Journal articles: 'Alcohol use testing'

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Martens, Matthew P., Michael A. Karakashian, Kristie M. Fleming, Roneferiti M. Fowler, E. Suzanne Hatchett, and M. Dolores Cimini. "Conscientiousness, Protective Behavioral Strategies, and Alcohol Use: Testing for Mediated Effects." Journal of Drug Education 39, no. 3 (September 2009): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/de.39.3.d.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if use of protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Participants were 186 college students at a state university campus in the Northeastern United States participating in a study examining the effectiveness of a brief alcohol intervention. Data were collected during the 2006–2007 academic years. Results indicated that use of protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Implications of the findings for researchers and clinicians in the area of preventing high-risk drinking among college students are discussed.

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Enos, Gary. "In testing for alcohol use, research is outpacing implementation." Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 28, no. 3 (January 18, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adaw.30439.

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Lui, P. Priscilla, Shalanda R. Berkley, and Byron L. Zamboanga. "College alcohol belief and alcohol use: Testing moderations by cultural orientations and ethnicity." Journal of Counseling Psychology 67, no. 2 (March 2020): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000374.

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Anaf, G. M., and S. J. Rosenman. "The Detection of Alcohol Use in Psychiatric Casualty Patients." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 4 (December 1985): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048678509158853.

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This study assessed the extent of alcohol use among casualty attenders at a metropolitan psychiatric hospital. Seventeen of 97 patients showed measurable alcohol levels at the time of presentation. Patients with functional psychoses used alcohol excessively, but the heaviest and most frequent use was among women, especially those with personality disorders. It is suggested that routine alcohol testing is worthwhile and inexpensive, and it may lead to earlier detection and treatment of alcohol abuse.

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Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Live Bakke Finne, Jan Olav Christensen, and Stein Knardahl. "Job demands and alcohol use: testing a moderated mediation model." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 41, no. 1 (September 19, 2014): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3455.

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van der Zwaluw, Carmen S., Roy Otten, Marloes Kleinjan, and Rutger C. M. E. Engels. "Different Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol Use: Testing Gene-Environment Interactions." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 38, no. 3 (October 17, 2013): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.12291.

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Selway, Janet S., Carl A. Soderstrom, and Joseph A. Kufera. "Alcohol Use and Testing Among Older Trauma Victims in Maryland." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 65, no. 2 (August 2008): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e31817c553b.

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Clarke, Paige, Tonya Dodge, Miesha Marzell, Rob Turrisi, and Kevin Williams. "Testing Assumptions of the Categorization Approach to Studying Sports Participation and Alcohol Use." Journal of Drug Education 48, no. 3-4 (December 2018): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047237918818473.

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The present study tested whether playing football or lacrosse in high school is associated with more problematic alcohol use during college compared with playing other sports in high school. A sample of undergraduate males ( n = 2,940) in their freshmen year who had played sports in high school completed a web-based questionnaire. Results showed that males who played lacrosse or both football and lacrosse in high school engaged in heavier alcohol use in college than males who played football or other sports in high school. In addition, males who played football in high school engaged in heavier alcohol use in college than males who played other high school sports. Thus, not all high school sports place males at equal risk for heavy alcohol use in college.

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Olthuis, Janine V., Byron L. Zamboanga, Matthew P. Martens, and Lindsay S. Ham. "Social Influences, Alcohol Expectancies, and Hazardous Alcohol Use Among College Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 5, no. 1 (March 2011): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.1.24.

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Research has shown that college student-athletes are at increased risk for hazardous alcohol use. As such, this study examined social and cognitive influences on athletes’ alcohol consumption by exploring the association between injunctive norms (parental, teammate, and coach approval) and hazardous alcohol use among college athletes, and testing whether alcohol expectancy outcomes and valuations would mediate this association. College student-athletes (n = 301; mean age = 19.4, SD = 1.3) completed self-report questionnaires assessing their drinking behaviors and perceptions of alcohol use in their social environment. Structural equation modeling revealed, in all but one case, a direct association between each of the injunctive norms variables and hazardous alcohol use. In addition, negative expectancy valuations mediated the association between teammate approval and hazardous alcohol use. Injunctive norms emerged as an important factor in student-athletes’ alcohol use. Implications for alcohol intervention programming among student-athletes are discussed.

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Abrams, Thereasa E., and William R. Nugent. "88 Substance Use Testing Upon Burn Admission: Insights from the National Burn Repository." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.092.

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Abstract Introduction Knowledge of substance use history is important for treating patients with burn injuries due to increased risk of mortality, complications, and poor outcomes. Yet, there has been little research on how admitting medical providers make the determination of who to test for alcohol or drug use. Burn severity, etiology, and circumstances surrounding the burns are important factors that should be considered when determining who should be tested. The race of the victim should not. This study analyzed data from the National Burn Repository for years 2008–2017 to ascertain if there were associations between race and decisions to do alcohol and drug testing upon burn center admission, controlling for other demographics, burn severity, and circumstances surrounding burn injuries. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of 37,355 cases from the National Burn Data Repository (American Burn Association). The dependent variables were whether a burn victim was tested for alcohol or drug use. These were dichotomous dependent variables, so a binary logit regression analysis was used. Missing data were handled with full information maximum likelihood. The independent variables were age, gender, whether physical abuse was reported, mental health comorbidity, marital status, severity of burns, whether the injury was work related, injury circumstances, and etiology of injury. Race was the independent variable of focus. The hypothesis was that race was associated with whether a burn victim was tested for drug or alcohol use. Results Controlling for independent variables, race was associated with whether a victim was tested for alcohol use, X2(5) = 71.3, p < .0001; race was also associated with whether a burn victim was tested for drug use, X2(5) = 66.5, p < .0001. Odds ratios for comparing the likelihoods of victims of different racial categories being tested ranged from .69 to 2.3 for alcohol testing, and from .79 to 2.4 for drug testing. These results were consistent with racial bias in decisions to test burn victims for alcohol and/or drug use. Conclusions Because there is little written about criteria for alcohol or drug testing on admission for critical burn injuries, it is unclear what prompts admitting health care providers to test. Our study found several racial groups had differential likelihoods of being tested upon admission to a burn center. Using Critical Race theory as a framework, these findings suggest racial bias may have influenced decisions to test for substance use in reported burn admissions. There is a need to establish a protocol for alcohol and drug use testing upon burn center admission that is equitable across all populations.

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Anderson, Peter. "Policy Implications of the WHO Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol." SUCHT 57, no. 2 (April 2011): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000099.

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Aims: To describe the supporting evidence and policy implications of the 10 target areas of the WHO strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Methods: Based on published systematic reviews of the literature and publications of the World Health Organization, the supporting evidence and policy implications of the 10 target areas are described. Findings: There is evidence to support action in each of the 10 target areas: leadership, awareness and commitment; health services’ response; community action; drink-driving policies; availability of alcohol; marketing of alcoholic beverages; pricing policies; reducing the negative consequences of intoxication; reducing the public health impact of illegal and informal alcohol; and monitoring and surveillance. Conclusions: The following policy measures have the strongest evidence: increasing alcohol taxes; government monopolies for the retail sale of alcohol; restricting the density of outlets and the days and hours of sale; increasing the minimum age of purchase; lowering the legal BAC levels for driving; introducing random breath-testing for driving; implementing widespread brief advice for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption; and ensuring treatment for alcohol use disorders. There is reasonable evidence to support the introduction of a minimum price per gram of alcohol; restricting the volume of commercial communications; and enforcing the restrictions of sales to intoxicated and under-age people.

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Chen, Shu-Ping, Heather Stuart, Terry Krupa, Keith Dobson, and Sherry Stewart. "The Development and Psychometric Testing of a Substance Use Wellness Tool." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 37, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2018-012.

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This paper describes the development and psychometric testing of the Substance Use Wellness Tool, created to help raise awareness about alcohol and other substance misuse among university undergraduates. The tool is a self- and peer-reflection guide that students can use to monitor and alter their patterns of substance use. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the tool was unidimensional and that all 13 assessed domains were important. Cronbach’s alpha indicated the tool was highly reliable. Construct (convergent) validity for alcohol use with the 10-item AUDIT was also good, with strong correlations overall and within subgroups defined by gender, year of study, and university site.

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Girard, Raphaële, Emmanuelle Carre, Valérie Mermet, Crespin C. Adjide, Sylviane Blaise, Monique Dagain, Christine Debeuret, et al. "Factors Influencing Field Testing of Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 36, no. 3 (December 29, 2014): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2014.51.

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BACKGROUNDAccording to the World Health Organization guidelines, field tests, in the context of a bid for the supply of alcohol-based hand rubs, should take into account climatic region, test period, products already in use, and type of use (hygienic or surgical) when assessing tolerance. This laborious method is often contested.OBJECTIVETo conduct a post hoc analysis of the data of a large bid, including 5 factors, to validate the relevance of their inclusion.METHODSFor the purposes of the bid, products were compared in terms of the 4 World Health Organization tolerance criteria (appearance, intactness, moisture content, sensation) during product testing and were separated into groups on the basis of the studied factors. The post hoc analysis method included (1) comparison of the mean before-and-after difference based on the self-evaluation of the skin with the 4 World Health Organization tolerance criteria, between climatic regions, periods, products in use, test product, and the type of use; (2) generalized linear models, taking into account all studied factors.RESULTSThe analysis included data for 1,925 pairs of professionals. The means of the differences observed were independently and significantly associated with the test period (P<.001), the hygienic or surgical use (P=.010 to .041, not significant for appearance), the product already in use (significant for appearance P=.021), and the test product (P<.001). The association with climatic region was found to be significant only in the nonadjusted analysis.CONCLUSIONThe type of use, the test period, and the product in use should be taken into account when designing field tests of alcohol-based hand rubs.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–9

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Walter, Angela W., Lena Lundgren, Amarachi Umez-Eronini, and Grant A. Ritter. "Alcohol Use and HIV Testing in a National Sample of Women." AIDS and Behavior 20, S1 (August 4, 2015): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1144-5.

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Gee, Gilbert C., Barbara Curbow, Margaret E. Ensminger, Joan Griffin, David J. Laflamme, Karen McDonnell, David LeGrande, and Jacqueline Agnew. "Are You Positive? The Relationship of Minority Composition to Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing." Journal of Drug Issues 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500405.

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Although testing for alcohol and drug use is common in the U.S. workplace, relatively little is known about the characteristics of workplaces that test and about the consequences to persons tested. This paper describes the link between drug and alcohol testing and the minority composition of worksites. The data come from a 1999 survey of 264 union officials in the telecommunications industry. These preliminary data suggest minority worksites were more likely to perform pre-employment and just-cause testing and less likely to perform random drug testing, even after considering workplace characteristics such as normative use of drugs. A similar but weaker association was found for alcohol testing.

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Chan-Thaw, Carine, Aditya Savara, and Alberto Villa. "Selective Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation over Pd Catalysts." Catalysts 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8100431.

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In the last decades, the selective liquid phase oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds has been a subject of growing interest. Research has focused on green methods that use “clean” oxidants such as O2 in combination with supported metal nanoparticles as the catalyst. Among the alcohols, benzyl alcohol is one of the most studied substrates. Indeed, benzyl alcohol can be converted to benzaldehyde, largely for use in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. This conversion serves as model reaction in testing new potential catalysts, that can then be applied to other systems. Pd based catalysts have been extensively studied as active catalytic metals for alcohol oxidation for their high activity and selectivity to the corresponding aldehyde. Several catalytic materials obtained by careful control of the morphology of Pd nanoparticles, (including bimetallic systems) and by tuning the support properties have been developed. Moreover, reaction conditions, including solvent, temperature, pressure and alcohol concentration have been investigated to tune the selectivity to the desired products. Different reaction mechanisms and microkinetic models have been proposed. The aim of this review is to provide a critical description of the recent advances on Pd catalyzed benzyl alcohol oxidation.

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Macdonald, Scott. "The Role of Drugs in Workplace Injuries: Is Drug Testing Appropriate?" Journal of Drug Issues 25, no. 4 (October 1995): 703–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269502500404.

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In the past decade, many employers have adopted drug-testing programs to reduce workplace injuries. However, little scientific evidence shows that drug use is a significant and substantial cause of total workplace injuries. The purpose of this study was to empirically assess the role of drugs and alcohol in causing workplace injuries. Questionnaires were received from 882 Ontario employees in a household survey. Results showed that many variables were significantly related to job injuries. The variables were ranked according to the relative importance of each variable's contribution to total job injuries. Alcohol problems, licit drug use, and illicit drug use ranked 7, 11, and 12 respectively among a group of 12 significant variables. In order to examine the likelihood that drug use was a cause of job injuries, the relationship between job injuries and alcohol problems, licit drug use, and illicit drug use was examined across categories of third variables. For age, the relationship between drug use and injuries remained strong for the youngest age group, but disappeared for the oldest age group. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the plausibility of noncausal explanations of job injuries for illicit drug use, but not for alcohol problems or licit drug use. Overall, the results indicated that illicit drug use does not appear to be a major cause of job injuries. The implications of these results for drug-testing programs are discussed.

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Gjersing, Linn, Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen, Håvard Furuhaugen, and Hallvard Gjerde. "Illegal substance use among 1,309 music festival attendees: An investigation using oral fluid sample drug tests, breathalysers and questionnaires." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 4 (January 11, 2019): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818821481.

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Aims: Illegal substance use at music festivals is less documented than it is in nightlife and electronic dance music settings. This study investigated such use through questionnaires, breathalysers and oral fluid drug testing. We also examined the associations between testing positive for illegal substances and demographics, self-reported substance use and measured blood alcohol concentration levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,309 festival attendees from six Norwegian music festivals taking place between July and August 2016. Logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of a positive oral fluid drug test. Covariates were male, age, education, employment, smoking status, early age for alcohol intoxication, alcohol intoxication ⩾2 times a week, past-month and past-year illegal substance use, blood alcohol concentration levels and festivals. Results: Overall, 12% reported illegal substance use in the past 30 days and 11% tested positive for illegal substances. Cannabis (6%), cocaine (3%) and MDMA/ecstasy (2%) were most commonly detected. One-third had a blood alcohol concentration ⩾0.10%. Of those with a positive test result ( n=146), 95% had detectable alcohol levels and 41% had a blood alcohol concentration above 0.10%. Those studying or working part-time were less likely to test positive compared to those who were not employed. Furthermore, those reporting daily smoking and past-year cannabis or MDMA/ecstasy use were more likely to test positive, compared to those not reporting such use. Conclusions: Illegal substance use was less prevalent than in previous nightlife and electronic dance music studies. Almost all those testing positive for illegal substances had detectable alcohol levels and 41% had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.10%, possibly indicating combined use.

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Moskal, Dezarie, Stephen A. Maisto, Kyle Possemato, Kevin G. Lynch, and David W. Oslin. "Testing Mediators of Reduced Drinking for Veterans in Alcohol Care Management." Military Medicine 183, no. 9-10 (March 26, 2018): e594-e602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy024.

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Abstract Introduction Alcohol Care Management (ACM) is a manualized treatment provided by behavioral health providers working in a primary care team aimed at increasing patients’ treatment engagement and decreasing their alcohol use. Research has shown that ACM is effective in reducing alcohol consumption; however, the mechanisms of ACM are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms of change in ACM in the context of a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of ACM. Materials and Methods This study performed secondary data analysis of existing data from a larger study that involved a sample of U.S. veterans (N = 163) who met criteria for current alcohol dependence. Upon enrollment into the study, participants were randomized to receive either ACM or standard care. ACM was delivered in-person or by telephone within the primary care clinic and focused on the use of oral naltrexone and manualized psychosocial support. According to theory, we hypothesized several ACM treatment components that would mediate alcohol consumption outcomes: engagement in addiction treatment, reduced craving, and increased readiness to change. Parallel mediation models were performed by the PROCESS macro Model 4 in SPSS to test study hypotheses. The institutional review boards at each of the participating facilities approved all study procedures before data collection. Results As hypothesized, results showed that treatment engagement mediated the relation between treatment and both measures of alcohol consumption outcomes, the percentage of alcohol abstinent days, and the percentage of heavy drinking days. Neither craving nor readiness to change mediated the treatment effect on either alcohol consumption outcome. Conclusions Findings suggest that ACM may be effective in changing drinking patterns partially due to an increase in treatment engagement. Future research may benefit from evaluating the specific factors that underlie increased treatment engagement. The current study provides evidence that alcohol use disorder interventions should aim to increase treatment engagement and reduce barriers to care.

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Goings, Trenette Clark, Sebastian Teran Hidalgo, Patricia McGovern, and Susan Ennett. "Alcohol trajectories among biracial black subgroups: Testing the intermediate substance use hypothesis." Addictive Behaviors 101 (February 2020): 106006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.030.

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Jansen, Marianne, Leonard B. Bell, Michel A. Sucher, and James D. Stoehr. "Detection of Alcohol Use in Monitored Aftercare Programs: A National Survey of State Physician Health Programs." Journal of Medical Regulation 90, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-90.2.8.

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ABSTRACT Monitored aftercare of health care professionals with documented substance abuse problems is organized differently by individual states and state licensing boards. A comparison of the physicians’ health aftercare programs used by each state could yield useful information regarding more effective methods of aftercare monitoring. A 36-question phone interview was conducted with directors of physician monitoring aftercare programs in 46 states regarding their current methods of drug testing. Results indicate that surreptitious alcohol use is a significant concern for all monitoring aftercare programs, yet there is no clear indication of the best methods for detecting alcohol use. Few state programs are utilizing a new, specific test for the presence of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a minor metabolite of alcohol metabolism (see related article on page 14). In addition, wide variation exists between state programs and there is no clear consensus or standards with regard to testing frequencies, methods of randomization and specific tests for alcohol. Suggested future improvements in the testing and monitoring of health care providers enrolled in aftercare programs may enhance detection of relapse so that all aftercare programs can help assure the abstinence of their health care professionals in recovery as well as protect public safety.

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Frone, Michael R., and Jonathan R. Trinidad. "Perceived physical availability of alcohol at work and workplace alcohol use and impairment: Testing a structural model." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 28, no. 4 (2014): 1271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037785.

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Iglesias, Katia, Séverine Lannoy, Frank Sporkert, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, Gerhard Gmel, and Stéphanie Baggio. "Performance of self-reported measures of alcohol use and of harmful drinking patterns against ethyl glucuronide hair testing among young Swiss men." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): e0244336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244336.

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Background There is a need for empirical studies assessing the psychometric properties of self-reported alcohol use as measures of excessive chronic drinking (ECD) compared to those of objective measures, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG). Objectives To test the quality of self-reported measures of alcohol use and of risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) to detect ECD assessed by EtG. Methods A total of 227 samples of hair from young Swiss men were used for the determination of EtG. Self-reported measures of alcohol use (previous twelve-month and previous-week alcohol use) and RSOD were assessed. Using EtG (<30 pg/mg) as the gold standard of ECD assessment, the sensitivity and specificity were computed, and the AUROC were compared for alcohol use measures and RSOD. Logistic regressions were used to test the contribution of RSOD to the understanding of ECD after controlling for alcohol use. Results A total of 23.3% of participants presented with ECD. Previous twelve-month alcohol use with a cut-off of >15 drinks per week (sensitivity = 75.5%, specificity = 78.7%) and weekly RSOD (sensitivity = 75.5%, specificity = 70.1%) yielded acceptable psychometric properties. No cut-off for previous-week alcohol use gave acceptable results. In the multivariate logistic regression, after controlling for the previous twelve months of alcohol use, RSOD was still significantly associated with EtG (p = .016). Conclusion Self-reported measures of the previous twelve months of alcohol use and RSOD were acceptable measures of ECD for population-based screening. Self-reported RSOD appeared to be an interesting screening measure, in addition to the previous twelve months of alcohol use, to understand ECD among young people.

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Freisthler, Bridget, and Jennifer Price Wolf. "Testing a Social Mechanism: Does Alcohol Outlet Density Moderate the Relationship Between Levels of Alcohol Use and Child Physical Abuse?" Violence and Victims 31, no. 6 (2016): 1080–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00183.

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Objectives: Parental alcohol use and alcohol outlet density are both associated with child abuse. Guided by alcohol availability theory, this article examines whether alcohol outlet density moderates the relationship between parental alcohol use and child physical abuse. Methods: A general population telephone survey of 3,023 parents or legal guardians 18 years or older was conducted across 50 California cities, whereas densities of alcohol outlets were measured for by zip code. Data were analyzed via overdispersed multilevel Poisson models. Results: Ex-drinkers, light drinkers, and heavy drinkers use physical abuse more often than lifetime abstainers. Moderate drinking was not related to child physical abuse. Proportion of bars was negatively related to frequency of physical abuse. Moderating relationships between alcohol outlet density and drinking categories were found for all drinking patterns. Conclusion: Different types of alcohol outlets may be differentially related to drinking patterns, indicating that the interaction of drinking patterns and the drinking environment may place children at greater risk for being physically abused.

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Mules, Thomas, Jennifer Taylor, Rachel Price, Logan Walker, Baneet Singh, Patrick Newsam, Thenmoli Palaniyappan, et al. "Addressing patient alcohol use: a view from general practice." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 3 (2012): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12217.

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INTRODUCTION: General practitioners (GPs) have the potential to promote alcohol harm minimisation via discussion of alcohol use with patients, but knowledge of GPs current practice and attitudes on this matter is limited. Our aim was to assess GPs current practice and attitudes towards discussing alcohol use with their patients. METHODS: This qualitative study involved semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 19 GPs by a group of medical students in primary care practices in Wellington, New Zealand. FINDINGS: Despite agreement amongst GPs about the importance of their role in alcohol harm minimisation, alcohol was not often raised in patient consultations. GPs usual practice included referral to drug and alcohol services and advice. GPs were also aware of national drinking guidelines and alcohol screening tools, but in practice these were rarely utilised. Key barriers to discussing alcohol use included its societal taboo nature, time constraints, and perceptions of patient dishonesty. CONCLUSION: In this study there is a fundamental mismatch between the health communitys expectations of GPs to discuss alcohol with patients and the reality. Potential solutions to the most commonly identified barriers include screening outside the GP consultation, incorporating screening tools into existing software used by GPs, exploring with GPs the social stigma associated with alcohol misuse, and framing alcohol misuse as a health issue. As it is unclear if these approaches will change GP practice, there remains scope for the development and pilot testing of potential solutions identified in this research, together with an assessment of their efficacy in reducing hazardous alcohol consumption. KEYWORDS: Primary health care; general practice; alcohol drinking; alcohol-related disorders, attitude of health personnel

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West, Louis Jolyon, and Deborah L. Ackerman. "The Drug-Testing Controversy." Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300402.

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Professional and societal debate regarding drug taking and drug-use problems occurs in cycles. In recent years a number of contentious issues have developed about the testing of urine, blood, saliva, and breath for evidence of drug use. Substances evaluated include alcohol, steroids, stimulants, sedatives, opiates, hallucinogens, and a variety of other chemicals both legal and illegal. Legal issues have been raised concerning the validity of testing procedures used and the reliability of evidence obtained, especially with preemployment drug screening. Other controversies center on the right to privacy versus the needs of society, and a variety of related topics. These issues and suggestions for maximizing the effectiveness of drug testing programs while minimizing legal challenges are discussed.

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Degia, Andria, Robert Meadows, Sigurd Johnsen, Ian Hindmarch, and Julia Boyle. "Development of a Portable Psychometric Testing Device for Use in the Field: An Alcohol Investigation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 2 (October 2005): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.2.383-392.

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Cognitive and psychomotor performance have traditionally been assessed in the laboratory. There is a need for an objective portable assessment tool to assess cognitive and psychomotor performance. This study investigated the viability of a portable psychometric test battery, in a controlled laboratory environment, possibly leading to use in the field. A randomised, double-blind placebo controlled, three-way crossover design was employed. 16 subjects received 50 mg/100 ml and 80 mg/100 ml of alcohol and alcohol placebo. Performance was assessed with a tracking task, and an attention task presented on a small ruggedised handheld computer. The attention task showed no significant training effects; however, an element of the tracking task did. Statistical significance, effect size, and test-retest reliability analyses are presented indicating sensitivity of the portable psychometric test battery to the impairing effects of two separate doses of alcohol. Ability to undertake wide-scale impairment testing in the field with meaningful results in the absence of baseline data collection may have wide reaching implications, particularly in relation to the assessment of drivers impaired by drug use.

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Meisel, Samuel N., Jennifer P. Read, Sarah Mullin, Kathleen Shyhalla, Craig R. Colder, Rina D. Eiden, Larry W. Hawk, and William F. Wieczorek. "Changes in implicit alcohol attitudes across adolescence, and associations with emerging alcohol use: Testing the reciprocal determinism hypothesis." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 32, no. 7 (November 2018): 738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000400.

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Frone, Michael R. "Work stress and alcohol use: developing and testing a biphasic self-medication model." Work & Stress 30, no. 4 (October 2016): 374–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2016.1252971.

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Tsanaclis, Lolita, Robert Kingston, and John Wicks. "Testing for alcohol use in hair: is ethyl glucuronide (EtG) stable in hair?" Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 21, no. 2 (2009): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata/2009038.

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Moreno, Megan A., Laina Mercer, Henry N. Young, Elizabeth D. Cox, and Bradley Kerr. "Testing Young Adults’ Reactions to Facebook Cues and Their Associations with Alcohol Use." Substance Use & Misuse 54, no. 9 (March 31, 2019): 1450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1585458.

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Trusova, Anna, Svetlana Klimanova, Anna Berezina, and Anton Gvozdetsky. "Cognitive control in patients with alcohol use disorder: testing a three-function model." Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 20, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/app/86211.

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Gruenewald, Paul J., Lillian G. Remer, and Elizabeth A. LaScala. "Testing a social ecological model of alcohol use: the California 50-city study." Addiction 109, no. 5 (January 19, 2014): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12438.

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Engelhart, D. A., and A. J. Jenkins. "Evaluation of an Onsite Alcohol Testing Device for Use in Postmortem Forensic Toxicology." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/25.7.612.

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Harper, Jeremy, Stephen M. Malone, and William G. Iacono. "Testing the effects of adolescent alcohol use on adult conflict-related theta dynamics." Clinical Neurophysiology 128, no. 11 (November 2017): 2358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.019.

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Puente, Cecilia Peñacoba, José Luis González GutiéRrez, Isabel Carretero Abellán, and Almudena López López. "Sensation Seeking, Attitudes Toward Drug Use, and Actual Use Among Adolescents: Testing a Model for Alcohol and Ecstacy Use." Substance Use & Misuse 43, no. 11 (January 2008): 1615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080802241151.

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Elgammal, Ayman, Doireann Eves, Abbas Albaghli, Daniel Kane, Robert Durcan, David Storey, and Peadar Gilligan. "The Blood Alcohol Concentration Testing Emergency Room Investigation Analysis Study: A 1-Year Review of Blood Alcohol Concentration Testing in an Emergency Department." Advances in Emergency Medicine 2015 (November 4, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/410827.

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Aim. To describe the actual use of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing in an emergency department. Method. This study was performed to examine in what circumstances emergency medicine doctors and nurses request blood alcohol concentrations and the outcome of patients so tested. A retrospective study was performed. A database of all the patients who presented to the emergency department and who were tested for BAC in 2012 was created. Descriptive statistics are used to present the findings. Results. During 2012, there were 1191 patients on whom BAC testing was performed. 37 patients had a BAC greater than the allegedly lethal concentration of 400 mg/100 mL. Using a multifactorial analysis model, a higher blood alcohol concentration was associated with a lower Glasgow Coma Score. Conclusion. BAC testing is most often performed in the context of alleged overdose. BAC was performed in other clinical scenarios albeit in less than 2% of all ED attendances.

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Jansen, Marianne, Leonard B. Bell, Michel A. Sucher, Kimbal E. Cooper, and James D. Stoehr. "A Comparison of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethanol Testing in Arizona’s State Physician Health Monitored Aftercare Program." Journal of Medical Regulation 92, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-92.1.7.

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ABSTRACT Aftercare monitoring programs for health care professionals with documented substance abuse problems are managed differently by various states and their respective licensing boards. Many programs have reported surreptitious alcohol use as a significant concern, yet there is no clear indication of the best methods for detecting alcohol use since the detection of ethanol is difficult due to its limited half-life in saliva, urine and serum. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a minor metabolite of alcohol metabolism, is only present in urine when alcohol has been consumed. EtG testing may therefore improve the detection of alcohol use by health care professionals in monitored aftercare programs. This study compared urine ethanol (Medpro B panel) and urine EtG in specimens from 126 clients enrolled in Arizona’s physician health aftercare monitoring program. Each client was tested twice per month for a two-month period in 2004. Of the 504 tests, there were no positive urine ethanol results using a standard, lab determined minimum cutoff level of 20mg/dL. There were four positive EtG results (one percent positive rate) using a minimum cutoff level of 100ng/mL. The four positive EtG results imply the presence of four false negative urine ethanol results. Therefore, the results suggest that the EtG test is more sensitive for alcohol detection and should be considered for future improvements in the testing and monitoring of health care providers enrolled in aftercare programs.

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Yue, Shichao, and Dina Katabi. "Liquid testing with your smartphone." Communications of the ACM 64, no. 10 (October 2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3481038.

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Surface tension is an important property of liquids. It has diverse uses such as testing water contamination, measuring alcohol concentration in drinks, and identifying the presence of protein in urine to detect the onset of kidney failure. Today, measurements of surface tension are done in a lab environment using costly instruments, making it hard to leverage this property in ubiquitous applications. In contrast, we show how to measure surface tension using only a smartphone. We introduce a new algorithm that uses the small waves on the liquid surface as a series of lenses that focus light and generate a characteristic pattern. We then use the phone camera to capture this pattern and measure the surface tension. Our approach is simple, accurate, and available to anyone with a smartphone. Empirical evaluations show that our mobile app can detect water contamination and measure alcohol concentration. Furthermore, it can track protein concentration in the urine, providing an initial at-home test for proteinuria, a dangerous complication that can lead to kidney failure.

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Lew, Brandon J., Alex I. Wiesman, Michael T. Rezich, and Tony W. Wilson. "Altered neural dynamics in occipital cortices serving visual-spatial processing in heavy alcohol users." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119863120.

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Background: Visual-spatial processing deficits have been previously linked to heavy alcohol use, but the underlying neurological mechanisms are poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies have shown alcohol-related aberrations in occipital cortices that appear to be associated with these neuropsychological deficits in visual-spatial processing, however the neural dynamics underlying this altered processing remains unknown. Methods: Twenty-three adults with high scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption (male: ⩾5, female: ⩾4) were compared to 30 demographically-matched controls with low Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption scores (⩽2). All participants completed a visual-spatial processing task while undergoing high-density magnetoencephalography. Time-frequency windows of interest were determined using a data-driven method, and spectrally-specific neural activity was imaged using a beamforming approach. Permutation testing of peak voxel time series was then used to statistically compare across groups. Results: Participants with heavy alcohol use responded slower on the task and their performance was more variable. The magnetoencephalography data indicated strong theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (10–16 Hz), and gamma (62–72 Hz) responses in posterior brain regions across both groups. Following voxel time-series extraction, significant group differences were found in the left and right visual association cortices from about 375–550 ms post-stimulus, such that adults with heavy alcohol use had blunted alpha responses compared to controls. Conclusion: Individuals with heavy alcohol use exhibited aberrant occipital alpha activity during visual-spatial processing. These data are the first to show spectrally-specific differences during visual-spatial processing related to heavy alcohol use, and highlight alcohol’s effect on systems-level neural activity.

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Singh, Gurmukh. "Reflex Testing for Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT) in Insurance Applicants with Elevated High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL)." Journal of Insurance Medicine 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17849/0743-6661-45.1.42.

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Objectives Ascertain the utility of testing carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) levels in insurance applicants with elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels. Background Chronic alcoholism is not uncommon and is a risk factor for health and longevity and thus of interest to providers of insurance. A number of tests serve as markers of alcohol use, eg, blood alcohol level, elevated liver enzymes, ethyl glucuronide in urine, whole blood associated aldehyde (WBAA), macrocytosis, elevated HDL, elevated CDT and others. WBAA and CDT are usually only done, if some other screening test suggests alcohol use. HDL testing is routinely done for assessing cardiac risk, however, chronic alcohol intake tends to raise HDL and some insurance providers reflex to CDT testing when HDL is elevated. Methods A number of the clients of Heritage Labs Inc. have rules in place to test for CDT levels in specimens showing elevated HDL levels. The commonest HDL level that serves as the trigger for reflex testing for CDT is 80mg/dL. The results of this practice were analyzed to assess the utility of reflex testing for CDT to identify chronic alcohol abusers among the applicants. Results In examining the results of CDT levels done as a reflex test due to elevated HDL levels, about 2% of the applicants, 0.7% of women and 3% of men, tested positive for elevated CDT levels. Conclusions The incidence of elevated CDT levels is high enough to warrant routinely testing for this analyte in applicants, especially men, with high HDL levels.

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Bhaduri, Sumit, Hilary Curtis, Hugo McClean, and Ann K. Sullivan. "BASHH 2016 UK national audit and survey of HIV testing, risk assessment and follow-up: case note audit." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 11 (May 10, 2018): 1146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418767688.

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This national audit demonstrated discrepancies between actual practice and that indicated by clinic policies following enquiry about alcohol, recreational drugs and chemsex use. Clinics were more likely to enquire about risk behaviour if this was clinic policy or routine practice. Previous testing was the most common reason for refusing HIV testing, although 33% of men who have sex with men had a prior test of more than three months ago. Of the group declining due to recent exposure in the window period, 21/119 cases had an exposure within the four weeks prior to presentation, but had a previous risk not covered by previous testing. Recommendations include provision of risk assessments for alcohol, recreational drug use and chemsex, documenting reasons for HIV test refusal, provision of HIV point-of-care testing, follow-up for cases at higher risk of HIV and advice about community testing or self-sampling/testing.

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Msomi, Velaphi, and Shandene E. A. Solomons. "Development and Testing of Intelligent Alcohol Transportation Security System." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5937560.

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The development and testing of intelligent liquid transportation security system are being reported in this paper. The targeted fluid to be secured was ethanol alcohol and this was due to the theft cases occurring during the transportation of this product from the supplier to the customer. The system was developed such that only the radar level sensor (VEGAPULS 62) might be in contact with the fluid and the rest of the system remained outside the liquid carrying container to be secured. The system was developed such that it reports any abnormal liquid level drop through short message service (SMS). The functioning of the developed system was tested through the use of 1040 L Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) filled with water which was hauled for about 1.5 km. The liquid theft was simulated and the system sent two SMS. The first SMS reported the beginning of water level drop and the second one reported the ending of water level drop. The second SMS reported the amount of liquid that was taken out of the container.

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Cleveland, Michael J., Rob Turrisi, Frederick X. Gibbons, Meg Gerrard, and Miesha Marzell. "The Effects of Mothers' Protective Parenting and Alcohol Use on Emerging Adults' Alcohol Use: Testing Indirect Effects Through Prototype Favorability Among African American Youth." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 42, no. 7 (June 7, 2018): 1291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.13775.

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Rahmawati, Nadia Dwi, Tri Nur Kristina, Endang Sri Lestari, and Hardian Hardian. "IN VITRO TESTING OF CLOVE EXTRACTS IN INHIBITING AND KILLING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI." DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO) 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v10i1.29420.

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Background: Diarrhea that could be caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli can be prevented by increasing hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rub, but frequent use might cause skin irritation. Replacing alcohol with herbs could avoid this side effect. Cloves have been proved to have antibacterial properties. However, most researches used complex extraction methods that might not be applicable on a household scale.Objective: To prove that clove extracts have ability to inhibit and to kill S. aureus and E. coli.Methods: This is an experimental study by using post-test only control group design. Clove extract was obtained with simple aqueous maceration. Samples were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 allocated into six groups: clove extracts at concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100% respectively; 70% alcohol as a positive control; and aquadest as a negative control. Each group was given 5 repetitions of intervention. MIC was measured with dilution method, while MBC with streak method. Negative controls were only used to monitor the quality of this work.Results: MIC of S. aureus was started at 50% concentration of clove extract, while MBC of S. aureus was started at 25 % concentration of the same extract. MIC and MBC of E. coli was both started at 25% concentration of clove extract. MIC and MBC of 100% concentration of clove extract were equal with 70% alcohol.Conclusion: Concentration of 100% clove extracts have similar ability with 70% alcohol to inhibit and to kill S. aureus and E. coli. Keywords: Clove Extracts, Escherichia coli, MBC, MIC, Staphylococcus aureus

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Savetamal, Alisa, Timothy Burton, Brittany Davis, and Samantha Wenta. "103 Screening for Alcohol and Drugs: Are We Under-testing Older Patients?" Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S67—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.106.

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Abstract Introduction Only a fraction of trauma patients are being tested for drugs of abuse, despite the evidence that abuse of these substances contributes to traumatic injuries. In the specific trauma patient population of burn victims, drug and alcohol intoxication at the time of the burn may alter prognosis for both morbidity and mortality. Younger populations tend to be thought of at higher risk for drug and alcohol intoxication, and this may bias testing in other age groups. This study examined drug and alcohol testing in burn patients presenting to an ABA-verified burn center to determine if testing biases existed based on age, sex, or burn severity, and what populations were high risk for abuse in order to optimize testing in the high risk populations. Methods The burn center’s inpatient database was queried for all admitted patients from January 2013 to December 2017. Patients whose charts lacked description of the burns or where no burn information could be found were excluded from the study. Age, sex, length of stay (LOS), and total body surface area (TBSA) burned were examined. Statistical analysis was then performed with t-tests and Fisher’s test. Results A total of 1032 patients were included in the study. 159 (15.4%) patients were tested for alcohol use and 146 (14.1%) were tested for drugs. Significant predictors of whether patients were tested or not were TBSA and LOS (P< 0.001 for both). There were no significant differences between sexes in testing positive for drugs or alcohol, although there was a trend for more aggressive screening in males than females. The age group most likely to test positive for drugs and/or alcohol was 51–60 year olds. This age group accounted for 25% and 20% of all burn patients tested for alcohol and substances of abuse, respectively; yet this group accounted for 53% and 23% of all positive alcohol and drug tests. Perhaps surprisingly, individuals in age groups up to 90s tested positive for both alcohol and drugs. Conclusions As expected, age extremes were not tested for drugs or alcohol. Only 15% of patients were screened on arrival. Of these and contrary to expectations, 51–60 year olds were the most likely group of burn patients to test positive for drugs and/or alcohol, and patients up to their 90s were testing positive for substances of abuse. However, these populations are not as rigorously screened as younger populations and the use of these substances may be missed, thus affecting patient outcomes. Age bias may be limiting screening and affecting care in older burn patient populations. Applicability of Research to Practice Older patients (51–60 year olds) when tested are more likely to test positive particularly for alcohol upon presentation. More rigorous testing of older patients for alcohol and drugs of abuse may capture more patients who are using these substances and help to guide early care in these populations.

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Hamury, La Ode Hamrin. "Microcontroller ATMega328 -Based Alcohol Danger Warning System of Ethanol Based on Detection of Alcohol Content in the Breath." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IJHSRD) 1, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36566/ijhsrd/vol1.iss1/7.

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Today, the number of social problems in the community arising from the use of ethanol is quite disturbing. Drinks containing ethanol are widely circulated in Indonesia. The consumption of alcoholic beverages is well known and has become prevalent and accepted in social relationships. This paper is a development and realization of alcohol measuring devices in breath. The alcohol detector used in this tool is the MQ3 gas sensor. Data detected by thesensor from the breath was processed and identified by the ATMega328 microcontroller. Identification of conditions related to the alcohol levels was displayed on the LCD. The alcohol content that can be detected by this tool is 0.01% BAC-0.20% BAC. Program instructions contained in the microcontroller are categorized under 3 conditions, which are safe, alert, and dangerous. Testing of equipment is carried out on alcohol samples in several containers with different levels. The results showed that an alcohol levelof 0.01% -0.05% has a safe status, an alcohol content of 0.06% 0.10 has an alert status, and an alcohol content of 0.11% -0.20% has a dangerous status. The value of the content along with the description according to the condition was displayed digitally. This tool can measure the level of alcohol through the breath and displays the status level of the alcohol content in the breath. This tool is suitable for detecting whether someone is an alcoholic or not. The type of alcohol that can be detected by this tool is ethanol.

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DuPont, Robert L., Michael D. Campbell, Teresa G. Campbell, Corinne L. Shea, and Helen S. DuPont. "Self-Reported Drug and Alcohol Use and Attitudes Toward Drug Testing in High Schools With Random Student Drug Testing." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 22, no. 2 (April 2013): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2012.730354.

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Søgaard Nielsen, Anette, Bent Nielsen, Kjeld Andersen, Kirsten Kaya Roessler, Gerhard Bühringer, Michael Bogenschutz, Claus Thorn Ekstrøm, and Jes Søgaard. "The RESCueH Programme: Testing New Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Alcohol Use Disorders: Rationale and Methods." European Addiction Research 22, no. 6 (2016): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447398.

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Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the most important lifestyle factors affecting the disease burden in the Western world. The results of treatment in daily practice are modest at best. The aim of the RESCueH programme is to develop and evaluate methods, which are as practice-near as possible, and therefore can be implemented quickly and easily in everyday clinical practice. It is the first clinical alcohol programme to be transatlantic in scope, with implementation in treatment centers located in Denmark, Germany and the US. The RESCueH programme comprises 5 randomized controlled trials, and the studies can be expected to result in (1) more patients starting treatment in specialized outpatient clinics, (2) a greater number of elderly patients being treated, (3) increased patient motivation for treatment and thus improved adherence, (4) more patients with stable positive outcomes after treatment and (5) fewer patients relapsing into harmful drinking. The aim of this paper is to discuss the rationale for the RESCueH programme, to present the studies and expected results.

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Stephens, A., and S. D. A. Franklin. "Level of lung function required to use the Camic Datamaster breath alcohol testing device." Science & Justice 41, no. 1 (January 2001): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(01)71848-5.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alcohol use testing'

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