Academic literature on the topic 'Aldehyde toxicity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aldehyde toxicity"
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Kunjapur, Aditya M., and Kristala L. J. Prather. "Microbial Engineering for Aldehyde Synthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 6 (2015): 1892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03319-14.
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ABSTRACTAldehydes are a class of chemicals with many industrial uses. Several aldehydes are responsible for flavors and fragrances present in plants, but aldehydes are not known to accumulate in most natural microorganisms. In many cases, microbial production of aldehydes presents an attractive alternative to extraction from plants or chemical synthesis. During the past 2 decades, a variety of aldehyde biosynthetic enzymes have undergone detailed characterization. Although metabolic pathways that result in alcohol synthesis via aldehyde intermediates were long known, only recent investigations in model microbes such asEscherichia colihave succeeded in minimizing the rapid endogenous conversion of aldehydes into their corresponding alcohols. Such efforts have provided a foundation for microbial aldehyde synthesis and broader utilization of aldehydes as intermediates for other synthetically challenging biochemical classes. However, aldehyde toxicity imposes a practical limit on achievable aldehyde titers and remains an issue of academic and commercial interest. In this minireview, we summarize published efforts of microbial engineering for aldehyde synthesis, with an emphasis onde novosynthesis, engineered aldehyde accumulation inE. coli, and the challenge of aldehyde toxicity.
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Nurbekova, Z. "Toxicity of reactive carbonyl compounds to plants." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 136, no. 3 (2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2021-136-3-86-92.
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In plants, environmental stresses result in oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the generation of reactive carbonyl aldehydes. Reactive carbonyl aldehydes are downstream products of reactive oxygen species which can be described as critical cell-damaging agents in plants under various environmental stresses. In this paper toxicity of reactive carbonyl aldehydes and its generation under stress conditions are discussed. Moreover, involvement of reactive carbonyl aldehydes in stress- induced damage to plants is demonstrated. Toxic effect of reactive aldehydes such as acrolein, malondialdehyde and crotonaldehyde in plants under different stresses and their high electrophilicity is also discussed. Increases in malondialdehyde was demonstrated in UV-C stressed plants as the result of carbonyl modified proteins. A malondialdehyde is one of the widely shown aldehyde, which can be demonstrated as an indicator of reactive oxygen species. Malondialdehyde isomerized to 3-hydroxyacrolein whereas it can be described as a dialdehyde. The article considers detrimental actions of reactive carbonyl aldehydes and their chemical properties as well as detoxification of reactive carbonyl aldehydes by multiple enzymes such as aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, aldo-keto reductase and 2-alkenal reductase.
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Jurnak, Frances. "Article Commentary: The Pivotal Role of Aldehyde Toxicity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Therapeutic Potential of Micronutrient Supplementation." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 8s1 (January 2015): NMI.S29531. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/nmi.s29531.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social and communication impairments as well as by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Genomic studies have not revealed dominant genetic errors common to all forms of ASD. So ASD is assumed to be a complex disorder due to mutations in hundreds of common variants. Other theories argue that spontaneous DNA mutations and/or environmental factors contribute to as much as 50% of ASD. In reviewing potential genetic linkages between autism and alcoholism, it became apparent that all theories of ASD are consistent with aldehyde toxicity, in which endogenous and exogenous aldehydes accumulate as a consequence of mutations in key enzymes. Aldehyde toxicity is characterized by cell-localized, micronutrient deficiencies in sulfur-containing antioxidants, thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6), folate, Zn2+, possibly Mg2+, and retinoic acid, causing oxidative stress and a cascade of metabolic disturbances. Aldehydes also react with selective cytosolic and membrane proteins in the cell of origin; then some types migrate to damage neighboring cells. Reactive aldehydes also form adducts with DNA, selectively mutating bases and inducing strand breakage. This article reviews the relevant genomic, biochemical, and nutritional literature, which supports the central hypothesis that most ASD symptoms are consistent with symptoms of aldehyde toxicity. The hypothesis represents a paradigm shift in thinking and has profound implications for clinical detection, treatment, and even prevention of ASD. Insight is offered as to which neurologically afflicted children might successfully be treated with micronutrients and which children are unlikely to be helped. The aldehyde toxicity hypothesis likely applies to other neurological disorders.
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Hellenthal, Katharina E. M., Laura Brabenec, Eric R. Gross, and Nana-Maria Wagner. "TRP Channels as Sensors of Aldehyde and Oxidative Stress." Biomolecules 11, no. 10 (2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11101401.
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The transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel superfamily comprises more than 50 channels that play crucial roles in physiological processes. TRP channels are responsive to several exogenous and endogenous biomolecules, with aldehydes emerging as a TRP channel trigger contributing to a cellular cascade that can lead to disease pathophysiology. The body is not only exposed to exogenous aldehydes via tobacco products or alcoholic beverages, but also to endogenous aldehydes triggered by lipid peroxidation. In response to lipid peroxidation from inflammation or organ injury, polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo lipid peroxidation to aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxynonenal. Reactive aldehydes activate TRP channels via aldehyde-induced protein adducts, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators driving the pathophysiology caused by cellular injury, including inflammatory pain and organ reperfusion injury. Recent studies have outlined how aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 protects against aldehyde toxicity through the clearance of toxic aldehydes, indicating that targeting the endogenous aldehyde metabolism may represent a novel treatment strategy. An addition approach can involve targeting specific TRP channel regions to limit the triggering of a cellular cascade induced by aldehydes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of aldehydes, TRP channels, and their interactions, as well as their role in pathological conditions and the different therapeutical treatment options.
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Mackrill, John J., Roberta A. Kehoe, Limian Zheng, et al. "Inhibitory Properties of Aldehydes and Related Compounds against Phytophthora infestans—Identification of a New Lead." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (2020): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070542.
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The pathogen Phytophthora infestans is responsible for catastrophic crop damage on a global scale which totals billions of euros annually. The discovery of new inhibitors of this organism is of paramount agricultural importance and of critical relevance to food security. Current strategies for crop treatment are inadequate with the emergence of resistant strains and problematic toxicity. Natural products such as cinnamaldehyde have been reported to have fungicidal properties and are the seed for many new discovery research programmes. We report a probe of the cinnamaldehyde framework to investigate the aldehyde subunit and its role in a subset of aromatic aldehydes in order to identify new lead compounds to act against P. infestans. An ellipticine derivative which incorporates an aldehyde (9-formyl-6-methyl ellipticine, 34) has been identified with exceptional activity versus P. infestans with limited toxicity and potential for use as a fungicide.
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LI, Wei, Xi-Ming YUAN, Svetlana IVANOVA, Kevin J. TRACEY, John W. EATON, and Ulf T. BRUNK. "3-Aminopropanal, formed during cerebral ischaemia, is a potent lysosomotropic neurotoxin." Biochemical Journal 371, no. 2 (2003): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021520.
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Cytotoxic polyamine-derived amino aldehydes, formed during cerebral ischaemia, damage adjacent tissue (the so-called ‘penumbra') not subject to the initial ischaemic insult. One such product is 3-aminopropanal (3-AP), a potent cytotoxin that accumulates in ischaemic brain, although the precise mechanisms responsible for its formation are still unclear. More relevant to the present investigations, the mechanisms by which such a small aldehydic compound might be cytotoxic are also not known, but we hypothesized that 3-AP, having the structure of a weak lysosomotropic base, might concentrate within lysosomes, making these organelles a probable focus of initial toxicity. Indeed, 3-AP leads to lysosomal rupture of D384 glioma cells, a process which clearly precedes caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. Immunohistochemistry reveals that 3-AP concentrates in the lysosomal compartment and prevention of this accumulation by the lysosomotropic base ammonia, NH3, protects against 3-AP cytotoxicity by increasing lysosomal pH. A thiol compound, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine, reacts with and neutralizes 3-AP and significantly inhibits cytoxocity. Both amino and aldehyde functions of 3-AP are necessary for toxicity: the amino group confers lysosomotropism and the aldehyde is important for additional, presently unknown, reactions. We conclude that 3-AP exerts its toxic effects by accumulating intralysosomally, causing rupture of these organelles and releasing lysosomal enzymes which initiate caspase activation and apoptosis (or necrosis if the lysosomal rupture is extensive). These results may have implications for the development of new therapeutics designed to lessen secondary damage arising from focal cerebral ischaemia.
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Greene, Michael W., and Richard M. Kocan. "Toxicological mechanisms of a multicomponent agricultural seed protectant in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 6 (1997): 1387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-042.
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Ethylene glycol (EG) and thiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, are components of the seed protectant Vitavax-200. EG is a common solvent, thought to be nontoxic, whereas thiram, a dithiocarbamate known to be toxic to fish, is an active ingredient in Vitavax-200. When the\i toxicities of EG and thiram were investigated individually and as a mixture in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), a strong synergistic toxic effect was observed. Using a constant sublethal concentration of thiram, a 5- to 19-fold increase and a 2- to 2.4-fold increase in EG toxicity was observed in fathead minnow and rainbow trout, respectively. The toxicity of EG following pretreatment of rainbow trout with pyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, was decreased by 22% whereas pretreatment with cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased toxicity 3.4-fold. The results indicate that thiram inhibits the complete metabolism of EG, resulting in the buildup of a toxic aldehyde intermediate and increasing the toxicity of EG.
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Ochoa, Carmen A., Claire G. Nissen, Deanna D. Mosley, et al. "Aldehyde Trapping by ADX-102 Is Protective against Cigarette Smoke and Alcohol Mediated Lung Cell Injury." Biomolecules 12, no. 3 (2022): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12030393.
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Most individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorders smoke cigarettes. Large concentrations of malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde are found in lungs co-exposed to cigarette smoke and alcohol. Aldehydes directly injure lungs and form aldehyde protein adducts, impacting epithelial functions. Recently, 2-(3-Amino-6-chloroquinolin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (ADX-102) was developed as an aldehyde-trapping drug. We hypothesized that aldehyde-trapping compounds are protective against lung injury derived from cigarette smoke and alcohol co-exposure. To test this hypothesis, we pretreated mouse ciliated tracheal epithelial cells with 0–100 µM of ADX-102 followed by co-exposure to 5% cigarette smoke extract and 50 mM of ethanol. Pretreatment with ADX-102 dose-dependently protected against smoke and alcohol induced cilia-slowing, decreases in bronchial epithelial cell wound repair, decreases in epithelial monolayer resistance, and the formation of MAA adducts. ADX-102 concentrations up to 100 µM showed no cellular toxicity. As protein kinase C (PKC) activation is a known mechanism for slowing cilia and wound repair, we examined the effects of ADX-102 on smoke and alcohol induced PKC epsilon activity. ADX-102 prevented early (3 h) activation and late (24 h) autodownregulation of PKC epsilon in response to smoke and alcohol. These data suggest that reactive aldehydes generated from cigarette smoke and alcohol metabolism may be potential targets for therapeutic intervention to reduce lung injury.
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Nurbekova, Zhadyrassyn, Sudhakar Srivastava, Dominic Standing, et al. "Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3, known to oxidize abscisic aldehyde to abscisic acid, protects leaves from aldehyde toxicity." Plant Journal 108, no. 5 (2021): 1439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15521.
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Du, Han-Mei, Chan Liu, Xin-Wu Jin, et al. "Overexpression of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene ZmALDH Confers Aluminum Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (2022): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010477.
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Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the main factor limiting plant growth and the yield of cereal crops in acidic soils. Al-induced oxidative stress could lead to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aldehydes in plants. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes, which play an important role in detoxification of aldehydes when exposed to abiotic stress, have been identified in most species. However, little is known about the function of this gene family in the response to Al stress. Here, we identified an ALDH gene in maize, ZmALDH, involved in protection against Al-induced oxidative stress. Al stress up-regulated ZmALDH expression in both the roots and leaves. The expression of ZmALDH only responded to Al toxicity but not to other stresses including low pH and other metals. The heterologous overexpression of ZmALDH in Arabidopsis increased Al tolerance by promoting the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, increasing the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes as well as the activities of their products, reducing MDA, and increasing free proline synthesis. The overexpression of ZmALDH also reduced Al accumulation in roots. Taken together, these findings suggest that ZmALDH participates in Al-induced oxidative stress and Al accumulation in roots, conferring Al tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aldehyde toxicity"
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Nilsson, Jan Anders. "Aldehyde toxicity in human oral epithelium /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-141-5/.
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Grilo, Nádia Filipa Marques. "Protein adducts from the anti-HIV drug abacavir – possible biomarkers of drug toxicity." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8203.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Genética Molecular e Biomedicina<br>While the benefits of combined antiretroviral therapy have revolutionized the life expectancy of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, treatment-associated toxicity is frequently
observed. Abacavir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor associated with acute toxic events,such as hypersensitivity reactions. In addition, its long-term use has increasingly been recognized as
associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. While the mechanisms underlying abacavirinduced hypersensitivity and cardiotoxicity are not fully understood, abacavir bioactivation to a reactive
aldehyde metabolite is thought to play a crucial role in this context. However, as a short lived specie,in vivo, its formation has so far eluded detection. Our initial hypothesis was that it could be efficiently
trapped by N-terminal valine of hemoglobin, forming N-terminal-valine-abacavir adducts.
With the ultimate goal of gain insight into the role of abacavir metabolism in abacavir-induced toxicity, the present work was focused on obtaining evidence for the abacavir bioactivation to a reactive aldehyde metabolite, in human immunodeficiency virus - infected patients, and on the evaluation of this reactive metabolite ability to undergo protein modification. To address these issues:
1) abacavir-Edman standards were prepared to monitor the presence of these adducts in vivo; 2) the presence of abacavir-Edman adduct was screened in Wistar rats, for optimization of analytical method; and 3) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The experimental
approach used, involving N-Alkyl Edman degradation, for specific detachment of N-terminal-valineabacavir adducts from protein, followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of detached abacavir-Edman adducts, upon comparison with standards prepared in vitro, allowed the unequivocal identification of these adducts in animal and human samples. These results represent the first report on the involvement of a conjugated aldehyde
intermediate in the metabolic activation of abacavir in man. Whereas this evidence does not imply an exclusive relation between abacavir-Edman adducts and abacavir toxicity, the search for causal relationships between the formation of abacabir-derived protein adducts and the occurrence of abacavir-induced toxic events in patients is worth pursuing, and is currently underway, towards the clarification of mechanism(s) of abacavir-induced toxicity.
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SOO, CAROL. "MECHANISMS OF OZONE TOXICITY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1020710528.
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Chen, ShIh Lan, and 陳詩嵐. "Toxicity assessment of aldehyde chemicals." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10654081451585930901.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>環境工程所<br>91<br>The aim of this study is to use a close system algal toxic test to assess the toxicity of aldehyde chemicals, and evaluate the joint action of aldehyde toxicants with cyanogenic organic chemicals.
In aldehyde chemicals, experimental results indicated that more sensitive outcomes were based on DO. When compared to other species, our results were more sensitive than Minnow, other green algal, Microtox, rat and rabbit but carp and daphnia, apparently it is a great microorganism for toxic test. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)showed that toxicity values were highly correlated with log P and a two parameter QSAR model was obtained with the inclusion of Elumo.
In binary toxicity test, the results indicated that great than additive effect always occurred when these mixed chemicals with steep slope and flat slope. If combined Acetonitrile and aldehyde chemicals, antagonism effect were found; when aldehyde chemicals mixed with Malononitrile got more additive effect. The different outcomes between Microtox and Raphidocelis subcapitata toxic test maybe result from different tolerance to difference microorganism.
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Gung, Jiun-Ju, and 龔俊竹. "The indiviual toxicity of acrylonitriles and the combined effects with aldehydes using a closed-system algal test." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80358020273280380190.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>環境工程系所<br>97<br>The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the toxicity of acrylonitrile and its derivatives, and their combined effects with aldehydes, using a closed-system algal toxicity test technique.
Among all the acrylonitrile derivatives, 2-chloroacrylonitrile was found to be the most toxic compounds, while methacrylonitrile was the least toxic one. For the low-toxic-effect concentrations, NOEC values were generally lower than the EC10 values and, therefore, were considered as being able to provide better protection to the aquatic environment than the EC10 values.
For the combined-effect studies, synergistic effects were consistently observed when both toxicants depict flat dose-response curves. Though the observed synergistic effects were stronger than that predicted by the non-interactive multiple toxicity model, the applied model did provide satisfactory predictions for the joint action modes for binary mixtures of toxicants. On the other hand, less-than-additive effects were observed for two toxicants associated with steep dose-response curves.
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Tsai, Din-Yu, and 蔡定裕. "The Study of Toxicity Assessment of Aromatic Aldehydes(Benzaldehydes) Using a Closed-System Algal Test and The Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83548615052654470341.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>環境工程系所<br>94<br>The objective of this study is to study the toxic effect of aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde) on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata using a closed system test. The effects of benzaldehydes were evaluated by three kinds of response endpoints, i.e., cell density, algal growth rate, and the dissolved oxygen production. Median effective concentratons (EC50s) were estimated using the Probit model with a test duration of 48hr. The quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were established based on the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) and an electronic parameters-Lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (ELUMO).
The result shows that the algae would make three types of benzaldehydes (benzaldehdye、vanillin and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) into benzoic acid, and this reaction is called the dismutation. Special attention should be paid to that the oxygen produced by algae and toxicity of benzaldehydes will be decreased in the dismutation. The highest toxicity in different kinds of hydroxyl- benzaldehydes is 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. In addition, the toxicity of para-hydroxy-benzaldehydes is lower than that of ortho-hydroxy- benzalde- hydes, exept 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
The results also reveal that the value of the lower effect concentration (EC10、LOEC、NOEC and NEC) of the benzaldehydes is NOEC <EC10< NEC<LOEC. This demonstrates that the relative sensitivity is NOEC >EC10> NEC>LOEC. Besides, the experiment results (EC50) are compared with literature data derived by various toxicity tests. The order of the relative sensitivity is then obtained as follows : algae(Final yield)>algae(DO prod- uction)>algae(Grwoth rate)>Fathead minnow>Daphnia magna> Microtox >Tetrahymena pyriformis.
On the other hand, the toxicity of hydroxy-benzaldehydes is demonstrated to be higher than that of other benzaldehydes, and a single parameter (logKow) is used to estabilish QSAR of the hydroxy-benzaldehydes, except the one outlier (2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde).[log(1/EC50)G.R = 0.8457X - 0.34 96, R2 = 0.9152, n=7]
Books on the topic "Aldehyde toxicity"
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International Agency for Research on Cancer. and IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans., eds. Allyl compounds, aldehydes, epoxides, and peroxides. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1985.
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Jamie, Goode, Chadwick Derek, and Novartis Foundation, eds. Acetaldehyde-related pathology: bridging the trans-disciplinary divide. John Wiley, 2007.
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Corporation, Syracuse Research, ed. Toxicological profile for acrolein. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Aldehyde toxicity"
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Yin, Shih-Jiun, and Ting-Kai Li. "Genetic Polymorphism and Properties of Human Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: Implications for Ethanol Metabolism and Toxicity." In Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol. Humana Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4514-8_17.
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El-Maghrabey, Mahmoud H., Rania El-Shaheny, Mohamed A. El Hamd, Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb, Naoya Kishikawa, and Naotaka Kuroda. "Aldehydes’ Sources, Toxicity, Environmental Analysis, and Control in Food." In Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72441-2_5.
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Fouad, Damiri, Yahya Bachra, Grouli Ayoub, et al. "A Novel Drug Delivery System Based on Nanoparticles of Magnetite Fe3O4 Embedded in an Auto Cross-Linked Chitosan." In Chitin and Chitosan - Physicochemical Properties and Industrial Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94873.
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Recently, chitosan (CS) was given much attention as a functional biopolymer for designing various hydrogels for industrial, environmental and biomedical applications, but their biomedical use is limited due to the toxicity of the crosslinker agents. To overcome this inconvenience, we developed an auto cross-linked material based on a chitosan backbone that carries an amino and aldehyde moieties. This new drug delivery system (DDS) was designed by using oxidized chitosan (OCS) that crosslinks chitosan (CS). In the first part, a simple, rapid, low-cost and eco-friendly green method was introduced to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) successfully. These nanoparticles Fe3O4 have received a great deal of attention in the biomedical field. Especially in a targeted drug delivery system, drug-loaded Fe3O4-NPs can accumulate at the tumor site by the aid of an external magnetic field and increase the effectiveness of drug release to the tumor site. In the second part, we have incorporated the Fe3O4-NPs into chitosan/oxidized chitosan solution because of their unique magnetic properties, outstanding magnetism, biocompatibility, lower toxicity, biodegradability, and other features. Three drugs (5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Caffeine and Ascorbic acid)) were embedded into the magnetite solution that became quickly a hydrogel. The successful fabrication of the hydrogels and ferrogels was confirmed by (FT-IR), (TGA), (SEM), (VSM) analysis at room temperature. Finally, results showed that our hydrogels and ferrogels may be technologically used as devices for drug delivery in a controllable manner.
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Taber, Douglass F. "The Paterson Synthesis of (−)-Leiodermatolide." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0096.
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(−)-Leiodermatolide 4, isolated from the lithistid sponge Leiodermatium sp., showed 5.0-nM activity against PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells, and reduced toxicity toward normal cells. Ian Paterson of the University of Cambridge established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 2692) a synthetic route to 4 based on sp2–sp2 coupling, as exemplified by the combination of 1 with 2 to give 3. Addition of the boron enolate of the enantiomerically-pure benzoate 5 to the iodoaldehyde 6 gave 7, that was silylated, reduced, and deprotected to give 1. Addition of the boron enolate of ent-5 to propanal gave 8. The α-acyloxy ketone of 8 served as a masked acylating agent. The addition of allyl magnesium bromide followed by oxidative cleavage led to the ketone 9. The preparation of 2 was completed by diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol condensation of 9 with the ketene silyl acetal 10. The intramolecular Heck coupling of 1 with 2 presumably proceeded by way of the organo-Pd intermediate 11. β-Hydride elimination could have given one or more of four possible dienes, but in fact the E,E product 3 dominated, as expected. The allylic H’s are activated for elimination, while the H’s β to the silyl ether are deactivated both electronically and sterically. The third component of 4 was the stannane 17. Applying the same strategy, the addition of ent-5 to the aldehyde 12 gave 13, that was protected and condensed with 14 to deliver, after oxidative cleavage, the alkynyl ketone 15. Conjugate addition of iodide proceeded with good geometric control to give 16, that was protected and stannylated to complete the preparation of 17. The diol 3 was oxidatively cleaved, and the resulting aldehyde was carried on to the iodide 18. This was coupled with the stannane 17 to give the diene 19. A sequence of deprotection, oxidation, and further deprotection yielded a tetraol, that was lactonized with high selectivity to give the 16-membered ring of (−)-leiodermatolide 4.
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Li, Jie Jack, Chris Limberakis, and Derek A. Pflum. "Oxidation." In Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187984.003.0009.
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Activated manganese dioxide (MnO2) reliably oxidizes acetylenic, allylic, and benzylic alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Saturated primary and secondary alcohols are also oxidized, albeit more slowly. The two main concerns are the activity of the manganese dioxide and the slow filtration of salts after the reaction. Activated MnO2 is available commercially or may be prepared. To a solution of 15.3 g (37.5 mmol) of the alcohol in 150 mL of hexanes was added 60 g of activated MnO2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 22 °C overnight and filtered, and the solid residue was washed with 30% EtOAc in hexanes solution. The combined filtrates were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO2 (EtOAc:hexanes, 1:10) to give 13.7 g (90%) of the ketone as a colorless oil. Reference: Wipf, P.; Xu, W. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6556–6562. Chromium-based oxidations are reliable and well established, but the toxicity associated with chromium salts have meant that they are generally considered the second choice. For a review of chromium–amine complex oxidations, see Luzzio, F. A. Org. React. 1998, 53, 1-221. To a mixture of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC 339 mg, 1.57 mmol), ammonium acetate (215 mg, 2.62 mmol), and 4 Å molecular sieves (610 mg) in CH2Cl2 (33 mL) was added a solution of the alcohol (208 mg, 1.05 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (14 mL) under argon at 0 °C over a period of 10 min. After the mixture had been stirred at room temperature for 3 h, diethyl ether (200 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered through a short pad of Florisil. The filtrate was washed successively with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane 70%, Et2O 30%) followed by distillation to give the aldehyde as a colorless oil (132 mg, 63%).
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"Other Tannages." In Tanning Chemistry: The Science of Leather, 2nd ed. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788012041-00375.
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There are many types of compound that have affinity for protein, and among the more effective of these are the aldehydes. Formaldehyde has been used for decades, glutaraldehyde for not so long. The reactivity of aldehydes in general is such that there are associated toxicity problems, to the extent that formaldehyde is effectively banned and glutaraldehyde may go the same way. Derivatives and analogous aldehydic reagents are now increasingly used in industry. Oil tanning for chamois leather is in a class of its own, because it is a leathering process and the result is unusual properties and performance of the product: the Ewald effect is a partial reversibility of wet heat denaturation. The other chemistry that is widely adopted involves the syntans, synthetic tannins. Although there are similarities among the basic structures, the syntans constitute a wide range of chemistries and reactivities, ranging from non-tanning auxiliaries to reagents capable of acting as solo tannages, analogous to vegetable tannins, and every role between. There is overlap with resins as a group of reagents, where the function may be more of a filling role than a tannage. Recent innovations, designed primarily to make white leather as an alternative to wet blue, exploit isocyanate and aromatic heterocyclic chemistries.
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Taber, Douglass F. "The Nakada Synthesis of (+)-Ophiobolin A." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0084.
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Ophiobolin A 3 shows nanomolar toxicity toward a range of cancer cell lines. A central feature of this sesterterpene, isolated from the rice fungus Ophiobolus miyabeanus, is the highly-substituted eight-membered ring. A key step in the synthesis of 3 described (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 5476; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9452) by Masahisa Nakada of Waseda University was the acid-mediated cyclization of 1 to 2. The preparation of 1 began with the enantioselective hydrolysis of 4 to the monoester 5. Selective reduction followed by protection gave 6, that was carried on via 7 to 8. The ethoxyethyl group was selectively removed, and the alcohol was converted to an iodide (not illustrated) that was condensed with the lactone 9 to give 1. The cyclization of 1 could jeopardize the stereogenic center adjacent to the masked carbonyl, so eight diastereomers were possible. Careful optimization led to a preparatively useful yield of the desired product 2. Hydroboration gave 10, that was carried on to the aldehyde 11. The cyclopentanone 15 was prepared from the enantiomerically-enriched epoxide 12. Opening with vinyl magnesium bromide followed by exposure to the second-generation Grubbs catalyst gave the diol 13, that was selectively protected, leading to 14. The derived bromohydrin was a mixture of regioisomers and diastereomers, from which, after oxidation, 15 dominated. Generation of the boron enolate from 15 in the presence of 11 gave the aldol product, that could be dehydrated with the Burgess reagent. Reduction with Raney nickel set the stereogenic center adjacent to the ketone, that was carried on to 16. Metathesis to close the eight-membered ring was not trivial. Finally, it was found that 17 could be induced to cyclize to 18 at an elevated temperature using the second-generation Hoyveda catalyst. Protecting group exchange gave 19. Routine functional group manipulation then completed the synthesis of (+)-ophiobolin 3. Some years ago, Neil E. Schore of the University of California, Davis showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1153) that the opening of Sharpless-derived epoxides such as 12 with vinyl nucleophiles was unexpectedly flexible. One set of conditions gave the expected inversion, but alternative conditions led to opening with clean retention (or double inversion) of absolute configuration.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Macronutrients—Phosphorus and Potassium." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Plants have a P concentration between 0.03 and 0.70%, but the usual amount is between 0.1 and 0.4%. Phosphorus is found in every living cell of a plant and is involved in genetic transfer and energy relationships. The actively growing parts, that is, stem tips, new leaves, and new roots, need much P. Seeds, especially at maturity, also have a rich supply of P acting as reserve food. Phosphorus is used in plants for (a) root development—especially the lateral and fibrous roots; (b) cell division—energy for metabolism; (c) reproduction—flowering, fruiting, seed formation all controlled by nucleic acids; (d) maturation—counteracts the ill effects of excessive N fertilization; arid (e) disease resistance— especially important in root rots of seedlings. Plant P is a major constituent of chromosomes present as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) used in reproduction and RNA (ribonucleic acid) used in growth processes. Plant P is also a constituent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that stores energy for plant use, along with many other phosphate compounds, such as phytin (inositol hexaphosphate) stored in seeds, phospholipids in the chloroplasts, and complexes of sugars, sugar amines, aldehydes, amides, and acids—all involved in plant metabolism. Deficiency of P is not striking or characteristic and is difficult to diagnose. The older leaves may be dark bluish-green, bronze, or purple. The stalks are thin, leaves small, limited lateral growth, delayed maturity, and defoliate prematurely. Probably the most obvious symptom would be the purple coloration, but this is exhibited by only a limited number of plants. The best way to determine if a plant is deficient in P would be to conduct a plant tissue test. If the P level is lower than 0.2% P, then P probably is deficient and the soil in which the plant is growing would benefit from P fertilization. . . . Phosphorus Toxicity? . . . Phosphorus toxicity has not been observed in the field and has only been evident in greenhouse culture solutions when P was present at extremely high concentrations.
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Pryor, William A., and Daniel F. Church. "THE REACTION OF OZONE WITH UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: ALDEHYDES AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS MEDIATORS OF OZONE TOXICITY." In Oxidative Damage & Repair. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-041749-3.50092-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Aldehyde toxicity"
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LIN, Manqun, Bin JIA, Xicheng YAN, and Shun ZHANG. "Organic Exhaust Analysis from Ethanol Mixture Fueled Small Engines." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-32-0071.
Full textAbstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Ethanol as oxygen additive has potential dangerous that might make poisonous organic compound exhaust more than that from pure gasoline fueled engines. This paper was concerned to methods research of sampling, separating and analysis of unconventional HC exhaust emission. Aimed at the difficult problem of formaldehyde measurement, author enriched formaldehyde by water and then measured by means of ultraviolet-visible spectrometer. The minimum measuring limits of formaldehyde was remarkably promoted to 0.02×10<sup>-6</sup> (V/V). Furthermore, Solid-Phase Extraction Column which was pre-coated by dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) was selected to catch aldehyde and ketone by chemical reaction which is so called ramification, and then measured by Liquid-chromatography. Up to now, more than 8 different organic have been determined. It was shown that formaldehyde as high toxicity exhaust emission was much more than that from gasoline fueled engine.</div></div>
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Kraft, Joachim, and Manfred Kuhler. "Aldehydes from Motor Vehicles: Toxicity and Air Quality." In Passenger Car Meeting & Exposition. SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/851661.
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Kerkez, Đurđa, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Gordana Pucar Milidrag, et al. "Treatment of wastewater containing printing dyes: summary and perspectives." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p31.
Full textAbstract:
Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, printing, leather tanning, cosmetic, drug and food processing industries. The printing and dyeing industry is considered as one of the most polluting industrial sectors. The printing process is very versatile and includes printing on paper as well as printing on textile, plastic and other materials. After the printing process is completed, various chemicals such as ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, and esters are used in the cleaning procedure. Resulting wastewater often contains a variety of solvents, surfactants, dyes, and other chemicals, thus greatly increasing the difficulty of wastewater treatment. Improper discharge of printing and dyeing wastewater into water bodies will have several effect, beginning with aesthetical issues followed by destruction of the aqueous ecosystem due to light attenuation, oxygen consumption and toxicity effects. Therefore, it is very important to find out and optimize printing and dying wastewater treatment techniques. Processes for dye removal from wastewater can be physical, chemical, biological and more recently hybrid treatments. Physical processes such as adsorption, based on mass transfer mechanism, are commonly used method mainly due to ease of operation and high efficiency. Chemical processes including coagulation and flocculation, advanced oxidation processes and electrochemical treatment are usually more expensive due t chemicals use, equipment requirements and electrical energy consumption. However, these techniques are destructive and may lead to total mineralization of dye molecules and accompanying pollutants. Biological treatment is a low-cost and environmentally friendly process that produces less sludge. This method has significant advantages but dye molecules are less prone to this kind of treatment as they are made to be stable and reluctant. So, the adjustment and optimization of biological treatment, for dye removal, is an ongoing field of research. In recent studies hybrid processes are gaining more attention, combining different techniques. Integrating treatments, as a cost-saving and time-saving process, can represent optimal solution for printing wastewater treatment.
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Narkevich, Darya, and Alena Hlushen. "Destructive activity of microorganisms in relation to glycol ethers." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.25.
Full textAbstract:
Glycol ethers, especially 2-butoxyethanol (BE) and 2-ethoxyethanol (EE), have low human toxicity and are widely used as components of paints and solvents, inks, detergents, liquid soaps, hydraulic fluids, etc. [1]. The high ability of glycol ethers to dissolve in water due to their amphiphilic structure ensures their ingress and accumulation in aqueous systems. Currently, there is limited literature data on the bacterial degradation of these compounds, which makes this an urgent problem to study [2, 3]. Seventeen cultures were previously selected which showed the ability to utilize glycol esters at a concentration of 0.5%. These strains were tested for their ability to degrade glycol ethers in the concentration range from 0.1% to 3%. It was found that 2-butoxyethanol is a preferred carbon source compared to 2-ethoxyethanol. It is known that the process of degradation of complex organic substances by microorganisms often depends on the presence of calcium and iron ions in the medium, which are part of the enzyme systems involved in the processes of biodegradation of xenobiotics. In connection with this fact, we studied the utilization of glycol ethers in different mineral media containing calcium and iron ions. It was found that the presence of iron ions in the mineral medium significantly intensifies the process of degradation of toxicants in the following strains – Rhodococcus sp. VOC 5, Rhodococcus sp. VOC 14, Rhodococcus sp. VOC 8/7. The rate of glycol ester utilization by cultures of Rhodococcus sp. CLV-2, Rhodococcus sp. SCV-1, Rhodococcus sp. SCV-2 and unclassified strain JD 4.14 were independent of the presence of calcium or iron ions in the medium, which suggests their promising use for the development of a microbial preparation for glycol ester wastewater treatment. The destructive activity of the selected strains against 2-butoxyethanol was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in flasks containing tap water, iron salts and glycol ether at a concentration of 0.05% as the only carbon source. This concentration was chosen because the most common concentration of glycol ether in wastewater was 100 – 600 mg/l. As a result of these studies, it was shown that the culture of Rhodococcus sp. VOC-5 and unclassified strain JD 4.1 most actively utilize 2-butoxyethanol. During cultivation of Rhodococcus sp. VOC-5, a change in the odor of glycol ether to the odor of its putative decomposition products (aldehydes and acetates) was noted, indicating the processes of its degradation by microorganisms. The unclassified strain JD 4.1 exhibited more than 90% of its original degradation activity against 2-butoxyethanol in the test solution.