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Journal articles on the topic 'Albanie – Transition'
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1
Lerch, Mathias. "Urbanisation et transition de la fécondité en Albanie." Revue Quetelet/Quetelet Journal 1, no. 1 (2013): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rqj2013.01.01.04.
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Arapi, Enkeleda, and Frédéric Lasserre. "Le cycle de réformes éducatives en Albanie : une transition vers les normes occidentales ?" Revue internationale d'éducation de Sèvres, no. 72 (September 1, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ries.5492.
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Arapi, Enkeleda, and Frédéric Lasserre. "La perception du cycle de réformes éducatives par les enseignants en Albanie : une transition bien assimilée ?" Education et sociétés 39, no. 1 (2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/es.039.0185.
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Biba, Gjin, and Jean Pluvinage. "La pluriactivité dans l’exploitation agricole transition ou composante durable de l’organisation de la production en Albanie." Cahiers Agricultures 15, no. 6 (2006): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2006.0026.
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Austin, Robert C., and Jonathan Ellison. "Post-Communist Transitional Justice in Albania." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 22, no. 2 (2008): 373–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325408315768.
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The article provides a detailed and informative account of the transitional justice process in Albania and examines the logic behind the initiation of lustration process. Describing the accurate historical context of the country's communist past, the authors explain the factors that prevented the successful implementation of the post-communist transitional justice in Albania, such as its political culture, the impact of the communist regime, and most importantly, the lack of political will from Albanian political leadership to break away from its communist past. A pioneer in initiating transitional justice laws in the Balkans in the early nineties, Albania failed to successfully implement them, as the leadership saw the lustration process as a political means to crush the opposition and consolidate its power. The article explains that transitional justice process in Albania became highly politicized and was used by politicians for political gains, which ultimately led to loss of trust from general public failing to detach the Albanian political scene from its communist past.
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Seidu, Ayuba. "Opportunity cost of time, income, education and food away from home consumption expenditures by type of facility in Albania." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 5 (2019): 457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-06-2018-0084.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the socioeconomic and demographic determinants driving food away from home (FAFH) consumption expenditures at full service and fast food restaurants in transition Albania. Design/methodology/approach Using a nationally representative data set, this study estimates a system of full service and fast food restaurant consumption expenditures under sample selection framework. The system estimator exploits full information about the error correlations for gain in efficiency. Findings The results indicate that future growth of the foodservice industry in Albania will be driven by increased spending at full service restaurants due to rising opportunity cost of the food manager’s time at home, household income and years of formal schooling of Albanians. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study can inform policy deliberations in designing nutrition and education programs for the Albanian Government to combat rising obesity rates. Moreover, the findings can inform marketing strategies by foodservice firms in Albania. On FAFH–obesity debate, future research can focus on the analysis of FAFH consumption expenditures on obesity rates in Albania. Originality/value Consumption of FAFH is fast evolving in developing and transition economies. Albania, a typical transition country, is no exception. Concurrently, Albania is under epidemiological transition facing increased incidence of non-communicable diseases and obesity. Any intervention program by the Albanian Government aimed at reversing the rising obesity trend by targeting FAFH consumption should be based on sound empirical findings. Analysis of FAFH consumption expenditures across different foodservice facilities is an under-researched topic for Albania in the literature.
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Vatavali, Fereniki. "The transition of housing in Albania and the role of adopted practices. Dynamics of social integration in differentiated urban contexts." ARCHIVIO DI STUDI URBANI E REGIONALI, no. 130 (March 2021): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/asur2021-130006.
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This article aims to investigate the transition of housing in Albania from a centrally planned to a free-market economy, by studying practices adopted in housing production. The main argument is that, despite differentiations in urban dynamics, housing sector plays an important role in social integration processes in the post-socialist context and, at the same time, poses crucial questions about the future of Albanian cities.
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Ymeraj, Arlinda. "Government as a Key Duty Bearer in Transition Reforms from Socialism to Capitalism-The Case of Albania." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 32 (2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n32p84.
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The paper “Government as a key duty bearer in transition reforms from socialism to capitalism – the case of Albania”, addresses the way in which the government should exercise its power to ensure that citizens have equal access to social welfare services, enjoying their rights. Albania, like other Central and Eastern European countries experienced the past socialist system, which failed. The failure of the socialist system was the failure of the state: in political, economic and social terms. As far as economic policies are concerned, all data demonstrate the collapse of socialism, because the system was based on inefficiency, which eroded growth. Regardless of the principles of communist regimes adopted in former communist countries’ Constitutions, the past system brought neither equity nor justice, and therefore instead of “social cohesion”, the contradictions among social groups and categories, deepened. After the failure of socialism, Albania embarked on the new path aimed at establishing democratic regimes through the protection of human rights and at raising the standard of living. Albania has been proactive in ratifying international conventions relating to human rights in general and to vulnerable groups. Very recently, on June 2014, the European Council granted Albania candidate status, as a recognition for the reform steps undertaken in harmonizing its domestic organic laws and legislation with international standards. As part of these twin obligations from UN intergovernmental and EU processes, Albanian governments after the 90s have been progressively taking measures vis-à-vis efficient allocation of resources and effective distribution of social welfare. Nevertheless, Albanian citizens live in a dire reality. Therefore, after 25 years of transition, one of the main goals of reforms, “Efficient allocation of resources to boost growth and effective distribution of social welfare to enhance equity”, seems not to have been achieved. Undoubtedly, this influences the controversial opinions about the government’s control vis-à-vis government’s mode of functioning, advancing arguments that examine whether it is a question of abuse or that of concentration of power.
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Garo, E., V. Kume, and S. Basho. "Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students: Case of Albania." Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences 2, no. 2 (2015): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/muse.2015.3691.
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<p>In Albania, during the last decades entrepreneurship has been in focus. It is commonly agreed that developing entrepreneurship in the long term would be translated into sustainable economic development. Albanian economy, being an economy in transition greatly and urgently needs to invest into increasing the number of entrepreneurs in the country. Entrepreneurial intention is considered to be really important. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to observe the determinants of entrepreneurial intention in Albania. The target is university students. Many programs that foster entrepreneurship such as incubator centers, business plan competitions along with new educational practices have been developed. In addition, even though studies conducting in this field are few, Albanian education institutions have shown a willing to study the factors influencing entrepreneurship development. The reason is the belief that developing and supporting entrepreneurial activities among youth will positively influence the economy of the country in terms of economic growth.</p><p>This study widely represents the Albanian students and shows the deteminants of entrepreneurial intention they have. Hopefully the findings of this study would be useful to the policy makers and the Albanian government to undertake effective policies focused on entrepreneurial activity; targeting economic development of the country. </p>
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Pajo, Matilda. "Consequences of the Totalitarian past on the Albanian Post- Communist Society." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p181-185.
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Enver Hoxha's communist regime lasted 45 years, leaving unstudied long-term consequences in the Albanian society. Still today, after 26 years of transition, the path of democratization of Albania remains unclear. Albania has been for more than four decades under one of the most isolated communist regimes in Europe. The transition from a communist totalitarian state to a democratic state is still incomplete even after 26 years since the fall of communism. Annual reports carried out by Freedom House noted a delay in the processes of democratic governance in Albania. In these reports, since 2007, based on the democratic indicators, Albania is defined as e hybrid regime. The aim of this paper is to argue that one of the reasons delaying democratization is the missing detachment, or the non-separation from the mentality of communist past. The methodology of this paper is qualitative nature, based on the international philosophical and political science literature. Also the author has studied countries, who have had similar experiences of totalitarian regimes and who later embraced democracy. This paper attempts to explain, that the bad governance is linked to the anti-democratic character of governance in Albania. Throughout Eastern Europe, Albania was the most radical, on the adaptation of Stalinist totalitarianism type, and nevertheless still today, is not seeking punishment of crimes of communism and has not implemented a law on lustration. The past can become an obstacle to the future when is not studied, recognized and confronted with.
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Abdurrahmani, Bledar. "The Communist past of Albania and the Country in 25 Years of Transition." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 4 (2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i4.p110-110.
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Already quarter of a decade after the fall of communism in Albania, the country continues to struggle with an undergoing profound political, economic, social and legal transition period. This long transition challenges the constitutional aspiration of the Albanian people to build a democratic state that is founded on the protection and guarantee of human rights and fundamental freedoms, on building a future of social peace and economic prosperity. Despite a large corpus of constitutional and legal measures undertaken during the transition years to build a state of law based on freedom and human rights, the initiative of the free market, private and public property, they have failed to address adequately the demand for respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms of a category of subjects that during communism suffered the profound violation of these rights, were victims of vicious inhuman acts and unable to benefit from repair as much as possible of the consequences of these violations.This paper aims to make a thorough analysis of the concept of transitional justice, the legal instruments of international law used to address the obligation of ex communist states to take measures for the eradication of the communist past, as a prerequisite for building a functional democracy founded upon social peace and prosperity. The essence of this paper lies in assessing how these instruments are reflected in domestic legislation, the stage they are and the effects they have brought about. The focus of this paper are the factors that have conditioned the separation of Albania from its communist past and the steps needed to be undertaken.
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Troplini, MSc Rovena. "Albania among Bank Based System’s Countries." ILIRIA International Review 3, no. 2 (2013): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v3i2.119.
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The Albanian financial system has entered a new phase of its development. Financial system in Albania is bank oriented, as financial market is not active. Because of the important and deep changes that have altered the image of the banking system, the conditions for more dynamic development of non-banking intermediaries and capital markets have been created. The analysis is based on the standard indicators of size and activity of banking intermediaries. The results of the analysis show that the size and activity of Albanian banking system is growing faster but limiting the crediting process only on banks. However, the achieved level of development of banking intermediaries is still below of other advanced transition economies. Albanian financial system needs to develop quickly the activities of pension funds, investment funds and bond/asset markets in order to create great opportunities to the Albanian economy.
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Proda, Anisa. "THE CAUSES OF LOSING TRUST IN THE GOVERNMENT IN RECENT YEARS IN ALBANIA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.783.
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As the last country in Europe to overthrow the communist regime, Albania has much to achieve in the legal system to build a full democracy. A government should be relied upon to create the necessary reforms to move a country out of transition. The governmental structure can either accelerate or prevent the country’s transition towards a market economy. The other pillar of society that reflects institutional performance is the country’s citizens. Trust is a factor that connects citizens with institutions. The main purpose of this research is to identify causes for citizens to lose their confidence in public institutions. The analysis, supported by quantitative data, aims to show the level of trust that citizens bestow to the most important Albanian public institutions. An Institution for Democracy and Mediation poll and this study’s results of meetings with focus groups were used to illustrate the public’s confidence in the governmental institutions, and to explore the causes of the citizen’s attitude towards the public institutions and their service in Albania.
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Rao Vajjhala, Narasimha, and Kenneth David Strang. "Collaboration strategies for a transition economy: measuring culture in Albania." Cross Cultural Management 21, no. 1 (2014): 78–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm-02-2013-0023.
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Purpose – The researchers in this study reviewed the literature to locate the most relevant multicultural theories, factors, and instruments in order to measure Albania's national culture. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – An innovative combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the multicultural construct to the sample data and then estimate the national culture (n=73). The multicultural indexes were calculated for five generally accepted national culture factors to compare with the benchmarks published in the literature. Findings – The multicultural indexes were calculated for five generally accepted national culture factors to compare with the benchmarks published in the literature. An asymmetric plot was created for critical comparison of Albania with five other theoretically selected countries, using the indexes for PDi, ICi, MFi, UAi, and LTi. Albania was found to be most similar to its Balkan and Turkish neighbors, as compared with Asian or Western cultures such as that of the USA. Research limitations/implications – The researchers discussed the implications of knowing Albania's national culture profile with reference to how other countries might collaborate and transact with this emerging transition economy. Practical implications – From a business standpoint, the multicultural indexes for Albania provide general indicators of the national beliefs, norms and values, which foreign organizations may compare to their own cultural profile when interacting with professionals in this country. The best use for such indexes is for benchmarking and comparison. Foreign government, private corporations, or nonprofit organizations may compare their own culture profile with that of Albania to be aware of the similarities and differences. Originality/value – Albanian national culture was estimated for the first time in the literature, using a five-factor model adapted from the work of Hofstede.
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Roshi, Dajana, Salvatore Italia, Genc Burazeri, and Helmut Brand. "Prevalence and Correlates of Emergency Contraceptive Use in Transitional Albania." Das Gesundheitswesen 81, no. 07 (2017): e127-e132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119085.
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Abstract Objectives The two emergency contraceptive drugs (“morning-after pill”) ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel are available without prescription in many European countries. In Albania, ulipristal acetate is not marketed yet and levonorgestrel has still prescription-only status. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of emergency contraceptive (EMC) use, collect sales figures, and gain information on the women’s way of purchasing EMCs in post-communist Albania. Methods For this cross-sectional study, self-administered questionnaires were made accessible to women in Albania in March 2015 by hard copy or online via social networks. Women were asked about lifetime use and last year’s use of EMCs, and if they purchased EMCs with or without a prescription. Additionally, pharmacies were contacted and asked about EMC sales figures. Results Of the 205 participating women, 80.5% knew about the availability and use of EMCs, and 15.1% reported EMC use during the previous 12 months. The lifetime prevalence of use was 46.8%. Although having prescription-only status in Albania, 96% of the women bought EMCs without a physician’s prescription. Knowledge was significantly lower among the lower educated women and among women residing in small cities. Use of EMCs was significantly higher in women with a weaker financial background and, compared with small cities, in those from large or mid-sized cities. The 54 participating pharmacies (3% of all Albanian pharmacies) reported selling 11 EMCs on average per month. The use of EMCs may be estimated at 0.22 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Compared to January 2015, EMC sales increased by 17% in February 2016. Conclusions Compared to other European countries, the prevalence of EMC use seems to be higher in Albania. Use and knowledge of EMCs depend on socioeconomic characteristics. It is recommended to switch EMCs to non-prescription status in transitional Albania.
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Keqi, Armanda. "Higher Education and Graduate Employment in Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (2014): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p24-35.
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In the social and economic transition, the Higher Education in Albania has tremendously ocercomed its capacities and the opportunities offered. Albania is considered the champion country in Europe for the high number of universities. Besides the public universities, in the country also operate dozens of private universities. in Albania there are about 20 universities per million inhabitants, (161500 students for a population of 2,8 million people), nearly eight times more than countries like UK that have internationalized higher education and have a very large percentage of foreign students. This paper takes into account the development of higher education and the responsible institutions of this development during the transition in Albania, the current structure of universities, the financial problems and the reform of higher education. It also examines issues such as: the measurement of quality, the ranking and the competition between public universities and private institutions. Then the focus of the paper runs on the employment of the young graduates who have finished albanian universities in the last five years. Firstly, relying on foreign literature, I have analyzed some of the main models of employment of graduates, their skills in the labor market, and also the changes that have occurred in the careers of the graduates in the last century. for the extraction of data are used questionnaires distributed electronically to over 230 employees that have brought significant conclusions about the employment of graduates in Albania, as well as the impact of such factors as: GPA, the training, the number of foreign languages spoken and other qualifications and skills that affect the level of salary and their position at work. Also starting from the above models, the scope is to identify the key elements that affect the careers of albanian graduates, and the key factors that have driven their employment. In the end of the paper are given some conclusions and recommendations on how higher education in Albania should be reformed, given by the sample responses of the interviewers, but also by a concrete analysis of the problems that are facing this sector in Albania, and how this reformation of higher education can increase its fruits on more qualified and employed youths in their respective fields. The methodology used is mainly from primary sources, ranging from the data collected by the respondents, as well as from secondary sources of data published for this area of study. The main limitation of such a work is the limited number of samples under the survey, the data of whom has been generalized for all the population of the paper.
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Bara, Jonad, and Brunilda Bara. "Trial Within a Reasonable Time and the Impact of Justice Reform in Albania." ICL Journal 14, no. 2 (2020): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2019-0053.
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AbstractSince becoming a potential candidate country for the EU accession in 2000 and in particular after being granted candidate status in June 2014, Albania has taken many positive steps to meet the necessary standards for its EU integration, through among other things, strengthening democracy and the rule of law and the harmonization of its national legislation with the acquis communautaire. In 2016, as part of the pre-conditions for the opening of the accession negotiations for the country, the Albanian Parliament passed a major justice reform which brought about many constitutional and legislative changes, as well as changes to the organization and functioning of justice institutions in Albania. A key component of the reform was the transitional re-evaluation of judges and prosecutors (also known as the vetting process). While the reform itself was supported and praised by the EU and international institutions, the vetting process has affected the functioning of the Albanian judiciary at all levels. The paralysis of the justice system due to the low number of judges who successfully passed the vetting process, as well as the resignation of many others, has significantly increased the backlog and the number of pending cases before the courts. Thus, the aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of the justice reform on individual’s right to a fair trial within a reasonable time in Albania and state’s obligations to guarantee this right as provided by the Constitution of Albania and the European Convention on Human Rights.
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Karpozilos, Kostis. "The Defeated of the Greek Civil War: From Fighters to Political Refugees in the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 3 (2014): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00471.
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In the fall of 1949, after the end of the Greek Civil War, the bulk of the defeated Greek Communist (KKE) fighters were covertly transported from Albania to Soviet Uzbekistan. This article addresses the covert relocation project, organized by the Soviet Communist Party, and the social engineering program intended to create a prototype Greek People’s Democracy in Tashkent. Drawing on Soviet and Greek Communist Party records, the article raises three major issues: first, the contingencies of postwar transition in the Balkans and the precarious status of the Albanian regime; second, the international Communist response to the military defeat of the KKE in 1949 and the competing visions of the Greek, Soviet, and Albanian parties regarding the future of the Democratic Army of Greece (DAG); third, the intentions of the KKE to establish military bases in Albania and the party’s ensuing effort to transform the agrarian fighters of the DAG into revolutionary cadres for a future victorious repatriation in Greece. Drawing these elements together, the article elucidates the relocation operation of 1949, positions the Greek political refugee experience within the postwar “battle of refugees,” and challenges the widespread historiographical assumption that the KKE immediately abandoned the prospect of a renewed armed confrontation.
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Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg, Milan. "History of the Albanian present suffix ‑i/‑ën from Proto-Indo-European to the modern dialects." Indogermanische Forschungen 125, no. 1 (2020): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2020-005.
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AbstractIn standard Albanian, there is a restricted class of three intransitive verbs (hip-, ec-, ik-) that shows a suffix ‑i/‑ën in the conjugation of the present singular. In dialects and in Old Albanian, however, this suffix is more prolific. This paper studies the history of this suffix and its function by comparing its use in a wide range of Albanian dialects. Based on the dialectal data a Proto- Albanian inchoative/imperfective function inherited from Proto-Indo-European can be reconstructed for the suffix. This function is still present in the Arbëresh dialect of San Costantino Albanese. As the suffix lost its semantic component, it became a marker for the imperfect in Tosk and southern Geg, while in northern Geg the suffix is used as a present marker in verbs where ambiguity with the imperfect could arise. The verbs hip-, ec-, and ik- were originally transitive verbs which were intransitivized by the suffix ‑i/‑ën. As their original transitive meaning was lost, the suffix was obligatory in these verbs in Proto-Albanian already, a situation that is continued in almost all present dialects.
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Sejdini, Abdulmenaf, and Ilirjana Kraja. "International Trade of Albania. Gravity Model." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, no. 1 (2014): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p220-228.
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Today we live in a world where such economic globalization and technological developments have created many advantages but also shortcomings regarding social and economic development of different countries of the world. Since the beginning of the transition until the trade regime now, our country has undergone profound changes. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to see the major development steps of international trade in Albania over the years and look at the key factors that have contributed to it. The paper provides some theoretical and empirical considerations regarding trade development with the focus on export-imports in our country in relation to the Free Trade Agreements, as these have affected Albania's international trade. Specifically, it offers an application of the Gravity Model of Trade for Albanian case in relation to its 27 export/import countries. The findings from the model application result in stable trade flows for Albania.
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Dalipaj, Gerda. "Migration, residential investment, and the experience of “transition”." Focaal 2016, no. 76 (2016): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2016.760106.
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This article traces the complexity of migration patterns and residential investments of Albanian migrant families. Interlocutors built new houses in Albania and bought, additionally, apartments in Greece. While they consider their multiple residences to be an “achievement” and “immovable wealth,” they continued to see themselves as “runaways from transition.” The article emphasises the multidirectionality and multilocality of these investments. It shows that, despite various spatial tactics that migrants have successfully employed in making the link between different places, for them “transition” continues to mean the permanence of temporal conditions. This permanence is constructed in two ways: as a temporal continuity of conditions of uncertainty, unattainable futures, pain, and fatigue in a postsocialist country; and as a spatial continuity of these same conditions across different spaces, postsocialist or not, which become interconnected within wider ideologies and policies and not only through the mobility of individuals.
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Koti, Sorina, and Klaudeta Merollari. "Government Regulation, Technology and Development of SME-s." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i3.p28-38.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors that determine business growth and the impact on the GDP of the country. The paper analyses Albania, as one of the countries in the South East Europe. Albania is still passing through a transition period at all levels, economic and political. Albania has made serious steps in the development of the state of law, of the financial system and it is working on the achievements of goals, such as: becoming an EU member, stabilization of the fiscal and monetary policies, stability of prices, fighting against corruption, incentives for private investments, reduction of business’s taxes etc. The achievement of these goals will bring more motivation and incentives for growth, an increase in domestic and foreign direct investments. The government of Albania is still working on the future strategies that will bring Albania near to the European countries. The partial achievement of the above goals has created a positive environment, but still there is enough room for change and stabilization. The Albanian governments have improved the business climate, in order to create easier methods in the way of doing business, by attracting more foreign investors and creating a positive climate. Albania has experienced an increase of interest from foreign companies, which have invested in the main fields of economic such as: banking, energy, telecommunication, gas-oil, supermarkets, construction etc. However, some fiscal policies have changed during the last three years, which has caused a tightening of credit, investment, growth and income. Nowadays, Albania is not in a good position compare to neighborhood countries and it is facing recession problems that need immediate solution to overcome the crisis.
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Elbasani, Arolda. "Islam and Democracy at the Fringes of Europe: The Role of Useful Historical Legacies." Politics and Religion 8, no. 2 (2015): 334–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048315000012.
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AbstractThis article analyzes how the Muslim majority has engaged with, and contributed to parallel processes of democratization and European integration in post-Communist Albania. The assessment of Muslims' choices focuses on the Central organization, the Albanian Muslim Community, which is recognized by the state as the only authority in charge of all the administrative and spiritual issues pertinent to the community of Sunni believers, and serves as the main hub of respective religious activities in the country. The analysis of democratization, and Muslims' respective choices, are divided into two different periods, namely democratic transition (1990–1998) and democratic consolidation (1998–2013), each facing democratizing actors, including Muslim groups, with different challenges and issues. We argue that the existence of a useful pool of arguments from the past, the so-called Albanian tradition, has enabled Muslims to contravene controversial foreign influences and recast Islam in line with the democratic and European ideals of the Albanian post-communist polity. This set of historical legacies and arguments explain Muslims' similar positioning toward democracy throughout different stages marked by different institutional restrictions and state policies.
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Sota, Jani. "An Overview of the Main Phenomena and Trends that Accompanied the Development of Higher Education (1990-2013)." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 3 (2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0057.
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Abstract This is now a well known axiom, that to judge the level of emancipation of a particular society, one should know the extent of her education. Because of the system’s nature, Albanian and foreign historiography has not been tackling a lot with the problems of higher education after 1990, seeing it from the perspective of the interests of the Albanian democratic state anyway, in terms of the transition, although with difficulties, efforts to change were not interrupted. The transition from totalitarianism to pluralist democracy and a free market economy also raised the issue of a radical change in the education field, a radical restructure, a radical democratic reform throughout work and life. Everything that happened after this period, especially in higher education, destroyed the “foundations” of the traditional high school influence by marxism-leninism, paving the way to new decentralized changes to achieve the highest quality indicators, through the step by step perfection of the university documentation, and efforts for the preparation of specialists, who are able to have direct access in manufacturing as well. The transformation of higher education began when our country was undergoing the transition period. In this study we will focus on the general analysis of the efforts of the Albanian government in front of incomplete standards in the higher educational system, reorganization of the school, in the framework of the change of the political system and the tranformation of socio-economic in Albania. Then it will be elaborated the intensity of changes and the results that are obviously noticed from one stage to the other, also some aspects of the reorganization process and the consolidation of higher education.
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Hashi, Iraj, and Lindita Xhillari. "Privatisation and Transition in Albania." Post-Communist Economies 11, no. 1 (1999): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631379996066.
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Hodges, Richard. "The aspirations of Albanian archaeology." Antiquity 89, no. 347 (2015): 1243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.103.
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These words, published in the pages of Antiquity more than 20 years ago, belie the dark depths into which Albanian archaeologists were plunged with the transition to democracy during 1991–1992. Despite the long bread queues that characterised Albanian life before the Iron Curtain fell, Albanian archaeologists engaged in missions across the country—nearly 50 in 1988. The charmed life of Albania's archaeologists until 1991 is easily explained. Between 1944 and 1985, the dictator Enver Hoxha invested in archaeology to secure an Illyrian myth for an unstable republic, which, in 1913, was carved out of the western Ottoman Empire. The first generation of communist archaeologists was trained in the Soviet Union; they in turn mentored subsequent generations. As a result, with the advent of democracy, almost no archaeologist had first-hand experience of Western European or American archaeology. The few who had engaged with Western Europe (Neritan Ceka, Aleksander Meksi, Genc Pollo) changed careers and entered politics (Hodges 2014). After the first elections, the 1990s, bearing the bitter scars of communism, were exceedingly confusing and practically complicated for Albania's archaeologists. And yet the Institute of Archaeology has tenaciously held its place in Albanian society, and, under the leadership of the adroit Muzafer Korkuti (Hodges & Bejko 2006), and now Luan Përzhita, there has been a steadying direction that can be readily detected in this encyclopaedic volume arising from a conference held during the centenary celebrations of the Republic of Albania.
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Shapo, Laidon, Joceline Pomerleau, Martin McKee, Richard Coker, and Agron Ylli. "Body weight patterns in a country in transition: a population-based survey in Tirana City, Albania." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 5 (2003): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002451.
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AbstractObjective:This paper reports the distribution and determinants of body mass index (BMI) and obesity in Tirana City (Albania).Design:Cross-sectional survey conducted in mid-2001.Setting:Tirana City.Subjects:One thousand one hundred and twenty adults aged 25 years and over (response rate 72.7%), selected using multi-stage cluster sampling.Results:Over three-quarters of male and female respondents had an excess body weight. The overall population prevalence of obesity in Tirana was estimated to be 22.0% in men and 30.9% in women. Obesity affected both genders (age-standardised prevalence in males 22.0%, females 30.9%; age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.89; 99% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–2.67) and all age groups, but most particularly middle-aged women. The age-standardised overall prevalence of central obesity was 21.6% in men and 29.4% in women (age-adjusted OR 1.58; 99% CI 1.11–2.25), increasing with age (P<0.01). In women, the likelihood of being obese was inversely related to educational achievement (trendP= 0.001) and alcohol consumption (trendP= 0.009). Income, smoking and leisure-time physical activity were not associated with obesity.Conclusions:Excess weight and obesity are major public health problems in the adult population of Tirana, but most particularly in middle-aged women. The high obesity prevalence observed along with the recent decrease in physical activity, dietary changes and increase in smoking prevalence make it probable that there will be substantial increases in many non-communicable diseases in Albania in the coming decades. Health promotion strategies are needed that prevent excess weight gain in the Albanian population.
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Nexhipi, Adelina, and Erjon Nexhipi. "The Activity of Pyramid Schemes in Albania (1992 - 1997) and the Effects of Their Decline." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 4 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i4.p22-34.
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Political transition in Albania during the last 10 years of the past century brought about the collapse of communist system and opened the way to democratic developments for the country. The transition towards democracy was accompanied with new social, economic and political events which brought with them a lot of issues however. The transition from a centralized economy to free market economy progressed rapidly, but these processes did not comply with the right banking legislation. The National Bank of Albania dominated the banking market;. This was one of the main reasons for the establishment and expansion of pyramid schemes in Albania. They operated largely from 1992 – 1997. This descriptive - analytical study reviews the activity of pyramid schemes in Albania, their expansion dimensions; the survey analyzes the reasons for their expansion, the attitude of the Government toward the event and the causes of their decline. In conducting this study, reports and analyses from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Bank of Albania, several media reports and studies from national and international researchers have been taken into consideration. Through this study we aim to explore the reasons for pyramid schemes’ expansion and the mutual relation between the financial and political crisis in Albania.
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Nexhipi, Adelina, and Erjon Nexhipi. "The Activity of Pyramid Schemes in Albania (1992 - 1997) and the Effects of Their Decline." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v9i1.p22-34.
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Political transition in Albania during the last 10 years of the past century brought about the collapse of communist system and opened the way to democratic developments for the country. The transition towards democracy was accompanied with new social, economic and political events which brought with them a lot of issues however. The transition from a centralized economy to free market economy progressed rapidly, but these processes did not comply with the right banking legislation. The National Bank of Albania dominated the banking market;. This was one of the main reasons for the establishment and expansion of pyramid schemes in Albania. They operated largely from 1992 – 1997. This descriptive - analytical study reviews the activity of pyramid schemes in Albania, their expansion dimensions; the survey analyzes the reasons for their expansion, the attitude of the Government toward the event and the causes of their decline. In conducting this study, reports and analyses from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Bank of Albania, several media reports and studies from national and international researchers have been taken into consideration. Through this study we aim to explore the reasons for pyramid schemes’ expansion and the mutual relation between the financial and political crisis in Albania.
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Ramosacaj, Miftar, and Alba Robert Dumi. "Research Application Method of Analyzing New Economic Model Followed in Albania." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2017): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p210.
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Abstract In my topic, I would like to present theoretical approaches and concrete direction of the new economic model that Albania should follow, based on the current situation that Albania experienced in global economy. In this paper, initially, I will present an overview of the Albanian economic transition and then I will suggest a heap of conclusions based on 20 years of history of success and failures. Primarily,concerning Europe means to have clear concepts, in order to build and to consolidate a system of economic and social-capitalist-comprehension. Have you ever thought to raise a question, and more we tried to make a qualitative analysis of policy which responses to specific questions or queries following correctly: what is the most appropriate model for Albania capitalism?Are we building a coherent and structured model or are we building a mosaic of elements of capitalism for Albania, whose portrait we do not know any more and that we didn’t ‘’projected” yet and no one else has done it in a long-term vision? The best response is a response expected of the type `as far as our final objective is the European Union, and then our model of capitalism will be European capitalist model, then the problem starts here. Capitalism has some basic principles and rules that form the core of it, but on the other hand each country is profiling capitalism according to the specifications of his choices. France has chosen the model of “capitalism of State”, Germany and the Nordic countries “social-democratic-capitalism”, ‘’liberal capitalism of England’’ as English-Saxon one, etc.In this regard the experts or politicians, should not reduce any debate, analysis or summary only of certain elements of the system of market, individual freedom, comparative advantages, social policy, which means the role and presence of the state in the economy, system of taxation, social security and the system of pensions, in order to build a port in its entirety capitalist model that we really need in Albania.
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Rembeci, Godiva. "Foreign Direct Investments and Their Impacts to Environment, Albania Case." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 8, no. 1 (2017): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v8i1.p247-255.
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FDI is considered as positive factor on economic growth for the hosting country, because of its contribution to the employment growth, productivity, income, transfer of know-how, export promotion of its products in international market, etc. Especially in transition economies FDI compare to other the external flows is an important source for financing the current account deficit and in addition those flows are preferable because do not create debts for the hosting country. So far, the economic impacts of FDIs are almost well measured, but their impacts in other aspects such as environmental or social ones, are less recognizable and measured. By this paper the author aim to measure the share of foreign direct investments in pollution intense industries and their impacts to Albanian environment. The subject of the analysis is the FDI stock by economic activities focusing mostly to those activities determined by OECD as pollution-intensive industries, for the period 2007-2014. Both EUROSTAT and national statistical data produced by Bank of Albania are used to calculate the share of foreign investors’ involvement in pollution-intensive activities. The results show that in Albania, the FDI stock in pollution intense activities has an considerable position on the total FDI stock and its level of participation is higher compare to the EU figures
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Caporali, Alessandro, Mario Floris, Xue Chen, Bilbil Nurce, Mauro Bertocco, and Joaquin Zurutuza. "The November 2019 Seismic Sequence in Albania: Geodetic Constraints and Fault Interaction." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050846.
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The seismic sequence of November 2019 in Albania culminating with the Mw = 6.4 event of 26 November 2019 was examined from the geodetic (InSAR and GNSS), structural, and historical viewpoints, with some ideas on possible areas of greater hazard. We present accurate estimates of the coseismic displacements using permanent GNSS stations active before and after the sequence, as well as SAR interferograms with Sentinel-1 in ascending and descending mode. When compared with the displacements predicted by a dislocation model on an elastic half space using the moment tensor information of a reverse fault mechanism, the InSAR and GNSS data fit at the mm level provided the hypocentral depth is set to 8 ± 2 km. Next, we examined the elastic stress generated by the Mw = 7.2 Montenegro earthquake of 1979, with the Albania 2019 event as receiver fault, to conclude that the Coulomb stress transfer, at least for the elastic component, was too small to have influenced the 2019 Albania event. A somewhat different picture emerges from the combined elastic deformation resulting after the two (1979 and 2019) events: we investigated the fault geometries where the Coulomb stress is maximized and concluded that the geometry with highest induced Coulomb stress, of the order of ca. 2–3 bar (0.2–0.3 MPa), is that of a vertical, dextral strike slip fault, striking SW to NE. This optimal receiver fault is located between the faults activated in 1979 and 2019, and very closely resembles the Lezhe fault, which marks the transition between the Dinarides and the Albanides.
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Balliu, Valbona. "Modern Teaching Versus Traditional Teaching- Albanian Teachers Between Challenges and Choices." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 4 (2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i4.p20-26.
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Education lies in the foundations of the nation. Providing knowledge to generations, consolidating their future, inspiring them to incarnate benevolence and esteem splendor, valor and good principles has been one of the oldest professions of mankind, the noblest and the most difficult tasks. It is very significant that Albania and its schools have been subject of this paper. The 25-year period of the country’s transition and the opening of the Albanian society to the Western World Modernization brought profound changes to the Albanian education institutions, in terms of the curricula, management and the teaching processes. The greatest part of teachers in Albania was educated during the communist period, where pedant and traditional teaching prevailed, mainly deriving from the Russian Academics. Traditional methods consider teachers as the center of the teaching process; as well as managers and the main and referential source of the scientific information. Novelties in the teaching-learning methods applied by Western Schools focus on student centered teaching; they create a variety of situations in which students evolve critical thinking. These methods have been acquired by teachers but, in the conclusions of our paper we noticed that, occasionally, they applied traditional teaching methods (especially in the scientific subjects). There is still space and worth for discussion regarding traditional teaching methods versus the modern ones. Various scholars have considered traditional teaching as the method developing theoretical thinking, whereas modern teaching develops practical skills, pragmatist and able to be oriented to the frenetic development of the world. Teachers, especially those teaching subjects like mathematics, physics and chemistry, consider traditional teaching to be more serious since students achieve better results in these subjects when outdated teaching methods have been applied. This paper and its conclusions can be considered interesting since confrontation of ideas regarding teaching methods remains a challenge for all teachers.
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Alhasani, Mirela Dubali. "Educational Turning Point in Albania: No More Mechanic Parrots but Critical Thinkers." Journal of Educational Issues 1, no. 2 (2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v1i2.8464.
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<p>Since 2004 Albanian academics have been making efforts to establish the best Western practices of academic writing associated with critical thinking and writing skills for university students. In this article, I will shed light upon the special challenges and peculiarities the establishment of Academic Writing discipline has encountered in Albania over the years of educational transformation in the broad framework of democratic political transition. I argue that the socio-political indoctrination of the society during five decades of communist dictatorship has delayed the cultivation of critical thinking, reading and, consequently, critical writing skills for academic and occupational opportunities. Moreover, the research will not be limited only to causal factors of delay, instead, it will pave the way to recommendations that accelerate the successful acquisition and possession of such crucial academic writing skills for Albanian university graduates and academia in general.</p><p>First, I provide literature on definition of critical thinking and its improvement through writing courses; next I depict the typical political indoctrination of students during communist dictatorship tracing the legacy of mechanic reading and the huge lack of critical discourse even among the academic staffs themselves; later on I discuss the contemporary academic focus being placed upon the need of critical academic writing to prepare independent thinkers successful to face the democratic transition. Finally, and most importantly, I offer substantial suggestions and recommendations how to implement successfully the Western Academic writing tradition in the higher education curricula by taking into consideration Albania’s educational legacy.</p>
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Jaka, Drita, Enver Roshi, and Genc Burazeri. "Prison Health in Transitional Albania." Medical Archives 68, no. 3 (2014): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2014.68.188-190.
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Kodra, Romeo. "Architectural monumentalism in transitional Albania." Studia ethnologica Croatica 29 (2017): 193–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/sec.29.6.
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Burazeri, Genc, Jolanda Hyska, Iris Mone, and Enver Roshi. "Breakfast Skipping Is an Independent Predictor of Obesity but not Overweight Among Children in a Southeastern European Population." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 86, no. 5-6 (2016): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000272.
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Abstract.Aim: To assess the association of breakfast skipping with overweight and obesity among children in Albania, a post-communist country in the Western Balkans, which is undergoing a long and difficult political and socioeconomic transition towards a market-oriented economy. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Albania in 2013 including a representative sample of 5810 children aged 7.0 – 9.9 years (49.5% girls aged 8.4 ± 0.6 years and 51.5% boys aged 8.5 ± 0.6 years; overall response rate: 97%). Children were measured for height and weight, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Cut-off BMI values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define overweight and obesity in children. Demographic data were also collected. Results: Upon adjustment for age, sex, and place of residence, breakfast skipping was positively related to obesity (WHO criteria: OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.9; IOTF criteria: OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4–2.5), but not overweight (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.3 and OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.4, respectively). Furthermore, breakfast skipping was associated with a higher BMI (multivariable-adjusted OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07). Conclusions: Our findings point to a strong and consistent positive relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity, but not overweight, among children in this transitional southeastern European population. Future studies in Albania and other transitional settings should prospectively examine the causal role of breakfast skipping in the development of overweight and obesity.
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Falkingham, Jane, and Arjan Gjonça. "Fertility transition in Communist Albania, 1950-90." Population Studies 55, no. 3 (2001): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324720127699.
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Veeken, H. "Letter from Albania. A country in transition." BMJ 306, no. 6875 (1993): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6875.446.
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(Gjika), Ermelinda Xhaja, and Ermelinda Kordha (Tolica). "Assessing Ict Role to Economic Convergence of Albania and Western Balkans to European Union." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p55-61.
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The Western Balkans countries are still considered economies in transition. Coming from centralized systems with low level of GDP per capita the region can accelerate substantially the growth pace as lectured in neoclassical growth theory. The region is considered attractive for foreign investments due to a series of advantages such as the political EU agenda and vicinity to EU markets, low labour costs combined with relatively well educated people. The growth models recognize the importance of technology factor to sustain the productivity, competitiveness and economic growth. Promoting innovative businesses and introducing information and communication technologies (ICTs) will enhance the potentials for economic convergence towards developed economies such as EU. The aim of this paper is to bring in focus the impact of ICT on productivity in the Western Balkans (WB) as well as to the structural convergence within the region. One of the contributors for introduction of new technologies and use of ICT remains the foreign direct investments. The paper will assess the role of FDIs in modelling aggregate production reflected through the exports variety and in particular ICT and high technology goods exports. The methodology of the paper makes use of time series data for a set of indicators for each of the Western Balkans countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. The main conclusion is that the Western Balkans and Albania have shown a slight trend of convergence of productivity among them and to EU by still is not following the same pace as the convergence of GDP per capita. The impact of ICT development in Albania at firm level but also at economic growth is lower than in other Western Balkans countries. The penetration of FDIs in Albania has generated limited contribution to the introduction of new technologies and sophistication of business models. Additionally, it is necessary to address some incentives to promote ICT businesses and professional skills in order to enable the innovation and competitiveness of Albanian economy. JEL classification: F15, F43, O16, O47.
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Kadzadej, Mustafa, and Kleviona Hoxha. "Albanian Diaspora in Greece in the years 1990-2000." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (2016): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p396-398.
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The reasons that prompted the Albanian exodus were numerous and varied. While if we take a look on its consequences will see that they have a dual nature. Among the positive aspects of exodus we can mention the fact that it helped Albania economically meeting the needs of a considerable part of the population in the moment of political and social crisis transition enabling the survival of many families. On the other hand it had a negative impact not only becouse of spending vital energies of the nation abroad, but also because it led to the formation of a bad opinion about Albanians, opinion spread almost all over Europe, especially where their presence was bigger. For this reason we got to study precisely the image of immigrant in two countries ( Italy and Greece ), where they have the largest flow of migration in 1990-2000. We should note that in recent years in both countryes in Italy and in Greece prevails the same closed mentality against foreigners. Also it is accompanied ( especially in Italy with the malfunctioning of the structure that handles issues of migratory movements, not like in the other states like Germany, England or France where, besides the small number of immigrants, there were laws and better functioning of the state that associated with emigration’s problems. On the other hand we can say that in this period, whether in Greece the fortunes of the Albanian immigrants depended from the relations of the Greek-Albanian state, in Italy they depend mainly on the behavior of immigrants.
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Zhllima, Edvin, Drini Imami, and Elvina Merkaj. "Food consumer trends in post socialist countries: the case of Albania." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (December 2012): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2012-003007.
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Since the beginning of the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market oriented economy in early 1990's, economic growth, fast urbanisation, regional trade liberalisation, and gradual integration into eu, are contributing to a rapid evolution of consumption and lifestyle in Albania. The changing structure of the incomes emerging from an increasing per capita gdp and the redistribution among classes of population and among regions (urban population benefiting more from the growth than rural) has given rise to a larger urban middle-income class of consumers. The food demand from the emerging urban middle-income consumers, combined with the gradual consolidation of the retail sector and the recent establishment and expansion of the first supermarket chains, has strong implications for the agrifood industry. Despite these rapid changes, there are few attempts from researchers and other stakeholders to study the consumer preferences in the country. Understanding consumer preferences is important not only for agrifood entrepreneurs but also for government policy makers to tune their policies and allocate their resources more efficiently in line with market demand. The objective of this paper is to describe the main consumption trends and key issues in Albania, analysis of the Albanian consumer patterns and dynamics of the last decades for the main food categories, along with comparisons to the rest of the world. The study finds that the demand toward meat, fruits and vegetables has experienced a significant increase compared to more staple foods such as cereal. The consumer preferences indicate similar features with other transition countries. There is observed an overall preference for domestic agrifood products. However, there are concerns about the perceived quality and safety of various agrifood products in Albania. There is obvious distrust in the government food safety enforcement system, while privately enforced quality and safety systems are almost missing. Strengthening the implementation capacities and improving the image of the government food safety regulation system should be considered a priority in the context of ongoing institutional and legal reforms, such that the preference for domestic produce and products increase to match consumer preferences.
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Petrela, Elizana, Genc Burazeri, Fatjona Pupuleku, Edmond Zaimi, and Mizanur Rahman. "Prevalence and Correlates of Hypertension in A Transitional Southeastern European Population: Results from the Albanian Demographic and Health Survey." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 64, no. 4 (2013): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-64-2013-2362.
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Abstract We assessed the prevalence and socioeconomic and behavioural correlates of hypertension in the young to middle-aged population of Albania, a transitional post-communist country in the Western Balkans. We analysed a sample of 2,837 men and 3,580 women aged 15 to 49 from the 2008/2009 Albanian Demographic and Health Survey. Hypertension was defined as SBP≥140 mm Hg, or DBP≥90 mm Hg, or if the subjects were under treatment for hypertension. Data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and behavioural factors were also collected. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of hypertension with covariates. Hypertension was significantly higher among men (27.3 %) than women (20.0 %), and significantly increased with age. The harmful effect of excessive weight and obesity on hypertension was stronger among women than among men and this effect increased with age, especially in women. Smoking and alcohol were risk factors for hypertension in men, but not women. Education had a protective effect on hypertension in women but not in men.
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Lawson, Colin, and Douglas Saltmarshe. "Security and Economic Transition: Evidence from North Albania." Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 1 (2000): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668130098307.
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Bici, Ruzhdie, and Ahmet Mancellari. "Poor or Just Feeling Poor-Situation in Albania." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 10 (2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n10p105.
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There exist different methods and definition how to measure poverty. It can be measured by income or consumption, objectively or as a perception of individuals for their socio-economic situation.The objective and subjective poverty are highly correlated and both are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Till now, it is the objective poverty mostly considered while the subjective one has been analyzed only as a part of it. Assessments of the subjective poverty are more scarce, especially in the case of transition countries. Different studies proposed advantages and disadvantages of using each method. The significance of different factors shows the characteristics and the trend of monetary or subjective poverty. The national poverty is Albania is calculated through monetary poverty. There are a set of influenced factors related with household composition, geographic division, education and other socio-economic indicators. In this paper we analyze the perception of individuals for the poverty, the relationship of this perception with the objective poverty, and the socio-demographic factors that influence the probability of being poor. There are used the data from the Albanian Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS).
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Çera, Edmond, and Arta Sinamati. "Determinants of Corruption Perception in a Transition Country: Case of Albania." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 5, no. 1 (2017): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjreecm-2017-0013.
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Abstract In many aspects, Albania as a transition country has several weaknesses when compared to its neighbor countries. Even though the collapse of the communist regime was reached at almost the same time with other Balkan countries, Albania still remains outside the European Union and has to face an immature government and problematic progress in several areas. Corruption is one of the most problematic issues in Albania. This research paper is based on the data collected by IDRA Research & Consulting and in the course of empirical analysis. It studies the relation between corruption and the microeconomic factors, categorized as demographic and socio-economic factors. In other words, this study aims to examine why some individuals are more willing to accept corruption than other. Based on prominent previous studies in this field, which were discussed to a relatively limited degree, this paper aims to build an empirical model for Albania that helps to explain why some individuals are more tolerant with regard to corruption. As previous studies have shown, such factors as gender, the area of living, region, experience or wrong conception are expected to be listed among the indicators that determine perception of corruption. This study takes into account the findings of literature review when setting up the regression. The results argue that factors such as the area of living, political orientation, the level of trust in institutions, personal experience with corruption, and the right conception of corruption are important factors determining the level of corruption perception.
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Kume, Vasilika. "Albania: which way forward?" Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 7 (2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2014-0127.
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Subject area Public sector management, policy-making, sustainable development, post-Communism. Study level/applicability The case is designed to be used with undergraduate-level and MBA/MPA students. With undergraduate levels, the case can be used on the subject strategic management. In MBA/MPA programs, this case can be used in subjects such as strategic planning for public administration. Here, it can be stressed as being about the problems faced by a country on the long road toward democracy. Issues to be discussed in class include: environmental scanning, competitiveness, public policies and strategic agenda. Case overview At the most general level, the case allows for the analysis and evaluation of the strategy and performance of the Albania from 1928 to 2014 along economic, political and social dimensions, using the techniques of country analysis (see Country Analysis Framework, HBS No. 389-080). Depending on time limitations and the particular objectives of the individual instructor, the case can be used to explore all phases of the nation's development or, alternatively, to focus on a specific era, such as Albania, in the way toward a free market economy. The case provides a setting in which to explore the diamond model as a tool for analyzing competitiveness and setting the economic policy agenda. In the Albania case, we highlight diamond analysis in an emerging economy. Albania also highlights the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, and the importance of a cross-border regional integration in competitiveness. Expected learning outcomes The case is written to serve a number of purposes: Understanding the problems and challenges to sustainable development, especially in a post-communist emerging economy like Albania. The transition/changes that all policymakers have to go through in their efforts for sustainable development of the country. To discuss production factors and the importance of a growth model based on the production factors. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Kurtović, Safet. "The Effect of Depreciation of the Exchange Rate on the Trade Balance of Albania." Review of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 2 (2017): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2017-0007.
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AbstractAlmost all countries face the problems of trade balance, although they are more inherent in developing countries and economies in transition. A majority of economists adheres to a common opinion real depreciation may lead to an improvement of the trade balance. That said, countries encountering trade balance issues use real exchange rate depreciation in order to improve the trade balance situation. Albania belongs to the group of transition countries that has been facing negative trade balance over last two decades. National currency devaluations of the lek (ALL) have been used by Albania to improve its trade balance. Therefore, this paper intends to investigate the effect of the real effective exchange rate depreciation of the ALL on the trade balance of Albania using quarterly data from 1994 to 2015. Bounds testing cointegration approach, vector error correction model (VECM) and impulse response were used for empirical analysis. The results of the study show that there exists a long-term cointegration between the real effective exchange rate depreciation and the trade balance. Specifically, real effective exchange rate depreciation positively affects the trade balance of Albania in both the long-run and short-run indicating the weak presence of the J-curve effect. Important recommendations were derived from the results.
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Xhafa, Sonila. "Development Of Higher Education In Albania." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 9, no. 1 (2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v9i1.7504.
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Albania is looking to take its place within Europe. To do so, the nation needs to develop more skilled and educated working population. Following the political and economic changes of 1991, the system of higher education in Albania has not necessarily been adequately organised or capable of providing a sufficiently high-quality education. This paper will present some information on higher education (including degree and diploma programmes) in Albania during the transition and in the present day, and give attention to the development of higher education in the country and conclude with some suggestions for improving public universities and education infrastructure and increasing the quality of the experience undergone by both students and academic staff.
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Peta, Etleva, and Antoneta Polo. "Countries in Transition and Globalization: The Case of Albania." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review 5, no. 1 (2010): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/cgp/v05i01/53086.
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