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1
Amitay, Ory. "Alexander between Rome and Carthage in the Alexander Romance (A)." Phoenix 77, no. 1-2 (March 2023): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2023.a926362.
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Abstract: The Alexander Romance takes Alexander to Italy and to Carthage, synchronizing him with the First Punic War. It represents the Alexandrian perspective, commenting on Ptolemaic interests through Alexander's character. This interpretation adds to the recognized Ptolemaic elements in the AR and sheds new light on an event of the First Punic War. Réesumé: Le Roman d'Alexandre emmène Alexandre en Italie et à Carthage, ce qui le place dans le cadre de la première guerre punique. Les événements sont présentés du point de vue alexandrinà travers le personnage d'Alexandre, qui représente les intérêts ptolémaïques. Cette interprétation ajoute un élément ptolémaïque de plus à ceux déjà identifiés dans le Roman et éclaire sous un nouveau jour l'un des épisodes de la première guerre punique.
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Olbrycht, Marek Jan. "The India-Related Tetradrachms of Alexander the Great." Phoenix 76, no. 1 (2022): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2022.a914299.
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Abstract: The Indian war conducted by Alexander iii of Macedon (327–325 b.c.e.) demonstrated the efficacy of Iranian-Macedonian cooperation. Such cooperation was the foundation of Alexander's policies from 330 to 323 b.c.e.; given this, the references to Iranian traditions in the coin imagery are not surprising. The India-related tetradrachms offer insight into Alexander's conception of his own kingship and into his imperial policy. Abstract: La guerre indienne menée par Alexandre iii de Macédoine (327–325 a. C.) a démontré l'efficacité de la coopération irano-macédonienne. Cette coopération était à la base des politiques d'Alexandre entre 330 et 323 a. C. ; par conséquent, les références aux traditions iraniennes dans l'imagerie des pièces de monnaie ne sont pas surprenantes. Les tétradrachmes liées à l'Inde nous donnent un aperçu de la façon dont Alexandre concevait son propre statut de roi et de sa politique impériale.
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Degen, Julian Michael. "Les Reines de Perse aux pieds d‘Alexandre. Rezeption des exemplum virtutis von Curtius Rufus bis Charles le Brun." historia.scribere, no. 8 (June 14, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.8.459.
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The history of Alexander the Great was from his time on a very popular medium for facts and also common known fictions, what let Alexanders deeds become very longing for other rulers, like Louis XIV. He hired Charles le Brun to paint a representative passage of Alexanders history, what he liquidated through the lecture of Cutius Rufus’ historia Alexandri Magni. This paper is about the transformation of ancient sources with their intentions into 17th century France. I created the thesis of „mental horizons“ to depict the motives of adoption into the historical perception.
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Esmailpour, Maryam, та Seyed Mohsen Hashemi. "Comparison of Personality Dimension of Alexander as Depicted in the Films Alexander (2004) and Alexander the Great (1956) with Persian Poetic Iskandarnāmas, Especially Shāhnāma, Niẓāmī’s Iskandarnāma, and Āyina-yi Iskandarī". International Journal of Persian Literature 9 (1 жовтня 2024): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.9.0161.
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Abstract Alexander the Great, the world conqueror who brought the Achaemenid dynasty to its knees, has attracted the attention of many Iranian poets and writers. There are numerous poetic and prose works entitled Iskandarnāma (Treatise on Alexander). Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāma and Niẓāmī’s Iskandarnāma are among the most well-known poems narrating Alexander’s life. In addition, several films have been made about Alexander’s life in the West, the most famous of which are Alexander (2004) by Oliver Stone and Alexander the Great (1956) by Robert Rossen. The present descriptive study identifies different dimensions of Alexander’s character in Shāhnāma and Iskandarnāma and compares them with those portrayed in the above-said films. The results show that Alexander’s complex character is composed of four distinct dimensions. Alexander is sometimes an ordinary human being entangled with fear, prone to misjudgment, and an avid lover of love and elaborate festivities. He is an envoy and a warrior. He is also compassionate, generous, resourceful, and politically quite apt. Finally, he has at times the qualities of a prophet and is pious to no end. The films didn’t behoove Alexander’s mysticism or benevolence and focused most tersely on his pillage, murder, and plunder. The literary Alexander of Iran represents a far more dramatic persona than does the film adaptation.
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Šehović, Amina. "Aleksandar Veliki, “sin boga Amona” / Alexander the Great, “son of god Amon”." Journal of BATHINVS Association ACTA ILLYRICA / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA Online ISSN 2744-1318, no. 7 (December 28, 2023): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2023.59.
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Alexander the Great, one of the greatest rulers the world has ever seen, in his conquests, among other things, reached Egypt. The focus of this paper is on the influence that Egypt had on Alexander the Great and the influence that Alexander had on Egypt. Particular attention was paid to the writings of various historical sources about Alexander’s stay in Egypt. The Egyptian aspect of Alexander’s life is very important. This country influenced Alexander to get lost in his desires. One of the big questions the paper deals with is whether Alexander really believed that he was the son of the god Amon / Zeus. For the Egyptians, Alexander was the savior. For Alexander, Egypt was a picture of what he wanted to be, and what kind of relationship he wanted to have with people. For a man who did not lose battles, a man who crossed a great path to worship Amon, a man who came to the land he conquered and received treatment, not like a conqueror but a liberator it may not have been hard to believe that he was something more than a ruler himself. For Egypt, the new ruler was not cruel to them. He was their friend. So they accepted him and accepted those who came after him as their own. Alexandria in Egypt, what is considered one of the greatest achievements of Alexander’s conquests, was something new – the center of Hellenistic culture, far from Hellas. In addition to the topics mentioned in the paper, attention is paid to Alexander’s legacy in Egypt and his body in Alexandria as well. The aim of the paper is to review Alexander’s stay in Egypt. A good part of the work is seen through the prism of Alexander’s stay in the temple of the god Amon. The reason for this is the influence that “conversation with Amon” had on this great ruler, but also the fact that through the journey to the temple, Alexander wanted to show the Egyptians what kind of ruler he would be.
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Schoenaers, Dirk, Laurent Breeus-Loos, Farley P. Katz, and Remco Sleiderink. "Reconstructing a Middle Dutch Alexander Compilation." Fragmentology 4 (December 17, 2021): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24446/vpsb.
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This article provides a first description, edition and analysis of Antwerp, University Library, Special Collections, MAG-P 64.19. This fragment is the sole known remnant of a Middle Dutch compilation of stories about Alexander the Great copied by the well-known Ferguut scribe (ca.1350). Our research shows that this compilation comprised Dutch versions of the Voeux du paon and the twelfth-century Fuerre de Gadres, which was previously unknown to have been translated into Dutch. We advance the possibility that the Stuttgart and Brussels fragments of Alexanders geesten and Roman van Cassamus, which were also copied by the Ferguut scribe, belonged to a second copy of this compilation, providing a continuous narrative about the life of Alexander. In this respect, the Dutch compilation resembles contemporary manuscripts of the Roman d'Alexandre in which Alexandre de Paris' vulgate compilation was complemented with various amplifications. The combination of pre-existing Dutch stories into one (semi)coherent narrative is also similar to the famous Lancelot compilation, a collection of Arthurian narratives created in Brabant in approximately the same period. The fragment thus sharpens our understanding of the role of compilations in the dissemination of Middle Dutch chivalric romance.
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Belfiglio, Valentine J. "Cynane: Queen Warrior of Ancient Macedonia." Advances in Social Sciences and Management 3, no. 01 (January 21, 2025): 29–33. https://doi.org/10.63002/assm.301.797.
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Thesis statement: Cynane (358-320 BCE), the half-sister of Alexander the Great, (Alexander III) (356-323 BCE) significantly influenced events in Macedonia after the death of Alexander the Great. Methodology: Historiography and conceptual analysis of ancient Greek, and Roman historians. Results: Cynane’s military victories against Illyria, Thrace, and Macedonian expansion have been largely ignored in favor of Alexander’s campaigns. Conclusion: Cynane significantly influenced events n Macedonia after the death of Alexander.
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Oczachowska, Klaudia. "Hephaestion's Death:A Moment of Grief for Alexander or a Catalyst for his Quest for Immortality?" Athens Journal of History 11, no. 2 (March 29, 2025): 159–70. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.11-2-4.
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Hephaestion was the most loyal friend of Alexander the Great. He was the supporter of Alexander’s policy and participated in building Alexander’s image so by creating parallels with the Homeric figures. It already started at the beginning of the Macedonian expedition when they visited Achilles and Patroclus tombs. Mourning after Hephaestion death allowed Alexander expressed deep grief in a truly Homeric way. Mourning time was the last opportunity to refer to the created by them Homeric image of friendship. Alexander wished to be remembered by his contemporaries and subsequent generations just as his ancestors did. Therefore, sometimes undertook actions that were of an image-related nature. Extraordinary way of express feelings and lavish character of funeral ceremony, number of people involved the in preparations raise the question of Alexander’s purposefulness. Important for this consideration is fact that commemorating Hephaestion also became an opportunity to aspire to divinity once again. The study aims are to analyze of actions taken by Alexander the Great after the death of his friend and consider how it influenced to Alexander’s image.
9
Freeman, Thomas S. "Offending God: John Foxe and English Protestant Reactions to the Cult of the Virgin Mary." Studies in Church History 39 (2004): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400015114.
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On 20 January 1574, at about 7.00 p.m., Alexander Nyndge, one of the sons of William Nyndge, a gentleman of Herringwell, Suffolk, suddenly went into violent paroxysms. Edward Nyndge, Alexander’s brother, intervened. Edward was a Cambridge graduate and a former fellow of Gonville and Caius, and his University education had apparently prepared him for just such an emergency. He immediately declared that Alexander was possessed by an evil spirit and summoned the villagers to come and pray for his brother’s recovery. As the praying continued, Alexander’s convulsions grew worse; a half dozen men had to hold him in his chair. Meanwhile the onlookers were praying extemporaneously. Suddenly someone invoked both God and the Virgin Mary. Edward pounced on this remark and admonished the crowd that such prayers offended God. The evil spirit, in a voice ‘much like Alexanders voice’, chimed in, endorsing the propriety of the prayer. But ‘Edward made answere and said thou lyest, for ther is no other name under Heaven, wherby we may challenge Salvacion, but thonly name of Ihesus Christe’. This point settled, Edward proceeded to organize his brother’s exorcism.
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Boardman, Pete. "Twenty-one new species of craneflies (Diptera: Tipulidae and Limoniidae), and a new fold-wing cranefly (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from Mount Kupe, Cameroon, with notes on eighteen other species new to the country from the same location." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 156, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 163–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1563.4042.
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Following the award of a Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (WCMT) Fellowship the author was able to visit the Charles P. Alexander (1889–1981) collection at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. to study craneflies gifted to him from fieldwork in Cameroon. They were collected by Malaise trap in forest clearings near streams on Mount Kupe, near Nyasoso, Cameroon. 21 new species of cranefly (Diptera: Tipulidae and Limoniidae): Dolichopeza (Dolichopeza) vicki sp. n., Nephrotoma mawdsleyi sp. n., Baeoura nyasosoensis sp. n.,Ellipteroides (Ellipteroides) nigromaculatus sp. n., Hovamyia gelhausi sp. n.,Limnophilomyia (Limnophilomyia) alexanderi sp. n., Ormosia (Neserioptera) cameroonensis sp. n., Afrolimnophila mederosi sp. n., A. oosterbroeki sp. n., Neolimnomyia kupensis sp. n., Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) staryi sp. n., Achyrolimonia prycei sp. n., Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) tuberculata sp. n., D. (Idioglochina) stubbsi sp. n., Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) gilsonae sp. n., Libnotes (Afrolimonia) trimaculata sp. n., Metalimnobia (Tricholimnobia) krameri sp. n., Thaumastoptera (Thaumastoptera) churchilli sp. n., Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) holvia sp. n., Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) zorro sp. n., and Trichoneura (Xipholimnobia) jacksoni, and a new species of fold-wing cranefly (Diptera: Ptychopteridae): Ptychoptera (Ptychoptera) fasbenderi sp. n., are described. 18 species of cranefly known from elsewhere in the Afrotropical region are recorded here from Cameroon for the first time: Gonomyia (Leiponeura) hyperion Alexander, 1956, Limnophilomyia (Limnophilomyia) medleriana Alexander, 1976, Styringomyia vittata Edwards, 1914, Afrolimnophila hartwigi (Alexander, 1974), A. urundiana (Alexander, 1955), Austrolimnophila (Phragmocrypta) fulani Alexander, 1974, Hexatoma (Eriocera) brevifurca Alexander, 1956, H. (E.) trichoneura Alexander, 1956, H. (E.) tumidiscapa (Alexander, 1920), Medleromyia nigeriana Alexander, 1974, Achyrolimonia recurvans (Alexander, 1919), Atypopthalmus (Atypopthalmus) submendicus tuberculifer (Alexander, 1956), Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) redundans (Alexander, 1956), Libnotes (Afrolimonia) rhanteria (Alexander, 1920), L. (A.) illiterata (Alexander, 1937), Limonia woosnami (Alexander, 1920), Orimarga (Protorimarga) bequaertiana (Alexander, 1930) and Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) nigripleura (Alexander, 1920). In total 40 species are presented as new for Cameroon. A further 23 species already known from Cameroon were identified, and are listed here as some of them have not been recorded since their original description close to, or in some cases over, a hundred years ago.
11
Stoneman, Richard. "Naked philosophers: the Brahmans in the Alexander historians and the Alexander Romance." Journal of Hellenic Studies 115 (November 1995): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631646.
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The encounter of Alexander the Great with the Indian Brahmans or Oxydorkai/Oxydracae forms an important episode of the Alexander Romance as well as featuring in all the extant Alexander historians. The purpose of this paper is to consider how far the various accounts reflect genuine knowledge of India in the sources in which they are based, and to what extent the episode in the Alexander Romance diverges or adds to them and to what purpose. A future paper will consider the development of the episode in later works, Geneva Papyrus inv. 271 andPalladius De gentibus Indiae et Bragmanibus, as well as theCollatio Alexandri et Dindimi.
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Unz, Ron K. "Alexander's brothers?" Journal of Hellenic Studies 105 (November 1985): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631534.
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Our knowledge of the early life of Alexander the Great is based upon very slender literary evidence. Arrian devotes only a few sentences to the years prior to Alexander's campaigns. Plutarch's coverage of Alexander's youth is also very condensed, and both he and Arrian rely almost exclusively upon pro-Alexander sources such as Ptolemy and Aristoboulos. The books of Curtius which deal with the early years of Alexander have been lost, and Diodorus' coverage is as usual very scanty. Justin's epitome of Trogus is among our longest and most comprehensive accounts, but it is often rhetorically unreliable and careless with details. Yet apart from occasional flashbacks and allusions in these sources and a few fragments of other historians, this evidence—heavily biased, meager, and unreliable as it is—comprises all we know concerning the first twenty years of Alexander's life.
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Garstad, Benjamin. "Alexander’s Comrades in the Chronicle of John Malalas." Studies in Late Antiquity 4, no. 4 (2020): 452–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2020.4.4.452.
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As a rule in the historical tradition, over time the larger cast of characters behind a series of events, the king and his court, is distilled down to the person of a single actor, the king, while his ministers and lieutenants are consigned to oblivion. Alexander the Great is by and large an exception to this rule. His Companions play important roles in his reign and campaigns, his character is developed to a great extent in his relations with them, and they rise to prominence in their own right as his successors; they form an indispensable part of the memory of Alexander. This is certainly true of the account of Alexander in the Chronographia of John Malalas, the seminal work of the Byzantine chronicle tradition. The men surrounding Alexander are referred to repeatedly, in marked contrast to the other historical personages who feature in the Chronographia. The terms that Malalas uses of Alexander’s Companions, however, are unusual, and require some interpretation. And the prominence of his Companions in this narrative seems intended to contribute to an essentially, but subtly negative depiction of Alexander by recalling the most disreputable incidents in Alexander’s career, which usually involved his Companions.
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Del Forno, Davide. "Alessandro di Afrodisia e Proclo sulla dialettica." Elenchos 40, no. 1 (August 6, 2019): 165–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/elen-2019-0007.
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AbstractIn this paper I compare Alexander of Aphrodisias’ and Proclus’ conceptions of dialectic by discussing a passage from Alexander’s commentary on Aristotle’s Topics and texts from Proclus’ Platonic Theology and commentary on Plato’s Parmenides. I show how Alexander takes up Aristotle’s view of dialectic as an argumentative technique that has no specific object but can be put in the service of philosophy e. g. to establish first principles. In a key passage, Alexander quotes some lines from the Parmenides to emphasize that this was also Plato’s view on dialectic. By contrast, Proclus uses the Parmenides as a crucial source for his conception of dialectic as the crowning glory of philosophy, and fiercely criticizes such interpretations of the Parmenides as that of Alexander, which reduce it to the illustration of a logical method. I argue that the difference in their conceptions of dialectic lies in Alexander’s positive and Proclus’ negative view on doxa and on its role in knowledge.
15
Fazzo, Silvia, and Hillary Wiesiner. "Alexander of Aphrodisias in the Kindī-Cricle and in Al-Kindī' Cosmology." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 119–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423900001739.
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How do the heavenly bodies physically affect the sublunary world? On this topic, the few fragmentary statements by Aristotle were refined and expanded by his Greek commentator Alexander of Aphrodisias. In the Kindī-circle, particular attention was paid to Alexander's treatises on this very topic. They were not simply translated but were rather reworked in terms of an astrological interpretation. Typically, such reworking was attributed directly to Aristotle by the addition of a number of references and pseudo-references to Aristotle's genuine and spurious works. The article demonstrates this phenomenon, and examines the circular relationship between the Kindī-circle adaptations of Alexander and al-Kindī's own works. The Kindī-circle's Alexander was closely followed by al-Kindī on certain points, while al-Kindī himself exerted a reciprocal influence on the Arabic Alexander, who was largely the product of his own group of translators. The appendix contains English translations from Arabic of two adapted Alexander's treatises.
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Wickramasinghe, Chandima S. M. "The Indian Invasion of Alexander and the Emergence of Hybrid Cultures." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 1 (May 12, 2021): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211009651.
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Alexander the Great usurped the Achaemenid Empire in 331 bc, captured Swat and Punjab in 327 bc, and subdued the region to the west of the Indus and fought with Porus at the Hydaspes in 326 bc. But he was forced to return home when the army refused to proceed. Some of his soldiers remained in India and its periphery while some joined Alexander in his homeward journey. When Alexander died in 323 bc his successors ( diodochoi) fought to divide the empire among themselves and established separate kingdoms. Though Alexander the Great and related matters were well expounded by scholars the hybrid communities that emerged or revived as a result of Alexander’s Indian invasions have attracted less or no attention. Accordingly, the present study intends to examine contribution of Alexander’s Indian invasion to the emergence of Greco-Indian hybrid communities in India and how Hellenic or Greek cultural features blended with the Indian culture through numismatic, epigraphic, architectural and any other archaeological evidence. This will also enable us to observe the hybridity that resulted from Alexander’s Indian invasion to understand the reception the Greeks received from the locals and the survival strategies of Greeks in these remote lands.
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Chan, MingHam. "A Research on Alexander of Macedonia, One of the Greatest Conquerors Ever." Communications in Humanities Research 30, no. 1 (May 17, 2024): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/30/20231752.
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The motivations for Alexander the Greats military expedition are significant due to the extent of his military conquests. This essay analyses a combination of fundamental motivations for Alexanders conquests, his behavioural patterns, and development during Alexanders youth that might contribute to his motivation. How he was raised and unique events in his life was also considered in an attempt to reach a more reasonable conclusion. A comparison of all these influencing factors is still unable to provide a definite conclusion. However, it has resulted in a speculation that fame was a major influencing factor, in addition to social norms not holding significant impact of Alexander. There is a certain amount of historical evidence that supports his tendency to want more fame. This essay combines the ancient study of history and the relatively modern study of psychology to try and gain a more well rounded understanding of Alexander the Great of Macedonia.
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Garin, Sergei. "Alexander of Aphrodisias on syllogistic reasoning." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, no. 1 (2019): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-1-32-47.
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The article deals with ancient ideas on the nature of syllogistics on the example of Empire's official Peripatetic philosopher, Alexander of Aphrodisias. We interpret Alexander's position on the syllogistic form as a theory of constant function. Alexander offers a conjunctive and purely formal understanding of the nature of syllogistic necessity. This approach to the modal properties of assertoric judgments differs from Theophrastus’ ontological position, who believed that modal characteristics of assertoric premises are determined by looking to the state-of-affairs to which they refer. Also, the paper examines Theophrastus’ legacy of hypothetical syllogisms related to Alexander. Stoic and Peripatetic versions are also compared against the background of Alexander's logical amalgamation. The article elucidates late “Peripatetic conservatism” regarding the hypothetical syllogistics.
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Imrie, Alex. "CARACALLA AND ‘ALEXANDER'S PHALANX’: CAUGHT AT A CROSSROADS OF EVIDENCE." Greece and Rome 68, no. 2 (September 8, 2021): 222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383521000048.
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It is well known that Alexander the Great offered inspiration to successive monarchs and autocrats. Few of these, however, could claim to match the affection shown by the Roman emperor Caracalla (198–217 ce). Caracalla is said to have been an almost pathological aficionado of Alexander, constantly promoting a public association between himself and his idol. One aspect of Caracalla's imitatio Alexandri was allegedly the levy of a peculiar phalangite formation based on the arms and equipment of Alexander's time. For years it was impossible to gauge whether this was a real development or a hostile literary fabrication, but the discovery of funerary remains at Apamea in Syria, which appear to memorialize phalangites and lanciarii, confirmed to some the historicity of Caracalla's bizarre levy. This article argues, however, that the apparently convincing combination of evidence is illusory, and that Caracalla's ‘phalanx’ was rather a convenient label applied to an inherently Roman formation.
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Diamond, Ruth. "Connected Lives." Alexander Journal, no. 29 (October 15, 2024): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2998-3509.2024.29.89-109.
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This is the third in a series of articles about women who played important roles leading to the founding of the American Center for the Alexander Technique (ACAT). The first article in this series, “Connected Lives,” AmSAT Journal, no. 17 (Fall 2020), was devoted to Ethel Webb, who taught in Alexander’s practice in New York from 1914 to 1922 and participated in the training of Frank Pierce Jones. The second article, “Margaret Naumburg and the Alexander Technique, Part 2,” AmSAT Journal, no. 18 (Spring 2021), focused on Naumburg’s introduction of the Technique into New York classrooms and the early history of the Alexander Technique in New York City. This article explores the life of Irene Tasker, who met Naumburg and Webb in Rome in 1913 at the first international Montessori Training. Tasker was F.M. Alexander’s assistant, and she and Webb edited Alexander’s books. She introduced the Technique into childhood education, and she was the first to teach it in a group, using everyday activities.
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Jouanno, Corinne. "Alexander's Friends in the Alexander Romance." Scripta Classica Israelica 32 (March 31, 2020): 67–77. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v32i.2737.
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In most of the Greco-Roman historical writings about Alexander an important place is given to the question of Alexander’s friends, either to enhance his generosity, confidence, fidelity towards them, or to denounce his cruelty against his closest companions. Several reasons contribute to the interest of ancient writers to such a question : an institutional one (role of the hetairoi in the Macedonian monarchy) ; a mythical one (influence of the epic motif of heroic friendship, and of the exemplary pair formed by Achilles and Patroclus) ; a social reason (high rank occupied by friendship in the moral values of Antiquity, and particularly in ancient political thought, with special emphasis put upon the distinction between friends and flatterers, and upon the aptitude for friendship as a dividing line between king and tyrant). The aim of the present paper is to explore the use of this friendship motif in the Alexander Romance, a largely fictional biography of the Macedonian conqueror, of a rather encomiastic kind. The dealing of the motif is studied in the successive rewritings of the Romance, especially in the original alpha recension (3rd c. AD ?) and in the christianized epsilon recension (8th-9th c.). In the alpha recension, the investigation focuses upon the choices made by the redactor among the material inherited from the historical tradition (censorship of inconvenient elements, amplification of positive ones). In the very innovative epsilon recension, the treatment of the friendship motif has been profoundly transformed, and much amplified. The many friends who surrounded Alexander in the former recensions and were sometimes very elusive figures have been replaced by a reduced team of four close friends, avatars of the four successors of Alexander alluded to in the Book of Daniel. The influence of the Bible may also explain the invention of Charmides, a new fictional character, whose friendship with Alexander is reminiscent of that of Jonathan with David. Such a similitude between the protagonist of the Romance and the Biblical king, mythical model of all the Byzantine emperors, was well fit to favour the transformation of Alexander’s story into a mirror of princes.
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Bouras-Vallianatos, Petros. "Modelled on Archigenes theiotatos: Alexander of Tralles and his Use of Natural Remedies (physika)." Mnemosyne 69, no. 3 (May 7, 2016): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341857.
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In contrast to other Late Antique medical authors, Alexander of Tralles uses the epithet theiotatos (most divine) when referring to Archigenes. This appellation becomes even more significant if one considers that Alexander otherwise only applies it to Hippocrates and Galen. Since the majority of Alexander’s mentions of Archigenes stress his recommendation of popular healing practices, which most medical authors excluded from their work, I argue that for Alexander Archigenes was a model of a well-known ancient medical authority who chose to make consistent use of natural remedies (physika).
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Liao, Zhicai. "How Alexanders Relationship with Olympias Impacted His Achievement and Ultimate Downfall." Communications in Humanities Research 29, no. 1 (April 19, 2024): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/29/20230739.
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Inspired by previous researches on the family heritage of Alexander the Great, this paper will focus on the relationship between Alexander and his mother, Olympias. It examines the influence Olympias has on Alexander in aspects of his virtuous qualities, political and military records, religious beliefs, and pioneering opinions about society, in chronological order. This paper is divided into three sections: Olympias influence on Alexander in his early years (from birth to ascendancy to the throne in 336 B.C.), the years of campaign (from 334 to 327 B.C.), and the last years of his life (from 327 B.C. to 323 B.C.). This paper highlights Alexanders precocious achievements, such as his military conquests, and factors leading to his ultimate demise, such as hubris and unrelenting exertions to promote ethnical integrations. Unlike most documentaries that place Olympias in the background, this paper recognizes her importance to Alexander as a source of his education and decision-making, and a woman ahead of her times with eminent aspiration and ability to achieving success.
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Dai, Gaole. "How Did Alexander the Great influence Macedonian Culture?" Communications in Humanities Research 30, no. 1 (May 17, 2024): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/30/20231516.
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Alexander's empire had a great influence on the later history of Europe. Therefore, this paper hopes to study the culture and policies of other countries in the most glorious period of Alexander's empire, the period of Alexander the Great, to determine whether it really had such a big impact. Alexander the Great exported Macedonian culture including but not limited to architecture, transportation, military ideas, philosophy, and literature. At the same time, he promoted the exchange and integration of various ethnic cultures during his reign. Therefore, we can judge that Alexander's empire had a great influence on the whole of Asia and Europe in every important area of culture, policy and economy. This paper allows the reader to get a clearer picture of where and to what extent Alexander's influence mainly existed.
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Sánchez Vendramini, Darío N. "Alexander the Great on Late Roman contorniates: religion, magic or history?" Journal of Ancient History 10, no. 2 (November 28, 2022): 262–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2022-0003.
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Abstract In this paper, I want to focus on a specific set of numismatic images of Alexander the Great, which has received less attention than comparable ones: the depictions on the Late Roman medallions known as contorniates. First, in two introductory sections, I connect the tradition of Alexander's numismatic imagery with the contorniates and present the general characteristics of these medallions. Next, I offer a detailed analysis of the different depictions of Alexander on contorniates. Thirdly, I briefly summarise the discussion of the functions of the contorniates and, on this basis, question the interpretations of them as pagan symbols and amulets proposed by Alföldi and Mittag. Finally, based on the critique of these interpretations, I argue that the Alexander contorniates reflect an interest in the historical figure of the great conqueror and the quasi-fictional hero of the Alexander Romance. If this Alexander was a symbol, it was of Greco-Roman patriotism and the empire's ability to prevail over its barbarian enemies.
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Soloveva, A. S. "On the question of the political propaganda of Alexander i of Macedon." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 9, no. 2 (34) (2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2022.9(2).7-12.
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The greatest amount of evidence about the reign of Alexander I of Macedon is contained in the work of Herodotus. The ancient historian is the only author who gives a detailed description of Alexander's policy during the Greco-Persian wars. This article is dedicated to several questions. First of all, the author discusses the question of what sources Herodotus could use for his stories about the Macedonian king. The author raises the question of the possible personal stay of Herodotus in Macedonia and comes to the conclusion that the most presumable point of view that Herodotus visited Macedonia in the middle of the 5th century BC. The ancient author could have the possibility to speak directly with Alexander and get detailed description of his policy during the Greco-Persian wars.An equally important question remains the question of what Alexander's propaganda was. The paper examines the evidence of Herodotus about Alexander, the direct speeches of the Macedonian king, as well as the numismatics of Alexander's time. The general idea of Alexander's speeches boils down to the assertion that the Macedonians have Greek origin. Among other things, the first mention of the legend about the Greek origin of Argead dynasty appears in the work of Herodotus. In the time of Alexander, iconography with Greek symbols appears on Macedonian coins.The author comes to the conclusion that Alexander's propaganda was aimed at proving the Greek origin of the Macedonians and improving relations with the Greek world. To a greater extent, propaganda was directed precisely at the citizens of Athens, since Macedonia continued to be an important economic partner of this policy.
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Cornwall, Owen T. A. "Alexander and the astrolabe in Persianate India: Imagining empire in the Delhi Sultanate." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 2 (April 2020): 229–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620912615.
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This article is about the historical memory of Alexander the Great in the Delhi Sultanate and how his figure was emblematic of a trans-regional Persianate culture. Amir Khusrau’s largely overlooked Persian epic Āyina’i sikandarī (The Mirror of Alexander) (1302) depicts Alexander the Great as an exemplary Persian emperor who reused material cultures from around the world to produce inventions such as his eponymous mirror and the astrolabe. Through Alexander, Khusrau envisions the Persian emperor as an agent of trans-cultural patronage, reuse and repurpose. Roughly 60 years after Khusrau’s death, the poet’s theory of Alexander’s Persianate material patronage was put into practice by the Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351–88), who claimed to have discovered Alexander’s astrolabe and then used the instrument to adorn the Delhi-Topra pillar, the centrepiece of his new capital Firuzabad. Citations of Khusrau’s epic in a contemporary chronicle help us see how Khusrau’s imagination of ancient Persian Empire framed a practice of organising different styles of material culture into an imperial bricolage. The article concludes with some implications of this research for defining Persianate culture in general.
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Bowden, Sarah, and Susanne A. Friede. "Zum Problem der ‚Heilsgeschichte‘: Raumzeitliche Situierungen der Alexanderfigur in deutschen und französischen Texten des 12. Jahrhunderts." Poetica 55, no. 1-2 (July 8, 2024): 29–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890530-05512002.
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Abstract This essay takes as its starting point the tension between the biblical role of Alexander the Great and his status as a non-Christian, and explores how medieval texts deal with this tension. Working outwards from selected theories of the secular that establish the term as a representative construct and describe its (modern) functions, the essay analyses the semantics of time and space in two twelfth-century Alexander romances: the German Vorauer Alexander and its manuscript transmission, and the French Roman d’Alexandre in the version of Alexandre de Paris. Through detailed analysis the essay tests the concept of ‘Heilsgeschichte’ (‘salvation history’), which emerges as both a productive yet also highly problematic critical terminology and interpretive matrix. The analysis also demonstrates that Alexander narratives (or episodes within them) defy straightforward categorisation as either religious or secular/worldly; the semantics of time and space in the texts create forms of meaning that cannot be grasped through idealised binaries of Christian and ‘worldly’ signification.
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McCormick, Lisa. "THE PERFORMATIVE POWER OF IDEAS: JEFFREY ALEXANDER AS AN ICONIC INTELLECTUAL." Sociologia & Antropologia 9, no. 1 (April 2019): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752019v9113.
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Abstract This paper considers Jeffrey Alexander's role in the past, present and future of the strong program in cultural sociology. The central argument is that Alexander is becoming an iconic intellectual, but that the process is not yet complete. Drawing on first-hand observations gathered through my long-term affiliation with the "Alexander group", I trace the development of Alexander's social authority and intellectual influence through the establishment, institutionalization and globalization of the strong program. Descriptions of his charismatic intellectual performances provide further insight into iconization. The conclusion identifies some of the challenges that must be overcome for further theoretical development of the strong program, and the conditions that must be met for Alexander's iconization to reach completion.
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Ratti, Manav. "Precarious joy: Meena Alexander, postsecularism, and bhakti poetry." Literature & Theology 38, no. 2 (June 2024): 181–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/litthe/frae029.
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ABSTRACT This article compares the poetry of Meena Alexander with India’s traditions of bhakti poetry and reads it through a critical lens of postcolonial postsecularism. The devotional and egalitarian strands of bhakti poetry inform Alexander’s questioning of the hierarchies and taxonomies of gender, race, and religion. In turn, bhakti brought Alexander faith and helped her understand her life’s precarities, ones grounded in both worldly and spiritual struggle. A framework of postcolonial postsecularism addresses the aspects of religion and secularism that appealed to Alexander. These aspects include political secularism’s commitment to inclusiveness, minority rights, and democracy. They also include the need for faith, values, and ethics that religion seeks to fulfill.
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De Pascalis, Alessandro. "Alexander of Alessandria’s Questions on Matter." Vivarium 62, no. 3 (September 3, 2024): 195–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-06203001.
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Abstract The present article focuses on the questions on matter by the Franciscan Alexander of Alexandria (Lectura ii, d. 12). The article is divided into two main sections. The first section provides a philosophical-historical overview of Alexander’s questions on prime matter (qq. 1–2, 5). The second section provides insight into Alexander’s questions on heavenly matter (qq. 3–4), expounding the author’s solutions to the issues related to that subject. Appendix 1 contains a question list of Alexander’s unedited Lectura ii. An edition of Alexander’s Lectura ii, d. 12, qq. 1–5 is given in Appendix 2.
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Williamson, Malcolm. "Alexander Technique and Associationist Learning Theory." Alexander Journal, no. 29 (October 15, 2024): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2998-3509.2024.29.4-11.
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When, in 1894, F. Matthias Alexander set out as a ‘natural elocutionist’ (Alexander, 1995, p. 3), little could he have guessed what lay ahead—that in his search for a sore throat cure he had hit upon a new and thoroughly practical understanding of how the human being functions as an integrated whole and to a technique for ‘The development of the control of human reaction’ (Alexander, 2000, p. 88). Central to the way the Alexander Technique is framed is the concept of habits of thought or action as some kind of chain reaction of associated events—one giving rise to the next, and so on. It is well-documented that around 1900 Alexander became acquainted with William James’ book, Principles of Psychology. James’ theory of habit provided a sound theoretical basis for Alexander’s empirical discoveries.1 As with any new theory, James built on the ideas of others. This article traces ideas from the eighteenth-century English physician David Hartley—the acknowledged founder of associationism—through to Alexander and the present day. There is also obvious relevance to nineteenth-century ideo-motor theory, but this is not included as it has been discussed elsewhere (Ballard, 2015, p. 49-71; Williamson, 2017, p. 18-28).
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Constandachi, Alexandru. "The Novel of Alexander and the Model of the Ideal Hero in Medieval Russia." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 9 (December 5, 2010): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2010.01.
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In medieval Russia, the image of the ideal hero, embodied in the person of the Prince, is implied, according to the Novel of Alexander, by the glorification of the Macedonian king. A number of battle-scenes included in the Novel of Alexander are echoed in Russian medieval heroic stories of a later date. The parallel between Alexander’s name and that of the hero of Neva, as well as the presence of plastic images of the Macedonian conqueror in the Orthodox cathedrals of Vladimir are some aspects that show as clear as possible the correspondence between the image of the medieval Russian hero and the personality of Alexander the Great. The use of the heroic image of a fearless king, in order to strengthen the political power of Russian military and cultural centers, reveals the ideological importance of Alexander in the centralization of the medieval Russian state.
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CASTON, VICTOR. "HIGHER-ORDER AWARENESS IN ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 55, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2012.00033.x.
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Abstract Alexander of Aphrodisias discusses higher-order awareness in perception twice: in Quaestiones 3.7, where he offers a detailed exegesis of Aristotle's arguments at the beginning of De anima 3.2 on how we perceive that we see, as an explanation of what Alexander calls ‘sunaisthêsis’; and in Alexander's own systematic treatise, the De anima. In the Quaestiones, Alexander develops an interpretation of Aristotle that has since become dominant, the moderate capacity reading, according to which the same faculty that enables us to see also enables us to perceive that we are seeing. But he also makes the provocative claim that higher-order awareness is itself a necessary consequence of perceiving and is entailed by some of Aristotle's central doctrines. It is difficult to make good on this claim, though, and Alexander avoids making it in his own De anima, which offers a more nuanced and defensible position on the question.
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BOWDEN, HUGH. "ON KISSING AND MAKING UP: COURT PROTOCOL AND HISTORIOGRAPHY IN ALEXANDER THE GREAT's ‘EXPERIMENT WITH PROSKYNESIS’." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 56, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00058.x.
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Abstract It is widely accepted that Alexander attempted to persuade his Macedonian followers to accept the Persian practice of proskynesis (possibly, but not necessarily involving prostration), that this was opposed by members of his court, and that the attempt was given up. This article re-examines the evidence and the assumptions, both ancient and modern, that lie behind the episode as reported. It argues that the words proskynesis and proskynein had a range of meanings in Greek, but were primarily associated with Greek ideas of Persian behaviour; the gestures covered by the term proskynesis were not primarily associated with the gods by Greeks; the depiction of Callisthenes as representing principled opposition to Alexander is fictitious; the objection to the adoption by Alexander of ‘barbarian’ practices reflects Roman prejudices, rather than any concern of Alexander's contemporaries; the surviving literary sources do not provide reliable evidence for any ‘experiment with proskynesis’ by Alexander.
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Kim, Tae Hun. "The Dream of Alexander in Josephus ANT. 11.325-39." Journal for the Study of Judaism 34, no. 4 (2003): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006303772777035.
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AbstractIn dialogue with the remarkably insightful publication "Alexander the Great and Jaddua the High Priest According to Josephus" by Shaye J. D. Cohen (1982-83), this article argues that the story of Alexander-Jaddua meeting in Antiquities may be more persuasively explained as a propagandistic mixture of elements found in several types of ancient dream narratives rather than as a single type such as the soteriological epiphany as defined by Cohen. Cohen's classification relies heavily upon how Alexander's dream narrative functions in the larger context, but the theme and content of Alexander's dream narrative are in themselves not soteriological but a propagandistic divine legitimization of his conquest.
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Stoneman, Richard. "Who are the Brahmans? Indian lore and cynic Doctrine in Palladius'De Bragmanibusand its models." Classical Quarterly 44, no. 2 (December 1994): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800043950.
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I have devoted a separate study to the question of how far the account in the Alexander Romance of Alexander's meeting with the Naked Philosophers, later known as Brahmans, rests on genuine information about India. My conclusion was that the author of the Romance knew the Alexander historians but did not add any genuine knowledge; and that he incorporated a separate text of Cynic origin, the series of ten questions and answers.
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Liebert, Hugh. "Alexander the Great and the History of Globalization." Review of Politics 73, no. 4 (2011): 533–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670511003639.
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AbstractAlexander the Great is often understood to be the first statesman to attempt a “universal state,” owing in large part to his philosophical education under Aristotle. This picture of Alexander informs many of his depictions in popular culture, and influences his appropriation in contemporary discourse on globalization. I argue here that Plutarch's Life of Alexander offers an alternative view of Alexander's political action, one that explains his imperial ambitions by focusing on his love of honor (philotimia) and the cultural indeterminacy of his native Macedon, rather than his exposure to philosophy. Plutarch's portrayal of Alexander provides a useful model for the study of globalization by showing how political expansion can arise from and give rise to indeterminate political identities.
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Moschella, Melissa. "Sexual Ethics, Practical Reason, and the Magisterium." National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 22, no. 1 (2022): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ncbq20222219.
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Irene Alexander’s article in last spring’s issue of this journal criticizes the new natural law (NNL) account of sexual ethics, including Melissa Moschella’s defense of that view in a previous article also in this journal. Alexander claims that the NNL account adopts an empiricist view of nature and that NNL’s rejection of the perverted faculty argument is contrary to the Magisterium. Here Moschella responds to Alexander’s criticisms by (1) clarifying NNL theorists’ understanding of the distinction between speculative and practical reason through an explanation of Aquinas’s account of the four orders, (2) correcting Alexander’s erroneous portrayal of NNL arguments against contraception, and (3) arguing that the NNL account of sexual ethics is not only in line with magisterial teaching, but offers a better philosophical defense of that teaching than the view Alexander proposes.
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Celenza, Anna Harwell. "The Poet, the Pianist, and the Patron: Hans Christian Andersen and Franz Liszt in Carl Alexander's Weimar." 19th-Century Music 26, no. 2 (2002): 130–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2002.26.2.130.
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The writings of Hans Christian Andersen shed important light on Liszt's years in Weimar and his relationship with the city's most powerful patron, Grand Duke Carl Alexander. Andersen shared a strong friendship with Carl Alexander, and from 1844 to 1857 he visited Weimar on numerous occasions. He also corresponded with Carl Alexander regularly, taking special care to preserve the Grand Duke's thoughts about the role of the artist in society, the incongruousness of art and politics, and Liszt's "Music of the Future." Two of Andersen's lesser-known tales, "The Bell" and "The Pepperman's Nightcap," were inspired by his interactions with Carl Alexander and Liszt. These tales, along with the many firsthand accounts of life in Weimar preserved in Andersen's letters, diaries, and memoirs, serve as testimonials to the city's changing artistic climate during the mid-nineteenth century and elucidate the complexity of Carl Alexander's role as patron and the indelible imprint Liszt's presence had on those around him.
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Garstad, Benjamin. "NEBUCHADNEZZAR AND ALEXANDER IN THE EXCERPTA LATINA BARBARI." Iraq 78 (March 2, 2016): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2015.8.
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The late antique Christian chronicle preserved as theExcerpta Latina Barbaricontains a brief, but extraordinary notice on the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar; many of its unusual details can be understood in the contexts of traditional stories about Nebuchadnezzar and the interests of the work itself. The best clue to the meaning of the passage on Nebuchadnezzar is theExcerpta's closely parallel passage on Alexander the Great. In theExcerptaNebuchadnezzar and Alexander reflect one another and in a sense compete with one another. Many of the odd details of the notice on Nebuchadnezzar can be explained as directing the reader toward this parallelism. The parallelism itself seems to serve two purposes. First, to provide symmetry to theExcerpta's idiosyncratic account of world history in which Alexander liberates the world conquered by Nebuchadnezzar. And second, to show Nebuchadnezzar subtly outdoing Alexander, so that Alexander's encounter with the God of the Jews, as it is found in theExcerpta, can be provided with an implicit interpretation and characterization.
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Clifton, Nicole. "Morality, The Monarch, and the Metropolis in Kyng Alisaunder." Mediaevalia 44, no. 1 (2023): 59–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mdi.2023.a913476.
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Abstract: The Middle English romance Kyng Alisaunder , often considered a positive exemplum of kingship, criticizes the conqueror's brutal treatment of conquered cities, incorporating references to the Aeneid and to Troy to heighten the horror of war and to connect Alexander clearly to Britain's foundation myth. Alexander's interactions with Queen Candace and her family also present him as an anti-Aeneas. Cities including Troy frame considerations of morality and justice, for Alexander as well as for his parents. The romance's date, language, and descriptive details all associate the romance with London, such that its late thirteenth-century urban audience would likely read the critique of Alexander as indirect censure of Edward I, who was identified with Alexander and had a contentious relationship with London. At the same time, the romance's concern with right rule continues to speak to readers in later decades, when the text was copied into three significant manuscripts, annotated, and printed.
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Morton, Jonathan. "Engin." Romanic Review 111, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00358118-8503452.
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Abstract The main texts under consideration in this article are two French-language Alexander romances written in the second half of the twelfth century, discussed in relation to the Latin historical, romance, and naturalist traditions that form the backbone of the medieval tradition of Alexander the Great in medieval Europe, and in particular in relation to the literary tradition that starts with Pseudo-Callisthenes’s Greek Romance of Alexander. The aim is to show how Alexander was used not simply as an icon of secular or military power but also as an important figure for understanding the relationship between the imagination, technological invention, and discovery of new knowledge, which necessarily entails questions of prestige and power. Alexander’s ingenuity, which manifests both as verbal trickery and in the invention of new machines, is shown to be fundamental for a certain model of knowledge-acquisition that sees natural truths as hidden and in need of tools to be extracted. This ingenuity is shown, also, to be closely connected to the inventions of writers of romance, and the article suggests the specific importance of the Alexander material in the history of medieval romance literature.
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Kleymeonov, Alexander. "The influence of Xenophon’s didactic writings on the military leadership practice of Alexander the Great." Hypothekai 5 (September 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32880/2587-7127-2021-5-5-113-140.
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The article examines the influence of Xenophon’s didactic works on the military activities of Alexander the Great. It is re-vealed that messages from ancient sources containing direct in-dications of the fact that Alexander was familiar with Xeno-phon’s works are either fundamentally unreliable or subject to different interpretations. Nevertheless, a comparison of the rec-ommendations proposed in “Kyropedia” and other Athenian au-thor’s writings the with Alexander’s practical activities reveals obvious similarities in their views on training military personnel, organizing competitions in military skill, providing soldiers with richly decorated weapons, and caring for the sick and wounded. A set of coincidences is associated with the political and admin-istrative activities of Alexander, who, like Cyrus the Elder in Xenophon’s writings, demonstratively showed mercy towards the vanquished, attracted representatives of the local elite to the ser-vice, wore clothes traditional for a conquered country. A large number of similarities, good education of Alexander and the popularity of Xenophon’s writings in the second half of the 4th century BCE allow us to conclude that the Macedonian king was familiar with the works of the Athenian author. However, the components of Xenophon's didactic legacy associated with the methods of warfare do not correlate well with Alexander's mili-tary leadership practice. The fundamental differences are re-vealed in the armament of the cavalry and their tactics, the depth of the infantry formation, the role of army branches on the battle-field. They were caused by a significant breakthrough in the art of war that took place in Macedonia during the time of Philip II. This breakthrough also led to the emergence of new tactics that provided for crushing the enemy not with a frontal attack of heavy infantry, but through the combined use of various types of troops. Alexander as a military leader was raised under the con-ditions of a new, more developed military art. Thus, the over-whelming majority of Xenophon's recommendations, which de-scribed the cavalry as a purely auxiliary branch of the army and considered the classical hoplite phalanx a decisive force in battle, were clearly irrelevant for him and therefore ignored.
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Brescovit, Antonio D., Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz, and Alexandre B. Bonaldo. "On the spider genus Syspira Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Miturgidae) in the Caribbean: four new species from Dominican Republic." Zootaxa 4370, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.1.4.
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Brescovit, Antonio D., Sánchez-Ruiz, Alexander, Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2018): On the spider genus Syspira Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Miturgidae) in the Caribbean: four new species from Dominican Republic. Zootaxa 4370 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.1.4
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Vitale, Marco. "Agathocles' Self-Representation as a Counterpart to Alexander in Syracusan Coinage: Doriktetos Chora, Athena, Artemis and Heracles." Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua 42, Esp. (December 5, 2024): 133–59. https://doi.org/10.5209/geri.94986.
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Do self-proclaimed royal successors, so-called "Diadochi", of Alexander the Great appear exclusively in the mammoth empires he left behind? Egypt, Asia Minor, Babylonia, Macedonia, Greece? Just people like Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cassander, Demetrius? No. At least in terms of power staging and according to historical narratives of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, regular Diadochi and emulators of Alexander can even be identified in far-off Sicily. In particular, the first official king of Syracuse and contemporary of Alexander, Agathocles, adopted significant elements of Alexander's ancient Oriental-Macedonian self-portrayal and hybridised them with the local Sicilian pictorial tradition to create interesting and original new creations, which we will examine on the basis of Syracusan coins and ancient literature.
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Sánchez-Ruiz, Alexander, and Alexandre B. Bonaldo. "Four new spider species of Cubanops Sánchez-Ruiz, Platnick & Dupérré from Eastern Cuba (Araneae: Caponiidae)." Zootaxa 5448, no. 4 (May 14, 2024): 569–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.4.8.
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Sánchez-Ruiz, Alexander, Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2024): Four new spider species of Cubanops Sánchez-Ruiz, Platnick & Dupérré from Eastern Cuba (Araneae: Caponiidae). Zootaxa 5448 (4): 569-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.4.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.4.8
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Dobrovsak, Ljiljana, and Ivana Žebec Šilj. "The Alexander Family Chronicle." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 9 (December 31, 2020): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2020.015.
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The Alexander Family ChronicleThe paper focuses on the history of Zagreb’s prominent Jewish family, the Alexanders (or Aleksanders), who were influential in the cultural, economic and social life of the city and Croatia for almost a century. At the time of their arrival in Zagreb and after the end of the First World War, they all belonged to the Jewish religious denomination; later most of them converted to Catholicism and one was an Evangelical Christian (Protestant). The Alexander family moved to Zagreb from Burgenland (Güssing) in the 1850s. Upon their arrival, they worked in commerce and were known as diligent businessmen. Soon they became respected and wealthy patrons well-known in Zagreb, Croatia and abroad. The second-generation family members were distinguished physicians, lawyers, engineers, artists, professors and businessmen. They formed marriage alliances with Zagreb’s prominent Jewish and Catholic families and socialised with the nobility, thus making acquaintances and forming social networks that upgraded their social status. Also, they were cosmopolitans with one foot in Zagreb and the other in Vienna. Thereby, Budapest was not far-fetched for them. Among the most prominent and distinguished family members, one finds the brothers Aleksander/Šandor (1866–1929) and Samuel David (1862–1943). They were well-respected industrialists, founders of Zagreb’s brewery, malt factory and cement factory. They were also board members of several banks and founders of industrialists’ associations. Thus, their work and diligence were much appreciated during the First World War, for which Aleksander was awarded an Austro-Hungarian noble title. The post-war unification of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes had no negative impact on their social standing. Thereby, the brothers managed to continue their business successfully, and were greatly appreciated by the newly formed political elite. Later, at the beginning of the Second World War, the majority of the family members managed to escape Nazi persecution, while some perished in the Holocaust. Today, descendants of this large family live scattered around the world, in Israel, the United States, Italy and Zagreb. The only visible memory trace – proof of the family’s existence in Zagreb – are the stairs in the Tuškanac city park, named after Šandor von Alexander of Sesvete. Kronika rodziny AlexanderW tekście zaprezentowana jest historia rodziny Alexander (Aleksander), żydowskiej rodziny z Zagrzebia, która prawie przez sto lat odgrywała ważną rolę w gospodarczym, kulturalnym i społecznym życiu miasta oraz całej Chorwacji. W czasie osiedlenia się w Zagrzebiu wszyscy członkowie rodziny byli wyznawcami judaizmu, jednak do 1941 roku większość z nich przeszła na katolicyzm, a jeden z nich dołączył do wyznawców kościoła ewangelickiego. Rodzina do Zagrzebia przybyła w połowie XIX wieku z terenu Gradišće (Burgenland). Po osiedleniu się zaczęła działać w handlu, a ponieważ członkowie rodziny byli niezwykle pracowici, już przed końcem XIX wieku rodzina stała się jedną z najbardziej szanowanych i majętnych, zarówno w Zagrzebiu, jak i w Chorwacji, a nawet poza nią. Już w drugim pokoleniu członkowie rodziny wyróżniali się jako znakomici lekarze, prawnicy, inżynierowie, artyści, profesorowie i przedsiębiorcy. W Zagrzebiu zawierali małżeństwa z członkami wpływowych rodzin, zarówno żydowskich, jak i katolickich, pozostawali w stosunkach towarzyskich z lokalną elitą i w ten sposób zyskali wysoki status w otoczeniu. Byli kosmopolitami: życie dzielili między Zagrzeb i Wiedeń, a i Budapeszt nie był im obcy. Wśród nich swoimi talentami wyróżniali się bracia Aleksander/Šandor (1866–1929) i Samuel David (1862-1943). Byli szanowanymi przemysłowcami: założyli zagrzebski browar, fabrykę słodu, olejarnię, cementownię i inne obiekty przemysłowe w Zagrzebiu. Zasiadali w zarządach kilku zagrzebskich banków, założyli także kilka towarzystw przemysłowych. Wyróżnili się w czasie I wojny światowej, a Aleksander otrzymał węgierski tytuł szlachecki za swoją działalność humanitarną. Okres Królestwa SHS/Jugosławii również nie zagroził ich pozycji, co więcej – nadal z powodzeniem pracowali i działali. Po wybuchu II wojny światowej większość członków rodziny opuściła Niezależne Państwo Chorwackie, kilkoro z nich zginęło w czasie Holokaustu. Obecnie potomkowie tej wielkiej rodziny mieszkają w Izraelu, Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki, we Włoszech oraz w Zagrzebiu, a o ich obecności w historii miasta świadczą schody na Tuškanacu, które noszą imię Šandora Alexandra Sesveckiego.
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Sánchez-Ruiz, Alexander, Gabriel De Los Santos, Antonio D. Brescovit, and Alexandre B. Bonaldo. "The genus Syspira Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Miturgidae) from Hispaniola, with the description of four new species." Zootaxa 4894, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 413–31. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.7.
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Sánchez-Ruiz, Alexander, Santos, Gabriel De Los, Brescovit, Antonio D., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2020): The genus Syspira Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Miturgidae) from Hispaniola, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4894 (3): 413-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.7
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Molina, Ignacio. "Reseña: G. Barnett, Emulating Alexander. How Alexander’s the Great legacy fuelled the Roman wars with Persia, Barnsley, Pen & Sword Military, 2017, 214. pp [ISBN 9781526703002]." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 2 (November 8, 2019): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.39.
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