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Journal articles on the topic 'Alcohol control policy measures'
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1
Štelemėkas, Mindaugas, Jakob Manthey, Shannon Lange, Robertas Badaras, João Breda, Carina Ferreira‐Borges, and Jürgen Rehm. "Evaluation of alcohol policy control measures is key." Addiction 115, no. 8 (February 20, 2020): 1590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14983.
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Van Iwaarden, M. J. "An Alcohol Policy in the European Union?" Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 11, no. 5-6 (October 1994): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072594011005-609.
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Although the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages in Europe ranks among the highest in the world, resulting in many social and public health problems, measures to create an EU level alcohol control policy are yet to be made. Alcoholic beverages are currently regarded mainly as one product among many other products and the related restrictions are, for the most part, market oriented. The Nordic Countries, the author argues, cannot therefore expect much from EU as regards alcohol policy. Rather, he concludes, it is the other way around. However, Article 129 of the Treaty of Maastricht could perhaps form the basis for a general EU health policy.
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Voller, Fabio, and Allaman Allamani. "Contextual Factors and Alcohol Consumption Control Policy Measures: The AMPHORA Study Background." Substance Use & Misuse 49, no. 12 (June 25, 2014): 1508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.913438.
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Karlsson, Thomas, and Esa Österberg. "A scale of formal alcohol control policy in 15 European countries." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 1_suppl (February 2001): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s01.
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Thomas Karlsson & Esa Österberg: A scale of formal alcohol control policy in 15 European countries As part of the alcohol control policy analysis of the ECAS project, this article reviews and discusses previous attempts to measure the strictness of alcohol control policies and to conduct a similar analysis in the ECAS countries. Based on the knowledge gathered from previous studies, we have created a scale of our own to measure the strictness of alcohol control policies and have applied it to the countries included in the ECAS project. The scales reviewed in this article and the scale we have constructed only measure the strictness of formal alcohol control. Drawing on the results of the ECAS scale, it seems that formal alcohol control in the EU member states has become stricter during the second half of the twentieth century. In the 1950s only three of the 15 countries were classified as having “high alcohol control”. In the year 2000 the number of high alcohol control countries had increased to six. The number of countries with low alcohol control had decreased from nine to zero between 1950 and 2000. Comparing the scores in the different countries or the average scores in all the ECAS countries over time is, however, problematic because the changes in these numbers reflect two different trends. On the one hand, there has been a decrease in the control of production and sales of alcoholic beverages or the regulation on alcohol availability. On the other hand, alcohol control measures targeted at demand or alcohol-related problems have become more prevalent. This means that alcohol control policies have become more similar in the ECAS countries in the second half of the twentieth century. Because of the limitations of the scale, however, we have to make certain reservations about the results and be very careful not to draw too far-reaching conclusions based solely on the results and rankings on the ECAS scale or any other scale for that matter. The scale and the results should therefore be considered as yet another attempt to quantify and rank alcohol control policies according to their strictness and not as an attempt to provide a perfect solution to a mission impossible.
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Johnson, Hope. "Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Tobacco Control: Implications for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Consumption-Control Measures." QUT Law Review 17, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v17i2.709.
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Public health advocates and policy makers have long considered how to translate the successes of tobacco control measures to address alcohol abuse and the excessive consumption of ultra-processed and nutrient-poor foods. Correspondingly, the strategies adopted by tobacco companies to prevent or delay regulation often parallel those adopted by the alcohol and food industries. Philip Morris, a leading tobacco company, has recently used investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanisms as a new strategy to hinder or prevent tobacco control measures in the form of plain packaging requirements. The cases that followed may have implications for the development of novel consumption-control measures, like plain packaging laws, aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. This paper considers how the challenges to tobacco control measures through ISDS mechanisms could affect the development of consumption-control measures aimed at reducing alcohol abuse and unhealthy food consumption for non-communicable disease prevention. Using the recent ISDS challenges by Philip Morris as case studies, this paper draws out lessons and issues for the future development of consumption-control measures.
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Khaltourina, Daria, and Andrey Korotayev. "Effects of Specific Alcohol Control Policy Measures on Alcohol-Related Mortality in Russia from 1998 to 2013." Alcohol and Alcoholism 50, no. 5 (May 11, 2015): 588–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv042.
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Österberg, Esa. "The effects of favouring lower alcohol content beverages: Four examples from Finland." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 29, no. 1 (February 2012): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10199-012-0004-0.
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Aims This paper studies the possibility of substituting the consumption of one alcoholic beverage category for another by changing alcohol control measures. It examines four Finnish examples: the waiving in 1952 of the requirement to show a special identity card issued by the alcohol monopoly Alko for buying fortifed wines; again binding the sales of fortifed wines to Alko's identity card in 1958; a 1960s alcohol price policy favouring wines and beer over vodka; and the change in alcohol legislation in 1968, which allowed selling medium beer in grocery stores but left the off-premise sales of all stronger alcoholic beverages to Alko's liquor stores. Data Data on recorded consumption of alcoholic beverages in terms of 100 per cent alcohol per capita according to beverage categories will be used together with the numbers of arrests for drunkenness according to beverage categories as well as different data sources on changes in alcohol control measures. Results & Conclusions The four examples from Finland show that strong alcoholic beverages can be substituted for lighter drinks, but this seems to work especially when the lighter beverages can be used for the same purposes as the stronger ones. It is much more difficult to persuade consumers to substitute strong alcoholic beverages for light ones by changing relative alcohol availability or by adjusting prices, if the consumers also have to change their drinking habits by, for instance, substituting binging with vodka for drinking light wines with meals. The Finnish examples also make it clear that changing from one beverage category to another does not automatically result in changing the way to use alcoholic beverages or the drinking habits themselves.
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Baccini, Michela, and Giulia Carreras. "Analyzing and Comparing the Association Between Control Policy Measures and Alcohol Consumption in Europe." Substance Use & Misuse 49, no. 12 (May 15, 2014): 1684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.914373.
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Madureira-Lima, Joana, and Sandro Galea. "Alcohol control policies and alcohol consumption: an international comparison of 167 countries." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209350.
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BackgroundAlcohol control policy has a fundamental role in limiting negative health, economic and social harm caused by alcohol consumption. However, there is substantial international heterogeneity in country-level policy adoption, implementation and monitoring. Comparative measures so far focused on Europe or the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries.MethodsWe created an Alcohol Control Policy Index (ACPI) for 167 countries using five different methodological approaches. National policies were sourced from WHO’s Global Information System on Alcohol and Health. We assessed ACPI’s criterion-related validity by calculating the strength of the association among the different approaches. As for content validity, we tested whether the resulting scores explained variations in alcohol per capita consumption cross-nationally, controlling for gross domestic product, population age, urbanisation and world region using OLS and random coefficients models.ResultsIndex scores and ranks from different methodological approaches are highly correlated (r=0.99). Higher scores were associated with lower consumption across the five methods. For each 1 score increase in the ACPI, the reduction in per capita alcohol consumption varies from −0.024 L (95% CI (−0.043 to −0.004) to −0.014 L (95% CI (−0.034 to 0.005). We obtain larger coefficients and p values <0.005 when estimating random coefficients.ConclusionACPI offers a measure of alcohol control policy across countries that makes use of a larger number of countries than its predecessors, as well as a wider range of methodologies for its calculation, both of which contribute to its validity. Furthermore, it shows that the statutory strictness of alcohol control policies is associated with lower levels of alcohol consumption.
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Lehto, Juhani. "Alcohol Policy in the Changing Eastern Europe." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 12, no. 1_suppl (February 1995): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259501201s04.
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Both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems are, it is claimed, rapidly increasing problems in central and eastern Europe, due to the transition period. The article presents some available data and discusses the problems in making conclusions from rather inaccurate statistics. The second objective is to discuss the opportunities for effective alcohol policies, and the relevance of the studies made in established market economies, such as the Anglo-American and Scandinavian countries. An important condition for a control policy, the author concludes, is the re-establishment of a basic regulation of the alcohol market, now missing in these countries. Otherwise any policy measures will be ineffective or even counterproductive. The process will probably be different in different countries, due to differences in the economic restructuring and recovery, and to differences between the “beer”, “wine”, and “vodka” cultures.
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Gliksman, Louis, and Margaret Rylett. "The World Health Organization's Global Alcohol Database: Opportunities for Research and Support for Policy." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600314.
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Since its inception in 1997, the Global Alcohol Database (GAD) has undergone several iterations and brings together information on a number of topics across countries: alcohol and health situations; consequences of alcohol consumption; trends in alcohol use and related mortality; alcohol production; trade; health effects; and national alcohol control measures and policies. Efforts have been made to make this database compatible with the World Health Organization (WHO) International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm. A set of indicators was chosen that assesses the most important aspects of the alcohol situation in WHO Member States as they relate to public health. The indicators are grouped into seven broad categories: alcohol production and availability; levels of consumption; patterns of consumption; harms and consequences; economic aspects; alcohol control policies; and prevention, treatment and drinking guidelines. Contents of the GAD are available on the WHO's Global Information on Alcohol and Health Web site.
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Štelemėkas, Mindaugas, Jakob Manthey, Robertas Badaras, Sally Casswell, Carina Ferreira‐Borges, Ramunė Kalėdienė, Shannon Lange, et al. "Alcohol control policy measures and all‐cause mortality in Lithuania: an interrupted time–series analysis." Addiction 116, no. 10 (April 6, 2021): 2673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15470.
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Romelsjö, Anders, Robin Room, and Elisabeth Ellström. "Is alcohol dependence a mediator between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems? A study from a clinical population in Stockholm County." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 20, no. 2-3 (February 2003): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072503020002-301.
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Several studies have been done on the prevalence of the alcohol dependence syndrome, while other studies have focused on whether the dependence syndrome can be seen as a unity, or not. Few studies have analysed the association between alcohol consumption, the alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) and alcohol-related problems. A main issue is to what extent an association between alcohol consumption and problems is explained by the dependence syndrome or by its sub-components (drinking despite a health problem, craving, impaired control, preoccupation with alcohol, withdrawal symptoms and increased tolerance). The purpose in this paper is to elucidate this issue in analyses of data from the health care-based clinical sample of the study “Women and Men in Swedish Addiction Treatment”, comprising comprehensive interviews of almost 1000 inpatients and outpatients in Stockholm County. These data cover e.g. alcohol and drug use, alcohol dependence (ICD-10) measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the composite-scores part of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), sociodemographics and alcohol-related problems. Three measures of alcohol-related problems were constructed covering health and psychological problems, self-defined social problems, and social problems defined by others. In these exploratory analyses of patients with alcohol dependence as a dominating problem, a series of logistic regression analyses were done. A substantial part of the association between the consumption measures and the three outcomes could be accounted for by measures of the ADS. The predictive power of the six criteria composing the ADS varied considerably for the different outcomes. The interpretation is not straightforward, not least as the alcohol dependence syndrome also includes items of alcohol-related problems.
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Schrad, M. Lawrence. "Toward a Comparative Analysis of State Alcohol-Control Systems: The Triadic Model." Contemporary Drug Problems 32, no. 2 (June 2005): 195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090503200203.
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Given the particular dynamics associated with alcohol-control systems across national and temporal contexts, there exists a tremendous potential for studying alcohol-control systems in a comparative context. This can best be done by analyzing the interplay of the effects of particular alcohol-control measures on three sectors: public health and social order, private profit, and government revenue. The article develops a new, zero-sum model to facilitate such analysis by permitting a greater comparative analysis of alcohol-control systems in the abstract. A triadic model depicts the benefits to these three potential recipients of the state-regulated trade in alcoholic beverages and other controlled substances, and describes how particular initiatives may sway the balance toward or away from each of the players. The model has the potential to widen understanding of how legislation and social action affect the benefits of the alcohol trade in a controlled environment, and it may provide a useful framework for future research.
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Kilian, Carolin, Jakob Manthey, Jacek Moskalewicz, Janusz Sieroslawski, and Jürgen Rehm. "How Attitudes toward Alcohol Policies Differ across European Countries: Evidence from the Standardized European Alcohol Survey (SEAS)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224461.
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Alcohol policy endorsements have changed over time, probably interacting with the implementation and effectiveness of alcohol policy measures. The Standardized European Alcohol Survey (SEAS) evaluated public opinion toward alcohol policies in 20 European locations (19 countries and one subnational region) in 2015 and 2016 (n = 32,641; 18–64 years). On the basis of the SEAS report, we investigated regional differences and individual characteristics related to categories of alcohol policy endorsement. Latent class analysis was used to replicate cluster structure from the SEAS report and to examine individual probabilities of endorsement. Hierarchical quasi-binomial regression models were run to analyze the relative importance of variables of interest (supranational region, gender, age, educational achievement, and drinking status) on class endorsement probability, with random intercepts for each location. The highest support for alcohol control policies was recorded in Northern countries, which was in contrast to the Eastern countries, where the lowest support for control policies was found. Across all locations, positive attitudes toward control policies were associated with the female gender, older age, and abstaining from alcohol. Our findings underline the need to communicate alcohol-related harm and the implications of alcohol control policies to the public in order to increase awareness and support for such policies in the long run.
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Giesbrecht, Norman, Ashley Wettlaufer, Samantha Cukier, Gillian Geddie, André-Henrique Gonçalves, and Emilene Reisdorfer. "Do alcohol pricing and availability policies have differential effects on sub-populations? A commentary." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.227.
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Giesbrecht, N., Wettlaufer, A., Cukier, S., Geddie, G., Gonçalves, A., & Reisdorfer, E. (2016). Do alcohol pricing and availability policies have differential effects on sub-populations? A commentary. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(3), 89-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.227Aims: Numerous policies have been shown to reduce the harm from alcohol; however, not all sub-populations respond similarly to policy interventions. This paper explores the specific effects of alcohol pricing policies and controls regarding physical availability on different types of harms from alcohol as well as on different sectors of the population, including impacts by gender, age, and drinking patterns.Design, Setting, Participants, and Measures: We focus on two dimensions. The first is alcohol pricing and taxation; the second is alcohol availability, comprising type of alcohol control system, outlet density, and hours/days of sale. We focused on peer-reviewed research and reviews published from 2005–2015, using several databases: PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Cochrane.Findings: Precautionary alcohol prices have substantial harm reduction potential, particularly among youth and high-risk drinkers. Restrictions on outlet densities and hours/days of sale impact the drinking patterns of underage youth, reduce high-risk drinking, and reduce alcohol-related harm. A reduction in prices or an increase in alcohol availability are associated with increase in high-risk drinking or alcohol-related harm.Conclusions: Future work should examine these policy measures in light of socioeconomic status and cultural factors, as well as impacts of policy interventions on evidence of harm to others from alcohol.
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Loskutnikova, E. I., A. U. Gil, I. N. Alekhin, and R. A. Khalfin. "Analysis of morbidity with poisonings with ethanol and surrogate alcohols in irkutsk region between 2010 and 2017." Sechenov Medical Journal 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/22187332.2019.2.36-44.
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Aim. Poisonings with ethanol and surrogate alcohols are preventable causes of morbidity and mortality posing a serious threat to population health. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of the incidence of acute poisoning with ethyl and surrogate alcohols in the Irkutsk region for the period from 2010 to 2017, and to discuss it in the context of the regional and federal policy aimed at regulation of the alcohol - containing products. Materials and methods. The data of the statistical reporting form No. 12-15 “Information on the results of toxicological monitoring” in the Irkutsk region for the period from 2010 to 2017, the data of the Federal State Statistics Service RosStat on the incidence of acute chemical poisoning, and on incidence of acute poisoning with ethyl alcohol and surrogate alcohols were analyzed. Subsequent interpretation of the results in the context of the regional and federal alcohol control policy has been performed. Results. In the Irkutsk region, during the analyzed period of time there was observed a high incidence of acute poisonings with ethanol and surrogate alcohols with territorial differences within the region, and with positive dynamics of reduction of incidence by 38.7% in 2017 in comparison to 2010. Poisonings with ethanol occupy a leading place in the structure of the incidence in comparison with poisoning with other alcohols. The Irkutsk region was ranked 9th among all other subjects of the Russian Federation in 2017 by level of morbidity with alcohol poisonings. Among all cases of poisonings the proportion of the adult working age population was 89.1%, males - 77%, and unemployed population - 57.8%, which suggests that these categories of population are under the highest risk of acute poisoning with ethanol and surrogate alcohols. Conclusion. Strengthening control over the illegal distribution of ethyl alcohol and alcohol - containing products, especially in the territories situated along the Federal highways is seen as a priority area for action. Control of distribution of alcohols between 2010 and 2017 on the territory of the Irkutsk region allowed reducing incidence of poisonings by 38.7%. To maintain the positive dynamics of reducing morbidity and mortality from acute poisoning of alcohol etiology, to preserve the labor potential of the population of the Irkutsk region, it is necessary to further strengthen and reinforce control measures at the regional level.
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Belackova, Vendula, Barbara Janikova, Jaroslav Vacek, Hana Fidesova, and Michal Miovsky. "“It can’t happen to me”." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 34, no. 5 (October 2017): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072517733597.
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Background: In September 2012, a series of methanol poisonings occurred in the Czech Republic as a result of an influx of illicit alcohol into (predominantly) cheap alcoholic beverages on the retail market. The public authorities decided to prevent public health risks by prohibiting sales of liquors that contained more than 20% alcohol (> 20% liquor). The “partial” prohibition lasted for almost two weeks, but the poisonings still continued. This article assesses the impact of the methanol poisoning risks and the (partial) prohibition on alcohol drinking patterns, and describes the understanding of risks and their mitigation in vulnerable groups. Methods: The rapid assessment and response method (RAR) was used during the (partial) alcohol prohibition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents recruited for the study in alcohol-intake settings (e.g., bars and restaurants, street alcohol outlets) in six regions. In total, 107 alcohol users were interviewed, mostly with risky drinking patterns (69% scored ≥ 1 on the CAGE scale), and 53 alcohol retailers/staff members serving alcohol. Results: About one third of the alcohol users in the study (35%) drank > 20% liquors during the prohibition; a higher score on the CAGE scale was associated with a lower probability of drinking > 20% liquors during the period of the prohibition, probably because of the perception of being at high risk of poisoning. There was some increase in drinking liquors with an alcohol content less than 20%. Those who continued drinking > 20% liquors typically did so in the belief that some sources of these were safe. Conclusions: Public policies aimed at reducing the risk of methanol poisonings in emergency situations should adopt broader measures than those focusing on market control. These measures include increased access to brief interventions, addressing the strategies that alcohol consumers adopt to prevent risk, and, in general, helping consumers make informed choices to prevent further fatalities.
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Dinan, John, and Jac C. Heckelman. "Voting on Prohibition: Disentangling Preferences on Alcohol and Decentralization." Social Science History 43, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.34.
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We contribute to an understanding of the determinants of voter support for US prohibition policies in the early 1900s, by separating substantive preferences for wet versus dry policies from preferences for centralized versus decentralized control. Prior studies of prohibition referenda have generated various conclusions about which groups supported and opposed prohibition, whether regarding the role of religion, urban/rural residence, immigrant status, gender, or class. But none of these studies has considered the impact of preferences regarding decentralization on voter support for prohibition measures. We exploit a combination of referenda unique to the 1933 Ohio ballot, where voters considered prohibition-repeal measures alongside a county home-rule amendment. By viewing support for home rule as a proxy for decentralization preferences we clarify and explain anomalies in prior studies regarding determinants of support for prohibition and its repeal, especially regarding urban counties and some evangelical denominations, which are shown to have been guided by a preference for local control of alcohol policy, and counties with larger proportions of women, which are associated with greater support for more centralized and uniform alcohol policy.
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Lehto, Juhani. "Opportunities for Alcohol Policy in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 11, no. 5-6 (October 1994): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072594011005-602.
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Both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems are, it is claimed, rapidly increasing problems in Central and Eastern Europe, due to the transition period. The article presents some available data and discusses the problems in making conclusions from rather inaccurate statistics. The second objective is to discuss the opportunities for effective alcohol policies, and the relevance of the studies made in established market economies, such as the Anglo-American and Scandinavian countries. An important condition for a control policy, the author concludes, is the re-establishment of a basic regulation of the alcohol market, now missing in these countries. Otherwise any policy measures will be ineffective or even counterproductive. The process will probably be different in different countries, due to differences in the economic restructuring and recovery, and to differences between the “beer”, “wine”, and “vodka” cultures.
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Giesbrecht, Norman. "Alcohol, tobacco and local control: A comparison of several community-based prevention trials." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 20, no. 1_suppl (February 2003): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250302001s04.
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In North America there are significant similarities and differences in attitudes with regard to alcohol and tobacco on several dimensions, including the view taken of producers, suppliers and retailers, the products, and in the patterns of use. There are also contrasting as well as overlapping tendencies with regard to perceived problems associated with alcohol versus tobacco consumption, intervention initiatives and the resources available. These secular developments and forces provide a context for examining 10 community-based prevention trials which have sought to reduce harm from alcohol or tobacco using a range of strategies. The strategies have included education and information campaigns, media advocacy, counter-advertising and health promotion, controls on selling and consumption venues and other regulations reduced access to alcohol or tobacco, enhanced law enforcement and surveillance, and community organizing and coalition development. The paper outlines the challenges of undertaking community-based trials and interpreting their findings. It notes that interventions which show promise are those that pay particular attention to controls on access, include the environmental contexts of where the products are sold and distributed, and involve enforcement of public health polices. Controlling tobacco use may be made somewhat easier, than is the case for alcohol, with the vilification of the tobacco industry and marginalization and victimization of smokers. Nevertheless, the community trial provides opportunities for reducing harm related to alcohol and tobacco, particularly if resources are oriented in a coordinated way to those control measures and policies with the widest scope and greatest effectiveness.
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Roodbeen, Ruud T. J., Karen Schelleman-Offermans, and Paul H. H. M. Lemmens. "Can vendors’ age limit control measures increase compliance with the alcohol age limit? An evaluation of measures implemented by three Dutch liquor store chains." International Journal of Drug Policy 61 (November 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.09.006.
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Hemström, Örjan. "Attitudes toward Alcohol Policy in Six EU Countries." Contemporary Drug Problems 29, no. 3 (September 2002): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090202900306.
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This study explores differences between Sweden, Finland, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy regarding public attitudes toward alcohol control policy (measured by a statement that the government has a responsibility to keep down how much people drink). Cross-national representative samples of around 1,000 respondents 18–64 years old in each country were analyzed. A large majority of people in Italy and Sweden (about 75%) supported governmental responsibility for alcohol control. This was the case for 60% in France and for 48% in the UK, whereas in Finland and Germany those who were supportive constituted a minority (38% and 29%). After controlling for social factors in logistic regressions, this pattern was unaltered and clearly significant. The attitude was strongly related to alcohol consumption: in all six countries, non-drinkers and low consumers were most supportive and high consumers least supportive. Limitations of the data and potential explanations of the findings are discussed.
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Sairanen, Sanna, and Pekka Sulkunen. "From Centralized to Local Alcohol Policy? Administrative Decentralization and the Role of Local Municipalities in Finnish Alcohol Policy." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 15, no. 2 (April 1998): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259801500203.
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The main concern in the article is with the question of how far the administration of welfare policy in general and alcohol policy in particular has been decentralized from central government to the local level. The period under review extends from the abrogation of the Prohibition Act in 1932 up to the present day. For the part of alcohol policy, the development is measured on the basis of the changes that have taken place in alcohol legislation, specifically with regard to alcohol control and licensing. Separate treatment is given to municipal alcohol inspection and alcohol and temperance committees. The latitude of local self-government in welfare policy issues is described by reference to the government grant system. The resources allocated by central government to local municipalities may be earmarked for specific projects, or alternatively be granted for allocation according to the local municipality's own discretion. The article also introduces a case study on the alcohol policy decision-makers in a Finnish municipality in 1991–1994. Local municipalities have greater autonomy today in the implementation and funding of welfare services than they did during the formative years of the welfare state. It is possible that in the future Finnish municipalities will become increasingly differentiated in terms of both the quality and quantity of services. However, local municipalities still remain first and foremost service providers; it seems that they have not even wanted to assume responsibility for the advocacy and protection of moral-political democracy. The same applies to alcohol policy. For the most part, local municipalities have tried to shed their responsibilities and reduce their influence in alcohol policy decision-making. During the 1990s municipalities have no longer wanted to assume responsibility for alcohol control or for the processing of licensing and retail sales permits. The article concludes that local municipalities consider the lack of services a greater problem than the social or health problems associated with alcohol.
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Craplet, Michel. "Prevention of Alcohol- and Tobacco-Related Harms." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 24, no. 3 (June 2007): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250702400303.
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Based on a definition of comprehensive prevention, the author submits prevention actions in alcohol and tobacco related problems to the question: “Education or control, must we choose?” After reviewing the history, the author describes the current panorama of health education actions and control before discussing some methodological and ethical questions concerning the methods and the actors of prevention. He tries to define “prevention ideal” – which must be distinguished from “ideal prevention” and its totalitarian abuse – to introduce the second part of his text which deals with the question of evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol- and tobacco-related problems prevention. The author confirms the efficacy of control measures, but also shows that education has a certain degree of efficacy, despite the dominant trends in Anglo-Saxons countries. He also shows that education is necessary in the context of many European countries. After discussing the issue of cost-effectiveness ratio, the author emphasise the need for global prevention taking into account cultural and political elements to ensure efficient as well as effective prevention and social acceptance of this prevention.
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Single, Eric, Michael Beaubrun, Marie Mauffret, Alberto Minoletti, Jacek Moskalewicz, Albert Moukolo, Nii-K. Plange, et al. "Public drinking, problems and prevention measures in twelve countries: results of the WHO project on public drinking." Contemporary Drug Problems 24, no. 3 (September 1997): 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099702400302.
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Until recently, drinking in public venues has been a relatively neglected area of alcohol research despite the epidemiological significance of problems arising from drinking in licensed establishments and other public venues. In the WHO Project on Public Drinking, expert informants in 12 countries provided detailed information on alcohol consumption, drinking in public settings, the nature and magnitude of problems associated with public drinking, the regulation of public drinking, enforcement and prevention. The most commonly indicated problems associated with drinking in public venues were underage drinking, impaired driving, and alcohol-related violence. Many of the informants in the survey expressed concern that the enforcement of alcohol licensing laws receives very low priority on the political agenda. In general, few countries have developed prevention programs aimed specifically at preventing problems arising from drinking in public venues. Nonetheless the informants identified a wide variety of measures that can be taken to reduce these problems in public drinking environments. These include general alcohol preventive education, alcohol control measures (including restrictions on hours and days of operation), improved enforcement of licensing laws, impaired driving countermeasures, server training and the use of civil law to promote responsible beverage service, and the promotion of low-alcohol-content beverages.
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Lintonen, Tomi, Suvi Ahtinen, and Anne Konu. "Alcoholic beverage preferences among teenagers in Finland before and after the 2018 alcohol law change." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 2 (April 2020): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072520910547.
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Aims: The alcohol law change in Finland in the beginning of 2018 was forecast to shift alcohol sales from alcohol monopoly stores to grocery stores. The trend of declining adolescent alcohol use was predicted to end. This study aimed to provide a more detailed view on under-age drinking change through analysing alcoholic beverage use preferences among 14 and 16 year olds in Finland from 2017 to 2019. Methods: Nationally representative surveys of adolescent health behaviours in Finland from 2017 ( n = 2451) and 2019 ( n = 2119) among 14 and 16 year olds were analysed using cross-tabulations and logistic regression modelling. Beverage data were coded from an open-ended question concerning the latest drinking occasion. Results: The proportion of 14 and 16-year-old girls reporting drinking alcohol was 41% in 2017 and 45% in 2019. The corresponding proportions among boys were 39% in 2017 and 43% in 2019. The share of alcohol consumed in the form of beer, alcopops and cider increased among girls from 55% to 75%, but the apparent increase among boys from 69% to 76% was not statistically significant. The only beverage type category that increased in popularity from the year 2017 to 2019 was alcopops. Conclusions: The law change bringing strong alcopops, beer and cider into grocery stores increased their consumption – especially among the under-aged. Comprehensive measures including taxation, restrictions on advertising and sales affecting the population total consumption are also likely to remain the keys to reducing alcohol consumption among adolescents. In addition, effective age-limit control and sanctions against neglecting age-restriction enforcement are needed.
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Skinner, Adam, Pippy Walker, Jo-An Atkinson, Rebecca Whitehead, Tim Roselli, Mark West, Margaret Bright, et al. "Policy options for endgame planning in tobacco control: a simulation modelling study." Tobacco Control 30, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055126.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the potential impacts of several tobacco control interventions on adult daily smoking prevalence in the Australian state of Queensland, using a system dynamics model codeveloped with local and national stakeholders.MethodsEight intervention scenarios were simulated and compared with a reference scenario (business as usual), in which all tobacco control measures currently in place are maintained unchanged until the end of the simulation period (31 December 2037).FindingsUnder the business as usual scenario, adult daily smoking prevalence is projected to decline from 11.8% in 2017 to 5.58% in 2037. A sustained 50% increase in antismoking advertising exposure from 2018 reduces projected prevalence in 2037 by 0.80 percentage points. Similar reductions are projected with the introduction of tobacco wholesaler and retailer licensing schemes that either permit or prohibit tobacco sales by alcohol-licensed venues (0.65 and 1.73 percentage points, respectively). Increasing the minimum age of legal supply of tobacco products substantially reduces adolescent initiation, but has minimal impact on smoking prevalence in the adult population over the simulation period. Sustained reductions in antismoking advertising exposure of 50% and 100% from 2018 increase projected adult daily smoking prevalence in 2037 by 0.88 and 1.98 percentage points, respectively.ConclusionsThese results suggest that any prudent approach to endgame planning should seek to build on rather than replace existing tobacco control measures that have proved effective to date. Additional interventions that can promote cessation are expected to be more successful in reducing smoking prevalence than interventions focussing exclusively on preventing initiation.
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Sumenkova, Mariia, and Viktoriya Katomina. "Administrative-legal measures in the fight against alcoholism in Russia: history and modernity." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2020): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.5.32770.
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The goal of this research is the formation of conceptual foundation for administrative-legal regulation of fight against alcoholism, cognate with the development of practical recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of legal measures of overcoming negative consequences caused by consumption of alcohol beverages. The relevance of this work is determined by severity of the problems related to consumption of alcohol, and as a result, degradation of population, increase in mortality rates, destruction of moral and ethical values of the people, and aggravation of criminogenic situation. The Russian government has always used the administrative-legal measures to combat alcoholism. The object of this research is the social relations in historical retrospective that emerge, develop and transform under the influence of administrative-legal measures of combating alcoholism. The subject is administrative-legal measures of the government aimed at fight against alcoholism. The comparative-legal method allowed juxtaposing the legal measures implemented in prerevolutionary, Soviet and current legislation. The scientific novelty consists in articulation of the problem underlining the need for scientific analysis of administrative-legal measures of combating alcoholism at the domestic level and recommendations on its optimization. The major dilemma of administrative alcohol policy is that one the one hand, excessive liberalization of the consumption of alcohol beverages is the cause of alcoholization of population, while on the other – tightening of control measure leads to the increase of bootlegging, causing the drop in state revenue, as well as worsening of somatic and psychological health of the people.
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Klingemann, Justyna I., and Harald Klingemann. "Drinking under control programmes: perception of alcohol-related harm reduction measures in Poland. Results of qualitative study among outpatient alcohol treatment providers." Alcoholism and Drug Addiction 30, no. 3 (2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ain.2017.72310.
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Yang, Joshua S., Hadii M. Mamudu, and Timothy K. Mackey. "Governing Noncommunicable Diseases Through Political Rationality and Technologies of Government: A Discourse Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124413.
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In the last two decades, global action to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has accelerated, but policy adoption and implementation at the national level has been inadequate. This analysis examines the role of rationalities of governing, or governmentality, in national-level adoption of global recommendations. Critical discourse analysis was conducted using 49 formal institutional and organizational documents obtained through snowball sampling methodology. Text were coded using a framework of five forms of governmentality and analyzed to describe the order of discourse which has emerged within the global NCD policy domain. The dominant political rationality used to frame NCDs is rooted in risk governmentality. Recommendations for tobacco control and prevention of harmful alcohol use rely on a governmentality of police mixed with discipline. The promotion of physical activity relies heavily on disciplinary governmentality, and the prevention of unhealthy diet mixed disciplinary measures, discipline, and neoliberal governmentalities. To translate global NCD prevention and control strategies to national action, acceptability for the political rationalities embodied in policy options must be nurtured as new norms, procedures, and institutions appropriate to the political rationalities of specific interventions are developed.
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Cooper, Alice H., and Paulette Kurzer. "Rauch ohne Feuer: Why Germany Lags in Tobacco Control." German Politics and Society 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503003782353411.
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The puzzle explored in this article is why Germany, in spite of itssuperb record in environmental policy and health care, has systematicallythwarted measures to reduce smoking rates. At this point,thousands of large-scale epidemiological findings demonstrate a relationshipbetween smoking and disease. Moreover, unlike alcohol,there is no safe amount of smoking. Cigarettes kill, and smoking isthe single largest source of preventable death in advanced industrializedstates. By various estimates, tobacco kills 500,000 Europeansper year, including 120,000 Germans. Globally, in the years 2025 to2030, smoking will kill 7 million people in the developing world and3 million in the industrialized world. No other consumer product isas dangerous as tobacco, which kills more people than AIDS, legaland illegal drugs, road accidents, murder, and suicide combined.
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Hemström, Örjan. "Informal Alcohol Control in Six EU Countries." Contemporary Drug Problems 29, no. 3 (September 2002): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090202900305.
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This article describes differences between Finland, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy regarding having influenced someone to drink less alcohol. Representative samples of around 1,000 respondents 18–64 years old in each country were analyzed. Informal alcohol control was measured by questions on whether the respondent reported having influenced someone in any of eight categories of family members and friends to drink less. People in Italy significantly more often reported having pressured someone to drink less (38%) compared with the average rate (32%). In multivariate logistic regressions, people in France and Sweden were significantly less likely to report this. The higher rate in Italy was due to Italian men's high likelihood of trying to persuade both friends and family members to drink less compared with men in other countries. Differences among these six European countries regarding informal control of alcohol appear to be greater among men than among women.
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Giesbrecht, Norman, Ashley Wettlaufer, Stephanie Simpson, Nicole April, Mark Asbridge, Samantha Cukier, Robert E. Mann, et al. "Strategies to reduce alcohol-related harms and costs in Canada: A comparison of provincial policies." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, no. 2 (July 19, 2016): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.221.
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Giesbrecht, N., Wettlaufer, A., Simpson, S., April, N., Asbridge, M., Cukier, S., Mann, R., McAllister, J., Murie, A., Pauley, C., Plamondon, L., Stockwell, T., Thomas, G., Thompson, K., & Vallance, K. (2016). Strategies to reduce alcohol-related harms and costs in Canada: A comparison of provincial policies. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 33-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.221Aims: To compare Canadian provinces across 10 research-based alcohol policy and program dimensions.Design and Measures: The 10 Canadian provinces were assessed on the following 10 policy dimensions: alcohol pricing; alcohol control system; physical availability; drinking and driving; marketing and advertising; legal drinking age; screening, brief intervention, and referrals; server training, challenge, and refusal programs; provincial alcohol strategy; warning labels and signs. Data were collected from official documents, including provincial legislation, regulations, and policy, and strategy documents. Three international experts on alcohol policy contributed to refining the protocol. Provincial scores were independently determined by two team members along a 10-point scale for each dimension, and the scores were expressed as a percentage of the ideal. Weighting of dimensions according to scope of impact and effectiveness was applied to obtain the final scores. National and provincial scores were calculated for each dimension and consolidated into overall averages.Findings: Overall, the consolidated national mean is 47.2% of the ideal, with Ontario scoring highest at 55.9%, and Québec lowest at 36.2%. Across dimensions, Legal Drinking Age and Challenge and Refusal Programs scored highest at 75% and 61%, respectively, while Warning Labels and Signs scored lowest at 18% of the ideal. Pricing, rated third highest among dimensions at 57%, should nevertheless remain a priority for improvement, given it is weighted highest in terms of effectiveness and scope.Conclusions and Implications: Policy dimension scores vary among the provinces, with substantial room for improvement in all. Since spring 2013, several provinces have taken steps to implement specific alcohol policies. Concerted action involving multiple stakeholders and alcohol policies is required to reduce the burden of alcohol problems across Canada.
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Noel, Jonathan K. "Associations Between Alcohol Policies and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Pooled Analysis of GSHS and ESPAD Data." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz068.
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Abstract Aims Alcohol-attributable harm remains high worldwide, and alcohol use among adolescents is particularly concerning. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of national alcohol control policies on adolescent alcohol use in low-, middle- and high-income countries and improve on previous cross-national attempts to estimate the impact of alcohol policy on this population. Methods Data on adolescent (n = 277,110) alcohol consumption from 84 countries were pooled from the Global School-based Health Survey and the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Alcohol use measures included lifetime alcohol use, current (past 30 days) alcohol use and current (past 30 days) binge drinking. Information on national alcohol control policies was obtained from the World Health Organization’s Global Information System on Alcohol and Health and scored for effectiveness. Main effects were estimated using two-level, random intercept hierarchical linear models, and the models were adjusted for sex and age of the participants, and pattern of drinking score, gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity and study at the country level. Results Availability (OR [95% CI] = 0.991 [0.983, 0.999]), marketing (OR [95% CI] = 0.994 [0.988, 1.000]) and pricing (OR [95% CI] = 0.955 [0.918, 0.993]) policies were inversely associated with lifetime drinking status. Pricing policies were also inversely associated with current binge drinking status among current drinkers (OR [95% CI] = 0.939 [0.894, 0.986]). There were no associations between the included alcohol policies and current drinking status. Conclusions Strong availability, marketing and pricing policies can significantly and practically impact adolescent alcohol consumption.
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Aziz, Ann-Marie. "Hand hygiene and stopping the spread of COVID-19." Journal of Paramedic Practice 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2020.12.6.cpd1.
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Health professionals' lack of compliance with hand hygiene is a problem in both hospitals and emergency medical services. The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is spreading around the world and practitioners must play their part to contain the outbreak. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and stop the spread of COVID-19. A range of products (including alcohol-based handrub and personal and respiratory protective equipment), procedures and strategies can improve compliance with hand hygiene in emergency medical services. Incorporating hand-hygiene strategies into policy can help providers to improve compliance. Effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures should be assessed by audit. All health professionals should contribute to improving infection prevention and control, including in the prehospital environment and during transfer between settings.
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Room, Robin, Kim Bloomfield, Gerhard Gmel, Ulrike Grittner, Nina-Katri Gustafsson, Pia Mäkelä, Esa Österberg, Mats Ramstedt, Jürgen Rehm, and Matthias Wicki. "What happened to alcohol consumption and problems in the Nordic countries when alcohol taxes were decreased and borders opened?" International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.58.
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Room. R., Bloomfield, K., Gmel, G., Grittner, U., Gustafsson, N.-K., Mäkelä, P., Österberg, E., Ramstedt, M., Rehm, J. & Wicki, M. (2013). What happened to alcohol consumption and problems in the Nordic countries when alcohol taxes were decreased and borders opened? International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 77-87. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.58 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.58)Aims: The study tests the effects of reductions in alcohol taxation and increases in travellers’ allowances on alcohol consumption and related harm in Denmark, Finland, and southern Sweden. In late 2003 and early 2004, taxes on alcoholic beverages were reduced in Denmark and Finland, and the abolition of quantitative quotas on alcohol import for personal use from other European Union countries made cheaper alcohol more available in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden.Method: Analyses of routine statistical register data and summaries of results from longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional population surveys and other previous analyses, with northern Sweden as a control site for secular trends.Results: Contrary to expectations, alcohol consumption—as based on register data—increased only in Finland and not in Denmark and southern Sweden, and self-reported survey data did not show an increase in any site. In Finland, alcohol-attributable harms in register data increased, especially in people with low socio-economic status. Few such effects were found in Denmark and southern Sweden. Neither did results for self-reported alcohol-attributable problems show any general increases in the three sites. These results remained after controlling for regression to the mean and modelling of drop-outs.Conclusions: Harms measured in register data did tend to increase in the short term with the policy change, particularly in Finland, where the tax changes were broader. But reducing price and increasing availability does not always increase alcohol consumption and harm. Effects are dampened in affluent societies, and other factors may intervene. The results for Finland also suggest some limits for general population surveys in testing for relatively small policy effects.
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El Mahi, Mohamed. "Substance use problem in Sudan: elephant in the room." BJPsych International 15, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2017.33.
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Alcohol and cannabis were the two main substances of misuse among certain groups in Sudan, especially young adults. Over the past decade, there has been a surge in the use of other substances, including prescribed drugs, among young people and university students in particular. There are two major shortcomings: first, in the absence of reliable data, the extent of the problem is unknown; second, the preventive and treatment interventions so far being adopted are meagre. To describe the possible causes behind the escalation of this problem and to discuss applicable measures that need to be implemented to control this rapidly growing problem. The paper will highlight the current situation of substance use in Sudan, as well as suggesting preventive measures that need to be taken to curb this problem. Research and evidence-based preventive approaches are desperately needed to aid policy makers in controlling this problem. Culture-specific treatment interventions are also necessary. The implementation of a national substance misuse control strategy is of paramount importance.
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Sharpe, Carolyn A., Alan Poots, Hilary Watt, Chris Williamson, David Franklin, and Richard J. Pinder. "An observational study to examine how cumulative impact zones influence alcohol availability from different types of licensed outlets in an inner London Borough." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e027320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027320.
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ObjectivesCumulative impact zones (CIZs) are a widely implemented local policy intended to restrict alcohol availability in areas proliferated with licensed outlets. Limited previous research has questioned their effectiveness and suggested they may play a more nuanced role in shaping local alcohol environments. This study evaluates the association between CIZ implementation and the number of licence applications made, and the number issued, relative to a control region.DesignA quantitative observational study.SettingThe inner London Borough of Southwark, which currently enforces three CIZs.PopulationLicence applications received by Southwark Council’s Licensing Authority between 1 April 2006 and 31 March 2017 (n=1254).InterventionsCIZ implementation.Primary outcome measuresFive outlet types were categorised and evaluated: drinking establishments, eateries, takeaways, off sales and other outlets. Primary outcome measures were the number of applications received and the number of licences issued. These were analysed using Poisson regression of counts over time.ResultsAcross all CIZs, implementation was associated with greater increases in the number of eateries in CIZ regions (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.58, 95% CI: 1.02–2.45, p=0.04) and number of takeaway venues (IRR=3.89, 95% CI: 1.32–11.49, p=0.01), relative to the control area. No discernible association was found for the remaining outlet types. Disaggregating by area indicated a 10-fold relative increase in the number of new eateries in Peckham CIZ (IRR=10.38, 95% CI: 1.39–77.66, p=0.02) and a fourfold relative increase in the number of newly licensed takeaways in Bankside CIZ (IRR=4.38, 95% CI: 1.20–15.91, p=0.03).ConclusionsCIZs may be useful as policy levers to shape local alcohol environments to support the licensing goals of specific geographical areas and diversify the night-time economy.
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Beyer, F. R., F. Campbell, N. Bertholet, J. B. Daeppen, J. B. Saunders, E. D. Pienaar, C. R. Muirhead, and E. F. S. Kaner. "The Cochrane 2018 Review on Brief Interventions in Primary Care for Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Consumption: A Distillation for Clinicians and Policy Makers." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz035.
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Abstract Aims An updated Cochrane systematic review assessed effectiveness of screening and brief intervention to reduce hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption in general practice or emergency care settings. This paper summarises the implications of the review for clinicians. Methods Cochrane methods were followed. Reporting accords with PRISMA guidance. We searched multiple resources to September 2017, seeking randomised controlled trials of brief interventions to reduce hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption in people attending general practice, emergency care or other primary care settings for reasons other than alcohol treatment. Brief intervention was defined as a conversation comprising five or fewer sessions of brief advice or brief lifestyle counselling and a total duration of less than 60 min. Our primary outcome was alcohol consumption, measured as or convertible to grams per week. We conducted meta-analyses to assess change in consumption, and subgroup analyses to explore the impact of participant and intervention characteristics. Results We included 69 studies, of which 42 were added for this update. Most studies (88%) compared brief intervention to control. The primary meta-analysis included 34 studies and provided moderate-quality evidence that brief intervention reduced consumption compared to control after one year (mean difference −20 g/wk, 95% confidence interval −28 to −12). Subgroup analysis showed a similar effect for men and women. Conclusions Brief interventions can reduce harmful and hazardous alcohol consumption in men and women. Short, advice-based interventions may be as effective as extended, counselling-based interventions for patients with harmful levels of alcohol use who are presenting for the first time in a primary care setting.
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Crombie, Iain K., Kathryn B. Cunningham, Linda Irvine, Brian Williams, Falko F. Sniehotta, John Norrie, Ambrose Melson, et al. "Modifying Alcohol Consumption to Reduce Obesity (MACRO): development and feasibility trial of a complex community-based intervention for men." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 19 (April 2017): 1–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21190.
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BackgroundObese men who consume alcohol are at a greatly increased risk of liver disease; those who drink > 14 units of alcohol per week have a 19-fold increased risk of dying from liver disease.ObjectivesTo develop an intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in obese men and to assess the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to investigate its effectiveness.Design of the interventionThe intervention was developed using formative research, public involvement and behaviour change theory. It was organised in two phases, comprising a face-to-face session with trained laypeople (study co-ordinators) followed by a series of text messages. Participants explored how alcohol consumption contributed to weight gain, both through direct calorie consumption and through its effect on increasing food consumption, particularly of high-calorie foodstuffs. Men were encouraged to set goals to reduce their alcohol consumption and to make specific plans to do so. The comparator group received an active control in the form of a conventional alcohol brief intervention. Randomisation was carried out using the secure remote web-based system provided by the Tayside Clinical Trials Unit. Randomisation was stratified by the recruitment method and restricted using block sizes of randomly varying lengths. Members of the public were involved in the development of all study methods.SettingMen were recruited from the community, from primary care registers and by time–space sampling (TSS). The intervention was delivered in community settings such as the participant’s home, community centres and libraries.ParticipantsMen aged 35–64 years who had a body mass index (BMI) of > 30 kg/m2and who drank > 21 units of alcohol per week.ResultsThe screening methods successfully identified participants meeting the entry criteria. Trial recruitment was successful, with 69 men (36 from 419 approached in primary care, and 33 from 470 approached via TSS) recruited and randomised in 3 months. Of the 69 men randomised, 35 were allocated to the intervention group and 34 to the control group. The analysis was conducted on 31 participants from the intervention group and 30 from the control group. The participants covered a wide range of ages and socioeconomic statuses. The average alcohol consumption of the men recruited was 47.2 units per week, more than twice that of the entry criterion (> 21 units per week). Most (78%) engaged in binge drinking (> 8 units in a session) at least weekly. Almost all (95%) exceeded the threshold for a 19-fold increase in the risk of dying from liver disease (BMI of > 30 kg/m2and > 14 units of alcohol per week). Despite this, they believed that they were at low risk of harm from alcohol, possibly because they seldom suffered acute harms (e.g. hangovers) and made few visits to a general practitioner or hospital.InterventionThe intervention was delivered with high fidelity. A high follow-up rate was achieved (98%) and the outcomes for the full RCT were measured. A process evaluation showed that participants engaged with the main components of the intervention. The acceptability of the study methods was high.ConclusionsThis feasibility study developed a novel intervention and evaluated all of the stages of a RCT that would test the effectiveness of the intervention. The main stages of a trial were completed successfully: recruitment, randomisation, intervention delivery, follow-up and measurement of study outcomes. Most of the men recruited drank very heavily and were also obese. This places them at a very high risk of liver disease, making them a priority for intervention.Future workA RCT to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN55309164.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 19. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Høyer, Georg, Odd Nilssen, Tormod Brenn, and Helge Schirmer. "Norwegians and cheap alcohol: Consumption in a low price area." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 11, no. 3 (June 1994): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259401100309.
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Although the archipelago of Svalbard is a part of Norway (situated 78 degrees north), the area is subject to a different alcohol policy than on the Norwegian mainland. In Svalbard, the prices of alcohol are low (in comparison to those on the mainland): however, personal quotas are in force in order to control sales. This study compares the level of alcohol consumption on Svalbard and on the Norwegian mainland. The comparison is based on self-reports of alcohol consumption. In Svalbard all of the residents eighteen years or older were screened by a self-administered questionnaire: alcohol consumption was recorded as an intake of alcohol measured in units during the last week before filling in the questionnaire. On the mainland, the recording was carried out through personal interviews in which respondents were asked about the frequency of alcohol intake and the average amount of intake for each episode in representative periods. The results showed that men in Svalbard consumed 1.7 times more alcohol then the men consumed on the mainland: women, 1.4 times more. The increased level of alcohol consumption can primarily be explained by the lower prices of alcohol in Svalbard. Thus this study strongly confirms the results of other studies which stress the impact of prices on the levels of alcohol consumption.
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Amato, Tatiana de Castro, Emérita Sátiro Opaleye, Nyanda McBride, and Ana Regina Noto. "Reducing alcohol-related risks among adolescents: a feasibility study of the SHAHRP program in Brazilian schools." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 26, no. 8 (August 2021): 3005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021268.13472020.
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Abstract The SHAHRP program was effective reducing drinking and alcohol - harms in Australia, but cross-cultural adaptation is required before replication. This study aimed at assessing the feasibility of SHAHRP in Brazil focused on implementation and acceptability. A mixed-methodsdesign was used: quantitative for implementing the program and evaluation and qualitative for acceptability. The quantitative design was a pilot of a randomized controlled trial. Private schools were randomly divided into four intervention (n=160) and four control (n=188) schools. Student’s mean age was 12.7 years. The fidelity of implementation and likely outcome measures were assessed. Qualitative data on acceptability were provided by students and teachers. The percentage of implementation varied from 62.5% to 87.5%. Behaviours such as alcohol-harms requires a larger cohort and longer follow-up to be adequately evaluated. The risk reduction approach and activities had good acceptability from students and teachers. Quantitative and qualitative outcomes on knowledge and decision-making indicated possible improvement in SHAHRP schools. The program is feasible and well accepted in a Brazilian setting, opening the way for a more comprehensive evaluation and dissemination.
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Ganesh, KS, AGV Naresh, and C. Bammigatti. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Male Police Personnel in Urban Puducherry, India." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 12, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v12i4.13728.
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Background Hypertension is an important health issue among high risk occupation groups like police personnel.Objective To assess the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among male police personnel.Method This cross sectional study was conducted among male police personnel residing in urban Puducherry, India. Data on blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, demographic factors, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, stress level, obesity and dietary factors were collected by interview technique using a standard questionnaire.Result About 296 police personnel were participated. Most of them belonged to the age group of 25-39 years (68%). The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 37.8% and 34.5% respectively. Among those with hypertension, 56.86% (58/102) were known hypertensives and 43.13% (44/102) were newly diagnosed. Age group of 50-59 years (AOR=8.472) and 40-49 years (AOR=8.15), currently using alcohol (AOR=1.797), less than 7 servings of fruits in a week (AOR=3.228), moderate stress level (AOR=2.374) and waist circumference more than 90 cm (AOR=4.937) were associated with higher prevalence of hypertension among police personnel.Conclusion Hypertension among Police personnel is comparatively higher than general population in this area. Reduction in alcohol use, increase in fruit servings along with other lifestyle modification measures may help in prevention and control of hypertension.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(4) 2014; 242-246
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Camargo Filho, Wilson X., Bruno Telles, Charles A. Andrade, Maurício S. Sercheli, Nagao M. Kawano, Reynaldo M. Soares, Alexandre N. Vicente, Rodrigo S. Corrêa, and Juliano A. Gomes. "Forensic intelligence as a useful tool for reducing traffic fatalities: the Brazilian Federal District case." Revista Brasileira de Criminalística 5, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15260/rbc.v5i2.126.
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Traffic accidents in Brazil kill more than 40,000 people a year and injure another 400,000, with largely permanent health impacts. This paper proposes the use of Forensic Intelligence, a field of Forensic Science that is able to convert forensic data into useful information, as a means to support policy measures and strategies, in order to prevent accidents. The selected study site was a small stretch on a Federal Highway (BR-040), where four fatal crashes occurred at the beginning of 2012. This highway had good mobility conditions and had no problems that could be correlated with these four fatal events, although speeding, alcohol abuse, and/or driver inattention were present in the crashes. We propose some possible interventions here, such as the use of advertising campaigns, strengthening traffic law enforcement, reduction of the speed limit, and the installation of electronic speed control devices in order to avoid future traffic accidents.
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Gunnlaugsson, Helgi. "Article." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 15, no. 5-6 (October 1998): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072598015005-610.
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Helgi Gunnlaugsson: Drug use, attitudes and control policies in Iceland. A comparison with the other Nordic countries Studies on the use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs have frequently been conducted in Iceland in the past few years. These studies have mostly involved use among youth, so trends in the adult population have not yet been mapped out to the same extent. In this presentation, findings from the first ever general population survey on drug use in Iceland will be presented. Prompted by the Nordic Drug Survey, in which Iceland did not take part, a few questions from that survey were adopted in a survey conducted in Iceland in late 1997. Based on the Nordic comparative figures, it appears that Iceland is in some respects not very different from the other Nordic nations. Yet lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was found to be significantly higher in Iceland than in the other Nordic nations, except for Denmark, which clearly is in a league of its own. However, if the use in the last 6 months is analysed, Iceland is very similar to the other Nordic nations. The consumption pattern, in terms of age and gender, seems also to follow the general pattern found in the other Nordic nations. As for attitudes toward different control measures, it is apparent that the public in all of the Nordic countries seems to be in favour of adopting unconventional control methods in the fight against drugs.
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Bouffard, Leana, and Amanda Goodson. "Sexual coercion, sexual aggression, or sexual assault: how measurement impacts our understanding of sexual violence." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-05-2017-0292.
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Purpose Definitions of rape and sexual aggression have varied widely in the research literature, resulting in a wide range of estimates for perpetration and remaining questions as to the factors that may affect involvement in sexual violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a sample of college men to assess multiple forms of measurement of sexual aggression and theoretical predictors. Findings Findings indicate that the different measures of sexual aggression (broad vs narrow; hypothetical vs behavioral) are significantly correlated with each other. Additionally, many theoretical predictors (rape myths, low self-control, sexual entitlement, and pornography use) are consistently related to all measurement forms. However, some variables (masculinity, peer support for violence against women, sexual partners, and alcohol and drug use) are only related to broad measures of sexual aggression, and some are related only to hypothetical (i.e. certainty of apprehension) or behavioral measures (i.e. fraternity membership). Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen approach, the results may lack generalizability. Findings do, however, point to important considerations in defining sexual aggression moving forward. Practical implications Results point to the importance of aiming policy and programs at the particular characteristics that most consistently impact sexual aggression. Originality/value This paper addresses lingering questions about the impact of differences in definition and measurement on understanding sexual aggression.
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Thursz, Mark, Ewan Forrest, Paul Roderick, Christopher Day, Andrew Austin, John O’Grady, Stephen Ryder, et al. "The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STeroids Or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis (STOPAH): a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial." Health Technology Assessment 19, no. 102 (December 2015): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta191020.
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BackgroundAlcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a distinct presentation of alcoholic liver disease arising in patients who have been drinking to excess for prolonged periods, which is characterised by jaundice and liver failure. Severe disease is associated with high short-term mortality. Prednisolone and pentoxifylline (PTX) are recommended in guidelines for treatment of severe AH, but trials supporting their use have given heterogeneous results and controversy persists about their benefit.ObjectivesThe aim of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STeroids Or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis trial was to resolve the clinical dilemma on the use of prednisolone or PTX.DesignThe trial was a randomised, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial, multicentre design.SettingSixty-five gastroenterology and hepatology inpatient units across the UK.ParticipantsPatients with a clinical diagnosis of AH who had a Maddrey’s discriminant function value of ≥ 32 were randomised into four arms: A, placebo/placebo; B, placebo/prednisolone; C, PTX/placebo; and D, PTX/prednisolone. Of the 5234 patients screened for the trial, 1103 were randomised and after withdrawals, 1053 were available for primary end-point analysis.InterventionsThose allocated to prednisolone were given 40 mg daily for 28 days and those allocated to PTX were given 400 mg three times per day for 28 days.OutcomesThe primary outcome measure was mortality at 28 days. Secondary outcome measures included mortality or liver transplant at 90 days and at 1 year. Rates of recidivism among survivors and the impact of recidivism on mortality were assessed.ResultsAt 28 days, in arm A, 45 of 269 (16.7%) patients died; in arm B, 38 of 266 (14.3%) died; in arm C, 50 of 258 (19.4%) died; and in arm D, 35 of 260 (13.5%) died. For PTX, the odds ratio for 28-day mortality was 1.07 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77 to 1.40;p = 0.686)] and for prednisolone the odds ratio was 0.72 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.01;p = 0.056). In the logistic regression analysis, accounting for indices of disease severity and prognosis, the odds ratio for 28-day mortality in the prednisolone-treated group was 0.61 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.91;p = 0.015). At 90 days and 1 year there were no significant differences in mortality rates between the treatment groups. Serious infections occurred in 13% of patients treated with prednisolone compared with 7% of controls (p = 0.002). At the 90-day follow-up, 45% of patients reported being completely abstinent, 9% reported drinking within safety limits and 33% had an unknown level of alcohol consumption. At 1 year, 37% of patients reported being completely abstinent, 10% reported drinking within safety limits and 39% had an unknown level of alcohol consumption. Only 22% of patients had attended alcohol rehabilitation treatment at 90 days and 1 year.ConclusionsWe conclude that prednisolone reduces the risk of mortality at 28 days, but this benefit is not sustained beyond 28 days. PTX had no impact on survival. Future research should focus on interventions to promote abstinence and on treatments that suppress the hepatic inflammation without increasing susceptibility to infection.Trial registrationThis trial is registered as EudraCT 2009-013897-42 and Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN88782125.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 19, No. 102. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. The NIHR Clinical Research Network provided research nurse support and the Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre also provided funding.
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Baccini, Michela, and Giulia Carreras. "Analyzing the Effect of Selected Control Policy Measures and SocioDemographic Factors on Alcoholic Beverage Consumption in Europe within the AMPHORA Project: Statistical Methods." Substance Use & Misuse 49, no. 12 (May 20, 2014): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.913388.
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Ben-David, Debby, Samira Masarwa, Amos Adler, Hagit Mishali, Yehuda Carmeli, and Mitchell J. Schwaber. "A National Intervention to Prevent the Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Israeli Post-Acute Care Hospitals." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 7 (July 2014): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676876.
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ObjectivePatients hospitalized in post-acute care hospitals (PACHs) constitute an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. High carriage prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been observed among patients hospitalized in PACHs. The objective of the study is to describe the impact of a national infection control intervention on the prevalence of CRE in PACHs.DesignA prospective cohort interventional study.SettingThirteen PACHs in Israel.InterventionA multifaceted intervention was initiated between 2008 and 2011 as part of a national program involving all Israeli healthcare facilities. The intervention has included (1) periodic on-site assessments of infection control policies and resources, using a score comprised of 16 elements; (2) assessment of risk factors for CRE colonization; (3) development of national guidelines for CRE control in PACHs involving active surveillance and contact isolation of carriers; and (4) 3 cross-sectional surveys of rectal carriage of CRE that were conducted in representative wards.ResultsThe infection control score increased from 6.8 to 14.0 (P < .001) over the course of the study period. A total of 3,516 patients were screened in the 3 surveys. Prevalence of carriage among those not known to be carriers decreased from 12.1% to 7.9% (P = .008). Overall carrier prevalence decreased from 16.8% to 12.5% (P = .013). Availability of alcohol-based hand rub, appropriate use of gloves, and a policy of CRE surveillance at admission to the hospital were independently associated with lower new carrier prevalence.ConclusionA nationwide infection control intervention was associated with enhanced infection control measures and a reduction in the prevalence of CRE in PACHs.