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Journal articles on the topic 'Alexander, Christopher'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Petruševski, Ivana. "Fifteen rules of Christopher Alexander and the methods of generative design as the practical application of the "the nature of order" in architecture." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 4, no. 3 (2012): 254–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1203254p.

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This paper establishes the correlation between the "nature of order" of Christopher Alexander and the methods of generative design as well as their connection with nature. The research is focused on the practical application of Christopher Alexander's theory on assuming the principles from the nature, with an objective of reconciliation of the built environment with nature and creation of the more agreeable living environment than the present one, by means of generative, parametric design in architecture and urbanism. Christopher Alexander sees order in nature, whereas the human kind creates a completely new type of "order" constructing buildings and cities, even though not fully aware of the meaning of this notion. In order to establish the balance between these two orders, namely the unity between these two complex systems - the natural and artificial ones, according to Christopher Alexander, it is necessary to make transition of the principles from a well functioning system, the nature, into the artificial system. This paper explores the connection of the "nature of order" that is to say the "fifteen properties" of Christopher Alexander with the methods of generative design, in parallel search for correlation in the nature. The rules are associated with the methods of self-organization and evolution methods being the primary methods of generative design.

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2

Bhatt, Ritu, and Julie Brand. "Christopher Alexander: A Review Essay." Design Issues 24, no. 2 (April 2008): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi.2008.24.2.93.

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3

Gabriel, Richard, and Jenny Quillien. "A Search for Beauty/A Struggle with Complexity: Christopher Alexander." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (June 16, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020064.

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Beauty. Christopher Alexander’s prolific journey in building, writing, and teaching was fueled by a relentless search for Beauty and its meaning. While all around him the world was intent on figuring out how to simplify, Alexander came to embrace complexity as the only path to his goal. The Beauty and life of that which he encountered and appreciated—an Indian village, a city, a subway network, an old Turkish carpet, or a campus—lay in its well-ordered complexity. As a designer and maker he found that simplicity came from choosing—at every step—the simplest way to add the necessary complexity. The failure of so much of our modern world, in Alexander’s eyes, was oversimplification, wantonly bulldozing context, misunderstanding the relationships of part and whole, ignoring the required role of time in the shaping of shapes, and ultimately dismissing, like Esau, our birthright of Value in favor of a lentil pottage of mere Fact. Ever elusive, Beauty demands of her suitors a constant return of attention to see what might be newly revealed, and Alexander duly returned again and again in pursuit of the mystery. In this essay—essentially biographical and descriptive of one man’s endeavors—we examine the full arc of his work from dissertation to most recent memoir. We don’t shy away from his failures, and we don’t simplify his journey. We leave work done by other scholars for another day. We reach no conclusion, rather, we invite readers to reflect on what Alexander’s lifelong effort suggests to them about their own path, their own sense of aesthetics and order, innate cognitive shortfalls, and professional blind alleys.

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4

Sieverts, Thomas. "Wiedergelesen: Kevin Lynch und Christopher Alexander." disP - The Planning Review 33, no. 129 (January 1997): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.1997.10556647.

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5

Battaus, Danila Martins de Alencar. "O New Urbanism e a linguagem de padrões de Christopher Alexander." Oculum Ensaios 12, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v12n1a2716.

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O New Urbanism, movimento urbanístico que se desenvolveu na década de 1990 nos Estados Unidos, incorporou, dentre suas práticas, alguns pressupostos presentes em referências anteriores como, por exemplo, em projetos de autoria do arquiteto Christopher Alexander. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo propõe-se analisar as semelhanças existentes entre os projetos de novos bairros e recuperação de áreas degradadas do New Urbanism e as formulações teóricas de Alexander na Linguagem de Padrões. Assim, este trabalho analisa, de um lado, a obra A Pattern Language, de 1977, que reúne componentes estabelecidos pelo autor como padrões que asseguram o êxito de projetos e a interlocução entre arquiteto e usuário, e, de outro, os pressupostos do New Urbanism e sua aplicação em projetos apresentados por Peter Katz no livro The New Urbanism: toward an architecture of community, de 1994. Introduz-se uma breve reflexão sobre a atuação profissional de Christopher Alexander, no que diz respeito a processos participativos e padrões de escala das cidades, por ele apontados e, na sequência, discutem-se os princípios do New Urbanism, o que permite, portanto, a contextualização das semelhanças e assimetrias entre ambas as teorias e realizações.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Christopher Alexander. Linguagem de padrões. New urbanism.

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6

Moxey, Keith. "Review: Anachronic Renaissance by Alexander Nagel and Christopher Wood." Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 1 (June 1, 2011): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2011.35.

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7

Jiang, Bin. "Living Structure Down to Earth and Up to Heaven: Christopher Alexander." Urban Science 3, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030096.

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Discovered by Christopher Alexander, living structure is a physical phenomenon, through which the quality of the built environment or artifacts can be judged objectively. It has two distinguishing properties just like a tree: “Far more small things than large ones” across all scales from the smallest to the largest, and “more or less similar things” on each scale. As a physical phenomenon, and mathematical concept, living structure is essentially empirical, discovered and developed from miniscule observation in nature- and human-made things, and it affects our daily lives in some practical ways, such as where to put a table or a flower vase in a room, helping us to make beautiful things and environments. Living structure is not only empirical, but also philosophical and visionary, enabling us to see the world and space in more meaningful ways. This paper is intended to defend living structure as a physical phenomenon, and a mathematical concept, clarifying some common questions and misgivings surrounding Alexander’s design thoughts, such as the objective or structural nature of beauty, building styles advocated by Alexander, and mysterious nature of his concepts. For this purpose, we first illustrate living structure—essentially organized complexity, as advocated by the late Jane Jacobs (1916–2006)—that is governed by two fundamental laws (scaling law and Tobler’s law), and generated in some step by step fashion by two design principles (differentiation and adaptation) through the 15 structural properties. We then verify why living structure is primarily empirical, drawing evidence from Alexander’s own work, as well as our case studies applied to the Earth’s surface including cities, streets, and buildings, and two logos. Before reaching conclusions, we concentrate on the most mysterious part of Alexander’s work—the luminous ground or the hypothesized “I”—as a substance that pervasively exists everywhere, in space and matter including our bodies, in order to make better sense of living structure in our minds.

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8

Schneider, Alexandra. "Les gestes de l’intime : Christopher & Alexander." Décadrages, no. 12 (April 10, 2008): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/decadrages.365.

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9

Groebner, Valentin. "Alexander Nagel und Christopher Wood, Anachronic Renaissance." Historische Anthropologie 19, no. 3 (December 2011): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/ha.2011.19.3.477.

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10

Hatefi Shogae, Somayeh. "Comparison of Physical Structure of Iran Traditional Neighborhoods Based on Living Center Theory of Christopher Alexander (Case Study: Haji and Kolapa Neighborhoods in Hamedan)." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 4 (February 2, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n4p101.

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In the way Christopher Alexander<sup>1</sup> provides understanding and knowing order of nature, the pattern of living structures according to the concepts of totality and strong centers are paid attention to in 15 integrated features. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the physical totality of these two neighborhoods based on Alexander`s living center theory and its adaptability with architectural physics .This paper tries to answer following questions: What is the theory of living centers proposed by Alexander? Based on living center theory, how is the geometrical structure of traditional neighborhoods in Hamedan? How is the comparative study of structure of both neighborhoods based on Alexander`s theory? The results of study suggest that certain space as an essential feature of the theory of Alexander is not applicable with geometry structure of elements of the traditional neighborhoods of Hamadan. Comparison of geometry structure of the neighborhood and the characters of Alexander's theory pattern suggests that the most important role in the neighborhood for creating more life arises from strong centers, levels of Scale, boundaries, non-separateness, roughness, the void and contrast .The findings survey can use urban planners, urban designers and architectures to design new neighborhoods.

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11

Walker, Brian. "Another Kind of Science: Christopher Alexander on Democratic Theory and the Built Environment." Canadian Journal of Political Science 36, no. 5 (December 2003): 1053–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423903778962.

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This article concerns the political ramifications of character-giving, the work we do intensifying our ideals in the environments and populations around us. The premise here is that strategies of character-giving are just as crucial to the construction of a well-ordered society as the promotion of justice or stability. This theme is explored through an examination of the works of Christopher Alexander, a modern urban planner who shares many of the concerns of contemporary political science. Alexander's central project is to learn how to bring a more humane and democratic character to the modern cityscape. This kind of "reconstructive" humanism might be seen as a fitting model for renewal in political science.

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12

Dickinson, Duo. "Christopher Alexander and the Inadequacy of Genius in the Architecture of the Coming Age." Urban Science 4, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020017.

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There are only two ways of looking at any design problem despite all the elaborations evolved from these two paths. Either a designer directs an outcome and creates a product, or a solution is derived from a process involving the people and circumstances of the problem. The first way is object focused and is celebrated in architectural criticism and journalism. It is the way of the salvational Genius, whose personal insight pierces all preconceptions and launches into innovation. This operational model is called the architectural canon. The second way, working through a process, is how the rest of us grapple with any issue. The power of Christopher Alexander’s life is not about the distillation of a personal perspective (the profession’s stereotypical Genius model) but his vital focus is on the second way a design is created. Alexander is a polymath, open to a process using human criteria and universal opportunities that can discern and convey the way to create. His life efforts show the future of the practice of architecture in a world soon overwhelmed by technology. Alexander’s “15 Fundamental Properties of Wholeness” describes criteria in architecture—but also in the ways designs can evolve in the wholistic realities of any creation. The Building Beauty Program Alexander helped create responds to the present dysfunctional model of architectural education that often ignores these simple verities in favor of following the architectural canon. Meaning in any creation comes from connection to the world around it. A visceral, essential, human response in design is not anti-intellectual, because it can be understood and taught. No matter what its validity is today, the Genius model of advocating a design savior is being replaced by the coming explosion of technology. What remains after that explosion is all we humans, and we are all polymaths. We see, hear, think, and offer what the technology cannot. Therein lies the meaning of Christopher Alexander’s extraordinary life’s mission.

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13

Lea, Doug. "Christopher Alexander: an introduction for object-oriented designers." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 19, no. 1 (January 1994): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/181610.181617.

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14

Jiang, Bin. "Christopher Alexander and His Life’s Work: The Nature of Order." Urban Science 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010030.

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This editorial briefly introduces Christopher Alexander, as a theorist, as a design practitioner, as an architect, and importantly as a scientist, as well as his life’s work—The Nature of Order—focusing not only on the trinity of wholeness, life, beauty, but also on his new organic cosmology.

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15

Staniszewska, Lucyna. "Christopher Alexander Thomas, “Globalising sovereignty”? Pettit's neo-republicanism, international law, and international institutions (“Globalna suwereność”? O małym neo-republikanizmie, prawie międzynarodowym i instytucjach międzynarodowych), „The Cambridge Law Journal” 2015, vol. 74, iss. 3 (opr. Lucyna Staniszewska)." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2(14) (December 4, 2019): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2016.2.14.10.

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Christopher Alexander Thomas, “Globalising sovereignty”? Pettit's neo-republicanism, international law, and international institutions (“Globalna suwereność”? O małym neo-republikanizmie, prawie międzynarodowym i instytucjach międzynarodowych), „The Cambridge Law Journal” 2015, vol. 74, iss. 3 (opr. Lucyna Staniszewska)

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Staniszewska, Lucyna. "Christopher Alexander Thomas, “Globalising sovereignty”? Pettit's neo-republicanism, international law, and international institutions (“Globalna suwereność”? O małym neo-republikanizmie, prawie międzynarodowym i instytucjach międzynarodowych), „The Cambridge Law Journal” 2015, vol. 74, iss. 3 (opr. Lucyna Staniszewska)." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2(14) (September 24, 2018): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/stpp.2016.2.14.10.

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Christopher Alexander Thomas, “Globalising sovereignty”? Pettit's neo-republicanism, international law, and international institutions (“Globalna suwereność”? O małym neo-republikanizmie, prawie międzynarodowym i instytucjach międzynarodowych), „The Cambridge Law Journal” 2015, vol. 74, iss. 3 (opr. Lucyna Staniszewska)

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17

Kumari, Suruchi, and Ashish Alexander. "THEOLOGY AND ENGLISH LITERATURE: FROM CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE TO ALEXANDER POPE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 5, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2017.523.

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Generally, it is not obvious to people that theology has contributed a lot in the formation of English literature. So, this paper tries to picture and convince how the writings of English Literature writers have impacts and influences in themselves from the biblical theology. Writers like William Shakespeare uses the theology of grace in his play All’s Well That’s End Well. John Milton pens theology of Freedom of Choice.John Donne writes Trinitarian Theology. Christopher Marlowe shows the theology of Doctor Faustus, which shines under the title like purgatory the highest junction. Alexander Pope reflects the theology of participation in self Salvation and shows theodicy in his work. Theology and English literature go together. They are inseparable. Theology is interwoven in English Literature. It appears convincingly that William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Donne, Christopher Marlowe, and Alexander Pope have sufficiently left grains in their writings which compel to justify the significance of theology in English Literature.Thus, a high degree of significance the biblical theology immerges within the arena of English Literature which may be taught to the English literature readers with a well stuff of biblical theology which is very much beneficial for the understanding of English literature knowers.

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18

Rauber, Alice, and Romulo Krafta. "Alexander’s Theories Applied to Urban Design." Urban Science 2, no. 3 (September 12, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030086.

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Christopher Alexander has presented key concepts, such as wholeness, centres, and harmony-seeking computations, related to the coherence reached by a system. Wholeness is the global structural character of a given configuration existing in space. According to Alexander, wholeness is measurable although we do not have a mathematical language to describe it yet. Some authors have proposed a network perspective to address this problem. However, it is still poorly developed. This paper discusses how to improve the network approach already suggested in the literature. The aim is contributing to the debate on how to operationalise Alexander’s theories through a network perspective. We check out different descriptive systems and different centrality measures, which can be used to reveal the spatial relationship between urban entities and its hierarchy. The main conclusion is that centrality measures seem to offer an opportunity to get closer to Alexander’s concepts. However, a key point to move forward is a deeper investigation on how to describe the urban elements, how to identify spatial differentiation, and how to visualize the results. The relevance of such kind of research is the possibility of using those insights as analytical methods for supporting urban design.

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Kumari, Suruchi, and Ashish Alexander. "THEOLOGY AND ENGLISH LITERATURE: FROM CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE TO ALEXANDER POPE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 5, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.523a.

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Generally, it is not obvious to people that theology has contributed a lot in the formation of English literature. So, this paper tries to picture and convince how the writings of English Literature writers have impacts and influences in themselves from the biblical theology. Writers like William Shakespeare uses the theology of grace in his play All’s Well that’s End Well. John Milton pens theology of Freedom of Choice. John Donne writes Trinitarian Theology. Christopher Marlowe shows the theology of Doctor Faustus, which shines under the title like purgatory the highest junction. Alexander Pope reflects the theology of participation in self Salvation and shows theodicy in his work. Theology and English literature go together. They are inseparable. Theology is interwoven in English Literature. It appears convincingly that William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Donne, Christopher Marlowe, and Alexander Pope have sufficiently left grains in their writings which compel to justify the significance of theology in English Literature. Thus, a high degree of significance the biblical theology immerges within the arena of English Literature which may be taught to the English literature readers with a well stuff of biblical theology which is very much beneficial for the understanding of English literature knower.

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20

Bendix, John. "Nazi Crimes and their Lingering Impact." German Politics and Society 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2012.300304.

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Alexander von Plato, Almut Leh and Christopher Thonfeld, eds., Hitler’sSlaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe (New York:Berghahn Books, 2010)Frank Biess and Robert Moeller, eds., Histories of the Aftermath: The Legaciesof the Second World War in Europe (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010)

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21

Dawes, Michael J., and Michael J. Ostwald. "The mathematical structure of Alexander’s A Pattern Language: An analysis of the role of invariant patterns." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318761396.

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In 1977 Christopher Alexander and his colleagues from the Centre for Environmental Structure published A Pattern Language, an innovative design guide aimed at restoring life and beauty to the built environment. Since then, A Pattern Language has become one of the most widely read architectural treatises ever published. However, despite its popularity, the structure of A Pattern Language remains poorly understood. In response to this situation, this paper uses graph theory to examine Alexander’s language including the entire set of 253 patterns and over 1800 relationships between them. Through this mathematical analysis the paper tests two hypotheses about the ‘invariant patterns’ Alexander was most confident in. The first hypothesis tests whether invariant patterns occupy more prominent positions within the language, and the second tests whether invariant patterns form a core structure within the language that supports less developed patterns. Through this process the paper illuminates several previously unconsidered aspects of the structure of A Pattern Language while providing the first graphic representation of the entire underlying structure that unites the individual patterns into a coherent language.

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22

Kalb, James. "LIFE IN DESIGN: CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER AND THE NATURE OF ORDER." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 2 (July 12, 2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i2.399.

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How we build reflects how we understand the world around us. The architectural style of a period thus corresponds to the cosmological and epistemological beliefs then dominant, and objections to one are likely to line up with objections to the other. Christopher Alexander provides a strong example of that tendency. His opposition to architectural modernism and postmodernism reflects opposition to tendencies within modernity that present themselves as rational and liberating but are in his view very different in character, and his project involves restoring balance to modern understandings in a way that makes room for what he calls “the phenomenon of life.” He thus reaches results similar in basic ways to those reached in traditional and vernacular architecture but in a very different manner. It is not clear however that his approach can be generally followed.

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23

Power, Henry. "Christopher Logue, Alexander Pope, and the Making of War Music." Review of English Studies 69, no. 291 (June 27, 2018): 747–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgy039.

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24

Mehaffy, Michael W. "On The Nature of Order: an interview with Christopher Alexander." URBAN DESIGN International 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000184.

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Dawson, Jaap Pelgrim. "A FULL HOUSE." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 2 (July 12, 2014): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i2.442.

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A fictional child knows which buildings suit him. He talks with an anthropologist, an historian, an architect, and a depth psychologist: he wants to know why some buildings suit him while other buildings don’t. The child’s own experience corresponds with the experience that led Christopher Alexander to undertake his research. We can recognize this child in ourselves.

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26

Engel, Patricia. "Systemic Thinking in Conservation Theory." Atlanti 27, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/2670-451x.27.1.205-215(2017).

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The purpose of this contribution is to better understand the theoretical background of conservation of archival material. The methodology to better understand the already existing conservation-theory is found in the so called pattern language by Christopher Alexander. The article aims to show how this application can be performed and what benefit will derive from this.

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27

Oudenallen, Harry Van. "Christopher Alexander and the Search for a New Paradigm in Architecture." Journal of Architectural Education 38, no. 3 (April 1985): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.1985.10758369.

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28

Oudenallen, Harry Van, and Stephen Grabow. "Christopher Alexander and the Search for a New Paradigm in Architecture." Journal of Architectural Education (1984-) 38, no. 3 (1985): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1424882.

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29

Wania, Christine E. "Investigating an author's influence using citation analyses: Christopher alexander (1964–2014)." Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 52, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010029.

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30

Battaus, Danila Martins de Alencar. "Parâmetros de projeto (patterns) de Christopher Alexander traduzidos para o português." Risco: Revista de Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Online), no. 17 (July 17, 2013): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4506.v0i17p144-146.

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31

Tramont, E. C. "Syphilis in Adults: From Christopher Columbus to Sir Alexander Fleming to AIDS." Clinical Infectious Diseases 21, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/21.6.1361.

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32

Mehaffy, Michael W. "Notes on the genesis of wholes: Christopher Alexander and his continuing influence." URBAN DESIGN International 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000182.

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33

WILD, MIN. "Revisiting Christopher Smart's Midwife: Alexander the Great and the Terrible Old Lady." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 27, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2004.tb00290.x.

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34

Mehaffy, Michael W. "Assessing Alexander’s Later Contributions to a Science of Cities." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020059.

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Christopher Alexander published his longest and arguably most philosophical work, The Nature of Order, beginning in 2003. Early criticism assessed that text to be a speculative failure; at best, unrelated to Alexander’s earlier, mathematically grounded work. On the contrary, this review presents evidence that the newer work was a logically consistent culmination of a lifelong and remarkably useful inquiry into part-whole relations—an ancient but still-relevant and even urgent topic of design, architecture, urbanism, and science. Further evidence demonstrates that Alexander’s practical contributions are remarkably prodigious beyond architecture, in fields as diverse as computer science, biology and organization theory, and that these contributions continue today. This review assesses the potential for more particular contributions to the urban professions from the later work, and specifically, to an emerging “science of cities.” It examines the practical, as well as philosophical contributions of Alexander’s proposed tools and methodologies for the design process, considering both their quantitative and qualitative aspects, and their potential compatibility with other tools and strategies now emerging from the science of cities. Finally, it highlights Alexander’s challenge to an architecture profession that seems increasingly isolated, mired in abstraction, and incapable of effectively responding to larger technological and philosophical challenges.

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35

Francis, Terri. "Cosmologies of Black Cultural Production: A Conversation with Afrosurrealist Filmmaker Christopher Harris." Film Quarterly 69, no. 4 (2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2016.69.4.47.

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FQ Contributing Editor Terri Francis interviews filmmaker Christopher Harris, situating Afrosurrealist filmmaking within a constellation of African American artists and writers that includes the painter Kerry James Marshall, novelist Toni Morrison, poet Elizabeth Alexander, and composer Roscoe Mitchell. The discussion revolves around the experimental poetics of African American literature that provide Harris with flares of revelation that light the path for his diverse projects. Harris's oeuvre is in dialogue with the nature of the film medium and with what it means to work, observe, and think, as an artist, living between the ideals of American happiness and the realities of American inequality.

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36

Salingaros, Nikos A. "The structure of pattern languages." Architectural Research Quarterly 4, no. 2 (June 2000): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500002591.

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Pattern languages help us tackle the complexity of a variety of systems ranging from computer software, to buildings and cities. Each ‘pattern’ represents a rule governing one working piece of a complex system, and the application of pattern languages can be done systematically. Design that wishes to connect to human beings needs the information contained in a pattern language. This paper describes how to validate existing pattern languages, how to develop them, and how they evolve. The connective geometry of urban interfaces is derived from the architectural patterns of Christopher Alexander.

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37

Dassanowsky, Robert. "Alexander Lernet-Holenia und Maria Charlotte Sweceny: Briefe 1938–1945 by Christopher Dietz." Journal of Austrian Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/oas.2013.0072.

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38

Wright, Robert E. "Christopher Beauchamp.Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America." American Historical Review 121, no. 1 (February 2016): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.1.246.

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39

Swanson, Kara W. "“Great Men,” Law, and the Social Construction of Technology." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 03 (2018): 1093–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12313.

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Is Alexander Graham Bell's fame owed to law and lawyers? Two recent histories argue that some popular tales of invention originated with lawyers and judges as part of patent litigation battles (Stathis Arapostathis and Graeme Gooday, Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain[2013]; Christopher Beauchamp, Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America[2015]). Bringing law into the historical project of understanding the social construction of technology, the authors unsettle “great man” narratives of invention. A tale of a recent patent war is a case study in the persistence of such narratives, highlighting the uses of legal storytelling (Ronald K. Fierstein, A Triumph of Genius: Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War[2015]). Together, these works invite consideration of the cultural power possessed by invention origin stories, the role of narratives in law and history, and the judicial performance of truth finding in Anglo-American law.

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Derrible, Sybil. "Urban infrastructure is not a tree: Integrating and decentralizing urban infrastructure systems." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, no. 3 (May 13, 2016): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516647063.

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In his original 1965 article, Christopher Alexander argued that master planned cities ultimately failed because the designs elaborated followed a tree structure as opposed to a more desirable semilattice structure present in organic cities. In this article, I argue that a similar claim can be made with urban infrastructure systems planning. As cities expanded and became increasingly complex in the 20th century, the responsibility to plan and design urban infrastructure was distributed to separate agencies that seldom communicate and coordinate with one another. In the global context to make cities more sustainable and resilient, a better integration of infrastructure systems may hold much potential. After recalling Alexander’s main concepts, I examine how current infrastructure systems are naturally interdependent. I then discuss the role of integration, by notably proposing an integration-decentralization matrix, with four quadrants, illustrated by using practical examples. The quadrants are current paradigm, siloed distribution, localized integration, and integrated decentralization. Overall, a better integration of urban infrastructure can offer significant benefits to a city, and it may be time to seriously revisit our current urban infrastructure systems planning practice.

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Quintanilla, Mark. "The World of Alexander Campbell: An Eighteenth-Century Grenadian Planter." Albion 35, no. 2 (2003): 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000069830.

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In 1763 few Europeans doubted the enormous importance of their Caribbean possessions, a fact indicated by the ready willingness of the French to cede Canada in order to regain British-occupied Martinique. The British were no different, and in the West Indies they were in the process of establishing a New World aristocracy whose riches were based upon African slavery and the production of tropical crops. The British prized their Caribbean territories, especially since the sugar revolution that had begun during the mid-seventeenth century first in Barbados where the crop had become dominant by 1660 and then in Jamaica. British planters continued their success in the Leeward Island settlements of Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, and Montserrat, where entrepreneurs converted their lands to sugar cane by the early 1700s. West Indian planters became influential within the British Empire, and exercised profound social, political, and economic importance in the metropolis. By the eighteenth century they were the richest colonists within the empire; they were landed aristocrats who could have vied in wealth and prestige with their counterparts in Britain.

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Jung, Sung-Wook, and Moon-Duck Kim. "A Study on the Rule for Creation of the Pattern Language of Christopher Alexander." Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14774/jkiid.2017.26.1.075.

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Sperling, Jutta. "The Anachronic Madonna Lactans: Impersonations of the Nursing Virgin by Cindy Sherman, Catherine Opie, and Vanessa Beecroft." Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 408–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkg-2021-3005.

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Abstract This article examines Cindy Sherman’s Untitled #216 (1989), Catherine Opie’s Self-Portrait/ Nursing (2004), and Vanessa Beecroft’s White Madonna or VBSS.002 (2006) in relation to the medieval and Renaissance artworks these photos quote and re-instantiate: Jean Fouquet’s Virgin of Melun (1452–1455); Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Madonna del Latte (1325–1335) and Leonardo da Vinci’s Litta Madonna (1490s); and Tino di Camaino’s Charity (1321) and Jan van Eyck’s Lucca Madonna (1436), respectively. This juxtaposition — framed by reference to Alexander Nagel’s and Christopher Wood’s concept of “anachronism” and to Aby Warburg’s notion of the Pathosformel — helps us ask new questions and gain new insights about the “old masters” under discussion.

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Passia, Yota, and Panagiotis Roupas. "De-coding the possibilities of spatial asssemblages: a design methodology of topologizing architectural morphology." Strategic Design Research Journal 13, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/sdrj.2020.132.05.

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While the continuous flow of events seems to be a given, we still cannot either perceive or design space which is organized and has the capacity to reorganize itself in order to cope with major changes. In this framework, the research aims to establish a codefor space, as a semantic system that monitors its sociospatial metabolism while at the same time being directly connected to its material reality. In this framework, the research attempts to establish a design methodologyaiming at a generative system for architecture and the city. The material agency of this productive process is described as a bifold process which constantly informs itself, including a "convergent phase of selection"and a "divergent phase of design" (Spuybroek 2008: 189). The first one focuses on the code's organization, introducing Christopher Alexander's 253 Design Patterns (Alexander et al. 1977) as its elementary units in order to postulate on its topological structure as a network of relations between interacting, active parts. In the next phase, while theorizing the code's structure, Design Patterns are substituted by their A-signifying signs counterparts, mechanisms able to stabilize or destabilize the assemblage and thus allow for its contingency to remain immanent.

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García Amen, Mg Arq Fernando. "Físico y digital." ARQUISUR Revista 9, no. 15 (July 20, 2019): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/ar.v9i15.7588.

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Este artículo intenta construir un discurso de base historicista en relación a los orígenes del paradigma digital en arquitectura, haciendo foco en los procesos productivos de la fabricación digital y en la génesis de las ideas que la sustentan. Para ese fin, se analiza la obra teórica de cinco arquitectos considerados como los precursores de este paradigma, como antecedente histórico de la cuarta revolución industrial. Es el caso de las ideas de Frederick Kiesler, Christopher Alexander, Cedric Price, Nicholas Negroponte, y William J. Mitchell. A partir de este análisis, se plantean una serie de posibles escenarios y conclusiones, a manera de claves de comprensión de la convergencia físico-digital en la generación del proyecto de arquitectura.

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Freebury-Jones, Darren, and Marcus Dahl. "Searching for Thomas Nashe in Dido, Queen of Carthage." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 35, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqz008.

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Abstract The title page of the 1594 Quarto text of Dido, Queen of Carthage assigns the play to two authors: Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Nashe. Some scholars, such as J. P. Collier, F. G. Fleay, Alexander Grosart, Tucker Brooke, and Thomas Merriam, have argued that Marlowe and Nashe co-authored the play, or that Nashe added significant material to Marlowe’s text. This article assesses the internal evidence for Nashe’s hand in the play by examining its prosody, vocabulary, phraseology, rhyming habits, and stage directions in comparison to works ascribed to Nashe and Marlowe. The article also explores different modes of collaboration, such as the possibility that Nashe helped to plot, revise, or edit the play.

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Gosling, David. "Alexander, Christopher, Anninou, Artemis and King, Ingrid, A "New Theory of Urban Design" (Book Review)." Town Planning Review 60, no. 1 (January 1989): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.60.1.j22247nht8517l64.

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Kaplan, Abram, Kim Diver, Karl Sandin, and Sarah Kafer Mill. "Homeless Interactions with the Built Environment: A Spatial Pattern Language of Abandoned Housing." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020065.

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Research demonstrates that homeless individuals use urban space in adaptive and endemic ways. Investigations at city and neighborhood scales would benefit from attention to homeless use of abandoned housing. We employ the pattern language approach developed by Christopher Alexander for twenty-two abandoned houses in Newark, Ohio. We use statistical and geospatial data analyses to evaluate hypotheses related to prospect and refuge site qualities, accessibility, and attractiveness to homeless persons, and the proximity of sites to resources. Factors related to prospect/refuge, accessibility, and resource proximity were consistent with the hypotheses. Results can be grouped into four distinct patterns: ‘Hiding Places,’ ‘Welcome Mat,’ ‘Shelter (Un)becoming,’ and ‘Proximity to Resources.’ Based on these patterns, we conclude with recommendations for officials and organizations addressing homelessness.

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Balme, Christopher. "Giorgio Strehler's Faust Project: Signification and Reception Strategies." New Theatre Quarterly 9, no. 35 (August 1993): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00007934.

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In the ten years between 1982, when Giorgio Strehler announced his intention to stage both parts of Goethe's Faust over six evenings, and the eventual two-evening performance amidst a ‘Faust Festival’ in 1992, the Faust project underwent a series of modifications and manifestations, in parallel with the struggle to create the Teatro Grande in Milan as a new house for the Piccolo. The progress and realization of the project are here charted by Christopher Balme, who not only describes the work processes involved, but how these became enmeshed both in the politics of Strehler's relations with the city of Milan, and with his own identification, as actor of Faust as well as director of the project, with the role of the hubristic artist, in quest of a climax to a controversial career. Christopher Balme is a lecturer in theatre studies at the University of Munich's Instituttür Theaterwissenschaft. He has published on modern German theatre, theatre theory, and post-colonial drama and theatre. He has previously held posts at the University of Würzburg, and was Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow in Theatre Studies at Munich University. He has also been a Visiting Lecturer at the Department of Theatre and Film at Victoria University in New Zealand.

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Wallace, Shane. "GREEK CULTURE IN AFGHANISTAN AND INDIA: OLD EVIDENCE AND NEW DISCOVERIES." Greece and Rome 63, no. 2 (September 16, 2016): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383516000073.

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In 1888 Rudyard Kipling published a collection of short-stories entitledThe Phantom Rickshaw and Other Eerie Tales. Perhaps the most famous of these stories, ‘The Man Who Would Be King’, recounted the adventures of two British military veterans, Peachy Carnahan and Daniel Dravot Esq., played by Michael Caine and Sean Connery in John Huston's 1975 film of the same name. Both men have seen India's cities and jungles, jails and palaces, and have decided that she is too small for the likes of they. So, they set out to become kings of Kafiristan, a mountainous, isolated, and unstudied country beyond the Hindu Kush in north-eastern Afghanistan. They confide their plan to their recent acquaintance Rudyard Kipling (Christopher Plummer), then editor of theNorthern Star, who calls them mad. No man, he says, has made it to Kafiristan since Alexander the Great, to which Peachy replies ‘If a Greek can do it, we can do it.’ What they find in north-eastern Afghanistan are the last remnants of Alexander the Great's empire, a local culture and religion part-Greek and part-Kafiri. The story is fiction, but aspects of its historical context are true. Alexander spent most of the years 330–325 campaigning in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, and he left behind Greek kingdoms and culture that flourished throughout the Hellenistic period and even later. Traces of these Greek kingdoms are continually coming to light and the archaeological, artistic, and epigraphic evidence coming out of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India reveals a prosperous and culturally diverse kingdom.

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