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1
Becker, John T. ‘Jack’. "And then came the liberators, by Albert Jaern." Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics 3, no. 2 (December 2012): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2012.681387.
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Andrews, E., P. J. Sheridan, and J. A. Ogren. "Seasonal differences in the vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties over rural Oklahoma." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2011): 11939–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-11939-2011.
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Abstract. A small airplane made more than 450 aerosol optical property (light absorption and light scattering) vertical profile measurements (up to 4 km) over a rural Oklahoma site between March 2000 and July 2005. These profiles suggest significant seasonal differences in aerosol properties. The highest amounts of scattering and absorbing aerosol are observed during the summer, while the relative contribution of aerosol absorption is highest in the winter (i.e., single scattering albedo is lowest in winter). Aerosol absorption generally decreased with altitude below ∼1.5 km and then was relatively constant above that. Aerosol scattering decreased sharply with altitude below ∼1.5 km but, unlike absorption, also decreased at higher altitudes, albeit less sharply. The seasonal variability observed for aerosol loading is consistent with other aerosol measurements in the region including AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD), CALIPSO vertical profiles, and IMPROVE aerosol mass. The column averaged single scattering albedo derived from in situ airplane measurements shows a similar seasonal cycle as the AERONET single scattering albedo inversion product, but a comparison of aerosol asymmetry parameter from airplane and AERONET platforms suggests differences in seasonal variability. The observed seasonal cycle of aerosol loading corresponds with changes in air mass back trajectories: the aerosol scattering was higher when transport was from polluted areas (e.g., the Gulf Coast) and lower when the air came from cleaner regions and/or the upper atmosphere.
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Andrews, E., P. J. Sheridan, and J. A. Ogren. "Seasonal differences in the vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties over rural Oklahoma." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 20 (October 27, 2011): 10661–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10661-2011.
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Abstract. A small airplane made 597 aerosol optical property (light absorption and light scattering) vertical profile measurements over a rural Oklahoma site between March 2000 and December 2007. The aerosol profiles obtained during these 8 yr of measurements suggest significant seasonal differences in aerosol loading (scattering and absorption). The highest amounts of scattering and absorbing aerosol are observed during the summer and the lowest loading occurs during the winter. The relative contribution of aerosol absorption is highest in the winter (i.e., single scattering albedo is lowest in winter), particularly aloft. Aerosol absorption generally decreased with altitude below ~1.5 km and then was relatively constant or decreased more gradually above that. Aerosol scattering decreased sharply with altitude below ~1.5 km but, unlike absorption, also decreased at higher altitudes, albeit less sharply. Scattering Ångström exponents suggest that the aerosol was dominated by sub-micron aerosol during the summer at all altitudes, but that larger particles were present, especially in the spring and winter above 1 km. The seasonal variability observed for aerosol loading is consistent with AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) although the AOD values calculated from in situ adjusted to ambient conditions and matching wavelengths are up to a factor of two lower than AERONET AOD values depending on season. The column averaged single scattering albedo derived from in situ airplane measurements are similar in value to the AERONET single scattering albedo inversion product but the seasonal patterns are different – possibly a consequence of the strict constraints on obtaining single scattering albedo from AERONET data. A comparison of extinction Ångström exponent and asymmetry parameter from the airplane and AERONET platforms suggests similar seasonal variability with smaller particles observed in the summer and fall and larger particles observed in spring and winter. The observed seasonal cycle of aerosol loading corresponds with changes in air mass back trajectories: the aerosol scattering was higher when transport was from polluted areas (e.g., the Gulf Coast) and lower when the air came from cleaner regions and/or the upper atmosphere.
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VINSON, ROBERT TRENT, and BENEDICT CARTON. "ALBERT LUTHULI'S PRIVATE STRUGGLE: HOW AN ICON OF PEACE CAME TO ACCEPT SABOTAGE IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 59, no. 1 (March 2018): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000718.
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AbstractIn December 1961, Albert Luthuli, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), arrived in Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Journalists in Norway noted how apartheid crackdowns failed to poison the new laureate's ‘courteous’ commitment to nonviolence. The press never reported Luthuli's acceptance that saboteurs in an armed wing, Umkhonto weSizwe (MK or Spear of the Nation), would now fight for freedom. Analyzing recently available evidence, this article challenges a prevailing claim that Luthuli always promoted peace regardless of state authorities who nearly beat him to death and massacred protesting women, children, and men. We uncover his evolving views of justifiable violence, which guided secret ANC decisions to pursue ‘some kind of violence’ months before his Nobel celebration. These views not only expand knowledge of ‘struggle history’, but also alter understandings of Luthuli's aim to emancipate South Africa from a system of white supremacy that he likened to ‘slavery’.
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Huet, Hélène. "The World War I Diary of Albert Huet." SOURCE: The Magazine of the University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries 3, no. 1 (September 14, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sourceuf.v3i1.119947.
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This article focuses on my digital project, “The World War I Diary of Albert Huet.” First I provide an introduction about the project, including a short biography of Albert Huet, my great-grandfather, and explain how the project came to be, notably focusing on the help from the George A. Smathers Libraries digital services in digitizing the documents and making available online in UFDC. Then, I discuss what Albert’s diary can teach us about the French soldiers’ experience during WWI. Albert just like so many other men, grew up in the countryside, with a very limited education, and found himself at 18 on the battlefields with no training at all. This experience really had a profound negative impact on his life. Finally, I discuss the impact this digital project has had since it launched in 2016. In addition to being featured in classrooms assignments and on a major WWI research website, the project was used by Dr. Lynn Palermo from Susquehanna University who funded two undergraduate students to work on translating the diary. This example highlights how digital projects can be enriched by collaboration across institutions.
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Fitzgerald, Michael J. "Unconfusing Merely Confused Supposition in Albert of Saxony." Vivarium 50, no. 2 (2012): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853412x630871.
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Abstract In this essay I argue that Albert would reject the need for a separate fourth mode of common personal supposition, and that his view of merely confused supposition has not been fully explicated by modern scholars. I first examine the various examples of conjunct descent given by modern scholars from his Perutilis logica, and show that Albert clearly adopts it in resolving the sophistic examples involved. Second, I explicate the view of merely confused supposition that Albert defends in his Sophismata, and then attempt to answer the question: which view of merely confused supposition was his final view, the view articulated in the Perutilis logica or the view in the Sophismata? I conclude that based upon his Sophismata view of merely confused supposition, Albert came to realize the logical strength his revised theory of personal supposition afforded, and consequently, that he is one of the earliest 14th-century logicians to adopt conjunct terminal descent to resolve various sophisms, a move which gave his theory of personal supposition a logical symmetry having two sorts of propositional descents to singulars, and two sorts of terminal descents to singulars.
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CASTEIGT, JULIE. "METAPHYSICS AND TESTIMONIAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE SUPER IOHANNEM OF ALBERT THE GREAT." Traditio 73 (2018): 255–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2018.3.
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This article examines Albert the Great's interpretation of John 1:7 concerning John the Baptist: “He came as a witness, to testify about the Light, so that all might believe through him.” Commenting on this verse, Albert develops the idea that the metaphysical approach to God, according to which the notion of God is purified of all sensory images, must be completed by a method that is more connatural to the human being: testimonial knowledge, that is, relying on the senses and imagination, using the metaphors that God himself has suggested through his revelation. Albert's reading of John 1:7 is found to be in continuity with key ideas elsewhere in his oeuvre.
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Rakhmatilla uulu, Zarylbek, Ryskul Usubaliyev, and Andrey Mitusov. "Broadband albedo and area changes of the Ak-Shyjrak Glacier Massif during 1994-2018, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan." Central Asian Journal of Water Research 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/85-95.eng.
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The Ak-Shyjrak Massif is considered one of the main water sources of the Naryn (a tributary of the Syr Darya) and Sary-Dzhaz (a tributary of the Aksu and Tarim) Rivers and, thus, should be subject to annual surveying to forecast the water content of these rivers. This article examines the long-term dynamics of the broadband albedo of snow and ice, as well as the area dynamics of the Lysyi, Davydov and Sary-Tor South Glaciers of the Ak-Shyjrak Glacier Massif (Kyrgyzstan). The Landsat satellite data series were used as the source data. It was established that during 1994-2018 the retreat of the glacier tongue for the Lysyi amounted to 698 m, 381 m for the Sary-Tor South and 1,926 m for the Davydov. The total loss of glacier area came up to 1.7 km2 (39.6%) for the Lysyi, and 3.6 km2 (30.3%) cumulatively for the Sary-Tor South and Davydov. Since 2005, the melting has significantly slowed down compared to the previous years. Based on the shortwave and visible band data collected in 2006, the broadband albedo at the altitudes from 3,899 to 4,200 m ASL was extremely low compared to other satellite imagery. It was noted that in the accumulation zone – the altitude from 4,200 to 4,799 m – the snow cover was permanent leading to higher albedo values. In the course of 1994-2018, the mean broadband albedo had fluctuated from 0.200 to 0.531 (summer-autumn). A satellite image of 2006 with extremely low albedo values deserved special attention. The highest albedo value was recorded in 2018. The reason underlying the sharp albedo increase was the recent snowfall over the surveyed area.
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Simonari, Rosella. "Alberto Spadolini's Box: Dance, Silence and the Archive." Dance Research 38, no. 2 (November 2020): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drs.2020.0316.
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The Italian dancer and painter Alberto Spadolini was rediscovered when a box containing numerous documents relating to his artistic life was recovered in 1978 by his nephew, Marco Travaglini. This box forms the core of the archive assembled by Travaglini since 2004, containing valuable information about his uncle who had been largely-neglected. Spadolini (1907–1972) was born in Ancona, Italy, studied in Rome during the 1920s and moved to France in the 1930s. In 1932, he became a famous music-hall dancer performing in solo numbers and group works with Josephine Baker and Mistinguett, among others. Throughout the decade he came to be known as ‘the nude dancer’, possibly owing to the skimpy costumes he usually wore and his statuesque body. From the 1940s he began painting a series of works featuring ballerinas in tutus. He never spoke to his nephew about his life as dancer, so that when Travaglini found the box, he was amazed at what he discovered. The box constitutes a precious archive, containing photographs, posters, articles, and reviews relating to Spadolini's career as a dancer and painter. I intend to analyse Spadolini's box using methodological tools from archive studies and from dance and cultural history, with particular attention to the concept of cultural hegemony, in order to establish the fundamental importance of such archives to the recovery of neglected figures like Spadolini.
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Noordegraaf, Herman. "Albert Einstein en Nederlandse christen-pacifisten: samenwerking en breuk." DNK : Documentatieblad voor de Nederlandse kerkgeschiedenis na 1800 42, no. 91 (December 1, 2019): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/dnk2019.91.002.noor.
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Summary Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a left wing public intellectual, who was involved in societal issues, especially questions of peace and war. Adhering a pacifist view, he supported refusal of military service from the midst of the twentieth century. The pacifist peace movement welcomed the views of this famous scientist. This article describes and analyses the reception of Einstein within the Dutch Christian-pacifist organization Church and Peace (Kerk en Vrede). First, attention is given to Einstein’s views and actions regarding refusal of military service, as can be found in the periodical Kerk en Vrede. Secondly, the contacts will be described between the secretary of Church and Peace, Rev. J.B.Th. Hugenholtz, and Einstein. Hugenholtz wanted his support to realize a ‘Peace House’ of pacifist organizations in The Hague. Einstein reacted positively on this request. However, after Hitler came to power in January 1933 Einstein changed his mind. He did not support refusal of military service any longer. This led to a rupture between Einstein and the pacifist peace organizations. Within Church and Peace especially chairman G.J. Heering criticized him sharply. Here the roads parted in a fundamental way.
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Sansterre, Jean-Marie. "Signes de sainteté et vecteurs de virtus dans les miracles posthumes du carme Albert de Trapani relatés aux XIVe-XVe siècles." Analecta Bollandiana 133, no. 2 (December 2015): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.abol.5.110550.
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Cuk, Ruza. "Family Alberto (Bono) in Dubrovnik in the late Middle Ages." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 41 (2004): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0441377c.
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In this study, on the basis of the documents preserved in the Archives of Dubrovnik, the author has described the activities of the family Alberto (Bono) in Dubrovnik, in the Serbian lands and Venice at the end of the 14th and during the first half of the 15th century. The founder of the family was ser Alberto Bono, chancellor by vocation. He came to Dubrovnik from Venice in 1388 and worked as a clerk in the city municipality until the end of his life (1407). However, his sons and a grandson were engaged in intermediary commerce, connecting the lands in the hinterlands of Dubrovnik, Serbia and Bosnia, with the Mediterranean. Thanks to the commerce of precious metals from the Serbian lands, the family became very rich and outstanding. The members of the family, as the citizens of Dubrovnik, were included both in the economical and social life of the city. It could be seen, among other things, that they all, like many other rich and distinguished citizens of Dubrovnik, were elected into the ranks of the Antunini, that they were given lands in Konavle and in the Dubrovnik settlements (commercial colonies). In the Serbian lands some of them, even very often, were elected into judicial commissions. Nevertheless, the members of the family Alberti maintained all the time business and family relations with their land of origin.
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Rocha, Eder De Lima. "Chegada do Espiritismo a Pelotas-RS: problematização de duas hipóteses consagradas na historiografia." Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 3, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/clio.v3i4.14175.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar duas hipóteses sobre a chegada do Espiritismo em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, e tentar entender por que não há um consenso, entre os historiadores, sobre o tema. A primeira suposição diz que o Espiritismo aportou em Pelotas por meio de dois espanhóis, em 1877; Alberto Coelho da Cunha escreveu sobre o assunto em 1927, descrevendo, em seus apontamentos, que o Espiritismo havia chegado em Pelotas 50 anos antes. A segunda suposição nos diz que o Espiritismo chegou a Pelotas por meio da Baronesa de Três Serros, hipótese sustentada pelo historiador João Artur Ott Cardoso, ao defender que a referida Baronesa levara o Livro dos Espíritos, e consequentemente o Espiritismo a Pelotas, após o seu casamento no Rio de Janeiro, em 1865.Palavras-chave: Espiritismo, Pelotas, Século XIX. AbstractThe present work aims to analyze two hypotheses about the arrival of Spiritism in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, and try to understand why there is no consensus, among historians, on the subject. The first line of supposition says that Spiritism came to Pelotas through two Spanish, in 1877; Alberto Coelho da Cunha wrote about it in 1927, describing, in his notes, that Spiritism had arrived in Pelotas 50 years earlier. The second assumption tells us that Spiritism came to Pelotas through the Baroness of Três Serros, hypothesis supported by the historian João Artur Ott Cardoso, arguing that the Baroness brought the Livro dos Espíritos, and consequently the Spiritism to Pelotas, after his marriage in Rio de Janeiro, in 1865.Keywords: Spiritism, Pelotas, XIX Century.
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Clothier, Ian M. "Leonardo, Nonlinearity and Integrated Systems." Leonardo 41, no. 1 (February 2008): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2008.41.1.49.
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In one of his lesser-known studies of flow, Leonardo da Vinci in 1513 came upon yet another question he could not answer: When blood hits the wall of the heart, does the flow split in two? In 1977, this question was answered by Albert Libchaber in an experiment that became a cornerstone of chaos theory. Can Leonardo's question, Libchaber's solution and notions of integrated systems be drawn together to create a whole? While this trajectory has its limitations, the journey has some rewards, taking in Leonardo's cosmology, chaos theory, poststructuralist philosophy, the Polynesian worldview, the Internet and the weather.
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Cheng, Bin. "A NEW ERA IN THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR: FROM WARSAW (1929) TO MONTREAL (1999)." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 4 (October 2004): 833–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.4.833.
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For 70 years the 1929 Warsaw Convention,1 which came into force in 1933, governed supreme, in its numerous permutations, virtually all international carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo throughout the world and, thanks to voluntary adoption by States, also much of their domestic carriage, albeit with modifications. It was not until 1999 that nations concluded at Montreal the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air2 designed to replace it. The latter came into force on 4 November 2003, by coincidence also 70 years after the entry into force of Warsaw.3 A new era in the law of international carriage by air has begun.
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Mclaughlin, R. Emmet. "The Word Eclipsed? Preaching in the Early Middle Ages." Traditio 46 (1991): 77–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900004207.
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The modern interest in and study of medieval sermon literature was first driven by a combination of confessional acrimony and professional scholarship. L. Bourgain, Albert Lecoy de la Marche, Richard Albert, Rudolf Cruel, Anton Linsenmayer, and G. R. Owst combed through the archives to uncover the written remains of medieval preaching, and what they discovered came as a surprise to those who had been raised on the Protestant black legend of a mute medieval Church. For quantity and variety the period from the twelfth century to the Reformation must count as one (or several) of the great ages of pulpit activity. In fact, on the eve of the Reformation there was some concern that too much was being preached too often. For example, as a result of complaints by laity and clergy alike, in 1508 the Bishop of Breslau ordered a limit on the number of sermons preached in the city. To be sure, modern judgments concerning the quality of that preaching in both style and content vary with the confessional stance and aesthetic preferences of the individual scholar. But of the late medieval dedication to preaching in season and out there can be no doubt.
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Cook, A. "Report. Migrants to The Royal Society, 1930–1940." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 58, no. 3 (September 22, 2004): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2004.0068.
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It is well known that after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, many scholars, musicians, artists and writers were expelled or found it impossible to continue to work in Gemany. Scientists also, especially those of Jewish descent or connections, similarly left Germany and countries that came under the influence of Germany. Many of those artists, scholars and scientists who came to Britain stimulated the efflorescence of intellectual, artistic and scientific life in the years after the end of World War II. Those influences have been described in a number of books, albeit mostly in rather general terms. The list that is the subject of this note includes by contrast all Fellows and Foreign Members of the Society, so far as it has been possible to identify them, who after leaving for Britain or for other lands, were elected to the Society (electronic Appendix A).
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WELLS, PAUL F., and SALLY K. SOMMERS SMITH. "Irish Music and Musicians in the United States: An Introduction." Journal of the Society for American Music 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2010): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196310000349.
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“The Irish came early and often to America,” quipped musicologist Charles Hamm in his landmark book Yesterdays: Popular Song in America. Although the largest waves of immigration occurred during the years of the potato famines in the 1840s and 1850s, the process began long before then and continues to the present day, albeit with many ebbs and flows in the stream. Today nearly 36.5 million people in the United States claim Irish ancestry.
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Pusztai, Gábor. "De Hongaarse kinderactie 1947–1949. Nederlandse hulp en politiek machtsspel." Neerlandica Wratislaviensia 30 (March 31, 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-0716.30.7.
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After the First World War, Hungary was in a dire situation. In these troubling conditions, many different countries came to its aid. The first of these countries was the Netherlands. Besides having sent trains full of relief supplies, thousands of Hungarian children were able to stay with foster parents in the Netherlands to recover from war trauma. After the Second World War this charity action was repeated, albeit on a much smaller scale. In both cases politics played a very important role.
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Mulej, Oskar. "“We Are Drowning in Red Beet, Patching Up the Holes in the Iron Curtain”: The Punk Subculture in Ljubljana in the Late 1970s and Early 1980s." East Central Europe 38, no. 2-3 (2011): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633011x597207.
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AbstractThis article discusses the phenomenon of punk in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, from its beginnings in the early 1970s to its heyday in early 1980s and its subsequent differentiation and dissolution in a wider alternative scene. The subject is thereby being treated primarily as a genre of protest music and as a youth subculture. A special focus is given to the harsh reactions on part of the communist regime, in particular the 1981 “Nazi punk affair,” and the strong political significance punk thus came to possess—albeit to a large extent unintentionally. Excerpts of lyrics from Ljubljana punk rock bands are also presented, pointing to the attitudes of the punk youth towards their social environment and political situation and revealing how they came to be seen as a threat to the socialist order. In the conclusion, the sociopolitical legacy of punk and certain controversies surrounding it are shortly touched upon.
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Gregori, Alfons. "“Senserostre és el malnom”: los parias en la narrativa breve no mimética española y catalana del s. XXI." Itinerarios. Revista de estudios lingüísticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos, no. 32 (December 30, 2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/itinerarios.32.2020.06.
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El presente artículo constituye una aportación al estudio de las cuestiones sociopolíticas en la literatura no mimética a la luz del concepto de paria. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido analizar el uso de lo fantástico y proyectivo con respecto a la representación de los parias bien como víctimas, bien como victimarios-vengadores. Tras una aproximación a la cuestión del paria en lo fantástico durante los siglos XIX y XX, se analiza una selección de relatos publicados en el siglo XXI en lengua española y catalana por Albert Sánchez Piñol, David Roas, José María García Hernández y Carme Torras. El trabajo demuestra que los textos fantásticos y proyectivos continúan siendo obras válidas de protesta y de denuncia ante las injusticias. Además, en ellos los parias-víctimas ya no son meramente minorías discriminadas y enmudecidas, sino que la casuística de dicha condición se ha ampliado al igual que lo ha hecho la complejidad del mundo contemporáneo.
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Declercq, Linde. "Louis Wodon (1868-1946), kabinetschef van Albert I en Leopold III: gangmaker van een autoritaire hervorming van de Staat met een centrale rol voor de Koning?" Pro Memorie 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 90–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/pm2019.1.006.decl.
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Summary In this contribution, the life and constitutional views of Louis Wodon (1868-1946) are exposed. Raised in a Brussels family of liberal political persuasion, Wodon was appointed a full professor at ULB in 1906, where he taught courses on labour law, sociology and administrative law. Simultaneously, he careered as a civil servant in the Ministry of Economic Affairs. As Head of Staff of the King between 1926 and 1938, Wodon advised Albert I and Leopold III to restore law and order, so as to defeat the breakdown of authority that plagued the political world. He interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to leave a maximum of powers to the King, vigorous measures by individual government members and a minimum role to Parliament. His views should be seen in the context of a reactionary antidemocratic movement which came into vogue after World War I.
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Jeck, Udo Reinhold. "Frater Bercaldus – Berealdus – Bertholdus de Maisberch." Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 20 (December 31, 2017): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpjam.00005.jec.
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Zusammenfassung In early modernity, church historians initially showed little interest in Berthold of Moosburg. They knew him as a commentator of Proclus, but they did not recognise his importance for the history of Neoplatonism. The librarians and bibliographers who came across Berthold’s commentary on Proclus in the Balliol College Library at Oxford showed no interest in the philosophical content of this work. An article on Berthold in the monumental work Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum (1719) summarised the available information. It was Johann Albert Fabricius (1668–1736) who took notice of it. Fabricius was very interested in Proclus as well as in Neoplatonic theology and its narration in the Elements of Theology; he had started to collect all available information regarding this issue and had also come across Berthold’s commentary. However, he did not ignore him, as many had done before, but properly recognised the importance of Berthold for the history of the reception of Proclus’s philosophy. Fabricius always referred to the Dominican thinker when dealing with Proclus’s Elements of Theology, in particular in his own Bibliotheca graeca. One of the attentive readers of this work was the German philologist Friedrich Creuzer. In 1822, within the framework of publishing Neoplatonic writings, Creuzer reedited Proclus’s Elements of Theology. As a consequence of this new edition, Proclus together with his medieval commentator came into the focus of leading representatives of classical German philosophy.
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Cullimore, Charles. "Uganda: the Making of a Constitution." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 4 (December 1994): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015949.
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The Government of Uganda headed by President Yoweri Museveni, which came to power in January 1986, has made impressive progress since then in bringing about peace and national reconcilication, and in restoring the rule of law. It has turned the economy round from what might be described as ‘free fall’ to steady growth, albeit still heavily dependent on foreign aid. It has returned expropriated properties to their Asian owners, and has begun to attract foreign investment. Above all it has restored hope and given Ugandans back their pride. These are no means achievements, and place the country firmly among the few in Africa in recent years which have managed to bring about a real improvement in the overall quality of life for their citizens, albeit from a very low base. This would in itself be sufficient reason for looking more closely at what has been happening there. But, after all the disappointments of the past, it is also legitimate to ask whether these dramatic improvements are likely to be sustainable.
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Makinda, Samuel M. "Democracy and Multi-Party Politics in Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 4 (December 1996): 555–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00055762.
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AUTHORITARIAN leaders and single-party régimes of all shades increasingly came under great pressures between 1990 and 1993 to liberalise and permit more participation in the political process. This transformation, which was part of what Samuel Huntington described as ‘the third wave of democratisation’,1 stemmed from sustained efforts by domestic political forces in African states, albeit assisted by a variety of demanded requirements from international financial institutions and industrialised countries, as well as by the disintegration of the Soviet Union. According to the US Deputy Secretary of State, Strobe Talbott, the ‘new resolve to establish new attitudes, arrangements and structures’ came directly out of the exhaustion of the cold war.2 In other words, the promotion of democracy in Africa was part of the so-called peace dividend.3 Expectations for political evolution throughout the world were so high that some analysts predicted the emergence of ‘an international democratic order’.4 As Keith Somerville has observed: ‘Africa entered the 1990S in a mood of hope and expectation’.5
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Smith, Michael G. "The First Concrete Auto Factory." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2019.78.4.442.
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One of the landmark architectural advances of the twentieth century was the first automobile plant constructed of steel-reinforced concrete, an achievement that heralded the use of a revolutionary building technology for the largest and fastest-growing new industry in the United States. Numerous sources credit architect Albert Kahn with that first concrete auto plant as a result of his 1905 design for the Packard Motor Car Company's Building No. 10. However, as Michael G. Smith demonstrates in The First Concrete Auto Factory: An Error in the Historical Record, the Cadillac Motor Car plant in Detroit, designed by architect George D. Mason, preceded Packard No. 10. Moreover, Julius Kahn, Albert's brother, oversaw the engineering and construction of both the Cadillac plant and Packard No. 10, making essential contributions to both that have gone unrecognized until now. Smith describes how this significant error in the historical record came about and remained uncorrected even as researchers and writers pursued the subject.
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Grangaud, Isabelle. "Fragment(s) of the Past: Archives, Conflicts, and Civic Rights in Algiers, 1830–1870." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 4 (December 2017): 641–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2021.6.
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The first thirty years of the French conquest of Algeria witnessed the large-scale destruction of Algiers’s cultural heritage. Researching the processes by which this came about leads us to consider the conditions of production of two sources that refer to the period before the conquest: Les édifices religieux de l’ancien Alger (The Religious Edifices of Old Algiers), by Albert Devoulx, and the “Ottoman collection” of archives initially established by the same figure. This dual archaeology, based on the reconstitution of Devoulx’s activities during his lifetime, reveals a virulent struggle over civic rights and particularly over the appropriation of endowments established by the city’s religious institutions. The sources considered here were part and parcel of this struggle. By paying attention to the claims they set out and the interactions between them, it becomes possible to retrace the disappearance of the mosques of Algiers and to appreciate the true nature of these sources.
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Chan, Alan K. L. "Zhong Hui's Laozi Commentary and the Debate on Capacity and Nature in Third-Century China." Early China 28 (2003): 101–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800000675.
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Zhong Hui (a.d. 225–264) was a major, albeit neglected figure in third- century Chinese intellectual history. Author of a Laozi commentary and a treatise on the relationship between “capacity” (cat) and “nature” (xing), Zhong Hui played a significant role in the development of xuanxue (Learning of the Mysterious Dao), which came into prominence during the early Wei dynasty and dominated the Chinese intellectual scene well into the sixth century. This essay presents a reconstructed version of Zhong Hui's Laozi commentary and compares Zhong's approach with Wang Bi's. Zhong Hui's work on “capacity and nature” (caixing) captures a major debate in early xuanxue philosophy and will be scrutinized also in this discussion.
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Noorani, Yaseen. "The Lost Garden of Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain and the Poetic Inversion of Colonialism." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31, no. 2 (May 1999): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800054039.
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In 1933, the Urdu and Persian poet Muhammad Iqbal (1873–1938) became the first Muslim to worship in the mosque of Cordoba since its conversion into a cathedral after the Moors were expelled from Spain in 1492. Iqbal had gone to London as a delegate to the third roundtable conference on the political future of India. On his return, he was invited to lecture in Madrid by the Orientalist Asin Palacios, and took the opportunity to visit the monument. Dramatizing the symbolic significance of his visit to the mosque, Iqbal swooned upon entering and uttered verses that presumably came to be included in his celebrated Urdu poem “Masjid-i Qurtubah”. Some years before, in 1919, the Egyptian Arabic poet Ahmad Shawqi (1868–1932) ended his five-year exile in Spain with a similar visit to the Andalusian monuments, albeit with less dramatic fanfare. Nevertheless, Shawqi as well was accompanied by his muse. In the introduction to his own famous poem about Islamic Spain, the “Siniyyah”, Shawqi recounts how the embryonic verses of this poem came to him as he toured the mosque and the Alhambra of Granada.
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Smith, John D. "Winged words revisited: diction and meaning in Indian epic." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 2 (June 1999): 267–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016712.
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Scholars working in the field of oral epic all have a particular form of words committed to memory—Milman Parry's celebrated definition of the formula. The definition in fact appears in two slightly differing forms in Parry's writing. In 1928 he wrote, ‘In the diction of bardic poetry, the formula can be defined as an expression regularly used, under the same metrical conditions, to express an essential idea’ (Parry, 1971: 13). Two years later came the more familiar version: ‘The formula in the Homeric poems may be defined as a group of words which is regularly employed under the same metrical conditions to express a given essential idea’ (Parry, 1971: 272). The differences between the two forms of the definition are negligible, and Parry made no further attempt to refine or modify it during the five years of life that remained to him. For Albert Lord, too, the definition was clearly adequate as it stood: in ch. iii of The singer of tales he simply quotes it verbatim (Lord, 1960: 30), and proceeds directly to a consideration of the function of formulaic diction.
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Schwyter, Jürg R. "Ten years after the stroke: Me talk slightly less funny." English Today 34, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000542.
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It is now ten years since I suffered a stroke. I continue to improve, albeit much more slowly than in the first one or two years. Readers of English Today may remember (Schwyter, 2011) that I was head of the English Department at the University of Lausanne, and a graduate of both the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Cambridge. My stroke came really out of the blue; I did not have any of the early warning signs. And the only possible risk factors I was aware of were very long working hours and stress in all its forms – though ‘stress’ is not very well defined medically, being not one symptom but rather a cluster of symptoms (Kivimäki et al., 2015).
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Malkawi, Sohaib. "The Darling Men of Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock: An Early Postmodern Representation of Masculinity." East-West Cultural Passage 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2019-0001.
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Abstract This article examines how Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock, written in 1924, anticipated the postmodern conception of gender, or more accurately, the postmodern deconstruction of gender as merely repetitive patterns of behavior. The focus is on how the play dramatizes the Foucauldian notion of the death of man in the neurotic and irresponsible behavior of the male characters. Taking the psychological vertical approach in the analysis, the article adds to the scholarly work that has been written about the play, which mostly focused on its sociopolitical and religious aspects. The analysis this article sets forth shows how O’Casey’s representation (or perhaps mal-representation) of male characters was symptomatic of the cultural upsurge that later came to be known as postmodernism. In so doing, the article makes a curious link between O’Casey’s representation of neurotic men and the more recent inception of postmodernism and its deconstruction of gender. This link, in other words, is between neurosis and deconstruction, between psychological disturbances and the much-celebrated postmodern theory that came later. Thus, the article concludes with the peculiar question of how much of postmodern thought was, albeit unconsciously, predicated upon psychological degeneration, especially when it comes to its deconstruction of gender dynamics.
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Dillon, Sara. "Observations on Trade Law and Globalization." International Journal of Legal Information 33, no. 1 (2005): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004662.
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I imagine most people with an interest in the subject have their own working definition of globalization. My definition goes something like this: Globalization is at least in part about the spread of mass markets and common tastes, albeit with variations. International trade law, by reducing the possibility that individual countries can “prefer” their own productions, is one of the mechanisms for facilitating the spread of these common tastes. I am by no means implying that the global tastes are elevated ones; in fact, the mass-appeal products sought might be inferior in many ways to what came before. The irony of the franchise, for instance, is thatbetterorworsedoes not matter—only sameness. The important thing is that the tastes are commonly held across a national-culture-free zone, and recognized as such.
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Hansen, Bert, and Richard E. Weisberg. "Louis Pasteur's three artist compatriots—Henner, Pointelin, and Perraud: A story of friendship, science, and art in the 1870s and 1880s." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015575887.
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Biographers have largely ignored Louis Pasteur's many and varied connections with art and artists. This article is the second in a series of the authors' studies of Pasteur's friendships with artists. This research project has uncovered data that enlarge the great medical chemist's biography, throwing new light on a variety of topics including his work habits, his social life, his artistic sensibilities, his efforts to lobby on behalf of his artist friends, his relationships to their patrons and to his own patrons, and his use of works of art to foster his reputation as a leader in French medical science. In a prior article, the authors examined his unique working relationship with the Finnish painter Albert Edelfelt and the creation of the famous portrait of Pasteur in his laboratory in the mid-1880s. The present study documents his especially warm friendship with three French artists who came from Pasteur's home region, the Jura, or from neighboring Alsace. A forthcoming study gives an account of his friendships with Max Claudet and Paul Dubois, both of whom made important images of Pasteur, and it offers further illustrations of his devotion to the fine arts.
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Robinson, JA. "Children's rights in the South African Constitution." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 6, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2003/v6i1a2858.
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Children were in many respects defenceless victims of discriminatory practices in ‘apartheid South Africa’. In fact, discrimination on the basis of gender, race and other inequalities were inscribed in the social fabric of the previous constitutional dispensation. The constitutional dispensation that came into effect on the 27th April 1994 was therefore designed to innovate social, political and legal structures that would be radically different from those of the country’s past history. In this contribution the impact of the Constitution upon the rights of children are considered. In order to fathom the impact. a general overview of constitutional principles and provisions necessary for the comprehension of the rights of children is provided. Thereafter the rights of children expressly mentioned in the Constitution will be addressed. Attention is also paid to the equal protection and nondiscrimination provisions of the Constitution, albeit only indirectly.
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Brett, Mark. "Israel's Indigenous Origins: Cultural Hybridity and the Formation of Israelite Ethnicity." Biblical Interpretation 11, no. 3 (2003): 400–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851503322566813.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the question of whether Iron I settlements in the central Levantine hill country can properly be termed 'Israelite'. Drawing on anthropological theory to interpret the recent archaeological debates, the argument suggests that an Israelite ethnic 'network' arose in the early Iron Age—albeit with a low degree of incorporation—by a process of social fission. In contrast to the Philistine incursion of the same period, there was no imposition of a foreign cultural system. The historical evidence implies that in the course of time the worship of Yhwh, an exodus story, and a 'pig taboo', were added to the indigenous culture in the making of Israelite identity. Yhwh worship was probably not originally seen as a separate religion, but in the Iron II period, it came to be interpreted by some as antagonistic to other gods.
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Tayeb, Azmil. "Malaysia in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.99.
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It was a tumultuous year for Malaysia. As the country was experiencing the onset of the first wave of COVID-19 in late February 2020, the majority coalition, the Alliance of Hope (Pakatan Harapan) that formed the federal government at the time broke apart due to defections, symbolized by the so-called Sheraton Move. A new government led by the National Alliance (Perikatan Nasional, PN) coalition came into power after the king appointed its leader, Muhyiddin Yassin, prime minister, replacing Mahathir Mohamad. The PN government immediately faced two severe challenges: the global pandemic threat and the crisis of legitimacy due to weak coalition building. This article mainly focuses on the second challenge, namely the ways the PN government has been able to avoid a parliamentary vote of no confidence and keep its coalition intact, albeit precariously.
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Kölbl-Ebert, Martina. "How to Find Water: The State of the Art in the Early Seventeenth Century, Deduced From Writings of Martine de Bertereau (1632 and 1640)." Earth Sciences History 28, no. 2 (November 5, 2009): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.28.2.3675823j24h9uv9r.
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When Martine de Bertereau (who died around 1643) married the alchemist and mining engineer Jean du Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil, she had long been occupied with the art of mining "that was hereditary in her house". She wrote two pamphlets on mining addressed to the French king and the Cardinal Duke of Richelieu. In her short publications de Bertereau not only treated mining and mineral deposits in France, she also gave a short introduction to the art of finding water and of assessing its quantity and quality. While divining-rods featured widely, she also gave useful practical advice describing some sensible experiments, which she derived from Vitruvius's book on architecture. Her writings thus allow a unique glimpse into craft-skills, which centuries later developed into what came to be called hydrogeology, but which in the seventeenth century were essentially the same as in Roman times, albeit ‘corrupted’ by esoteric practices.
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Kritzman-Amir, Tally. "“Otherness” as the Underlying Principle in Israel's Asylum Regime." Israel Law Review 42, no. 3 (2009): 603–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002122370000073x.
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This Article aims to provide the first thorough description of the developing asylum system in the State of Israel. It argues that despite the inherent moral and doctrinal differences between asylum and immigration regimes, the Israeli asylum system is essentially an extension of Israel's immigration and citizenship regime, which excludes the non-Jewish refugees and frames the refugee as the “other;” with the Palestinians and other enemy nationals facing maximum exclusion. While this phenomenon is not uncommon in today's world, which suffers from “compassion fatigue,” diluted protection, and adherence to national self-interest, the Israeli example is exceptional for a number of reasons: 1) it came into being only decades after the rest of the democratic developed countries developed their asylum systems; 2) it is rooted in challenging—albeit not exceptional—geo-political conditions; and 3) it works against the background of a very unique immigration law.
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Ackerman, Edwin F. "The “Illegal alien” as a category of analysis." Journal of Language and Politics 13, no. 3 (December 11, 2014): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.13.3.09ack.
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“Illegal alien,” as a category of analysis, should be understood primarily as a discursive formation, yet the emergence and spread of the category in public debate cannot be explained by its discursive qualities. Failing to see this has analytical consequences: it results in a constant sidetracking of the question of why illegality itself came to be a central issue, and in a reification of the category. This paper is intended as a methodological intervention aimed at solving these issues. The first part illustrates the absence of a strict legalistic basis for the category, and reviews key works that fail to incorporate this into their conceptual design. The second part, contrasts two periods of time in U.S. political debate – the mid-2000s when the category was dominant, and the 1930s when the category, albeit pushed by elites, failed to become central- suggesting the need for a discursive analysis that goes beyond discourse.
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de DIJN, ANNELIEN. "THE POLITICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT: FROM PETER GAY TO JONATHAN ISRAEL." Historical Journal 55, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 785–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000301.
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ABSTRACTAccording to the textbook version of history, the Enlightenment played a crucial role in the creation of the modern, liberal democracies of the West. Ever since this view – which we might describe as the modernization thesis – was first formulated by Peter Gay, it has been repeatedly criticized as misguided: a myth. Yet, as this paper shows, it continues to survive in postwar historiography, in particular in the Anglophone world. Indeed, Gay's most important and influential successors – historians such as Robert Darnton and Roy Porter – all ended up defending the idea that the Enlightenment was a major force in the creation of modern democratic values and institutions. More recently, Jonathan Israel's trilogy on the Enlightenment has revived the modernization thesis, albeit in a dramatic new form. Yet, even Israel's work, as its critical reception highlights, does not convincingly demonstrate that the Enlightenment, as an intellectual movement, contributed in any meaningful way to the creation of modern political culture. This conclusion raises a new question: if the Enlightenment did not create our modern democracies, then what did it do? In answer to that question, this paper suggests that we should take more seriously the writings of enlightened monarchists like Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger. Studying the Enlightenment might not allow us to understand why democratic political culture came into being. But, as Boulanger's work underscores, it might throw light on an equally important problem: why democracy came so late in the day.
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Alroe, Michael John, Heyo Reinders, and Punchalee Wasanasomsithi. "Is L2 vocabulary learned better via context or via translation?" Instructed Second Language Acquisition 2, no. 1 (March 16, 2018): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isla.34212.
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Various studies have shown intentional learning of L2 vocabulary to be more efficient than incidental learning from exposure to comprehensible input. Some have argued that such learning may be further enhanced by recourse to L1 translation, particularly for weaker learners. The present study aims to determine if intentional learning of new vocabulary through L1 does indeed confer an advantage over intentional learning from an L2 context. To this end, 403 Thai freshmen students were pre-tested on thirty vocabulary items set for study on their English course. They were then randomly allocated to either a translation or context group to learn those items. Time on task was controlled. A delayed post-test showed that while the translation group was better at matching the thirty English words with Thai translations, albeit marginally so, there was no benefit conferred on the translation group when it came to using the words in a contextual gap-filling exercise. This finding held for both advanced and weaker learners.
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Varzi, Achille C. "The Plan of a Square." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 34 (2008): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2011.0037.
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Amidst many discussions on super-valuational algebras and their philosophical applications - on which I was writing my dissertation - Hans and I once paused to ponder the mystical experience of the square. I mean A Square, the hero of Flatland. I mean that perfectly two-dimensional being, with no depth whatsoever, citizen of an equally two-dimensional depthless world, who one day had the good fortune of receiving a visit from a Sphere. What's more, he had the fortune of being able to visit, albeit briefly, the undreamt-of three-dimensional world his guest came from - which is to say, our threedimensional world. He visited and experienced our world before falling back for all eternity into the total flatness of his: Flatland, the plane world, the world with no aboves and no belows, the world in which cars and airplanes alike, so to speak, belong to the same category, and everything, literally everything, is reduced to fragile shadows on an enormous and eternally illuminated floor.
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Mayes, Rick. "Causal Chains and Cost Shifting: How Medicare's Rescue Inadvertently Triggered the Managed-Care Revolution." Journal of Policy History 16, no. 2 (April 2004): 144–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2004.0010.
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The conventional wisdom on how managed care came to replace traditional fee-for-service reimbursement as the nation's dominant mode of health insurance is that enlightened businesses and their employers led the way in responding to the emergence of market forces in health care in the 1990s. A common textbook treatment of managed care's ascendancy puts it this way: “Transformation of the health care delivery system through managed care has been driven principally by market forces, and reinforced by government.” The irony is that the opposite sequence of events is a more accurate portrayal of what actually happened. As this article shows, the transformation of America's health-care system through managed care was initially triggered—albeit indirectly—by government actions and then driven by market forces. In other words, before business behavior was a cause of managed care's extraordinary growth, it was largely a response to and an unintended consequence of government policymaking: in this instance, Congress's reform of Medicare in 1983.
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Popovic, Svetlana. "The last hesychast safe havens in late fourteenth- and fifteenth-century monasteries in the northern Balkans." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 48 (2011): 217–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1148217p.
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At the end of the fourteenth century and through the first half of the fifteenth century, during the rule of Prince Lazar and his son Despot Stefan Lazarevic, a great number of hesychasts found their last safe havens in Serbia. It is not widely known that many monasteries and anchoretic cells were founded in the northeastern region of Serbia, in the mountainous area of the Crnica River Gorge and further north in the Gornjak Ravine. The followers of Gregory of Sinai founded these cells; they came from both Bulgaria and Mount Athos and were known from written sources as Sinaites, albeit most had never visited Sinai. My paper will focus on hesychasts in these regions. I must inform the readers that in early 80s the monastery of Lesje was still awaiting archaeological excavations. Since then, the complex has been thoroughly rebuilt by the monks who unfortunately devastated the existing medieval remnants. Therefore today the monastery?s architecture is not authentic.
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Pomplun, Robert Trent, Joan-Pau Rubiés, and Ines G. Županov. "Introduction: Early Catholic Orientalism and the Missionary Discovery of Asian Religions." Journal of Early Modern History 24, no. 6 (November 17, 2020): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342666.
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Abstract New encounters in America, Africa, and Asia facilitated the “discovery” of non-Biblical religious traditions that were distinct from the ancient paganism known to Christian humanists and antiquarians from classical sources and patristic literature. Although Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism did not exist as concepts in the early modern period, the three articles in this special issue illustrate the learning process by which a number of influential and pioneering Catholic missionaries came to distinguish these various traditions from each other. We argue that they did not simply “invent” new religions arbitrarily: instead, on the basis of the very broad categories of true religion and idolatry, they engaged in some close interaction and “dialogue”—albeit usually polemical—with local religious elites and their writings, including Eastern Christians. In addition, in the case of the Jesuits in particular, we note that these various engagements were often connected events that influenced each other in important ways, from India to Japan, from Japan to China, and from all these to Tibet.
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Octaberlina, Like Raskova, and Afif Ikhwanul Muslimin. "Online learning: Students’ autonomy and attitudes." XLinguae 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.01.04.
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This study aims at investigating students’ autonomy and attitude in learning TOEFL online which the program was organized by the Language Centre, Department of Education and Culture, West Nusa Tenggara during the pandemic Covid-19. A set of questionnaires was distributed to 134 students that came from a different geographical location in West Nusa Tenggara province, and were different in age. The participants in the present study were all who had been announced officially as the TOEFL course awardees for Mataram area. The findings indicated that albeit positive tenets on students’ autonomy and attitude. The results showed very close similarity as described by 2% difference in mean scores between students’ autonomy and attitude. The poor category results were found from students’ inability to evaluate their strength and weakness in learning autonomously and the students found it was hard to keep make correspondence immediately with teachers. This study ends with suggestions for the next TOEFL course programs
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Thijssen, Lucia G. A. "'Divcrsi ritratti dal naturale a cavallo' : een ruiterportret uit het atelier van Rubens geïdentificeerd als Ambrogio Spinola." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 101, no. 1 (1987): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501787x00033.
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AbstractThe closeness of a work from Rubens' studio in the English Royal Collection, known as Equestrian Portrait of a Knight of the Golden Fleece (Fig. I, Note 1), to two equestrian portraits painted by Van Dyck during his stay in Genoa, from 1621 to 1626 (Figs. 2, 3, Note 2) has led to the identification of the sitter. A number of other pictures from the circle of Rubens and Van Dyck show horses and/or riders in related poses and the dates on some of them reveal them to have been painted before Van Dyck's portraits. This applies to The Riding School by or after Rubens, which is generally dated 1610-12 (Fig. 4, Note 3), a Paradise Landscape by Jan Brueghel of 1613 (Note 4) and Sight dated 1617 by the same artist (Fig.5, Note 5), which features a horseman known as Archduke Albert. A number of undated paintings inspired by the same model include six supposed to be of Archduke Albert (Notes 6, 10), three by Casper de Crayer (Fig. 6, Note 13) and eguestrian portraits of Louis XIII (Note 14) and Ladislaw IV of Poland. Thus it seems likely that these followers of Rubens', Van Dyck included, based themselves on one and the same equestrian portrait by their teacher. Since Van Dyck almost certainly painted the two equestrian portraits in Genoa during his stay in that city, his model or a replica of it must also have been there between 1621 and 1626. In fact, probably at the request of his patrons (Note 17), he often used models by Rubens, who had worked in Genoa for a time in 1606 (Note 16). However, his two equestrian portraits are not based on the only Genoese one by Rubens now known, that of the Marchese Doria (Fig. 7, Note 18), which is very different and has a liveliness quite, unlike Van Dyck's quiet static compositions. The equestrian portrait in the English Royal Collection was bought by George I in 1723 as a Rubens. The sitter is clad in the Spanish costume of the early 17 th century while the towers in the background could be those of Antwerp (Note 36). The sitter has been identified as the Archduke Albert, but he actually bears no resemblance to other portraits of the Archduke, who was also much older than this at the time of Ruberas' stay in Genoa in 1606. The most likely candidate is Ambrogio Spinola (Note 32) , the statesman and general, of whom both Rubens and Van Dyck painted more than one portrait. Spinola was commander of the Spanish troups in the Southern Netherlands, a friend of Rubens and Knight of the Golden Fleece, and he also came from Genoa, where this portrait could have been painted during a visit he made to the city in 1606 (Notes 33, 34). Stylistically too the portrait seems to fit in with the series of portraits painted by Rubens in Genoa in that year. The physiognomy of the sitter is certainly close to that of the known portraits of Spinola (Figs. 8-1, Note 35), while the details of Spinola's life also support the identification. Spinola (1569-1630), who was Marquis of Sesto and Venafro, belonged to one of the group of closely related, families of bankers who held key positions in Genoa. He arrived in the Netherlands around 1602 at the head of a large and unusually well-trained body of troops. In 1603 he provided funds to prevent a mutiny among the Spanish troups and after his capture of Ostend in 1604 he was appointed second in command to Archduke Albert. He was made a Knight of the Golden Fleece on I March 1605 and in the same year he was put in charge of military finances. From 1606 until his departure for Spain in 1628 he was superintendent of the military treasury and' mayordomo mayor' to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. After the death of Albert in 1621 he became principal adviser to Isabella and thus the most powerful man in the Spanish Netherlands. His amiable character brought him many friends, even among the ranks of the enemy, notably the Princes Maurice and Frederick Henry, with whom he had a great deal of contact during the Twelve Years Truce. It was probably one of them who bought the Portrait of Spinola by Van Miereveld (Fig. 8). After a disappointing mission to Spain in 1628, Spinola was relieved of his command of the Army of Flanders and put in charge of the Spanish troups in Lombardy. He died in his castle in Piedmont in 1630. During the years 1603-5 and later Spinola made several visits to Madrid, where he will undoubtedly have met the powerful Duke of Lerma and probably also seen the equestrian portrait that Rubens painted of him in 1603 (Fig. 12, Note 39). He must also have known of the portraits Rubens painted in Genoa in 1606, since at least three and probably five of them are of members of the Spinola family, while there survives a letter to Rubens from Paolo Agostino Spinola on the subject of portraits (Note 40). All this makes it likely that Spinola would have had his own Portrait painted too and that Rubens may well have painted his first portrait of the man who was to become his lifelong friend as early as 1606. Although Rubens was sometimes irritated by Spinola's lack of interest in his work (Note 41) , he admired him greatly (Note 42). He cultivated Spinola's friendship after his return to Antwerp in 1608 and will doubtless have introduced Van Dyck to him. Van Dyck later painted more than twenty pictures for the five Spinola palaces (Note 43) in Genoa and his work also became known in Madrid via Spinola and his son-in-law Don Diego Felipez Messia Guzman de Legañes, who owned many works by Van Dyck (Note 44). The presumed equestrian portrait of Spinola was much copied, as were other portraits of him by Rubens. Spinola was admired all over Europe and that may have been why other commanders and princes wanted to have themselves portrayed in the same way. The original or a replica may have hung in Spirtola's palace in Brussels, where the first to have seen it would have been Archduke Albert, which may explain the many equestrian portraits of him by Rubens' followeers which were based on it. Another possibility is that Rubens himself may have painted an equestrian portrait of the Archduke very similar to that of Spinola around 1610, but that this is no longer known. Caspar de Crayer of Brussels, a friend, though not a pupil of Rubens, was also influenced by the Spinola equestrian portrait. Furthermore, when he was invited to paint a set of equestrian portraits for the Huis ten Bosch, he sent the young Antwerp painter Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert to The Hague in his place (Note 46) and it was in this way that Rubens' model came to the Northern Netherlands, where it was copied only once, by Isaac Isacsz. in his equestrian portrait of William the Silent (Note 47). The equestrian portrait of Sigmund III of Poland (Fig. 13), a cousin of Archduke Albert, could also have been painted in Van Dyck's studio in Genoa, which was probably visited by his son Prince Ladislaw in 1624 (Note 48). This picture too still owes much to Rubens' model which Van Dyck used again ten years later for his equestrian portraits of Charles I of England (Fig. 14, Note, 50) and Francisco de Moncada (Note 51).
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Berry, William. "Robert M. Kleinpell: Founder of the Berkeley School of Stratigraphic Paleontology." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.1.f4277q6775053834.
Full textAbstract:
Robert M. Kleinpell (1905-1986) has been called the founder of a ‘Berkeley School of West Coast Cenozoic Stratigraphic Paleontology’. Through his personal experiences in carrying out oil exploration in California's Cenozoic stratigraphic successions, his extensive inquiry into the fundamentals of stratigraphic paleontology, and his teaching activity while held in a Japanese prison camp during World War II, Kleinpell developed the basic ingredients for his school of stratigraphic paleontology. His school attracted numbers of students interested in obtaining employment in the oil industry when Kleinpell joined the Department of Paleontology at University of California, Berkeley, in 1953. Kleinpell told his students that the first step toward a basic understanding of stratigraphic geology came from field mapping and recording of all relevant data. The data included collecting fossils from precisely-positioned stratigraphic levels. The fossil occurrence information was then plotted carefully to ascertain associations of taxa that appeared to be unique. The associations that appeared to be unique in time, based on their stratigraphic positions (Kleinpell came to term these ‘congregations’), were used to recognize zones and stages. Kleinpell was firm in his conviction that the zones and stages that he and his students recognized in American West Coast Cenozoic strata were closely similar in principle to the zones and Zonengruppe of Albert Oppel who had worked with ammonite faunas in the European Jurassic. Kleinpell did not publish a diagram or definition of the zones that he espoused because, he said, Oppel had already defined that type of zone. Hollis Hedberg, Kleinpell's former fellow-student in graduate study at Stanford, did include a discussion of the ‘zone’ of Oppel and Kleinpell in the 1976 International Stratigraphic Guide. Subsequent international and American stratigraphic guides and codes have omitted Hedberg's discussion and illustration of the Oppel zone. The West Coast Cenozoic zones and stages, recognized using the methodology established by Oppel, are a primary characteristic of the Berkeley School of Stratigraphic Paleontology.
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Chen, Y., and T. C. Bond. "Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (September 30, 2009): 20471–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-20471-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols affect the radiative balance of the Earth by absorbing and scattering light. While BC is highly absorbing, some organic compounds also have significant absorption, which is greater at near-ultraviolet and blue wavelengths. To the extent that OC absorbs visible light, it may be a non-negligible contributor to direct aerosol radiative forcing. In this work, we examine absorption by primary OC emitted from solid fuel pyrolysis. We provide absorption spectra of this material, which can be related to the imaginary refractive index. This material has polar character but is not fully water-soluble: more than 92% was extractable by methanol or acetone, compared with 73% for water and 52% for hexane. Water-soluble organic carbon contributed to light absorption at both ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. However, a larger portion came from organic carbon that is extractable only by methanol. The spectra of water-soluble organic carbon are similar to others in the literature. We compared spectra for material generated with different wood type, wood size and pyrolysis temperature. Higher wood temperature is the main factor creating organic aerosol with higher absorption, causing about a factor of four increase in mass-normalized absorption at visible wavelengths. A simple model suggests that, despite the absorption, both high-temperature and low-temperature carbon have negative climate forcing over a surface with average albedo.