid-16th – mid-17th century), which includes the philosophical–theological treaty Cuneus prophetarum by Pjetër Bogdani (Padua, 1685), was born and developed as a literature mainly of religious content for the needs of the Catholic religion. Regardless of the topic, this literature was created in a certain historical, cultural and social environment, namely that of northern Albania and the Albanian population that lived there. Hence, the data provided in this book constitutes an invaluable source through which we have the possibility of learning more about the way of life and the functioning of this part of Albanian society of that time. Interesting data on the situation of the Albanian language of that time is to be found in the preface of this work. The author urges Albanians not to let their language and science degenerate, but just as other nations do, they should make efforts concerning its evolution and development. But the alarm for destructing the mother tongue is linked with author and his contemporaries’ high conscious more than with the reality. In fact, Bogdani´s work itself proves that Albanian at that time had expressive possibilities equal to those of the Italian language. Not only the expressive and lexical richness, but the syntactic structure of phrases shows a high degree of development and elaboration in the Albanian language of that time.Examining the foreword of the book, we can learn that efforts were being made to unify the language and to develop one literary variant based on the dialect of the town of Shkodra. Bogdani also tried to adjust the language of his work according to this town’s dialect.Relations with Italian and Croatian intellectuals are clearly demonstrated in dithyrambic poetry and in the dedications at the beginning of the book. In this work, we also find data on Albanian mythology. Cuneus prophetarum occupies a special place in Albanian literature, because it is the first original work of prose, unlike previous writings, which were mainly translations. Albania u zmierzchu XVII wieku i jej stosunki z państwami sąsiedzkimi według "Oddziału proroków" arcybiskupa Pjetra Bogdaniego (1685)Utwór Pietra Bogdaniego Cuneus prophetarum (Padwa 1685) jest jednym z najważniejszych tekstów starej literatury albańskiej (XVI-XVII wieku), która rozwijała się na potrzeby Kościoła katolickiego i zawierała głównie treści religijne. Znaczna część tego utworu to traktat filozoficzno-teologiczny. Tekst, mimo że ma zasadniczo charakter religijny, odsyła także do kontekstu historycznego, kulturowego i społecznego północnej Albanii, stanowiąc tym samym bezcenne źródło informacji o sposobie życia i funkcjonowania części społeczeństwa albańskiego w tym czasie.Już we wstępie znajdują się ciekawe informacje na temat sytuacji języka albańskiego. Między innymi autor wzywa Albańczyków, by nie dopuścili do degeneracji języka i nauki, wzywa także inne narody, by dbały o rozwój języka. Ta troska o język ojczysty i obawa przed jego zepsuciem wiąże się z pozycją autora, który był świadom sytuacji bardziej niż ktokolwiek inny. W istocie sama praca Bogdaniego udowadnia, że w tym czasie język albański dysponował nie mniejszymi środkami ekspresji niż język włoski. Nie tylko bogactwo form i leksyki, lecz także struktury składniowe wskazują na ówczesny wysoki stopień jego rozwoju i na wysoki stopień świadomości językowej.Jednakże, jak można dostrzec we wstępie, nie podejmowano wysiłków w celu ujednolicenia języka. Rozwijał się głównie wariant literacki, oparty na dialekcie miasta Shkodra. Bogdani próbował również dostosować swój język do tego dialektu.Świadectwem związków autora z włoskimi i chorwackimi intelektualistami są poetyckie dytyramby zamieszczone w dedykacji. W utworze znajdujemy również informacje na temat mitologii albańskiej.Cuneus prophetarum zajmuje szczególne miejsce w literaturze albańskiej, ponieważ jest pierwszym oryginalnym, albańskim utworem prozatorskim.
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Papamihali, Eva. "Urban Planning Terminology in Albanian and Foreign Languages." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, s2 (July 1, 2017): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0036.

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Abstract The following article aims to introduce a scientific work undertaken with the aim of producing an Urban Planning terminology Dictionary in Albanian, accompanied by French and English. The study and exposure of urban planning terminology will be treated in two works, part of one another: *The theory platform for the analyses of linguistic problems represented by this terminology. *The draft of a dictionary with the main urban planning terminology (Albanian - French - English). To accomplish these two works, a preparatory work has been done in the first stage as it follows: 1. A great quantity of urban planning terms has been taken from this branch’s literature (schoolbooks; books published by urban planners about the various urban problems; this branch’s periodical magazines; urban laws throughout the years alongside with the relevant regulations; etc) what makes up the factual material. 2. The theory material has been collected and studied and it includes monographs, articles, references and other editions which have dealt with Albanian terminology problems, obviously by Albanian authors. We have also used foreign literature about terminology problems, mainly in French. On this theory and factual bases and by following the scientific criteria which have been applied to draft the terminology dictionaries (Albanian - Foreign languages) by the terminology section of the Albanian language and literature Institute, we have launched the preliminary wordy of the dictionary and partially completed its equivalent in French. While working with this dictionary, we have begun dealing with one terminology problem which is used in this branch, the one of the meaning phenomena. During this whole process, there urged the need to complete the factual material and naturally to deeply exploit the theory literature.
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Nuredini, Zarije. "LANGUAGE THE ONLY MEANS OF CREATING LITERATURE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072213z.

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This paper attempts to treat different phases of standard Albanian, emphasizing the differences in the language of literature before and after the formation of the Albanian standard language; the words and expressions used in the past; the grammatical language forms they have obtained; the aesthetic function of language in written literature. It also aims to present and develop the great expressive possibilities of the Albanian language and the various forms and hues it takes in artistic literature. The lexis of the literature is a permanent source of standard language not only in our language, but in all languages of the world.When we say linguistic differences in the language of literature, we mean the fund of special words that are being activated in a literary work, as well as the literary-stylistic hues they take while used in some special cases, thus producing literary metaphors, for we know that language is the only means of creating literature and that without it we would not be able to think and talk about literature.We will also treat the process of enriching the standard language through literature, as it is well known that literature takes care of a greater linguistic prosperity, and this is constantly achieved by activating the words of the reserve fund of a language, the obsolete words, and so on.
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Nuredini, Zarije. "LANGUAGE THE ONLY MEANS OF CREATING LITERATURE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij29082213z.

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This paper attempts to treat different phases of standard Albanian, emphasizing the differences in the language of literature before and after the formation of the Albanian standard language; the words and expressions used in the past; the grammatical language forms they have obtained; the aesthetic function of language in written literature. It also aims to present and develop the great expressive possibilities of the Albanian language and the various forms and hues it takes in artistic literature. The lexis of the literature is a permanent source of standard language not only in our language, but in all languages of the world.When we say linguistic differences in the language of literature, we mean the fund of special words that are being activated in a literary work, as well as the literary-stylistic hues they take while used in some special cases, thus producing literary metaphors, for we know that language is the only means of creating literature and that without it we would not be able to think and talk about literature.We will also treat the process of enriching the standard language through literature, as it is well known that literature takes care of a greater linguistic prosperity, and this is constantly achieved by activating the words of the reserve fund of a language, the obsolete words, and so on.
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Canaj, Kimete. "PHRASEOLOGIES WITH ANIMAL NAMES IN ALBANIAN, GERMAN AND ENGLISH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 34 (April 2021): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.34.2021.14.

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Phraseologies with animal names in Albanian, German and English: A comparative study. The paper takes a comparative approach in discussing selected phraseologies with animal names in Albanian, German and English. The point of departure is a collection of 48 random Albanian lexemes and their counterparts in the other two languages. Phraseologies, Metaphor and Translation have a hidden relationship with one another until we explore the linguistic and conceptual roots of these words. To carry something across, and in the case of translation, something is carried over from one language to another; hence to translate. Metaphor, on the other hand, indicates a similar act of transference (Übertragung), as it is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase signifying one thing is used in place of another to suggest some degree of likeness or equivalence. The most interesting result of the comparison is that there are more similarities between the neighbour languages than Germanic languages. This implies that neighbourhood and the common history have more impact on languages, even from different families (Albanian‐German), than common roots (English‐German).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Albanian languages and literature"

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Skomorokhova, Svetlana. ""Arising from the depths" (Kupala) : a study of Belarusian literature in English translation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57199/.

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Using Belarusian as a case study of a ‘minority’ European literature, this thesis explores the role of literary translation in the negotiation and promotion of a national identity (represented by two opposing discourses of “Old/European” and “New/Soviet” ‘Belarusianness’) as accomplished through translation from a lesser-known European tongue into the current global hegemonic language. In so doing, the research provides a wide historical panorama of all known literary translations from Belarusian to English, focusing on those published in the 20th and 21st centuries. While outlining the major tendencies of the translation process, the study considers the issues of both reception (focusing on the TL literary system) and representation (focusing on the negotiation of a Belarusian identity), recognising complex ideological, historical and political processes which accompany and, in many cases, predetermine translations and translation strategies. After examining the available terminology for the description of ‘minority’ in literary theory and translation studies, this research considers Belarus’ position as an Eastern European, post-Soviet country and discusses the case for the adoption of a postcolonial approach to the interpretation of ‘Belarusianness’. Another innovative aspect of the study lies in the contribution of a non-Western perspective to the current discussion of European minority languages in translation studies (Baer 2011; Branchadell and West 2005; Cronin 1995, 2003; Tymoczko 1995, 1999). A pioneering work on the history of Belarusian-English literary translation, this research defines several periods of translation activities: the ‘early’ translations of the 1890s – 1940s which mark the discovery of Belarusian folklore; the translations of the ‘Cold War’ period (1950s – 1980s) with two opposing ‘camps’ producing works provoked by nationalist (Western-based translations) or socialist (Soviet Union) ideologies; and, finally, the current post-independence period of Belarusian-English translation (1991-2012), with an analysis of the reasons for a relative inactivity. The evidence is based on a wide range of translations published as individual books and anthologies of poetry and prose, as well as those found in periodicals. It also includes previously unpublished findings from materials located in personal and national archives in Russia, Belarus, and the UK.
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Piasecki, Bohdan A. "Anthologies of contemporary Polish poetry in English translation : paratexts, narratives, and the manipulation of national literatures." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55714/.

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Llamas, Gomez Noemi. "Francesc Payarols and Andreu Nin, agents of the Catalan polysystem : unmediated translations from Russian in the 1930s : a critical overview." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30794/.

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This thesis addresses the contribution of Francesc Payarols and Andreu Nin to the Catalan literary system between 1928 and 1937 via the introduction of unmediated translations from Russian into Catalan. This contribution has been studied by comparing it to previous translation activity from Russian into Catalan, to translations in literary systems that due to prestige and geographical proximity can be considered neighbouring systems to the Catalan system (the French, the British and the Spanish), and by reviewing some of the critical reception that these publications gathered in the Catalan press of the time. Selected terminology and theoretical concepts of Polysystem Theory (PST) have been used critically in the methodological framing. This study occupies the gap of knowledge in current scholarship around the work of Payarols, whilst also building on previous and contemporaneous research on Nin. The evolution of translation from Russian into Catalan is contextualised from its introduction in 1879 until the establishment of Edicions Proa in 1928, the platform from which Payarols and Nin published the majority of the texts studied. The role of the translators as agents of the system is particularly highlighted, given both the influence of their translations in creating examples of models of prose that autochthonous novelists could use, and the power of their textual choices outside of the primary authors (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov). Joan Puig i Ferreter’s agency is also explored, as the figure behind Proa’s success and one of the main promoters of the reintroduction of novels into the literary repertoire in Catalan from the late 1920s. This research studies the unmediated Catalan translations of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, and a selection of nineteenth and twentieth century authors carried out by Payarols and Nin, and reviews some of the impact that these had upon Catalan writers such as Mercè Rodoreda, Sebastià Juan Arbó and Joan Sales. Overall, these translations largely exceeded the previous available items of Russian literature in Catalan, and in cases such as Dostoevsky and Chekhov, they established a textual presence to go with their already existing literary fame. This process establishes that power dynamics were in operation between these translators, and that Nin had higher esteem from the literary milieu, which in turn affected the prestige of the texts he was commissioned to translate. I then contribute to the debate on the mythologisation of Nin’s work by suggesting a revision of his texts, supported by a comparison with the recently revised versions of some of Payarols translations.
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Askew, Louise. "Clinging to a barbed wire fence : the language policy of the international community in Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1995." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13344/.

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This study takes one aspect of the post-conflict peace-building process in Bosnia- Herzegovina since 1995 - the recognition of three official but mutually comprehensible languages - and examines the way in which the international community's approach to it has impacted on broader peacebuilding goals for the country. The originality of this thesis lies in the fact that it views post-conflict peace-building in Bosnia-Herzegovina through the lens of the language issue. Taking the Dayton Peace Agreement (1995) as the starting point I look at the way in which its provisions have largely dictated the international community's approach to the language issue and created the political environment in which language operates. Further, applying the concept of societal security I explain how the language issue is used by domestic elites to frustrate attempts at reconciliation by the international community; I argue that the international community's approach, based on the equality of the three languages, only feeds into the divisive ethnic politics of present-day Bosnia-Herzegovina and ultimately undermines the security and stability of the country. I also look in detail at two very different but complimentary areas of ongoing post- conflict reform in Bosnia-Herzegovina and analyse the international community's approach to language in each: reform of the education system and defence reform. In the former the language issue cannot be divorced from the identity-formation goals of domestic elites in the education reform. The international community's approach to language in this regard has been counterproductive and has only bolstered attempts to maintain segregation in schools. In the area of defence reform the focus of language policy is not on issues of identity but on the translation and interpretation policy of the international military force which is guided by locally-hired interpreters and translators. I use narrative theory (Baker, 2006) to explain how they negotiate issues of identity, loyalty and ethics and argue that through their influence policy has been more flexible and able to adapt to the requirements of the defence reform. Finally I contend that the international community has tended to view language as an unimportant element of its activities in Bosnia-Herzegovina. This study argues that far from this being the case the international community's approach to language holds important lessons for future peacebuilding endeavours elsewhere.
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Ossipow, Cheang Sarah. "The generic intertext of psalms in the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-1941)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10554/.

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This study investigates the presence of the genre of psalms in Tsvetaeva's poetry by means of Alastaire Fowler's theory of the historical persistence of literary genres throughout history. The main argument is that in her intertextual use of psalms Tsvetaeva develops further some of their typical features such as the expression of bafflement at God's passivity or an over-familiarity in addressing God; although these features are already present in psalms, they are not given a full-blown realisation because of the religious restrictions reigning at the time and context in which they were written. Chapter One presents the theoretical tools used in this research, namely the concomitant concepts of intertextuality and genre: intertextuality focuses on how texts differ from one another, while genre theory highlights the resemblance existing between a set of texts. Taken together these concepts offer a balanced and multisided approach. Chapter Two presents the psalms and outlines its importance in Russian poetry. It also discusses Tsvetaeva's spiritual outlook. Chapter Three demonstrates that the integration of the generic intertext of psalms into Tsvetaeva's poetry results in the modification of their praying function: Tsvetaeva's psalm-like praises to God contain a veiled expression of doubt that is absent from the Psalter; another change of the praying function of psalms performed in Tsvetaeva's poetry consists in the implicit denunciation of the absence of a feminine voice. Chapter Four shows that Tsvetaeva's mixture of the psalmic intertext with the genre of diary-writing, epistolary writing and folk songs create a fruitful interaction between the universal tone of the psalmist and the private concerns voiced in diary, letters or folk laments. Chapter Five shows that in her poetry Tsvetaeva develops further some typical features of psalms such as the theme of the sacred land and that of God's passivity.
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Pavlović, Aleksandar. "From traditional to transitional texts : Montenegrin oral tradition and Vuk Karadžić’s Narodne srpske pjesme." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14346/.

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This thesis analyses the influence of literate culture on the corpus of Montenegrin oral epic songs published in Vuk Karadžić’s edition of Narodne srpske pjesme from 1823 to 1833. The Introduction places the research in the scholarly context of the Parry-Lord theory of oral composition, later analyses of transitional texts that contain both oral traditional and literary characteristics, and recent interest in the entire process of transcription, edition and publication of songs belonging to the oral tradition. This is followed by an outline of facts relevant to the social and political history of Montenegro, its epic tradition and earliest textual representation. The first chapter discusses in detail the concepts of oral traditional, transitional and nontraditional texts and offers a synthetic theoretical framework for the analysis of transitional South Slavonic oral songs, based on their phraseology, style, outlook and contextual evidences about their documentation and singers. In the second chapter, this is followed by a textual analysis of five genuine oral traditional Montenegrin songs from Karadžić’s collection and a discussion of their style, themes and overall perspective. In the third chapter, two songs about contemporary Montenegrin battles from the collection are analysed and identified as proper transitional texts; they contain a number of literary elements and were influenced by the Montenegrin ruler Bishop Petar I, but also retain to some extent the characteristics of traditional oral songs. The final chapter identifies nontraditional elements in the four songs that Karadžić wrote down from a literate Montenegrin singer Đuro Milutinović Crnogorac. It is argued that these songs combine a traditional style and outlook with elements distinct from local oral tradition, which the singer had adopted during his education and under the influence of Bishop Petar. The main conclusion of the thesis is that the earliest publication of Montenegrin oral tradition already contained a number of features of literary origin; two out of eleven songs are proper transitional texts, and four others display the influence of literate culture. These texts and features did not originate in the local oral tradition; rather, they were introduced by a literate singer close to the political leadership and then incorporated in the collection of oral traditional songs during the process of its literary documentation and representation. By revealing the complex socio-political framework giving rise to the early-nineteenth century collections of South Slavonic oral songs, this thesis makes a contribution to current research in the textualisation of the oral tradition, and provides a consistent model for the analysis of transitional texts in oral studies.
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Jinks, Sean Ernest. "Writing the unwritable : melancholia in the works of Mikhail Zoshchenko." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13998/.

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This study seeks to show how the literary legacy of Mikhail Zoshchenko (1894-1958) can productively be understood as a sustained textual engagement with the writer's own melancholia. Drawing equally on present-day critical approaches which increasingly emphasize the unity of life and art in the works of Zoshchenko, and on a psychoanalytically-influenced model of textual melancholia, this study posits and analyzes a melancholy component of the broader comic aesthetic that typified Zoshchenko's early work and on which, to a large degree, Zoshchenko's reputation still rests today. The study then proceeds to trace the development of this textual melancholia beyond its aesthetic representation in earlier works to show an increasingly direct discursive elaboration of the condition in works written after 1927. This evolution in the textual refraction of the writer's melancholia is shown to extend into the writer's later 'medical' works where they acquire a more or less explicit therapeutic function and become a kind of culturally nuanced Soviet language of melancholia. This development is contextualised by reference to Soviet conceptions of mental illness and a Soviet medical establislunent characterized by an unusually dominant physiological understanding of the mind. Throughout, the study aims to demonstrate how a reading of the Zoshchenko oeuvre in terms of melancholia can deepen and broaden critical understandings of this enigmatic writer, opening up a hitherto neglected ideational component of Zoshchenko's art.
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Norris, David A. "Time in the novels of Miloš Crnjanski." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13913/.

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This thesis is the first long work which focuses on the issue of time in Crnjanski's four major novels. It aims to demonstrate the complexity of time in his novels, in relation both to the organisation of narrative events, and to the characters' experience and perception of self. It shows ways in which Crnjanski's views on time are reflected in the language and construction of his novels. Part One, Chapter One, outlines the life and literary career of Milo. Crnjanski. It views his workagainst the background of modernism, and locates him in Serbian literary history. Part Two begins the discussion of time in Crnjanski's work in relation to his personal style known as sumatraism. Chapter Two focuses on two of his early essays, what they reveal about his approach to time, and identifies the principles of simultaneity and rhythm which characterise his thinking about time. The analysis emphasises time as a part of wider issues concerning language, the individual, values, and history in his novels. Chapter Three takes up the issue of time in relation to language and narrative structure in his early novels. Chapter Four continues the analysis of time in relation to narrative structure, and particularly in relation to the orchestration of voice in his later work. Part Three opens with discussion of major motifs in Crnjanski's novels which demonstrate the issue of identity as a constant theme. Chapter Five focuses on time in relation to identity and the problem of being-in-time as expressed in his first and last novels. Chapter Six continues the analysis of time and identity in his other two novels, viewing identity in the context of social institutions and history. Chapter Seven summarises the major conclusions arising from this analysis of time in Crnjanski's novels. The arguments presented are used to qualify statements concerning time in his novels which have been made by some commentators.
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France, Rose. "Mikhail Zoshchenko's "Michel Siniagin" : a critical study and translation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6568/.

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This thesis is a critical study and translation into English of Mikhail Zoshchenko's long story "Michel Siniagin", including a critical analysis of the text of "Michel Siniagin" in relation to other work by the same writer, and a discussion of the specific problems raised by Zoshchenko's work for the English language translator. The first chapter of the thesis is devoted to language and style in Zoshchenko's work. "Michel Siniagin" and the related cycle of "Sentimental Tales" are viewed in the context of the author's broader stylistic project. The chapter opens with a discussion of skaz in Zoshchenko's short stories as a reflection of early Soviet socio-linguistic reality and as an attempt to expand literary narrative beyond the discourse of the educated classes. It goes on to describe the emergence of a parodic semi-educated writer figure in the "Sentimental Tales", whose literary style parodies the democratisation of culture in post-revolutionary Russia and the attempts of those in authority to create a proletarian classical literature or "Red Lev Tolstoi". Some of the specific stylistic features of "Michel Siniagin" are then examined in greater detail. The second chapter explores some of the more important thematic elements of "Michel Siniagin" and the "Sentimental Tales". It aims to show the thematic continuity of Zoshchenko's work and to emphasise intertextual connections with contemporary literary developments and topical social and philosophical questions. This chapter also explores the autobiographical element in "Michel Siniagin" and looks at the significance for Zoshchenko of the real life beggar-poet Aleksandr Tiniakov, who served as the inspiration for the anti-hero Siniagin. The third chapter is devoted to the problems of literary translation. It begins with a defence of practical, critically engaged models of translation theory, arguing that when theory becomes divorced from practice, it tends to stray into abstract and perfectionist discourse and to distort the reality of translation as it actually happens. The chapter summarises recent arguments in favour of free/dynamic versus literal/formal translation strategies. It then examines how the specific nature of Zoshchenko' s work affects the translator's choice of strategy, comparing the effectivity of some previous translations of Zoshchenko' s short stories. The final part of this chapter looks at the problems posed by the deliberately clumsy prose style of Zoshchenko' s fictional "author" in "Michel Siniagin" and the "Sentimental Tales", compares my own translation with existing translations. It is argued that interference from foreign cultural associations is more detrimental to the humour and spirit of Zoshchenko' s work than interference from so-called "translationese".The penultimate chapter of the thesis explores the impact of self-censorship and censorship on Zoshchenko's work in general and on "Michel Siniagin" in particular, comparing different versions of the text of "Michel Siniagin" and describing amendments made to the text by Zoshchenko at manuscript stage and by editors at later stages in its history.
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Farmer, Rachel S. "The life and works of Vladimir Voinovich : the satirist as exile." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11582/.

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This study undertakes an examination of the life and works of the satirist Vladimir Voinovich, set in the context of satire in general, and in particular against the changing political, ideological and artistic background of the Soviet Union and the new Russia. It is demonstrated that in certain respects he is typical of his generation and in others an exception. The analysis shows how Voinovich's work gradually diverged from the accepted norms of Socialist Realism, leading him into conflict with the state and into increasingly satirical modes of expression. It is suggested that every satirist is to some extent an exile, since detachment is required from the society which is the object of the satirical impulse. The notion is studied that Voinovich became firstly an ideological exile, and compounded this with a form of chronological exile by expressing himself satirically at the `wrong' time, before consequently becoming also a geographical exile. Detailed attention is paid to his novel “Zhizn' i neobychainye prikliucheniia soldata Ivana Chonkina”, which proved to be a turning point in both his life and work. The hero of this novel has his pedigree in the Russian tradition of the plainspeaking fool Ivanushka-durachok who wins out in spite of circumstances, and it is suggested that he shares certain characteristics with his creator. The writing of Chonkin sealed Voinovich's fate as an emerging `dissident', and after its unauthorised publication abroad, he was persuaded to leave the Soviet Union. In emigration the question arose of how to engage relevantly with his readership in the rapidly changing Soviet Union. Despite the trauma of dislocation, Voinovich continued to write creatively in emigration and then in partial return to post-glasnost' Russia. The new Russia provides fertile ground for satire, but the returning satirist faces the question, now and in the future, of what type of expression is appropriate in a nascent democracy which he instinctively wishes to protect and support, rather than censure. Voinovich's solutions are diverse, and sometimes unexpected
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Books on the topic "Albanian languages and literature"

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editor, Mandalà Matteo, ed. Opere. Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro): Rubbettino, 1997.

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Giunta, Francesco. Albanesi in Sicilia. Palermo: A.C. Mirror, 2003.

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Qafqaz Albanlarının dili vä ädäbiyyatı. Bakı: Qanun Näşriyyatı, 2010.

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Palermo, Italy) Congresso internazionale di studi albanesi (15th 1989. Dialetti italo-albanesi e letteratura: Atti del XV Congresso Internazionale di Studi Albanesi : Palermo, 24-28 novembre 1989. Palermo: Istituto di Lingua e Letteratura Albanese, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia di Palermo, Centro Internazionale di Studi Albanesi - "R. Petrotta", 1992.

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Tirana, Albania) Konferencë shkencore ndërkombëtare "Kërkime gjuhësore" (2 2013. Kërkime gjuhësore: Konferencë shkencore ndërkombëtare, mbajtur më 4 korrik 2013. Tiranë: Botimet Albanologjike, 2014.

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Albania) Konferencë shkencore ndërkombëtare "Kërkime gjuhësore" (2012 Tirana. Kërkime gjuhësore: Konferencë shkencore ndërkombëtare, mbajtur më 31 maj 2012. Tiranë: Botimet Albanologjike, 2013.

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Costantino, Alessandro. Nostalgia: Sehnsucht : italo-albanische Gedichte. Frankfurt am Main: Haag + Herchen, 2003.

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Kasoruho, Amik. Pa mëri: Publicistika e jetës sime. Tiranë: Botime Pegi, 2013.

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Altimari, Francesco. Vezhgime gjuhësore dhe letrare arbëresh. Italy: Shpresa & Faik Konica, 2002.

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Pesha e fjalës shqipe: Studime të zgjedhura për gjuhën e letërsisë artistike. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese UFO Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Albanian languages and literature"

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Elsie, Robert. "Albanian Literary History." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 409. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.91els.

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Elsie, Robert. "Enver-Hoxha Dictatorship Stifles Albanian Theater." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 231. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.58els.

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Elsie, Robert. "The National Role of the Albanian Literary Journals." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.13els.

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Elsie, Robert. "The Rediscovery of Folk Literature in Albania." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 335. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.78els.

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Nikolla, Elgoni. "Illusion-Making and Illusion-Breaking: All My Sons on the Albanian Stage Before the Collapse of Communism." In Belgrade English Language and Literature Studies: BELLS90 Proceedings. Volume 2, 437–45. Belgrade: Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/bells90.2020.2.ch33.

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Bubenik, Vit. "Chapter 6: The Verbal System of Albanian." In Tense and Aspect in Indo-European Languages, 103. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.145.10bub.

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Tomalin, Marcus. "The Languages of Literature." In Romanticism and Linguistic Theory, 122–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230228313_5.

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Pandey, Anjali. "Introduction: Languages in Literature." In Monolingualism and Linguistic Exhibitionism in Fiction, 1–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137340368_1.

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Aderibigbe, Ibigbolade S. "Languages and Literature, Africa." In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions, 1149–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1417.

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Schumacher, Stefan. "Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)." In Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond, 506–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.352.15sch.

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Conference papers on the topic "Albanian languages and literature"

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Panchenko, Olena, Anastasiia Plakhtii, and Yevhen Plakhtii. "Natural Languages vs Languages of Augmented Reality." In International Conference on New Trends in Languages, Literature and Social Communications (ICNTLLSC 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.018.

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ANWAR, Khairil. "The Economic Strength in Minangkabau Oral Literature." In Sixth International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icla-17.2018.41.

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Hlazkova, Olena. "“Literature of Migration” vs “Literatura Emihratsii”: Defining a New Trend in Ukrainian Literature." In International Conference on New Trends in Languages, Literature and Social Communications (ICNTLLSC 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.017.

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D. Goncharova, Elena. "Cultural Differences in Worldviews and Languages (Russian and English)." In Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l315.28.

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Kalo, Valbona. "Need For Improvement In The Literature Curriculum Design And Its Implementation – The Case Of Albanian High Schools." In 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Education. ACAVENT, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.educationconf.2021.03.216.

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Boklakh, D. Y. "PECULIARITIES OF REPRESENTATION OF THE POETICAL CITY TOPOS IN THE WORKS OF T.G. SHEVCHENKO." In I European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics. Prague: Premier Publishing s.r.o., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/i-conf-liter-pp-1-32-38.

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Digamberrao, Kale Sunil, and Rajesh S. Prasad. "Author Identification on Literature in Different Languages: A Systematic Survey." In 2018 International Conference on Advances in Communication and Computing Technology (ICACCT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacct.2018.8529635.

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Toral, Antonio, and Andy Way. "Translating Literary Text between Related Languages using SMT." In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-0714.

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"The roles of Misconceptions to Perceive the Cultural Memory of Various Languages." In International Conference on Humanities, Literature and Management. International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/icehm.ed0115033.

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"Figurative Languages in Bicol Literature toward the Production of Instructional Material." In Multi-Disciplinary Manila (Philippines) Conferences Jan. 26-27, 2017 Cebu (Philippines). Universal Researchers (UAE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae.uh0117424.

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Reports on the topic "Albanian languages and literature"

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Cooper, Danielle, Cate Mahoney, Rebecca Springer, Robert Behra, Ian Beilin, Guy Burak, Margaret Burri, et al. Supporting Research in Languages and Literature. Ithaka S+R, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18665/sr.313810.

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Evans, Jon, Ian Porter, Emma Cockcroft, Al-Amin Kassam, and Jose Valderas. Collecting linked patient reported and technology reported outcome measures for informing clinical decision making: a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0038.

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Review question / Objective: We aim to map out the existing research where concomitant use of patient reported and technology reported outcome measures is used for patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Condition being studied: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) covering injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. Musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Eligibility criteria: 1) Peer-reviewed primary studies and literature reviews. Grey literature not included. 2) Studies which include co-administration of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROMs) AND wearable electronic devices (e.g. fitness trackers, accelerometers, gyroscopes, pedometers smartphones, smartwatches) in musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Studies are EXCLUDED which feature wearable electronic devices but not concomitant/real time capturing of PROMs (e.g. they are recorded retrospectively/ at different timepoints). 3) Studies in languages other than English will be excluded unless a translation is available.
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Huang, Zeling, Xiao Mao, Junming Chen, Junjun He, Shanni Shi, Miao Gui, Hongjian Gao, and Zhenqiang Hong. Sinomenine hydrochloride injection for knee osteoarthritis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0057.

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Review question / Objective: At present, many clinical studies have been reported on the treatment of KOA by injecting sinomenine hydrochloride into the knee cavity. However, no systematic evaluation has been published on this issue, and it is not clear whether sinomenine hydrochloride injection is effective and safe in the treatment of KOA.Therefore, it is important to conduct systematic evaluation to obtain relatively convincing conclusions as to whether sinomenine hydrochloride injection can be a good choice as a complementary and alternative drug (CAM) for KOA. Condition being studied: The RCTs are eligible, whether or not the blind method is specifically described. There are no restrictions on languages. Moreover, systemic evaluation, review literature and the full article cannot be obtained will be excluded.
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Danaher, Katherine. Meeting the Learning Needs of Refugees and Migrants in Tertiary Blended ESOL Courses. Unitec ePress, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.003.

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Technology use in higher education is becoming ubiquitous. However, the particular needs of adult migrant and refugees studying English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) necessitate careful course design and teaching practice if technology is not to present an insuperable barrier. This article surveys the literature to identify barriers to technology use by these learners, of which literacy and lack of prior experience stand out. Critical success factors in meeting their learning needs are categorized under self-regulated learning skills (as defined by (Zimmerman, 2002)), teacher support and course design. Recommendations include explicit teaching of self-regulated learning skills, using the embedded phases of forethought, performance and reflection. Also, intensive teacher support should be provided and a flexible design model used, with authentic tasks and clear interfaces. These recommendations provide research-informed guidelines for teachers and course designers looking to support the learning needs of adult tertiary refugee and migrant ESOL learners.
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Danaher, Katherine. Meeting the Learning Needs of Refugees and Migrants in Tertiary Blended ESOL Courses. Unitec ePress, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.003.

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Technology use in higher education is becoming ubiquitous. However, the particular needs of adult migrant and refugees studying English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) necessitate careful course design and teaching practice if technology is not to present an insuperable barrier. This article surveys the literature to identify barriers to technology use by these learners, of which literacy and lack of prior experience stand out. Critical success factors in meeting their learning needs are categorized under self-regulated learning skills (as defined by (Zimmerman, 2002)), teacher support and course design. Recommendations include explicit teaching of self-regulated learning skills, using the embedded phases of forethought, performance and reflection. Also, intensive teacher support should be provided and a flexible design model used, with authentic tasks and clear interfaces. These recommendations provide research-informed guidelines for teachers and course designers looking to support the learning needs of adult tertiary refugee and migrant ESOL learners.
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Estrada, Fernando, Magaly Lavadenz, Meghan Paynter, and Roberto Ruiz. Beyond the Seal of Biliteracy: The Development of a Bilingual Counseling Proficiency at the University Level. CEEL, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.article.2018.1.

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In this article, the authors propose that California’s Seal of Biliteracy for high school seniors can serve as an exemplar to advocate for the continued development of bilingual skills in university, graduate-level students—and counseling students in particular. Citing literature that points to the need for linguistic diversity among counselors in school and community agencies, the authors describe the efforts taken by the Counseling Program in the School of Education at Loyola Marymount University (LMU) in partnership with LMU’s Center for Equity for English Learners to address the need. Their pilot of a Certificate of Bilingual Counseling in Fieldwork (CBC-F) involved the development and testing of proficiency rubrics that adhered to current standards for teaching foreign languages and simultaneously measured professional competencies in counseling. Results of the CBC-F pilot with five female Latina students in the counseling program at LMU in the spring of 2017 appeared promising and were described in detail. These findings have implications for preparing and certifying professionals in other fields with linguistic and cultural competencies in response to current demographic shifts.
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Küsters, Ralf, and Alex Borgida. What's in an Attribute? Consequences for the Least Common Subsumer. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.102.

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Functional relationships between objects, called 'attributes', are of considerable importance in knowledge representation languages, including Description Logics (DLs). A study of the literature indicates that papers have made, often implicity, different assumptions about the nature of attributes: whether they are always required to have a value, or whether they can be partial functions. The work presented here is the first explicit study of this difference for (sub-)classes of the CLASSIC DL, involving the same-as concept constructor. It is shown that although determining subsumption between concept descriptions has the same complexity (though requiring different algorithms), the story is different in the case of determining the least common subsumer (lcs). For attributes interpreted as partial functions, the lcs exists and can be computed relatively easily; even in this case our results correct and extend three previous papers about the lcs of DLs. In the case where attributes must have a value, the lcs may not exist, and even if it exists it may be of exponential size. Interestingly, it is possible to decide in polynomial time if the lcs exists.
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Humanities Part 1: Literature Group Classics, Literature and Languages. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf/0021.

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