Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aldehydes and ketones / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Aldehydes and ketones.

Journal articles on the topic 'Aldehydes and ketones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Aldehydes and ketones.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Kabalka, George W., Su Yu, and Nan-Sheng Li. "Selective hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes in the presence of aldehydes and ketones." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 6 (1998): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-042.

Full text

Abstract:

The reactions of terminal alkenes in the presence of ketones or aldehydes with a variety of borane reagents have been investigated. It was found that the selective hydroboration of a terminal alkene in the presence of a ketone or an aldehyde is most efficient when dicyclohexylborane is used as the hydroborating agent. The hydroboration of olefinic ketones and olefinic aldehydes with dicyclohexylborane generates the corresponding hydroxyaldehydes and hydroxyketones in good yields after oxidation with sodium perborate. The hydroboration of alkynyl ketones and alkynyl aldehydes with dicyclohexylborane yields the corresponding olefinic carbonyl compounds after protonation, or dicarbonyl compounds after oxidation.Key words: hydroboration, reduction, dicyclohexylborane, hydroxyaldehyde, hydroxyketone.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Mai, Juri, and Sascha Ott. "The Fascinating World of Phosphanylphosphonates: From Acetylenic Phosphaalkenes to Reductive Aldehyde Couplings." Synlett 30, no. 16 (2019): 1867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690129.

Full text

Abstract:

This account highlights the versatility of phosphanylphosphonates, which can be used for the preparation of phosphorus-containing π-systems and as reagents for the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds to alkenes. Phosphanylphosphonates with metal fragments coordinated to the P-lone pair have been known for a long time and they have been used for the synthesis of phosphaalkenes by means of the phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. With the original aim of incorporating phosphorus heteroatoms into classical all-carbon ethynylethene scaffolds, we entered the field of phosphanylphosphonates with the discovery that these compounds engage in complex cascade reactions with acetylenic ketones, forming 1,2-oxaphospholes, cumulenes, and bisphospholes. Later, we synthesized the first metal-free phosphanylphosphonate, which reacts with aldehydes to yield phosphaalkenes, but gives phospholones when diacetylenic ketones are used as substrates. In the final part of the account, we outline our discovery and the development of an unprecedented carbonyl–carbonyl cross-coupling reaction. This protocol offers a straightforward method for the synthesis of nonsymmetric 1,2-disubstituted alkenes directly from two dissimilar aldehydes.1 Combining Acetylenes with Phosphaalkenes2 Synthetic Examples of Acetylenic Phosphaalkenes3 The Phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Approach to Phosphaalkenes3.1 Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonates3.2 Mechanism of the Phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction3.3 The First Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate and Its Reactivity with Aldehydes4 Reactions with Acetylenic Ketones4.1 Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonate and Monoacetylenic Ketones4.2 Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonate and Diacetylenic Ketones4.3 Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate and Diacetylenic Ketones5 Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate as a Coupling Reagent for Aldehydes6 E-Alkenes by the Reductive Coupling of Two Aldehydes7 Conclusions and Outlook

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Bonilla-Landa, Israel, Emizael López-Hernández, Felipe Barrera-Méndez, Nadia C. Salas, and José L. Olivares-Romero. "Hafnium(IV) Chloride Catalyzes Highly Efficient Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 6 (2019): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190715100505.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Hafnium(IV) tetrachloride efficiently catalyzes the protection of a variety of aldehydes and ketones, including benzophenone, acetophenone, and cyclohexanone, to the corresponding dimethyl acetals and 1,3-dioxolanes, under microwave heating. Substrates possessing acid-labile protecting groups (TBDPS and Boc) chemoselectively generated the corresponding acetal/ketal in excellent yields. Aim and Objective: In this study. the selective protection of aldehydes and ketones using a Hafnium(IV) chloride, which is a novel catalyst, under microwave heating was observed. Hence, it is imperative to find suitable conditions to promote the protection reaction in high yields and short reaction times. This study was undertaken not only to find a novel catalyst but also to perform the reaction with substrates bearing acid-labile protecting groups, and study the more challenging ketones as benzophenone. Materials and Methods: Using a microwave synthesis reactor Monowave 400 of Anton Paar, the protection reaction was performed on a raging temperature of 100°C ±1, a pressure of 2.9 bar, and an electric power of 50 W. More than 40 substrates have been screened and protected, not only the aldehydes were protected in high yields but also the more challenging ketones such as benzophenone were protected. All the products were purified by simple flash column chromatography, using silica gel and hexanes/ethyl acetate (90:10) as eluents. Finally, the protected substrates were characterized by NMR 1H, 13C and APCI-HRMS-QTOF. Results: Preliminary screening allowed us to find that 5 mol % of the catalyst is enough to furnish the protected aldehyde or ketone in up to 99% yield. Also it was found that substrates with a variety of substitutions on the aromatic ring (aldehyde or ketone), that include electron-withdrawing and electrondonating group, can be protected using this methodology in high yields. The more challenging cyclic ketones were also protected in up to 86% yield. It was found that trimethyl orthoformate is a very good additive to obtain the protected acetophenone. Finally, the protection of aldehydes with sensitive functional groups was performed. Indeed, it was found that substrates bearing acid labile groups such as Boc and TBDPS, chemoselectively generated the corresponding acetal/ketal compound while keeping the protective groups intact in up to 73% yield. Conclusion: Hafnium(IV) chloride as a catalyst provides a simple, highly efficient, and general chemoselective methodology for the protection of a variety of structurally diverse aldehydes and ketones. The major advantages offered by this method are: high yields, low catalyst loading, air-stability, and non-toxicity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Lamm, Vladimir, Xiangcheng Pan, Tsuyoshi Taniguchi, and Dennis P. Curran. "Reductions of aldehydes and ketones with a readily available N-heterocyclic carbene borane and acetic acid." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (April 8, 2013): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.76.

Full text

Abstract:

Acetic acid promotes the reduction of aldehydes and ketones by the readily available N-heterocyclic carbene borane, 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene borane. Aldehydes are reduced over 1–24 h at room temperature with 1 equiv of acetic acid and 0.5 equiv of the NHC-borane. Ketone reductions are slower but can be accelerated by using 5 equiv of acetic acid. Aldehydes can be selectively reduced in the presence of ketones. On a small scale, products are isolated by evaporation of the reaction mixture and direct chromatography.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Kippo, Takashi, Yuki Kimura, Mitsuhiro Ueda, Takahide Fukuyama та Ilhyong Ryu. "Bromine-Radical-Mediated Synthesis of β-Functionalized β,γ- and δ,ε-Unsaturated Ketones via C–H Functionalization of Aldehydes". Synlett 28, № 14 (2017): 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588494.

Full text

Abstract:

The bromine-radical-mediated allylation reaction of aldehydes was studied. In the presence of V-65 as radical initiator, the reaction of aldehydes with allyl bromides gave β,γ-unsaturated ketones in good yields (13 examples, 45–84%). The reaction is triggered by hydrogen abstraction from the aldehyde by bromine radical to form an acyl radical, which undergoes an SH2′-type addition–elimination reaction with allyl bromides to give coupling products with liberation of bromine radical. Three-component coupling reactions comprising aldehydes, electron-deficient alkenes, and methallyl bromide also proceeded to give δ,ε-unsaturated ketones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Khalafi-Nezhad, Ali, Abolfath Parhami, Abdolkarim Zare, Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi, Ahmad Reza Moosavi Zare, and Alireza Hassaninejad. "Triarylmethyl chlorides as novel, efficient, and mild organic catalysts for the synthesis of N-sulfonyl imines under neutral conditions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 5 (2008): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-039.

Full text

Abstract:

A highly efficient procedure for the preparation of N-sulfonyl imines via condensation of sulfonamides with aldehydes as well as ketones in the presence of triarylmethyl chlorides as metal-free organo-catalysts at 40 °C is described. The advantages of this class of catalysts over the reported ones are their efficiency and possibility of running reactions in neutral media that makes them suitable for acid-sensitive substrates.Key words: triarylmethyl chloride, N-sulfonyl imine, sulfonamide, aldehyde, ketone.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

El-Alali, Abdullah, and Ahmed S. Al-Kamali. "Reactions of 1,3-dipolar aldazines and ketazines with the dipolarophile dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 10 (2002): 1293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-169.

Full text

Abstract:

The prepared aldazines (aldehyde azines) and ketazines (ketone azines) were allowed to react with 2 mol of the acetylene derivative. The first products formed were pentalene azine derivatives, which in some cases underwent skeletal rearrangment into acyclic tetraene azines. The latter underwent, in the case of some aldazine products, further skeletal rearrangment into N-allyl pyrazoles. The occurence of these rearrangments is dependant on the nature of the aldehydes or ketones used.Key words: dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), aldazines, ketazines, N-allyl pyrazoles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Wang, Xiaoxu, Mingyuan Qian, and Bin Yan. "Study on the pollution level and source analysis of aldehydes and ketones in indoor environment based on HPLC platform." E3S Web of Conferences 490 (2024): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449001020.

Full text

Abstract:

The pollution level of aldehydes and ketones in indoor air, floor, coating, and furniture samples was analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The study showed that 30 rooms were detected with different concentrations of aldehydes and ketones, with an average value of 0.432 mg/m3, mainly including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein/acetone. The average concentrations of aldehydes and ketones in floor, furniture and coating samples were 0.648 mg/m3, 0.590 mg/m3 and 0.341 mg/m3, respectively. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine that the contribution rate of aldehydes and ketones pollution caused by floor, coating and furniture samples accounted for 75.4% of indoor pollution. The least square method was used to fit the concentrations of aldehydes and ketones in indoor air and corresponding decorated materials in 10 rooms. The results showed that the pollution of aldehydes and ketones in these 10 rooms was mainly caused by coating, as well as floor and furniture materials dominated by wood products.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Hande, Akshay Ekanath, Vinay Bapu Ramesh, and Kandikere Ramaiah Prabhu. "Rh(iii)-Catalyzed ortho-C-(sp2)–H amidation of ketones and aldehydes under synergistic ligand-accelerated catalysis." Chemical Communications 54, no. 85 (2018): 12113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc07006g.

Full text

Abstract:

Rh(iii)-Catalyzed ortho-C–H amidation of ketones and aldehydes under cooperative metal organocatalysis has been utilized for synthesizing various ortho-amidocarbonyl analogs, and the reaction for the aldehyde proceeds >at ambient temperature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Liu, Xiaozhu, Yinfeng Li, Jichuang Zhou, and Mingzheng Huang. "Effects of co-inoculation and sequential inoculation of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the physicochemical properties and aromatic characteristics of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) wine." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 13, no. 2 (2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v13i2.893.

Full text

Abstract:

Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mixed by co-inoculation or sequential inocula-tion, and the physicochemical properties, electronic sensory characteristics, and aromatic characteristics of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) wine were evaluated to analyze the effects of mixed fermentation on wine quality. The results demonstrate that mixed fermentation obtained by co-inoculation or sequential inoculation decreases the alcohol content of longan wine. Furthermore, mixed fermentation also leads to the reduction of the electronic sensory acidity and richness of longan wine. Moreover, the two mixed inoculation methods resulted in different effects on the aromatic characteristics of longan wine. The varieties of aldehyde and ketone aromatic compounds increase in longan wine fermented by co-inoculation, with increasing amounts of acids, aldehydes, ketones, and other compounds, and a decrease in the amounts of ester compounds. However, the variety of ester aromatic compounds and the amounts of acids, aldehydes, and ketones increase when using sequential inoculation. Therefore, the application of mixed fermentation can regulate the physicochemical properties, as well as the electronic sensory characteristics and aromatic characteristics of longan wine, and this contributes to the enrichment of the different types of longan wine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Dong, Jianyang, Zhen Wang, Xiaochen Wang, Hongjian Song, Yuxiu Liu, and Qingmin Wang. "Ketones and aldehydes as alkyl radical equivalents for C─H functionalization of heteroarenes." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (2019): eaax9955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9955.

Full text

Abstract:

The polar nature of the C═O bond commonly allows it to undergo direct attack by nucleophiles at the electrophilic carbon atom in which ketones and aldehydes act as alkyl carbocation equivalents. In contrast, transformations in which ketones and aldehydes act as alkyl radical equivalents (generated in carbonyl carbon) are unknown. Here, we describe a new catalytic activation mode that combines proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) with spin-center shift (SCS) and enables C─H alkylation of heteroarenes using ketones and aldehydes as alkyl radical equivalents. This transformation proceeded via reductive PCET activation of the ketones and aldehydes to form α-oxy radicals, addition of the radicals to the N-heteroarenes to form C─C bonds, and SCS to cleave the C─O bonds of the resulting alcohols. This mild protocol represents a general use of abundant, commercially available, ketones and aldehydes as latent alkyl radical equivalents.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Luo, Ren Shi, Lu Ouyang, Jian Hua Liao та Yan Ping Xia. "Access to β-Hydroxyl Esters via Copper-Catalyzed Reformatsky Reaction of Ketones and Aldehydes". Synlett 31, № 14 (2020): 1418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707110.

Full text

Abstract:

An efficient and simple Cu-catalyzed Reformatsky reaction of ketones and aldehydes has been accomplished with ethyl iodoacetate. Excellent yields of β-hydroxyl esters were achieved with a range of ketones and aldehydes, which varied from aromatic to aliphatic, unsaturated to saturated ketones and aldehydes. This practical and convenient transformation was conducted with inexpensive, readily available, and commercial starting materials under mild reaction conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Steel, Patrick G. "Aldehydes and ketones." Contemporary Organic Synthesis 1, no. 1 (1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/co9940100001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Steel, Patrick G. "Aldehydes and ketones." Contemporary Organic Synthesis 2, no. 3 (1995): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/co9950200151.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Steel, Patrick G. "Aldehydes and ketones." Contemporary Organic Synthesis 3, no. 2 (1996): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/co9960300151.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Lawrence, Nicholas J. "Aldehydes and ketones." Contemporary Organic Synthesis 4, no. 2 (1997): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/co9970400164.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Lawrence, Nicholas J. "Aldehydes and ketones." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 10 (1998): 1739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a800646f.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Mondal, Rina, Tapas K. Mandal та Asok K. Mallik. "An Expeditious and Safe Synthesis of Some Exocyclic α,β-Unsaturated Ketones by Microwave-Assisted Condensation of Cyclic Ketones with Aromatic Aldehydes over Anhydrous Potassium Carbonate". Organic Chemistry International 2012 (23 грудня 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/456097.

Full text

Abstract:

A rapid, efficient, and solvent-free methodology for synthesis of exocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones of the categories E-3-arylidene-4-chromanones, E-2-arylidene-1-tetralones, E-2-arylidene-1-indanones, E-3-cinnamylidene-4-chromanones, E-2-cinnamylidene-1-tetralones, E-2-cinnamylidene-1-indanones, α,α′-(E,E)-bis(arylidene)-cycloalkanones, and α,α′-(E,E)-bis(cinnamylidene)-cycloalkanones has been developed through cross-aldol condensation of the constituent cyclic ketones and aldehydes by microwave irradiation over anhydrous potassium carbonate. However, for condensation of 1-thio-4-chromanones with aromatic aldehydes by this method, the initially formed exocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone has been found to undergo isomerization yielding 3-(arylmethyl)thiochromones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Zahra Sayyed-Alangi, S., H. Sajjadi-Ghotbabadi, Mohammed T. Baei, and Sahar Naderi. "Oxidation of Aryl Alcohols by Morpholinium Fluorochromate(VI) on Silica Gel, a Selective and Efficient Heterogeneous Reagent." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2011): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/851734.

Full text

Abstract:

Morpholinium fluorochromate(VI), MFC, is easily synthesized by reacting morpholine to an aqueous solution of CrO3and HF. This reagent selectively oxidizes aryl alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones under mild conditions. Moreover, it is inert towards aldehydes, ketons, oximes, thiols, sulfids, phenols, pyrans, trimethylsilanes, malonates and thioacetamides. The durability, reaction rate, ease of filtration and efficiency of MFC are considerably increased upon its absorption on silica gel.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Wong, Zhaojiang, Kefu Chen, and Jun Li. "Formation of vanillin and syringaldehyde in an oxygen delignification process." BioResources 5, no. 3 (2010): 1509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.3.1509-1516.

Full text

Abstract:

The formation of vanillin and syringaldehyde during an oxygen delignification process was evaluated. The cleavage of conjugated Cα-Cβ bonds in phenolic lignin caused by the attack of oxygen leads to the formation of aromatic aldehydes and ketones. The formation mechanism was confirmed by the organic compounds identified in the spent liquor by GC/MS. Additionally, the formation of aromatic aldehydes and ketones of hardwood, softwood, and grass was investigated. The results showed that the formed aromatic aldehydes and ketones were related to the units of lignin structure. Among the aromatic aldehydes and ketones present in the spent liquor from oxygen delignification, vanillin and syringaldehyde are of high content, making the spent liquor a potential resource for vanillin and syringaldehyde production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Tsai, Chen-Yu, Lu-An Chen, and Kuangsen Sung. "TiCl4-catalyzed synthesis of peroxyacetals from aldehydes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 90, no. 4 (2012): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v11-158.

Full text

Abstract:

Peroxyacetals 2a–2j were prepared by TiCl4-promoted nucleophilic addition of both tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and an alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde. The reaction works well with a variety of aldehydes, but not with ketones. The magnitude of the equilibrium constant for hemiacetal formation plays an important role; a large constant enables high conversion to peroxyacetal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

K., K. Rana, Guin C., Banerjee B., and C. Roy S. "Mild and efficient iodine catalyzed protection of carbonyl compounds as oxathiolane derivatives." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 80, Nov 2003 (2003): 1005–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839670.

Full text

Abstract:

Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata-700 032, India <em>E-mail : </em>ocscr@mahendra.iacs.res.in                                    <em>Fax : </em>91-33-24732805 <em>Manuscript received 1 September 2003</em> A number of aldehydes and ketones have been protected as their corresponding 1,3-oxathiolane derivatives with 2- mercaptoethanol using catalytic amount of molecular iodine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Call, Arnau, Carla Casadevall, Ferran Acuña-Parés, Alicia Casitas, and Julio Lloret-Fillol. "Dual cobalt–copper light-driven catalytic reduction of aldehydes and aromatic ketones in aqueous media." Chemical Science 8, no. 7 (2017): 4739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc01276d.

Full text

Abstract:

A dual catalytic system based on earth-abundant elements reduces aromatic ketones and aldehydes to alcohols in aqueous media under visible light. An unprecedented selectivity for the reduction of aromatic ketones versus aliphatic aldehydes is reported.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

J., S. Banait, Singh Baljit, and Kaur Harpreet. "Electrochemical synthesis of zinc(II) glycolates and their coordination compounds." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 88, May 2011 (2011): 641–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5769006.

Full text

Abstract:

Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India <em>E-mail</em>: js_banait@yahoo.com <em>Manuscript received 06 April 2010, revised 26 August 2010, accepted 31 August 2010</em> Zinc(II) glycolates have been synthesized by electrolyzing the solutions of aldehydes (benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde) and ketones (acetone, isobutyl methyl ketone and ethyl meth)·l ketone) in acetonitrile at sacrificial zinc anode. These glycolates do not form coordination compounds when reflul!.cd with ligands such as 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridyl. However, coordination compounds of these glycolates have been synthesized by electrolyzing the solution of aldehyde/ketone in the presence of ligands in acetonitrile at sacrificial zinc anode. All these products have been characterized by infrared spectral data, elemental analysis and various physical properties. Current efficiencies of all these systems are quite high.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Yamamoto, Yasunori, Takashi Nishikata та Norio Miyaura. "1,4-Additions of arylboron, -silicon, and -bismuth compounds to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by dicationic palladium(II) complexes". Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, № 5 (2008): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880050807.

Full text

Abstract:

An enantioselective synthesis of cyclic and acyclic β-aryl ketone and aldehydes via Pd(II)-catalyzed 1,4-addition of Ar-m [m = B(OH)2, BF3K, Si(OMe)3, SiF3, BiAr2] to α,β-unsaturated ketones or aldehydes is described. The catalytic cycle involves transmetallation between Ar-m and Pd complexes as a key process, the mechanism of which is discussed on the basis of characterization of the transmetallation intermediate and electronic effect of the substituents. The enantioselection mechanism and efficiency of a chiraphos ligand for structurally planar α,β-unsaturated ketones are discussed on the basis of the X-ray structure of the catalyst and results of density functional theory (DFT) computational studies on the model of coordination of the substrates to the phenylpalladium(II)/(S,S)-chiraphos intermediate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Huang, Shan, Pei Guo Zhou, Zhi Gang Lu, et al. "Characteristics of TVOC, Aldehydes and Ketones Emitted from Fiber Dryer in Manufacturing of HDF Made from Poplar and Pine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.930.

Full text

Abstract:

This study, by means of GC-MS and HPLC, investiagted the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from fiber dryer in a high density fiberboard (HDF) production line with a production capacity of 100,000 m3/a. The quantity of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), aldehydes and ketones were calculated. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs reached 0.5275 mg/m3. The main components include benzenes series (42.7%), terpenes (11.0% alpha pinene), alkanes (11.2%), anhydrides (4.7%) and aldehydes (3.1%). The concentration of the mixture of aldehydes and ketones was 8.8594 mg/m3. The annual emission of TVOC and the mixture of aldehydes and ketones from HDF fiber dryer were 836 kg/a and 14033 kg/a, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Yang, Ning, Shasha Zhang, Pei Zhou, et al. "Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica Mushroom and Its Maillard Reaction Products Based on E-Nose and GC-IMS." Foods 11, no. 24 (2022): 4056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11244056.

Full text

Abstract:

An electronic nose (E-Nose) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were used to analyze the volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of the enzymatic hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica and its Maillard reaction products (MRPs). E-Nose sensors have strong response signals to sulfide, nitrogen oxides, alcohols, and aldehyde ketone, and the aroma profile was increased after the Maillard reaction (MR). According to GC-IMS, A total of 84 known compounds were identified. Aldehydes, ketones and alcohols are the main VFCs. After MR, the concentrations of some alcohols decreased, and the concentration of pyrazines and ketones increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) and similarity analysis showed that the enzymatic hydrolysate and MRPs were different and could be effectively distinguished. In conclusion, this study clarified the changes in VFCs before and after the MR. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the quality control and flavor changes during the processing of Lanmaoa asiatica and provide a new method for flavor analysis of edible mushrooms and their products.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Sri, Navya. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Hydrazones." Clinical and Medical Research and Studies 3, no. 1 (2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.59468/2836-8525/038.

Full text

Abstract:

Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds with the structure R1R2C=NNH2. They are related to ketones and aldehydes by the replacement of the oxygen with the NNH2 functional group. They are formed usually by the action of hydrazine on ketones or aldehydes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Gogin, L. L., and E. G. Zhizhina. "Features of the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes to carbonyl compounds in the presence of palladium compounds." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 1, no. 1-2 (2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2021-1-2-67-73.

Full text

Abstract:

Features of the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes to ketones or aldehydes in the presence of palladium compounds (Wacker oxidation) are discussed in the review. It is shown that the appropriate reaction conditions, namely, the efficient composition of catalyst, oxidant and solvent, make it possible to selectively produce either ketones or aldehydes from terminal alkenes, and ketones from alkenes with the internal double bond.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Wagner, T., and M. L. Wyszyński. "Aldehydes and Ketones in Engine Exhaust Emissions—a Review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 210, no. 2 (1996): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_252_02.

Full text

Abstract:

Aldehydes and ketones in engine exhaust gases are receiving increased attention and are beginning to be subject to special legislation due to their carcinogenic and ozone formation potential. This paper gives an overview of their properties as well as of the basic chemistry and conditions of their formation in internal combustion engines. Extensive research on the effects of engine operation and fuelling parameters is reviewed with specific references to gasoline, diesel, natural gas and methanol fuelled engines. This is accompanied by the review of the studies of the performance of exhaust catalytic converters with respect to aldehydes. Aldehyde detection and measurement methods are summarized and analysed from the point of view of their applicability to exhaust gas analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Tamami, Bahman, Nasrolahi Shirazi, and Parvanak Borujeni. "Polystyrene-supported aluminum chloride as an efficient and reusable catalyst for condensation of indole with various carbonyl compounds." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 75, no. 4 (2010): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc090831026t.

Full text

Abstract:

Crosslinked polystyrene-supported aluminum chloride (Ps-AlCl3) is a stable, recyclable and environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the condensation of indole with aldehydes and ketones to afford bis-indolylmethanes. In addition, (Ps-AlCl3) shows satisfactory selectivity in the reaction of mixtures of an aldehyde and a ketone with indole. Although AlCl3 is a water sensitive, corrosive and environmentally harmful compound, Ps-AlCl3 is a stable and water-tolerant species. The mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, easy work-up, high to excellent yields, chemoselectivity, reuse of the catalyst for at least ten times without significant change in its catalytic activity, low cost, and easy preparation and handling of the polymeric catalyst are obvious advantages of the present method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Piers, Edward, та Richard D. Tillyer. "Pd(0)-catalyzed addition of Me3SnSnMe3 to α,β-alkynic aldehydes and ketones. Synthesis of (Z)-β-trimethylstannyl α,β-alkenic aldehydes and ketones. Preparation and synthetic uses of substituted (Z)-4-trimethylstannyl-1,3-butadienes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, № 11 (1996): 2048–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-234.

Full text

Abstract:

Treatment (dry tetrahydrofuran, reflux) of the α,β-alkynic aldehydes 26–28 and ketones 29–36 with Me3SnSnMe3 in the presence of a catalytic amount of (Ph3P)4Pd provides fair to excellent yields of the corresponding (Z)-β-trimethylstannyl α,β-alkenic aldehydes 41–43 and ketones 44–51. The carbonyl compounds 41–51, upon reaction with methylenetriphenylphosphorane under suitable conditions, are smoothly converted into the (Z)-4-trimethylstannyl-1,3-butadienes 61–71, respectively. Treatment of the aldehyde 41 with the anion of trimethyl phosphonoacetate and the aldehyde 42 with the anion of the phosphonoacetate 73 produces excellent yields of the 5-trimethylstannyl-2,4-heptadienoates 72 and 74, respectively. The synthetic potential of (Z)-4-trimethylstannyl-1,3-butadienes is illustrated by the conversion of 62 into the functionalized, stereodefined conjugated dienes 76 and 78 and by transformation of 87 into the structurally novel diene 84. Diels–Alder reactions of 84 with tetracyanoethylene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate provide the spiro[3.5]nonane derivatives 88 and 89, respectively. Key words: Diels–Alder cycloaddition, organocopper(I), transmetallation, alkylidenecyclobutane, (E)-4-lithio-1,3-butadienes, spiro[3.5]nonane.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Tabatabaeian, Khalil, Manouchehr Mamaghani, Nosratollah Mahmoodi, and Alireza Khorshidi. "Efficient RuIII-catalyzed condensation of indoles and aldehydes or ketones." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 11 (2006): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-159.

Full text

Abstract:

Synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes through condensation of indoles and various aldehydes or ketones, using RuIII as catalyst, is reported. It was found that the catalytic system involving RuIII affords the products smoothly under very mild conditions in good to high yields.Key words: aldehydes, ketones, bis(indolyl)methanes, indoles, ruthenium.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Campbell, Adam, Nikolas R. Dos Santos, and Igor Alabugin. "Photochemical Uncaging of Aldehydes and Ketones via Photocyclization/Fragmentation Cascades of Enyne Alcohols: An Unusual Application for a Cycloaromatization Process." Molecules 28, no. 15 (2023): 5704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155704.

Full text

Abstract:

We utilized a cycloaromatization reaction driven by relief of excited state antiaromaticity to photouncage aldehydes and ketones. We developed several synthetic routes towards the synthesis of photocaged carbonyls as allylically substituted 3-(2-(arylethynyl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ols. A library of photocaged aryl aldehydes and ketones containing donors and acceptors, as well as several photocaged fragrance aldehydes and the steroid 5α-cholestan- 3 -one, were synthesized and demonstrated photouncaging in good to excellent yields.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Zeynizadeh, Behzad, and Tarifeh Behyar. "NaBH4/NaHSO4·H2O a Heterogeneous Acidic System for a Mild and Convenient Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds under Protic Condition." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 60, no. 4 (2005): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2005-0417.

Full text

Abstract:

NaBH4 in the presence of sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4·H2O), a weakly acidic reagent, efficiently reduces a variety of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, α,β -unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, α-diketones and acyloins to their corresponding alcohols in acetonitrile under heterogeneous condition. Reduction reactions were accomplished at room temperature or under reflux condition

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Changwal, R., R. Ameta, and S. C. Ameta. "Oxidation of benzyl alcohols by molecular oxygen catalyzed by cobalt ferrite." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 28, no. 1 (2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/281rjce91097.

Full text

Abstract:

Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones/carboxylic acids is a crucial step in organic synthesis. Normally, strong oxidants oxidize alcohol to carboxylic acid and this reaction may or may not stop at the intermediate steps to form aldehyde and ketone. Some mild oxidants are required to stop it here at this stage. Here, molecular oxygen can help in achieving this objective, but there is a disadvantage to use molecular oxygen as an oxidant as it has a slow rate of oxidation. Hence, such a reaction may be catalyzed by metal ferrites. These metal ferrites are easy to separate by using an external magnet and can be recycled. Cobalt ferrite has been used for the oxidation of benzyl alcohols to corresponding benzaldehydes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Yakun, Qu, Long Jun, and Zhou Han. "Study on the Mechanism of Cold and Negative Temperature Coefficient in Natural Process of Gasoline Hydrocarbon." MATEC Web of Conferences 166 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816602007.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, the stoichiometric mechanism of gas phase oxidation process of gasoline hydrocarbons was studied through using theoretical stoichiometry. The reason of the phenomenon of cold flame and negative temperature coefficient in the reaction of hydrocarbon molecules before the flame was explained from the molecular level. During the gas phase oxidation process, the alkoxy radical RO· reacts with hydroxyl ·OH to form a relatively stable intermediate such as aldehyde (or ketone) and H2O molecules, and the free radical chain reaction process.The temperature of the reaction process is very low, while the release of a large number of heat, the formation of aldehydes (or ketones) from the excited state back to the ground state when the emission of about 400nm wavelength of light blue fluorescence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Riley, Darren, and Nicole Neyt. "Approaches for Performing Reductions under Continuous-Flow Conditions." Synthesis 50, no. 14 (2018): 2707–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610153.

Full text

Abstract:

A concise overview of approaches to perform reductions of various functionalities including aldehydes, ketones, esters, imines, nitriles, nitro groups, alkenes and alkynes under continuous-flow conditions are highlighted and discussed in this short review.1 Introduction2 Reduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Esters3 Reduction of Imines and Nitriles4 Reduction of Nitro Groups5 Reduction of Alkenes6 Partial Reduction of Alkynes7 Conclusion

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Shirai, Tomohiko, Kazuki Sugimoto, Masaya Iwasaki, Ryuki Sumida, Harunori Fujita, and Yasunori Yamamoto. "Decarbonylation through Aldehydic C–H Bond Cleavage by a Cationic Iridium Catalyst." Synlett 30, no. 08 (2019): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611802.

Full text

Abstract:

We report the decarbonylation of aldehydes through an aldehydic C–H bond cleavage catalyzed by a cationic iridium/bisphosphine catalyst. The reaction proceeds under relatively mild conditions to give the corresponding hydrocarbon products in moderate to high yields. In addition, this cationic iridium catalyst system can be applied to an asymmetric hydroacylation of ketones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

V. Kanchana, L. Mayavan, A. Kistan, and S. Mohan. "SPECTRAL ELUCIDATION, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT STUDY OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED PYRAZOLINE DERIVATIVES." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 01 (2024): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1718720.

Full text

Abstract:

The preparation of Chalcones and Pyrazoline derivatives from different aromatic ketones and substituted aldehydes is detailed. Chalcones were produced by reacting aldehydes with substituted aromatic ketones, such as acetophenones, in the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction. Cyclohexenone derivatives are produced when ethyl aceto aromatic ketones undergo base-catalyzed cyclo-condensation to Chalcones under microwave radiation. The synthesized compounds are characterized using spectrum techniques from 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR. These are examined for their antioxidant qualities as well as their antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Van Nam, Huynh, Dinh Quoc Viet, Truong Thanh Tam, and Van Dinh Son Tho. "Chemical composition of pyrolysis oil through thermal decomposition of sugarcane biomass." Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 6 (2020): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vjch.202000077.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe process of thermal decomposition of sugarcane biomass consists of 4 stages. On that basis, the research conducted the pyrolysis of sugarcane biomass to collect liquid products at different temperature stages and they were analyzed by GC‐MS method to determine the chemical composition. Chemical composition of pyrolysis oil through thermal decomposition of sugarcane biomass was elucidated in this paper. It can be divided into 6 main groups, including: acids/esters, alcohols, aldehydes/ketones, furanic compounds (furans), phenolic compounds (phenols) and fragments of lignin containing methoxy groups (guaiacols). Acids are obtained mainly at 170 oC, followed by ketones and aldehydes, furans and alcohols, without phenols and guaiacols. At 318 oC, the content of acids decreases, the content of furans, phenols and guaiacols increase, the content of alcohols varies not much and this product segment doesn't contain aldehydes and ketones. The composition of the resulting liquid product varies significantly from 318 to 400 oC with the phenols and guaiacols content account for the majority in liquid products, the rest are furans, alcohols, acids, ketones and aldehydes. The content of phenols and guaiacols in liquid products still accounts for the majority at the temperature stage of 400‐500 oC and 500‐600 oC while the furans content decreases compared to the previous temperature segments. The ring 6 edges compounds of phenols and guaiacols still account for the majority, followed by ring 5 edges compounds of furans, acids, ketones/aldehydes and alcohols in the product mixture of sugarcane pyrolysis at 600 oC.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

EI-Kabbani, Ossama, and Roland P. T. Chung. "Crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of porcine aldehyde reductase in complex with coenzyme and quercetin." Protein & Peptide Letters 7, no. 3 (2000): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986650703221206130114.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract: Aldehyde reductase, member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, catalyzes the reduction of a variety of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. Hexagonal crystals of porcine aldehyde reductase in complex with NADPH and the flavonoid inhibitor quercetin have been grown using the hanging-drop vapour diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as precipitant. The binding of quercetin into the active site of aldehyde reductase was revealed from a difference electron density map. This is the first crystallization report of an aldo-keto reductase in complex with a flavonoid.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Putri, Indah Mutiara, Ferlana Debbora Dachi, Dhina Fitriastuti, and Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan. "Sonochemical and Mechanochemical Synthesis of Alcohols from Aldehydes and Ketones." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 23, no. 6 (2023): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.82943.

Full text

Abstract:

A green, convenient, and scalable synthesis of alcohols through the reduction of aldehydes and ketones has been developed. The green reduction was conducted using two different methods, namely sonochemistry and mechanochemistry. In the former method, the solution of aldehydes or ketones and sodium borohydride was irradiated under ultrasound irradiation. In the latter technique, the reaction mixture was ground under solvent-free conditions. The reduction reaction was performed at room temperature and completed in only 10 min using both protocols. The results showed that aldehydes and ketones with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic motifs were tolerated under the reaction conditions, allowing the formation of the corresponding alcohols with the synthetic yields of 75–98% and 77–95% for grinding and sonication methods, respectively. In addition, the reaction can be carried out on a multigram scale.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Newman, Stephen, and Jaya Vandavasi. "A High-Throughput Approach to Discovery: Heck-Type Reactivity with Aldehydes." Synlett 29, no. 16 (2018): 2081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610161.

Full text

Abstract:

The classical Heck reaction is among the most powerful methods available for the construction of C–C bonds. Modification of this transformation to utilize diverse organohalide coupling partners has resulted in new reactions such as the silyl-Heck, aza-Heck, and boryl-Heck reactions. In contrast, modification of the olefin coupling partner is rare. For instance, use of the π-bond of an aldehyde instead of an alkene would provide ketones via a carbonyl-Heck process. This seemingly minor manipulation of the Heck reaction has proven surprisingly difficult to realize in practice. Through the use of high-throughput experimentation techniques, an efficient catalyst system for this transformation was identified, enabling the intermolecular coupling of organotriflates and aldehydes to synthesize diverse ketones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Liepa, AJ, AJ Liepa, TC Morton та TC Morton. "Synthesis of 1-(α-Acyloxy-2-hydroxybenzyl)Azoles and Related Compounds by an Acyl Transfer Reaction". Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, № 11 (1989): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9891961.

Full text

Abstract:

Novel azole adducts were produced by reaction of azoles and 2-acyloxyaryl aldehydes. The mechanism of the reaction involves attack by the azole at the carbonyl group and transfer of the acyl group to form an azole-substituted benzylic ester. 2-Acyloxyaryl ketones did not undergo an analogous reaction. An aminal was formed rather than an azole-substituted benzylic carbonate when a 2-aryl aldehyde carbonate was used as substrate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Ringsdorf, Akima, Achim Edtbauer, Bruna Holanda, et al. "Investigating carbonyl compounds above the Amazon rainforest using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) with NO⁺ chemical ionization." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 20 (2024): 11883–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The photochemistry of carbonyl compounds significantly influences tropospheric chemical composition by altering the local oxidative capacity; free radical abundance in the upper troposphere; and formation of ozone, peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydride (PAN), and secondary organic aerosol particles. Carbonyl compounds can be emitted directly from the biosphere into the atmosphere and are formed through photochemical degradation of various precursor compounds. Aldehydes have atmospheric lifetimes of hours to days, whereas ketones persist for up to several weeks. While standard operating conditions for a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) using H3O+ ions are unable to separate aldehydes and ketones, the use of NO+ reagent ions allows for the differential detection of isomeric carbonyl compounds with a high temporal resolution. Here we study the temporal (24 h) and vertical (80–325 m) variability of individual carbonyl compounds in the Amazon rainforest atmosphere with respect to their rainforest-specific sources and sinks. We found strong sources of ketones within or just above the canopy (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and C5 ketones). A common feature of the carbonyls was nocturnal deposition observed by loss rates, most likely since oxidized volatile organic compounds are rapidly metabolized and utilized by the biosphere. With NO+ chemical ionization, we show that the dominant carbonyl species include acetone and propanal, which are present at a ratio of 1 : 10 in the wet-to-dry transition season and 1 : 20 in the dry season.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Segi, Masahito, Tadashi Koyama, Yukihiro Takata, Tadashi Nakajima, and Sohei Suga. "Telluro aldehydes and telluro ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 111, no. 23 (1989): 8749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00205a044.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

RICHARDSON, S. K. "ChemInform Abstract: Aldehydes and Ketones." ChemInform 24, no. 10 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199310298.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

PARKES, K. E. B. "ChemInform Abstract: Aldehydes and Ketones." ChemInform 22, no. 24 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199124278.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

STEEL, P. G. "ChemInform Abstract: Aldehydes and Ketones." ChemInform 25, no. 50 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199450276.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!