Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alcoholic beverage industry – Botswana'

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The tobacco industry of South Africa has fallen under strict legislation and control measures from the South African government since the passing of the initial Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993. Further amendments have been made to the initial act, namely Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 and the proposed Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill, 2004. This assignment emerges against the backdrop of the alcoholic beverage industry coming under similar scrutiny to that of the tobacco industry from government legislation and control measures The main objective of this assignment was to discover the similarities, if any, between the tobacco industry and the alcoholic beverage industry of South Africa, specifically with regard to their advertising practices before legislation. The purpose of this assignment is to discover whether or not the alcoholic beverage industry can learn from the example of the tobacco industry in order to maintain its self-regulation, rather than to fall under the control of State regulation and legislation. The literature and empirical study sought to achieve the following four objectives: 1.) To gain a thorough understanding of the tobacco legislation on a global scale; 2.) To analyse the control measures and legislation of tobacco in a South African context; 3.) To identify any similarities between the tobacco industry and alcoholic beverage industry of South Africa and 4.) To identify means in which the alcoholic beverage industry can work with the State in order to maintain the self-regulation of its industry. Findings indicate that similarities arise when comparing tobacco and alcohol, as both of them have addictive qualities, are often used from a very young age and both have laws prohibiting sale to minors. The success gained in South Africa with regard to anti-tobacco initiatives and government legislation since the introduction of the first Tobacco Act in 1993, has led to certain members of society feeling that similar, if not the same, strict strategies and / or legislative measures should be used to address the public health problems relating to alcohol.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse tabaknywerheid val onder streng wetgewing en beheermaatreëls deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering sedert die aanvanklike Wet op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 1993 aanvaar is. Verdere wysigings op die aanvanklike wet is aanvaar, naamlik die Wysigingswet op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 1999 en die voorgestelde Wysigingswetsontwerp op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 2004. Hierdie werk spruit voort teen die agtergrond van die alkoholdranknywerheid wat onder 'n soortgelyke soeklig geplaas is as die tabaknywerheid by wyse van regeringswetgewing en beheermaatreëls. Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie werk was om die ooreenkomste, indien enige, vas te stel tussen die tabaknywerheid en die alkoholdranknywerheid van Suid-Afrika, spesifiek met betrekking tot hul adverteringspraktyke vóór wetgewing. Die doel van hierdie werk was om vas te stel of die alkoholdranknywerheid uit die voorbeeld van die tabaknywerheid kan leer aldan nie, met die oog op die voortsetting van sy selfbeheer, eerder as om onder die beheer van Staatsregulering en wetgewing te val. Die bronmateriaal en empiriese studie was daarop toegespits om die volgende vier doelwitte te bereik: 1.) Om 'n behoorlike begrip te verkry van tabakwetgewing op 'n globale skaal; 2.) Om die beheermaatreëls en wetgewing oor tabak in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te analiseer; 3.) Om enige ooreenkomste tussen die tabak- en die alkoholdranknywerheid in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer en 4.) Om wyses te identifiseer waardeur die alkoholdranknywerheid met die Staat kan saamwerk om die selfbeheer van die nywerheid te behou. Bevindinge dui aan dat ooreenkomste wel ontstaan wanneer tabak en alkohol met mekaar vergelyk word, veral omdat albei verslawende eienskappe bevat, dikwels deur persone vanaf 'n baie jong ouderdom gebruik word en dat wetgewing albei verbied om aan minderjariges verkoop te word. Die sukses wat in Suid-Afrika rakende anti-tabakinisiatiewe en wetgewing behaal is sedert die inwerkingstelling van die eerste Wet op die Beheer van Tabak in 1993 het daartoe gelei dat sekere lede van die gemeenskap van mening is dat soortgelyke, indien nie dieselfde nie, streng strategieë en/of wetgewende maatreëls aangewend behoort te word om die openbare gesondheidsprobleme rakende alkohol aan te spreek.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objective: The purpose of the present study is to empirically examine the relationship between brand-level alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption in South Africa. The effect that price has on alcohol consumption is also investigated in the analysis. Method: Using secondary quantitative time series data that include observations of brand-level sales volume, segment volume, brand-level market share, brand-level retail selling price (RSP) and brand-level advertising expenditure (spanning a 32 month period), statistical techniques such as tests for stationarity and co-integration were conducted to assess the association between the various constructs. Results: It was found that between January 2007 and August 2009, a period that included an economic downturn, own-brand advertising had little or no effect on brand-level sales volume (or consumption), segment sales volume and brand level market share. Conversely, price had a significant effect on sales volume, explaining between 48% and 56% of the variation in sales volume at brand-level and between 21% and 31% of the variation in brand-level market share. Conclusion: The results suggest that brand-level advertising has no significant immediate effect on consumption levels in the South African liquor industry, while the price of alcoholic beverages does have a significant immediate effect.

The former finance minister stated in his budget speech in 2016 that sugar tax would come into force in South Africa from 1 April 2017. The treasury's reason for implementing sugar taxation is to reduce the health problems caused by sugar. It is nothing new to use fiscal measures to recover both taxes and to prevent health problems but it was not yet possible to reach a definite conclusion about the impact of sugar tax on the consumption of sugary drinks and the prevalence of obesity. The reason for this is that there is evidence that the implementation of food tax in different countries has shown different results in terms of public health issues and tax benefits. In South Africa, the implementation of sugar tax can either reduce the prevalence of obesity and thereby have a positive effect on the economy or its implementation may adversely affect the economy. If treasury does not implement sugar tax the economy can also be adversely affected by the prevalence of obesity. This dissertation deals with the effects of non-communicable diseases and sugar tax on the South African economy. The focus is on how sugar tax is being implemented internationally and how South Africa intends to implement sugar tax.
Die voormalige minister van finansies het in sy begrotingstoespraak in 2016 vermeld dat suikerbelasting vanaf 1 April 2017 in Suid-Afrika in werking gaan tree. Die tesourie se rede vir die implementering van suikerbelasting is om, in samewerking met die Departement van Gesondheid, die gesondheidsprobleme wat deur suiker veroorsaak word te verminder. Dit is niks nuuts om fiskale maatstawwe te gebruik om beide belasting in te vorder en gesondheidsprobleme te voorkom nie, maar dit was nog nie moontlik om tot ’n definitiewe gevolgtrekking te kom oor die impak van suikerbelasting op die verbruik van suikerversoete drankies en die voorkoms van vetsug nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat daar bewyse is dat die implementering van voedselbelasting in verskillende lande verskillende resultate getoon het in terme van openbare gesondheidskwessies en belastingvoordele. In Suid-Afrika kan die implementering van suikerbelasting óf die voorkoms van vetsug verminder en sodoende die ekonomie bevoordeel óf die implementering daarvan kan die ekonomie negatief beïnvloed. Indien die tesourie nie suikerbelasting implementeer nie kan die ekonomie as gevolg van die voorkoms van vetsug negatief beïnvloed word. Die kern van hierdie skripsie handel oor die gevolge van nieoordraagbare siektes en suikerbelasting op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op hoe suikerbelasting internasionaal geïmplementeer word en hoe Suid-Afrika beoog om suikerbelasting te implementeer.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a análise de investimentos para implantação de unidade industrial de pequeno porte de refrigerante de acerola, planejada para ser instalada no município de Bauru - SP, onde existe um empresário potencial investidor. O mercado brasileiro de refrigerantes tem obtido crescimento considerável, e o grande potencial de consumo deste mercado tem propiciado o surgimento de pequenas indústrias de refrigerantes. Potencial que coloca o Brasil em 3º lugar no consumo de refrigerantes, apenas atrás dos Estados Unidos e México. A acerola que é uma fruta de sabor agradável e rica em vitamina C tem despertado interesse crescente no consumidor brasileiro e apresenta uso potencial como matéria-prima na produção de refrigerante. Para analisar a viabilidade econômica de uma indústria de refrigerantes de pequeno porte, utilizou-se como referência uma capacidade de produção de 300.000 litros/mês. Foram calculados os custos de implantação e os custos de operação da unidade industrial. Para determinação das receitas foram utilizados dois cenários ao longo de um ano de produção. No cenário 1, admite-se a produção constante de 300.000 litros de refrigerante por mês, sendo que no período de entressafra (maio a julho) diversificou-se a produção, com a produção de 30% (90.000 litros) de refrigerante de acerola e 70% (210.000 litros) de refrigerante de guaraná. Já no cenário 2, admite-se que no período de entressafra da acerola, o consumo de refrigerantes apresenta uma redução de 20%, passando para uma produção de 240.000 litros/mês, sendo 72.000 litros de refrigerante de acerola e 168.000 litros de refrigerante de guaraná. Sobre os fluxos de dispêndios e receitas foram determinados os indicadores de viabilidade econômica do projeto, que são: payback simples e econômico; valor presente líquido...
The aim of the present study is to analyze investments for the installation of a small-sized industry of acerola soft drink, planned to be installed in the county of Bauru - São Paulo - Brazil where there is a potential investor. The Brazilian market of soft drinks has had considerable growth and its great potential has made many small industries emerge. This potential puts Brazil in 3rd place in soft drinks consume, only behind United States and Mexico. Acerola which is a tasty fruit and rich in vitamin C has caught Brazilian continuing interest and presents potential use as prime matter in the production of soft drinks. To analyze economic viability of a small-sized soft drink industry, a production capacity of 300,000 liters per month has been used as reference. Installation and factory operation costs have been calculated. Two scenarios along one year of production have been used to determine budget revenues. In scenario 1, the constant production of 300,000 liters per month has been admitted, the off season (May to July) production being diversified with 30% (90,000 liters) acerola soft drinks and 70% (210,000 liters) guarana soft drinks. In scenario 2, acerola off season presents a 20% reduction in the consume of soft drinks, lowering to a 240,000 liters per month production, 72,000 liters of acerola and 168,000 liters of guarana. Over the flow of 4 expenses and revenues, the project indicators of economic viability were determined, which are: simple and economic payback; liquid present value; intern feedback rate and cost benefit relation. The opportunity cost of the capital was 20%. The results obtained through economic viability indicators for both scenarios were favorable to the industry installation. Scenario 1 was more favorable than scenario 2 due to not considering the lower consume in the off-season. The investment analysis for the installation... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Angelo Catâneo
Banca: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho
Banca: Sergio Augusto Lunardelli Furchi
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a análise de investimentos para implantação de unidade industrial de pequeno porte de refrigerante de acerola, planejada para ser instalada no município de Bauru - SP, onde existe um empresário potencial investidor. O mercado brasileiro de refrigerantes tem obtido crescimento considerável, e o grande potencial de consumo deste mercado tem propiciado o surgimento de pequenas indústrias de refrigerantes. Potencial que coloca o Brasil em 3º lugar no consumo de refrigerantes, apenas atrás dos Estados Unidos e México. A acerola que é uma fruta de sabor agradável e rica em vitamina C tem despertado interesse crescente no consumidor brasileiro e apresenta uso potencial como matéria-prima na produção de refrigerante. Para analisar a viabilidade econômica de uma indústria de refrigerantes de pequeno porte, utilizou-se como referência uma capacidade de produção de 300.000 litros/mês. Foram calculados os custos de implantação e os custos de operação da unidade industrial. Para determinação das receitas foram utilizados dois cenários ao longo de um ano de produção. No cenário 1, admite-se a produção constante de 300.000 litros de refrigerante por mês, sendo que no período de entressafra (maio a julho) diversificou-se a produção, com a produção de 30% (90.000 litros) de refrigerante de acerola e 70% (210.000 litros) de refrigerante de guaraná. Já no cenário 2, admite-se que no período de entressafra da acerola, o consumo de refrigerantes apresenta uma redução de 20%, passando para uma produção de 240.000 litros/mês, sendo 72.000 litros de refrigerante de acerola e 168.000 litros de refrigerante de guaraná. Sobre os fluxos de dispêndios e receitas foram determinados os indicadores de viabilidade econômica do projeto, que são: "payback" simples e econômico; valor presente líquido... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to analyze investments for the installation of a small-sized industry of acerola soft drink, planned to be installed in the county of Bauru - São Paulo - Brazil where there is a potential investor. The Brazilian market of soft drinks has had considerable growth and its great potential has made many small industries emerge. This potential puts Brazil in 3rd place in soft drinks consume, only behind United States and Mexico. Acerola which is a tasty fruit and rich in vitamin C has caught Brazilian continuing interest and presents potential use as prime matter in the production of soft drinks. To analyze economic viability of a small-sized soft drink industry, a production capacity of 300,000 liters per month has been used as reference. Installation and factory operation costs have been calculated. Two scenarios along one year of production have been used to determine budget revenues. In scenario 1, the constant production of 300,000 liters per month has been admitted, the off season (May to July) production being diversified with 30% (90,000 liters) acerola soft drinks and 70% (210,000 liters) guarana soft drinks. In scenario 2, acerola off season presents a 20% reduction in the consume of soft drinks, lowering to a 240,000 liters per month production, 72,000 liters of acerola and 168,000 liters of guarana. Over the flow of 4 expenses and revenues, the project indicators of economic viability were determined, which are: simple and economic payback; liquid present value; intern feedback rate and cost benefit relation. The opportunity cost of the capital was 20%. The results obtained through economic viability indicators for both scenarios were favorable to the industry installation. Scenario 1 was more favorable than scenario 2 due to not considering the lower consume in the off-season. The investment analysis for the installation... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre

Mestrado em Finanças
Este relatório contém uma estimação detalhada e respetiva avaliação do valor intrínseco das acções da Diageo, relativamente a junho de 2018, de acordo com o projeto final do Mestrado de Finanças do ISEG. Este projeto segue o formato recomendado pelo Instituto CFA. Diageo foi escolhida devido ao interesse pela indústria das bebidas alcoólicas assim como pela boa reputação da empresa. O preço-alvo foi calculado através de um método de avaliação absoluto, mais especificamente o método do Flow to Equity (FTE). Adicionalmente, foi utilizado um método de avaliação relativo, o método dos Múltiplos Comparáveis. Uma simulação de Monte Carlo e uma análise de sensibilidade foram também realizadas de modo a complementar a análise. Com um preço-alvo de £30.65 para junho de 2018, representando um potencial de valorização de 12.59%, face ao preço atual de £27.22, do dia 30 de junho de 2018, a nossa recomendação final para a Diageo é MANTER, tendo em conta os riscos que poderão afetar o desempenho da empresa. A nossa avaliação do risco estima um risco médio para a empresa.
This report contains a detailed estimation and the respective valuation of Diageo's intrinsic share value for June 2018, according to ISEG's Master in Finance final work project. This project follows the recommended format by the CFA Institute. Diageo Plc was chosen due to the interest in the alcoholic beverages industry and due to the firm's good reputation. The price target was computed through an absolute valuation method, more specifically the Flow to Equity (FTE) method. Additionally, a relative valuation method was used, the Comparable Multiples method. A Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were also performed in order to complement the analysis. With a price target of £30.65 for June 2018, representing an upside potential of 12.59% from June 30th, 2018, current price of £27.22, our final recommendation for Diageo Plc is to HOLD, considering the risks that may affect the firm's performance. Our risk assessment estimates a medium risk for the firm.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the South African Wine industry as a viable market for CHEP SA (Pty) Ltd, using standardised pallet configurations, in the distribution of wine products. The study focuses on the global alcoholic beverage industry and how the South African wine industry is integrated within these markets. The global wine industry has experienced a decline in consumption since 1980, along with a number of changes in the way wine has been marketed. Means of marketing and consumption may vary from country to country, and remains a critical factor of consideration for CHEP SA. The results of the study indicates that in order for CHEP SA to successfully penetrate this market, CHEP SA will need to integrate themselves into the supply chain of the industry and to develop a better understanding of the global wine market. Results of interviews conducted and analysis of the industry indicates, that the market consists of a large number of producers in an industry, which is highly fragmented and uncoordinated. These producers and exporters are in the process of establishing a strategy, which will consolidate the industry and pursue the global wine industry. The identification of global export trends and markets in the alcoholic beverage industry, such as the gradual shift from European markets to North American and Asian markets provides CHEP SA with a clearer understanding of what future distribution and service requirements are needed. The importance of the retailer as well as branding in the wine industry has been identified as two critical factors which require more attention by market participants who wish to provide secondary products and services in the industry like CHEP SA.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die Suid Afrikaanse wynbedryf as 'n lewensvatbare mark waar CHEP SA (Pty) Ltd, sy standaard draagplate kan gebruik in die verspreiding van wynprodukte. Die studie fokus in die geheel op die totale alkaholiese drank bedryf en hoe die Suid Afrikaanse wynbedryf homself integreer in hierdie wêreldmarkte. Die wêreld se wynbedryf ervaar sedert 1980 'n afname in gebruik en dit gaan gepaard met verskeie veranderinge in maniere waarop die produkte bemark word. Hierdie gebruiksyfers en bemarkingstegnieke mag verskil van land tot land, maar bly uiters belangrike faktore wat CHEP SA in oorweging sal moet neem. Die uitslag van hierdie studie toon dat vir CHEP SA om met sukses die mark toe te tree, hulle genoodsaak sal wees om hulself ten volle te integreer met die aanvoerketting van die bedryf asook 'n baie beter begrip te hê van die wêreld se wynbedryf. Die resultate van onderhoude gevoer met industrie kenners toon daarop dat die berdyf uit 'n groot hoeveelheid en hoogs gefragmenteerde en ongeköordineerde groep produsente bestaan. Hierdie produsente en uitvoerders is huidiglik in die proses om 'n strategie vas te lê, wat die industrieë sal verenig om die wêreldwynbedryf te kan aandurf. Die identifiseering van wêreld uitvoer tendensies en markte van die alkoholisie drankbedryf soos byvoorbeeld die geleidelike verskuiwing van die Europese markte na die Noord Amerikaanse en Asiatiese markte, verskaf CHEP SA 'n baie duideliker begrip vir die toekomstige vereistes wat benodig sal word met betrekking tot verspreiding en dienslewering. Die belangrikheid van die kleinhandelaar asook die gebruik van handelsmerke in die wynbedryf word geidentifiseer as twee van die mees belangrikste faktore wat aandag sal moet geniet deur markspelers wat graag sekondere produkte en dienste wil verskaf in die industrie soos CHEP SA.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2002.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, 2002. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

Accurate estimation of alcohol price elasticity is important for policy analysis – e.g.., determining optimal taxes and projecting revenues generated from proposed tax changes. Several approaches to specifying and estimating the price elasticity of demand for alcohol can be found in the literature. There are two keys to policy-relevant specification and estimation of alcohol price elasticity. First, the underlying demand model should take account of alcohol consumption decisions at the extensive margin – i.e., individuals’ decisions to drink or not – because the price of alcohol may impact the drinking initiation decision and one’s decision to drink is likely to be structurally different from how much they drink if they decide to do so (the intensive margin). Secondly, the modeling of alcohol demand elasticity should yield both theoretical and empirical results that are causally interpretable. The elasticity estimates obtained from the existing two-part model takes into account the extensive margin, but are not causally interpretable.

The elasticity estimates obtained using aggregate-level models, however, are causally interpretable, but do not explicitly take into account the extensive margin. There currently exists no specification and estimation method for alcohol price elasticity that both accommodates the extensive margin and is causally interpretable. I explore additional sources of bias in the extant approaches to elasticity specification and estimation: 1) the use of logged (vs. nominal) alcohol prices; and 2) implementation of unnecessarily restrictive assumptions underlying the conventional two-part model. I propose a new approach to elasticity specification and estimation that covers the two key requirements for policy relevance and remedies all such biases. I find evidence of substantial divergence between the new and extant methods using both simulated and the real data. Such differences are profound when placed in the context of alcohol tax revenue generation.

Thesis (D. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008
The purpose of this study was to evaluate brewing and consumption practices and to screen for micro-organisms and mycotoxins associated with traditional beer produced and consumed in the marginal urban settlements of the city of Kimberley in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The survey study revealed that traditional beer is no longer being brewed for traditional purposes only, as was the case in the past, but rather for commercial gain. Both brewers and consumers, however, appeared to be largely unaware of disease-causing micro-organisms present on the hands or bodies of handlers that can be transferred to the beverage during the handling process, and were seemingly not conversant with regard to the effects of hazardous ingredients sometimes incorporated during the brewing process. Unemployment and a lack of education emerged as pivotal factors related to the production of traditional beer and the ignorance of the associated safety thereof. The survey further indicated that although facilities such as the availability of potable water (taps in yards) and flushing toilets were sometimes in place, other facilities such as basins with hot running water were often not available. In commercially produced and homebrewed traditional beer the mean counts for total coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. were circa 105 cfu.ml-1 whereas the TVC (Total Viable Counts) and total fungi counts were 106 and 107 cfu.ml-1 respectively. The total coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. counts for homebrewed traditional beer were approximately one log-phase higher than the commercial version. The counts in the homebrewed beer probably originated from contamination during handling, while in the commercial product contamination originated either in the raw ingredients or during postprocessing and consumption. Apart from staphylococci, considerable numbers of total coliforms indicating faecal contamination were noted. A rapid, easy, reliable and accurate technique that could be used to quantify the level of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and citrinin) in the beer was developed through validation of the ELISA Ridascreen methodology. Using this method, the deoxynivalenol (DON) level in the beer samples was found to exceed the recommended levels suggested by the European Union, while citrinin levels in the samples varied between 35.6 ppb and 942.2 ppb. In the case of citrinin there were statistically significant differences between spring, summer and winter samples, confirming the seasonal impact on fungal growth and consequent mycotoxin production. An R2-value of 0.409 was noted between DON and citrinin, indicating a weak positive association. Finally, an awareness programme in the format of a poster with accompanying subscripts was developed to address issues of safety and hygiene of traditional beer in the study area. The poster utilises animatedstyle colour images of selected practices that need to be addressed, accompanied by slogans summarising the particular image in English, Afrikaans and Setswana. It is envisaged that, as part of a comprehensive awareness programme, the poster will contribute greatly to the quality, safety and promotion of traditional beer in the area.

Esta tesis estudia los inicios del sector cervecero y los factores de oferta y demanda que acompañaron su crecimiento hasta su implantación definitiva en España entre el último cuarto del siglo XIX y el primer decenio del XX. Esta investigación pretende realizar una contribución al estudio de un sector industrial no líder, aunque de amplia repercusión económica en España en la actualidad, que apenas ha merecido la atención de los historiadores económicos, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros países. En un país dominado por el vino y los aguardientes, el origen de esta industria se sitúa en torno a la corte de la dinastía de los Austrias, establecida en España a inicios del siglo XVI, adquiriendo en general un moderado desarrollo durante los siglos XVII y XVIII en la ciudad de Madrid. Posteriormente, tras el establecimiento de una industria cervecera de gran producción en Santander durante el último cuarto del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX con fines exportadores a las Indias comienza de manera paulatina su difusión por toda la Península hasta, como se ha comentado, su definitiva implantación entre finales de siglo y el primer decenio del XX. Entre otras cuestiones, se analiza la creciente orientación de inversiones hacia la fabricación de cerveza, especialmente en las ciudades líderes en esta industria, Barcelona y Madrid, la elevada dependencia sobre dirección técnica, tecnología y una materia prima como el lúpulo respecto del exterior, la difusión de la producción y el consumo en la Península a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, el estudio de las variaciones del precio de la cerveza y sus gravámenes fiscales en el impuesto de consumos en comparación con los del vino, el ataque de la filoxera al sector vinícola francés y español y sus repercusiones sobre el sector cervecero, la evolución del comercio exterior, la progresiva aparición de puntos de venta al por menor, las iniciativas en la solicitud de patentes y marcas en el ámbito cervecero y el comienzo de la fabricación de cerveza de baja fermentación en España a partir del último cuarto de siglo que dará lugar a la formación de economías de escala, una concentración de la producción y la expansión comercial a lo largo de la Península. Antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial, la industria cervecera ya estaba plenamente implantada en España. Los orígenes y la pausada formación del sector cervecero desde el siglo XVI hasta el comienzo del último cuarto del siglo XIX residieron, en buena medida, en la iniciativa, el capital y los conocimientos aportados desde el exterior. Fundamentalmente se trató de cerveceros flamencos a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVIII, y de alemanes y franceses durante los tres primeros cuartos del siglo XIX. Desde ahí hasta 1913, el capital nacional entró a participar de forma mayoritaria en la implantación definitiva de esta industria en España. En esta última etapa destacó la iniciativa de una nueva clase de capitalistas e industriales, surgidos en diversas ciudades de la Península que invertirá en la construcción de grandes fábricas de cerveza, que llegarán la mayor parte a consolidarse en el sector a lo largo del siglo XX. Es el caso de La Austríaca (1876), La Estrella de Gijón (1893), El Laurel de Baco (1895), Cammany y Cía (1899), El Águila, El Águila Negra y la Zaragozana (1900), Juan Musolas (1902), Cruzcampo (1904), Estrella de Galicia (1906) y la Cervecera del Norte y la Vizcaína (1912). Estas compañías agruparían en 1917, ya fuera de la cronología de esta tesis, el 65% de la producción cervecera española.
This thesis examines the beginnings of the brewing industry and the factors of supply and demand that accompanied its growth to its final implementation in Spain between the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. This research aims to make a contribution to the study of non-industrial sector leader, though large economic impact in Spain today, which has hardly received the attention of economic historians, unlike what happens in other countries. In a country dominated by wine and spirits, the origin of this industry is about to cut the Habsburg dynasty, established in Spain in the early sixteenth century, acquiring a moderate overall development during the seventeenth and XVIII in the city of Madrid. Later, after the establishment of a brewing industry for mass production in Santander during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth to exporting to the Spanish colonies in Latin America late starts gradually its dissemination throughout the Peninsula to, as mentioned, its final implementation between the end of the century and the first decade of the twentieth. Among other things, the growing orientation towards investment brewing is analyzed, especially in the leading cities in this industry, Barcelona and Madrid, the high dependence on technical, technology and raw materials such as hops from the outside, the dissemination of production and consumption in the Peninsula from the second half of the nineteenth century, the study of variations in the price of beer and tax on consumption tax compared with wine taxes, the attack “phylloxera” French and Spanish wine industry and its impact on the brewing industry, the development of foreign trade, the gradual emergence of outlets retail initiatives in the application for patents and trademarks in the brewing area and the beginning of the brewery bottom fermented in Spain from the last quarter century that will lead to the formation of economies of scale, concentration of production and trade expansion along the Peninsula. Before World War I, the brewing industry was now fully operational in Spain. The origins and the slow formation of the brewing industry since the sixteenth century to the beginning of the last quarter of the nineteenth century resided largely in the initiative, capital and knowledge provided from outside. Fundamentally treated flamingos along the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries brewers, and German and French during the first three quarters of the nineteenth century. From then until 1913, the national capital came to participate in majority form in the final implementation of this industry in Spain. In this last stage highlighted the initiative of a new class of capitalists and industrialists, arising in various cities of the peninsula that invest in the construction of large breweries, which reach most consolidated in the sector over the twentieth century. This is the case of La Austríaca (1876), La Estrella de Gijón (1893), El Laurel de Baco (1895), Cammany y Cía (1899), El Águila, El Águila Negra y la Zaragozana (1900), Juan Musolas (1902), Cruzcampo (1904), Estrella de Galicia (1906) y La Cervecera del Norte y La Vizcaína (1912). These companies grouped in 1917, and out of the timeline of this thesis, 65 % of the Spanish beer production.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Strategic Marketing Johannesburg, April 2016
The study hypothesized a relationship between the dependent variable, consumers’ intention not to purchase, with four independent constructs, namely, health concerns, perceived price, restricted availability and subjective norms, as de-marketing indicators. The study targeted just over two hundred consumers, aged eighteen and above, who had consumed alcohol in the last seven days, in the greater Gaborone area. The respondents were chosen using random simple sampling and quota sampling. Because of this and the fact that the greater Gaborone area makes up about fifty percent of alcohol sales, the results of the quantitative study are reasonably representative. The data was collected using structured questionnaire. The hypotheses and models were tested, and structural equation modelling performed, using SPSS and AMOS software. The study aims to address the gap of body of knowledge on alcohol policy in Botswana and other developing countries. The undertaken literature review revealed that it is only the developed countries that have implemented and evaluated their policies. The developing countries recently followed suit because their economic growth has increased consumers’ buying power and appetite for aspirational brands. The liquor industry’s advertising, promotion and sponsorships grew consumption significantly, along with socio-economic costs, such as absenteeism, alcohol abuse, car accidents, alcohol-related diseases, and the spread of HIV. Botswana’s alcohol policy has been in effect since 2011, under the Ministry of Health. Among others, legislature was revised, government imposed a tax, liquor trading days and hours amended, health-related alcohol public campaigns rolled out, and the legal blood alcohol level lowered. The study has found that the four independent constructs all influence consumer’s intention not to purchase. The biggest opportunity revealed is the effect of subjective norms, which should be exploited going forward. It is hoped by the researcher that this study, not only adds to the body of knowledge, but stimulates more research on the same.
MT2017

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
金融系金融資訊碩士在職專班
106
In the face of the changing global economic environment, the operating environment becomes more difficult, but the development prospects of an enterprise must continue to maintain the competitiveness of enterprises Only by strengthening the business system, and enhancing industrial competition, as well as immediately grasping the external environment and internal operations could we face any challenge, and then get the opportunity to sustainable development. Business management is to pursue profit maximization and sustainable management as the goal will have to do regular diagnosis of business ideas and practices. Through a comprehensive assessment, check, to find the key issues facing the enterprise, and then take appropriate countermeasures to seek to improve the corporate physique and operational efficiency, and to optimize its competitiveness, which will be an important issue of enterprise business. In recent years, the domestic Alcoholic beverage market with the proportion of the aging population continued to rise under the steady growth of market demand, domestic manufacturers focus on the importance of health care for consumers continue to improve. Spotted the relevant market opportunities, and actively goes into the Alcoholic beverage industry. In this study, we use S Company for the diagnosis case, for the Alcoholic beverage industry, the external industrial environment analysis and research, supplemented by the internal assessment of operational capacity of the diagnostic process. Our research based on S company as reference, and Financial/Management/Strategy Analysis proposed by Dr. Chu-yi You as model FMSA, extending into seven major management components: production, sales, human resources, research and development, finance, administration and information. Based on the cross analysis of corporation model evaluation mentioned above, the solution plan and definite strategies are proposed, and will provide to corporation manager as reference to improvise business performance and to help in each individual company. Keywords: Enterprise Diagnosis, Alcoholic beverage, FMSA

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Accounting degree, Faculty of Accounting and Informatics, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. Durban. South Africa, 2016.
A large number of manufacturing companies adopt the use of the traditional accounting method in their operations. This technique fails to reflect a detailed report of all material losses incurred in their production processes. Worthy of note, is that losses/waste are considered as inefficiencies in manufacturing operations and viewed as a costly venture to the sustainability of the company. This research, therefore, through a case study analysis, examined the efficient/inefficient flow of resources in the production process of an alcoholic beverage company in the Durban metropolis. The study was carried out in order to determine the impact of packaging waste cost in an alcoholic beverage company using the material flow cost accounting technique. Measurements included the input of packaging materials against its output, while giving consideration to waste incurred as losses. The Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) technique, an environmental management accounting tool developed for measuring the flows and stocks of materials of a company and production process in both physical and monetary units, was used to measure the costs of waste on two production lines. MFCA was used to trace all material inputs and categorize them as product or non-product output. MFCA is used to classify the relevant material flows as cost collectors, thereby allocating the costs of the company’s production operations and flows. Different packaging materials that constitute waste on the lines were analyzed using the mixed method approach, which includes observation, questionnaire administration, and analysis of six months production report. Two production lines were considered for sampling, and recommendations were given based on the data analyzed using the SPSS package. The MFCA technique revealed that losses on both production lines were understated, and that, the bottling plant was losing a sizeable amount of monetary value of packaging materials to waste. The MFCA technique also revealed that the traditional costing technique is unable to provide adequate information managers require for strategic cost decision making. MFCA is therefore recommended to assist managers improve production line efficiency and cost savings via accurate waste costing and reduction for corporate sustainability.
M

The alcoholic beverages industry is experiencing increasing pressure from regulators supporting the restriction or banning of alcohol advertising. Simultaneously, an increasingly cluttered media environment and increasing product parity have elevated the importance of advertising creativity. Given this, alcoholic beverage producers face the challenge of balancing their advertising objectives with the need to comply with and stave off further regulations. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of content regulation on advertising creativity with reference to the alcoholic beverages industry. A two-phase qualitative research approach was used. Phase one consisted of an explorative in-depth interview with an expert creative with experience in alcoholic beverages advertising to inform the questionnaire framework for phase two. Phase two consisted of face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews with ten senior Creatives from South African Agencies. Content analysis and constant comparative analysis was used to identify the key patterns and themes that emerged. The research found that when interpreted literally, the impact of content regulations has no effect on advertising creativity. To the extent that regulation prohibited clichéd advertising it was found to be enabling. However, on a wider interpretation it was found that regulations were perceived to be constraints, particularly where they prohibited a key consumer insight.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

The research explored the role of personality traits and motivation in determining Brand Ambassador (BA) performance. Fragmentation in the media and consumers who are more aware of clever marketing, are turning to the more credible messages and advice on products or services spread by BA’s within their circle of friends, before making purchasing decisions. Marketers seeking to recruit high potential BA’s need to know what personality traits are required for a BA to be successful. By implication a BA is type of sales representative and using the sales literature as the platform, successful sales representatives require all Big Five personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness to Experience as well as Motivation.The NEO-FFI questionnaire was used to measure the Big Five personality traits, and was adapted to include a measure of Motivation. The questionnaire was completed by 120 BA’s from the South African Breweries (SAB) Egoli region, who had a performance record. T-tests, multiple regression and correlation were the statistical techniques employed to test the relationships between personality traits, motivation and BA performance.The outcome was that Conscientiousness was the only personality trait found tobe statistically significant. The results suggest that the BA rankings supplied by SAB were flawed. The reliability measures suggest that the NEO-FFI questionnaire needs to be adapted before being implemented in South Africa and a rating scale is a better indicator of performance proxy than ranking scale.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

碩士
國立中央大學
產業經濟研究所在職專班
101
In 1984, Taiwan non-alcoholic beverage industries broke out crisis of root beer containing carcinogen safrole. It is 1st crisis for Taiwan non-alcoholic beverage industries. At that time, there are seven drinks companies involved to produce questioned root beer. Plasticizer crisis in May 2011 was exploded again to bump this industry. It is caused significant sale declinations of food, juice and sports drinks. Recalling crisis events in the history of the world, every enterprise subject to face the ordeal and challenges of unexpected crisis, crisis management has become one of the important topics. This theorem proposes to understand the successful case of crisis management in Taiwan non-alcoholic beverage industry. According to Hey Song’s root beer containing safrole case, to analyze their crisis management processes. Johnson &; Johnson’s Tylenol tampering crisis, the most representatively successful crisis management case is cited as investigation reference. Due to Johnson &; Johnson crisis management procedures are identified as crisis management theory by academic circles, this theorem refers to this theory investigating the result of Hey Song crisis management. Moreover, comparing with failure cases, we could find out no matter enterprise size, product categories and countries, all kinds of units have chance to meet different crisis events. However, some ones turn the miscue into an opportunity, the others led to expansion of the crisis and non-recoverable damage of enterprise reputation because wrong managers’ strategy and lack of immediately and properly crisis management. Finally, learnt from the classical cases to find out the key to overcome crisis and provide Taiwan enterprise strategy reference of crisis happened.

碩士
國立東華大學
管理學院高階經營管理碩士在職專班
107
The research utilizes the index of economic cycle based on the national development council. According to six groups of manufacturing production index by「Fruit and vegetable juice drinks」、「Soda drinks」、「Sports drinks」、「Coffee drinks」、「Tea drinks」、「Mineral Waters」from department of statistic. The benchmark results calculate from January of 1994 to December 2017. In total, 288 months data which shows rise/fall trend between the indexes of economic cycle and the index of stock market. My main research summarize as below.First of all, the sales value of fruit and vegetable juice and soda drinks indicators on peak or trough period is leading the base day. Showing fruit and vegetable juice and carbonated drinks the two types of beverages are popular in the market, fruit and vegetable juice and carbonated drinks sales value Index can be used as the boom and stock market.Second, the sales value of sports drinks and coffee drinks indicators on peak or trough period is behind the base day.showing that sports drinks and coffee drinks the two types of beverages are deeply affected by the boom, boom and stock market can be used as a leading guide for sports drinks and coffee beverage manufacturing industry.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The objective of this research is to examine the development of the California alcohol outlets over time and the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and densities of the alcohol outlets. Two types of advanced analyses were done after the usual preliminary description of data. Firstly, fixed and random effects linear regression were used for the county panel data across time (1945-2010) with a dummy variable added to capture the change in law regarding limitations on alcohol outlets density. Secondly, a Bayesian spatio-temporal Poisson regression of the census tract panel data was conducted to capture recent availability of population characteristics affecting outlet density. The spatial Conditional Autoregressive model was embedded in the Poisson regression to detect spatial dependency of unexplained variance of alcohol outlet density. The results show that the alcohol outlets density reduced under the limitation law over time. However, it was no more effective in reducing the growth of alcohol outlets after the limitation was modified to be more restrictive. Poorer, higher vacancy rate and lower percentage of Black neighborhoods tend to have higher alcohol outlet density (numbers of alcohol outlets to population ratio) for both on-sale general and off-sale general. Other characteristics like percentage of Hispanics, percentage of Asians, percentage of younger population and median income of adjacency neighbors were associated with densities of on-sale general and off sale general alcohol outlets. Some regions like the San Francisco Bay area and the Greater Los Angeles area have more alcohol outlets than the predictions of neighborhood characteristics included in the model.

PhD (Food Science)
Department of Food Science and Technology
Finger millet (FM) [Eleusine coracana] is an underutilised cereal grain used as a food source in South Africa. Increased research interest in FM has span over the years owing to its unique nutritional and bioactive composition. Following the recent interest in natural curative substances over their synthetic counterparts in the treatment of food dependent diseases, FM has shown potential nutraceutical effects. Some important health effects like antidiabetic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties have been reported in recent trials with FM. In view of the increasing utilisation and application of FM in the region of Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District of South Africa, two common indigenous FM varieties (brown and dark brown) were obtained and analysed for their physicochemical properties, levels of minerals, phytic acid, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. For this process, malted non-alcoholic beverages were produced and analysed for their physicochemical properties, levels of phenolic compounds, and total phenolics and antioxidant activities. FM grains were soaked, germinated and kilned at an interval of 24 h for 96 h, using sorghum as an external reference. Mineral composition of the FM and sorghum samples were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS). All experiments were performed in triplicate except for the UPLC-MS analysis of the malted non-alcoholic beverages that was done in duplicate. Data were analysed by one way analysis of variance, and the mean values were separated by Duncan’s multiple comparison test using SPSS version 24.0. Data showed that the FM varieties were rich in macro- and micro- or trace elements. The macro-elements calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and sulphur were found in high amounts ranging from 1597.37 mg/ kg – 6775.03 mg/ kg; iron, zinc, strontium and silicon were found in significant amounts in the range 21.47 mg/ kg – 55.67 iii mg/ kg, copper and boron were found in low amounts (2.2 mg/ kg – 7.7 mg/ kg), along with selenium and cobalt (0.02 mg/ kg – 0.05 mg/ kg). Heavy metals, barium and aluminium were found in the FM varieties. Varietal difference was found to play an important role in the mineral content of the grains during malting. Malting for 24 h reduced mineral content except for sodium. Beyond 48 h of malting, mineral content increased, particularly, for 96 h in FM grain malt. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in the mineral content of FM varieties were noted at 48 h and 96 h of malting. Increase occurred at 72 h of malting for potassium, iron and boron. Malting did not have any effect on the manganese content of the dark brown FM; however, it increased the manganese content at 48 h of malting for brown FM. Malting for 96 h significantly (p < 0.05) reduced sodium content. Consecutive decrease in phytic acid content of the grains was not recorded with durations in malting time. Although statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed, malting did not result in too much change in the physicochemical properties of the grains. Several flavonoids, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, taxifolin, and hesperitin were isolated, whilst protocatechuic acid was the only phenolic acid detected in the unmalted and malted FM. Increases in catechin, epicatechin and protocatechuic acid were observed for 72 and 96 h malt of brown FM with similar observations recorded for sorghum. Complete loss of taxifolin, catechin, and hesperitin were noted with malting time. FM grains exhibited 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2՛-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging action and iron reducing activities. Increased iron reducing activity alongside ABTS radical scavenging activity was recorded with malting time. A fermentation-time dependent decrease in the pH of the non-alcoholic beverages, with a corresponding increase in sugar content were recorded. A similar decrease was also recorded for the viscosities of the beverages. The FM malt beverages were found to contain a higher amount of citric acid compared to the sorghum malt beverage. A decrease in the citric acid content with fermentation time was noted in the grain malt beverages fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum, particularly for the iv FM beverage. The phenolic compounds detected in the FM malt beverages fermented with the grain microbial flora and Lactobacillus fermentum were protocatechuic acid, catechin and epicatechin. Taxifolin and kaempferol along with the earlier mentioned compounds were detected in the sorghum malt beverage. Catechin was found in higher amount compared to other phenolic compounds in the FM and sorghum malt beverages. FM malt beverages were found to contain a higher amount of total phenolics compared to the beverage prepared from sorghum malt. Fermentation with the grains’ microbial flora and L. fermentum resulted in reduced total phenolics of FM and sorghum malt beverages, particularly after 24 h of fermentation. A fermentation-time dependent decrease in total phenolics of FM beverages fermented with L. fermentum was noted. Fermentation within 24 - 48 h using the grain microbial flora showed higher total individual phenolic compounds for the dark brown FM and sorghum, compared to other fermentation periods. Fermentation of the beverages for 24 h retained a higher amount of the total phenolics compared to other fermentation periods, especially for the L. fermentum beverages. Reduced total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the beverages were noted at 24 h of fermentation for the two microbial sources. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in total phenolics were observed within 72 – 96 h of fermentation of the brown FM malt beverage with the grains’ microbial flora. Fermentation for 72 h and 96 h with L. fermentum increased the total phenolic content of the brown FM. Increase in total flavonoid content (TFC) of brown FM malt beverage was noted at 72 h fermentation for both microbial sources. Unlike with L. fermentum, no significant (p > 0.05) change in TFC was observed for the dark brown FM beverage after 24 h fermentation with the grains’ microbial flora. Beverages exhibited DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging action and iron reducing activities, which were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 96 h fermentation for both microbial sources. The 24 h fermented beverage retained a higher amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and had higher antioxidant activity compared to other fermentation periods for both microbial sources. The study shows that FM is a rich source of essential minerals and v phenolic compounds, and demonstrates that 72 to 96 h of malting has a positive effect on minerals and certain phenolic compounds over the 48 h malting period widely used for preparation of FM malt. The presence of hesperitin in FM grain was established. A new method was developed for the production of FM non-alcoholic beverage with measurable amounts of health-promoting compounds. An ideal fermentation period (24 h) for FM malt non-alcoholic beverage production with enhanced health-promoting compounds, using Lactobacillus fermentum was demonstrated. Fermentation limit (96 h) for production of FM malt beverage using either the grain microbial flora or L. fermentum was confirmed. These findings provide a rationale for increased utilisation of FM as a functional food grain, and its use as malt in production of non-alcoholic beverage for health promotion and wellness.
NRF