Academic literature on the topic 'Alderfer‟s ERG theory'

OBJECTIVE: Determine factors that affect the performance of pharmacist based on motivation theory. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted to explore that affect factors an employee's performance, especially a pharmacist. Electronic databases used to identify relevant studies to the affecting factors such performance were Science Direct, PUBMED, UGM Library (Dissertation) and Google Scholar. The search terms used are “pharmacist performance”, “performance-affecting factors for pharmacist”, “pharmacist performance optimization”, and “performance motivation”. This study was limited to English and Indonesian language only and publication years from 2000 to 2016. Electronic search database found 50 articles while only six studies meet the eligibility criteria to serve as the basis for determining the performance of the pharmacist. RESULTS: Pharmacist performance was influenced by five factors: organization and environment, social order, resources owned, pharmacist characteristics, and regulation. These five variables are considered by the Alderfer ERG theory of Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. CONCLUSION: Performance for pharmacists should be emphasized with systemic supports for pharmaceutical practice changes to succeed on a wide scale and devote to producing a good performance.

According to Alderfer's ERG Theory (Existence-Relatedness-Growth Theory), which is known as “ERG” theory in the literature, people have three basic needs. These needs are "Existence", "Relationship" and "Development". The International Istanbul Kodaly Training Days, the second of which is held in 2019, can be described as a vocational training in a sense. In this study; According to Alderfer's ERG Theory, the extent to which the needs of music teachers to improve themselves in their profession was met by attending Kodaly training days was investigated. With the ERG Theory of Alderfer, professional professional needs of teachers and Kodaly training days are in a positive and direct relationship. The research was carried out with a relational research model, which is one of the descriptive research models, and it was aimed to determine the level of professional satisfaction of the music educators who participated in the Kodaly Training Days and to examine them in terms of some variables. As a result of the study, it was seen that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the participants' professional satisfaction scale. As a result, it can be said that International Kodaly Training Days increase the professional satisfaction of the participants.

Playing video games is basically an activity where it must have an stimulus energy which is commonly referred to as motivation. Without motivation, player will not be interested in playing a video game with a long duration. The Harvest Moon Back to Nature video game as a video game that was quite successful, which made the video game a legendary video game for the audience's audience as early as 1997. It creates interest which in turn encourages researchers to know more about how motivation for human needs is presented by the Harvest Moon Back to Nature video game. This research fundamentally use interpretative analytical descriptive method with narrative approach. Using a view from ERG theory Alderfer, which according to him motivation is related to basic human needs which consist of existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.. From the results of the research conducted using these instruments, it can be concluded that the power of motivation has been presented in the Harvest Moon Back to Nature video game from the fulfillment of existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs, both in the context events of farming, raising, and in carrying out other events.

ABSTRACT Playing video games is basically an activity where it must have an stimulus energy which is commonly referred to as motivation. Without motivation, player will not be interested in playing a video game with a long duration. The Harvest Moon Back to Nature video game as a video game that was quite successful, which made the video game a legendary video game for the audience's audience as early as 1997. Harvest Moon Back to Nature looks so strong in representating about social life of rural communities, especially one who works as a farmer. It creates interest which in turn encourages researchers to know more about how motivation for human needs is presented by the Harvest Moon Back to Nature video game. This research fundamentally use interpretative analytical descriptive method with narrative approach. Using a view from ERG theory Clayton Alderfer, which according to him motivation is related to basic human needs which consist of existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. In increasing one's motivation, the three basic human needs must be fulfilled wherever possible. From the results of the research conducted using these instruments, it can be concluded that the power of motivation has been presented in the Harvest Moon Back to Nature video game from the fulfillment of existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs, both in the context events of farming, raising, and in carrying out other events.Keywords : motivation, existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.

The discovery of soft X-rays from Nova GQ Mus with the EXOSAT satellite has added an important channnel to the observational information on classical novae during the outburst stage (Ögelman, Beuermann, and Krautter 1984). With peak luminosities in excess of 1038 erg s−1 and total liberated energies of more than 1045 erg, novae constitute the second most energetic outburst phenomena in the galactic population exceeded only by supernovae (see Gallagher and Starrfield, 1978; Truran, 1982 for a review of the observations and theory). Regardless of the details of the outburst, objects of the size of white dwarfs (~ 109 cm) radiating close to Eddington luminosities (~ 1038 erg s−1 ) should emit soft X-rays provided that the envelope is sufficiently transparent. In addition, the ejected shell, moving at velocities around 1000 km s−1, is capable of shocking the circumstellar medium to X-ray temperatures.

This study, which explores student attitudes to online learning, is based on a psychoanalytic theory (Existence-relatedness-growth, ERG) on relatedness and growth, developed by American psychologist Clayton Alderfer. The purpose of the study was to examine whether online learning is merely a short-term temporary solution necessitated by the COVID-19 crisis, or will it enable a transformation of teaching and learning patterns in educational systems in the post-COVID era? What is students’ personal preference regarding online learning after having inadvertently experienced it? What dimension of online teaching was meaningful for them: social presence, instructional-cognitive presence, emotional-personal presence? The research population consisted of 306 students, with a mean age of 15.5. Only 85% of the students who participated in the study had technological resources for online learning at home. About 41% of the students preferred lessons that combine online teaching with frontal teaching in the classroom. In addition, the dimensions of online teaching reported by students as meaningful were, in descending order, social presence, emotional­personal presence, and instructional-cognitive presence. The research findings might have an effect on policy makers in education with regard to maintaining an "innovative pedagogy" aimed at shaping students’ image in order to prepare them for the new post-COVID era. In this period of global crisis, online learning afforded students innovative learning, where students enhanced their awareness of the significance of social presence, which was more meaningful than the dimension of instructional-cognitive presence. The significance of interpersonal interaction in teaching and learning received support, more so than ever before.

Este artigo tem por objetivo discorrer sobre algumas teorias da motivação humana, expor um breve resumo das principais teorias motivacionais. Inicialmente, traz-se o conceito de motivação, abordando alguns autores da área, em seguida, algumas teorias motivacionais são abordadas, contextualizando relatos de autores da área através de pesquisa bibliográfica em livros e também em artigos. São abordadas as Teorias das Necessidades de Maslow, com a pirâmide das necessidades humanas, enfocando-se, dessa forma, a escala das cinco necessidades humanas hierarquizadas pelo autor; a Teoria dos Dois Fatores de Herzberg, em que são abordados os fatores Higiênicos, que são os fatores do ambiente de trabalho, e Motivacionais, que são os fatores internos do ser humano, que estão relacionados com a motivação interna do indivíduo para desempenhar suas atividades; a Teoria de ERG de Alderfer, em que a motivação humana é dividida em três categorias: Existência, Relacionamento e Crescimento; a Teoria X e Y de McGregor, em que são considerados comportamentos humanos antagônicos, como o homem detestar trabalhar, no caso da teoria X, e pela teoria Y o ser humano ser esforçado e gostar de ter uma atividade; e a Teoria da Expectativa de Vroom, que relata sobre a motivação da expectativa humana, em que defende que o ser humano realiza algo através de uma expectativa, visando a atingir um objetivo. E por último são realizadas algumas considerações finais. Palavras-chave: Motivação. Teorias Motivacionais. Maslow. Herzberg. Comportamento Humano. AbstractThis article aims to discuss some theories of human motivation, to bring a brief summary of the main motivational theories. Initially, it brings the concept of motivation, approaching some authors of the area, then some motivational theories are approached, contextualizing reports of authors of the area through bibliographical research in books as well as in articles. Maslow's Theories of Needs, with the pyramid of human needs, are approached, thus addressing the scale of the 5 human needs hierarchized by the author; Herzberg's Theory of Two Factors, which addresses the Hygienic factors, which are the factors of the work environment, and Motivational, which are the internal factors of the human being that are related to the individual’s internal motivation to perform their activities; Alderfer's ERG Theory in which human motivation is divided into 3 categories: Existence, Relationship and Growth; McGregor's Theory X and Y, in which are considered antagonistic human behaviors, as man hates to work, in the case of theory X, and by the theory Y the human being is endeavored and likes to have an activity; and the Theory of Vroom Expectation, which reports on the motivation of human expectation, in which he argues that the human being accomplishes something through an expectation, aiming to achieve a goal. And finally, some final considerations are made. Keywords: Motivation; Motivational Theories. Maslow. Herzberg. Human behavior.

This study, which explores student attitudes to online learning, is based on a psychoanalytic theory (Existence-relatedness-growth, ERG) on relatedness and growth, developed by American psychologist Clayton Alderfer. The purpose of the study was to examine whether online learning is merely a short-term temporary solution necessitated by the COVID-19 crisis, or will it enable a transformation of teaching and learning patterns in educational systems in the post-COVID era? What is students’ personal preference regarding online learning after having inadvertently experienced it? What dimension of online teaching was meaningful for them: social presence, instructional-cognitive presence, emotional-personal presence? The research population consisted of 306 students, with a mean age of 15.5. Only 85% of the students who participated in the study had technological resources for online learning at home. About 41% of the students preferred lessons that combine online teaching with frontal teaching in the classroom. In addition, the dimensions of online teaching reported by students as meaningful were, in descending order, social presence (M = 3.54), emotional-personal presence (M = 2.96), and instructional-cognitive presence (M = 2.73). The research findings might have an effect on policy makers in education with regard to maintaining an “innovative pedagogy” aimed at shaping students’ image in order to prepare them for the new post-COVID era. In this period of global crisis, online learning afforded students innovative learning, where students enhanced their awareness of the significance of social presence, which was more meaningful than the dimension of instructional-cognitive presence. The significance of interpersonal interaction in teaching and learning received support, more so than ever before.

We compute the number counts of clusters of galaxies, the logN-logS relation, in several X-ray and submm bands on the basis of the Press—Schechter theory (Kitayama et al. 1998). We pay particular attention to a set of theoretical models which well reproduce the ROSAT 0.5–2 keV band logN-logS (Ebeling et al. 1997; Rosati et al. 1997), and explore possibilities to further constrain the models from future observations with ASCA and/or at submm bands. The latter is closely related to the European PLANCK mission and the Japanese LMSA project. We exhibit that one can break the degeneracy in an acceptable parameter region on the Ω0–σ8 plane by combining the ROSAT logN-logS and the submm number counts. Models which reproduce the ROSAT band logN-logS will have N(> S) ∼ (150–300)(S/10−12 erg cm−2 s−) −1.3 str−1 at S ≳ 10−12 erg cm−2 s−1 in the ASCA 2–10 keV band, and N(> Sv) ∼ (102–104)(Sv/100 mJy)−1.5 str−1 at Sv ≳ 100m J y in the submm (0.85mm) band. The amplitude of the logN-logS is very sensitive to the model parameters in the submm band. We also compute the redshift evolution of the cluster number counts and compare with that of the X-ray brightest Abell-type clusters (Ebeling et al. 1996). The results, although still preliminary, point to low density (Ω0 ∼ 0.3) universes. The contribution of clusters to the X-ray and submm background radiations is shown to be insignificant in any model compatible with the ROSAT logN-logS.

South African history clearly illuminates the idea that women are regarded as unequal when compared to their male counterparts. Hence, women in general have been marginalized, especially when it comes to advancing in the workplace. Women are often defined in relation to motherhood, caring for others and for providing the necessities for sustenance. Society today has not moved very far from this idea. This is the reason why women often suffer a disadvantage when it comes to being appointed in leadership positions in South African education, even though the legislation makes provision for gender balance in South African education. This study examined the role of female principals as transformational leaders to improve schools in the uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal. A qualitative investigation at three schools in the uMgungundlovu District was conducted. Nine participants were selected and data was collected by means of in-depth interviews and document analysis was done as a method of data collection. The findings of the study revealed that female leaders are taking a stand in education and are successfully implementing strategies to improve their schools. The study recommends that future female leaders are empowered at the beginning of their careers and they should learn skills that empower them so there are no excuses for being side lined when it comes to leadership positions.
Nalane ea Afrika Boroa e hlakisa mohopolo oa hore basali ba nkoe ba sa lekane ha ba bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba banna. Kahoo, basali ka kakaretso ba bile e behelletsoe ka thoko, haholo-holo ha ho tluoa khatelo-peleng ea mosebetsi. Basali hangata e hlalositsoeng kamanong le bo-mme, ho tsotella ba bang le ho fana ka litlhoko tsa Lintho tsa ho iphelisa. Mokhatlo kajeno ha o falle hole le mohopolo ona. Lena ke lona lebaka basali hangata ba le mathata ha ho tluoa ho khethoa boeta-pele maemo mo thutong ya Aforika Borwa, leha molao o fana ka sebaka sa tekano ea bong lithutong tsa Afrika Boroa Thutong ena ho ile ha hlahlojoa karolo ea basali lihlooho tsa boetapele ba phetoho ho ntlafatsa likolo setereke sa Umgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal. Patlisiso e nang le bokhoni likolong tse tharo Seterekeng sa Umgungundlovu e ne e tsamaisoa. Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ka lipuisano tse tebileng le sampole ea barupeluoa ba robong le tlhahlobo ea litokomane e entsoe e le mokhoa oa ho bokella data. The liphumano tsa boithuto li senotse hore baetapele ba basali ba nka karolo lithutong mme ba sebelisa ka katleho maano a ho ntlafatsa likolo tsa bona. Boithuto bo khothalletsa hore baetapele ba basali ba kamoso ba matlafatsoa qalong ea mesebetsi ea bona le bona ba lokela ho ithuta malebela a ba matlafatsang kahoo ha ho na mabaka a hore ba beheletsoe ka thoko ha e tla maemong a boetapele.
Umlando waseNingizimu Afrika ukhanyisa kahle umbono wokuthi abesifazane babhekwa njengabalingani uma kuqhathaniswa nabalingani babo besilisa. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane bebonke bebelokhu ebekelwe eceleni, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngentuthuko emsebenzini. Abesifazane bavame kuchazwa maqondana nokuba ngumama, ukunakekela abanye nokuhlinzeka ngezidingo zeukondla. Umphakathi namhlanje awusususanga kude kakhulu kulo mbono. Lesi isizathu sokuthi kungani abesifazane bavame ukuhlupheka lapho kukhulunywa ngokuqokwa ebuholini izikhundla emfundweni yaseNingizimu Afrika, yize umthetho ubeka umthetho ukulingana ngokobulili emfundweni yaseNingizimu Afrika Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise iqhaza lowesifazane othishanhloko njengabaholi bezinguquko ukwenza ngcono izikole esifundeni saseMgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natali. Uphenyo olufanele ezikoleni ezintathu ezifunda eMgungundlovu District yaqhutshwa. Idatha iqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo ezijulile ngesampula ye ababambiqhaza abayisishiyagalolunye kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedokhumenti kwenziwa njengendlela yokuqoqa idatha. The Imiphumela yocwaningo iveze ukuthi abaholi besifazane bayabamba iqhaza kwezemfundo ukusebenzisa amasu ngempumelelo ukwenza ngcono izikole zabo. Ucwaningo luyancoma ukuthi abaholi besifazane besikhathi esizayo banikezwa amandla ekuqaleni kwemisebenzi yabo futhi bona kumele afunde amakhono awanikayo amandla ngakho-ke akunazaba zokufakwa kolayini lapho iza ezikhundleni zobuholi.
Educational Management and Leadership
M. Ed. (Education Management)