Academic literature on the topic 'Alexandra Township'

Despite the growing body of literature focusing on men and masculinity/ies, there is limited material that adequately explores the everyday experiences and specificities of being and living as a man in diverse social and cultural contexts. Furthermore, inadequate consideration is given to the unique ways in which men redefine, renegotiate and reconstruct their masculinities and multiple identities over time, or the challenges/limitations that they may experience during this process. More importantly, there is a lack of critical attention given to men’s agentic roles in supporting a vision for gender equality and social change. Considering men’s lived realities, subjectivities, the ways in which they redefine and reconstruct multiple masculinities and social identities across time and diverse social and cultural environments, has significant implications for studying and working with men in international human development contexts. In this thesis, I consider these dimensions within the context of township living. Through daily interactions with men in Alexandra township in Johannesburg, South Africa, I explore their subjective interpretations of what it means to be a man in this context and the ways in which change, specifically political, social and economic change, is experienced through their daily lives, their sense of self and their social relationships. I demonstrate that as men reflect on change, they struggle to renegotiate the parameters of their masculinities within a patriarchal context that is steadfast in its expectations of traditional gendered norms, alongside an absence of alternative masculine blueprints for transforming masculinities. Through self-reflection, peer group support and for some, access to gender-transformative workshops, some men are actively engaging with the change agenda and are exploring their lives and their future aspirations, and reconsidering what it means to be a man in the context of Alexandra township.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the implementation of the Alexandra Renewal Programme (ARP) on the lives of residents in the Johannesburg township of Alexandra, in South Africa. The urban renewal project was a government initiative in collaboration with the private sector and community-based organisations. The project aimed to improve the physical, social and economic environments of Alexandra, a densely-populated township whose history includes political resistance, poverty, high levels of crime and unemployment, and yet is located adjacent to South Africa's successful commercial capital, Sandton. The impact of urban renewal programmes such as the ARP has not been evaluated along every dimension, nor recently with concerns raised about the pace of government efforts to drive the change required. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Alexandra urban renewal programme on its residents. Alexandra typifies the socio-economic marginalisation of black urban neighbourhoods during the apartheid era. Nearly 500 000 people live in approximately 100 000 households in formal and informal housing; unemployment is estimated at 60%, and most household incomes fall below the extreme poverty line of less than USD1 per person per day. Hence the ARP was designed to boost job creation, promote a healthier environment, through provision of affordable and sustainable services, such as decent housing, roads, water supply, sanitation and other infrastructure, and to reduce crime. The case study was conducted using qualitative research techniques. Focus groups were conducted with 32 residents from formal and informal settlements in the township. Research data was analysed using thematic content analysis. As a former resident of Alexandra with a long family history in the township, the researcher could provide a grounded and corroborative insight into the phenomenon under study. The research findings indicate that the implementation of the ARP programme has been generally consistent with the designed outcomes. The respondents indicated that the programme had some positive impact on improved access to government facilities and services, and on some housing and infrastructure projects. However, the participants also expressed frustration, and indicated that they had not gained significant benefits, especially on job creation and business opportunities. In addition, the residents believed that more could be done on the provision of basic services such as housing, water and sanitation. The effectiveness of government officials responsible for the ARP was also a concern. The study recommends that the three spheres of government (national, provincial and local) should collaborate more to develop relevant policies which drive urgency and effectiveness into the implementation of the urban renewal programme (URP) in Alexandra, and in the Gauteng province in general. The findings of this study contribute to the broader review of URPs in South Africa, and can assist government's developmental structures in evaluating the impact of these and future programmes.

This thesis explores “private property ownership” in Alexandra Township, South Africa. Adopting the term mmastandi1 as an analytical tool I highlight that there are other ways of understanding private property. I argue that though closely linked to the mode of appropriating property, the term denotes more than just a name signifying “possessing a property”. Instead it invokes understanding of owning a stand, a piece of land which was developed through building a home. Additionally, at the core of the concept of mmastandi is the fact that the relationships to a stand were defined by a myriad of arrangements and agreements that were not necessarily codified. Hence categorising property ownership in Alexandra as simply individual and private is too simplistic and at best missing the point. Mmastandi as an analytical prism complicates the geography-law nexus highlighted by Blomley (1994). It offers us an opportunity to interrogate further the overt agency role of bommastandi in their struggle to stay on in Alexandra a place that created (and still does) a problem for the South African government in that it refused to comply with the legal compartmentalization of the country. I argue that the culture of urban living that evolved from the ninety year long history of bommastandi’s life in Alexandra needs to be interrogated more closely. Such understandings and their engagement should form the basis of research that informs the larger South African urbanisation project, that of dismantling the apartheid city. I do not claim that the concept mmastandi is new, neither do I claim to have discovered it. However, drawing from a broad spectrum of research and covering a long historical period, it uses all of these to the extent that they impact and simultaneously highlight the significant role played by the experiences of bommastandi in imploring us to rethink Alexandra. This process obliges us to use the Alexanquestion and the African demand for recognition as urbanised emerge. The study adopts property life stories2 of these of families of bommastandi3 who continued to live in Alexandra despite the continuously changing political landscape and spatial legislation and used documentary sources as methodologies to glean empirical evidence. Drawing from these various sources is valuable for piecing together what is missing or silenced in recorded information. Although this study is based on experiences of land and property acquisition and dispossession by Alexandra property owners, it also serves as a window on the broader land question in South Africa. This is because Alexandra freehold was given to Africans at a critical moment in the history of the South African land question, the time when the “native” Land Bill which became the infamous “Native” Land Act, was discussed in parliament. It was also only two years into the merging of the former two Boer republics and the British colonies into the union of South Africa. This means that the country was still struggling with its rebirth but it was also dealing with, more often than not, diametrically opposed approaches to the “native” question. I argue that understanding the construction of “The paradoxical foreign native” is critical when interrogating property ownership among Africans in South Africa in general but in urban areas in particular. Interrogating the meaning and the history of the concept of mmastandi called for an innovative way in which life story methodology played out in this thesis.The story told in this thesis explored the ways of life of families of bommastandi which highlights how they were identified in the community and also identified themselves in relation to their positions as private property owners. However, belonging to a group of bommastandi and the ways families of bommastandi experienced dispossession, resettlement and removals are in some instances as disparate as the ways in which they acquired their properties. The property life stories of families of bommastandi present an opportunity to rethink Alexandra Township as part of the broader South African land and urban question. It is worth noting that the stories told by families of bommastandi connect their present to their past. The metaphor of palimpsest was adopted because it better captures their story of resilience and the specificity of their relationship to their properties, which is spatial, social and legal. Families of bommastandi experienced continuities and discontinuities in their relationships to their properties because the relationship of bommastandi who remained in their properties after expropriation show a complex continued occupation of space whose legal context changes from freehold to repossession and or expropriation. In other words we observe the continuities in their occupation of space and discontinuities in that the terms of that occupation change. Finally, this thesis reveals bommastandi as ordinary human beings trying to make their lives work under difficult socio-political circumstances, but it also displays them as extraordinary people who fought the dislocation in their properties to the bitter end. Thus the story of the mmastandi of Alexandra is about a specific group but it is also about broader questions of African urban identities since such identities attach to African land more particularly in urban South Africa. The use of the terms that may ordinarily be viewed as NOT politically correct is deliberate. More particularly, the term “native”, which is used to highlight the paradox of being declared foreign with the advent of reserves and later homelands in the country where one has been categorised as native all along. Finally the use of English measurements and currency is intended to highlight the important role played by this colonial history in our experiences as a people and a country. For example a fine of £5 for alcohol brewing for a family that relies on alcohol sale or a monthly salary of less than £4 explains a lot in this history. 1The term “mmastandi”or “mmastene” was used to denote African property owners in the earlier Johannesburg. 2 Although Bozzoli (1991) adopts “life stories methodology” she does not draw a distinction between property owners and non-owners in Alexandra Township. 3 Plural of mmastandi.