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1
CHARKOWSKI, AMY O., CHESTER Z. SARREAL, and ROBERT E. MANDRELL. "Wrinkled Alfalfa Seeds Harbor More Aerobic Bacteria and Are More Difficult To Sanitize than Smooth Seeds." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1292.
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At least 14 separate outbreaks of food poisoning attributed to either Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been traced to sprouts in the past decade. Seeds contaminated with human pathogens caused most of these outbreaks, thus many sprout growers are now treating alfalfa seeds with the sanitizing agent, calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2), prior to sprouting. The efficacy of alfalfa seed sanitation varies between seed lots and between seeds within each lot. Alfalfa seeds from different seed lots were sorted by type in an effort to determine if certain seed types carry more aerobic bacteria than other seed types. Seeds with a wrinkled type, characteristic of lygus bug damage, had significantly higher levels of culturable aerobic bacteria and were more difficult to sanitize than smooth, healthy seeds. After sanitation, wrinkled alfalfa seeds that had been inoculated with S. enterica ser. Newport carried significantly higher levels of Salmonella Newport than smooth seeds. If S. enterica is present on wrinkled seeds in naturally contaminated seed lots, it may be difficult to chemically sanitize the seed lot. Removal of the wrinkled alfalfa seeds from the seed lots, perhaps by adapting color sorting equipment similar to that used to sort rice grains and other seeds, should reduce the level of aerobic bacteria in seed lots and may result in lower levels of human pathogens on contaminated alfalfa seeds.
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Gill, Christopher J., William E. Keene, Janet C. Mohle-Boetani, Jeff A. Farrar, Patti L. Waller, Christine G. Hahn, and Paul R. Cieslak. "Alfalfa Seed Decontamination inSalmonellaOutbreak." Emerging Infectious Diseases 9, no. 4 (April 2003): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0904.020519.
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Zhang, Xue Kun, and Chun Hua Zhao. "Experimental Research on Cracking Resistance of Alfalfa Seed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1165.
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The compression properties of three varieties of alfalfa seeds, such as Medicago sativa L. cv. Gannong No.3, Medicago sativa L. Longdong and Medicago sativa L. cv. Golden Empress, are studied by extrusion experiments using SANS universal material testing machine. The results of Longdong alfalfa seed show that the fracture load has relation with shape and size of the alfalfa seeds. For both of ellipsoidal seed and arched seed, the fracture load of single seed is about 19N to 30N. The fracture load increases linearly with the thickness of plump seed with the ratio of thickness to width greater than 0.75. These inclusions for other two varieties are the same with Longdong alfalfa seed. This research could offer a technical basis of designing and developing of the alfalfa seeder and seed harvesting machine.
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Hu, Xiaowen, Lingjie Yang, Zuxin Zhang, and Yanrong Wang. "Differentiation of alfalfa and sweet clover seeds via multispectral imaging." Seed Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.1.11.
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It is hard to remove sweet clover seeds from alfalfa seed lots by conventional methods, affecting the purity of seed lots and resulting losses in for alfalfa hay production as well as seed yield. However, the discrimination of sweet clover seed contaminates in alfalfa seed lots is difficult without special training. In this study, multispectral imaging with object-wise multivariate image analysis was evaluated for its potential to separate sweet clover and alfalfa seeds. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), AdaBoost and support vector machine (SVM) methods were applied to classify seeds of sweet clover and alfalfa according to their morphological features and spectral traits or a combination thereof. The results showed that an excellent classification could be achieved based on a combination of morphological features and spectral data in a tested data set. Seed classification accuracy was up to 99.58% in a validation set with the LDA model, which was better than the PLSDA (68.19%), AdaBoost (96.95%) and SVM (98.47%) models. Thus, multispectral imaging together with chemometric multivariate analysis is a promising technique to identify sweet clover seeds in alfalfa seed lots with high efficiency.
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Moyer, J. R., S. N. Acharya, J. Fraser, K. W. Richards, and N. Foroud. "Desiccation of alfalfa for seed production with diquat and glufosinate." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-077.
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Recommendations for desiccation of alfalfa do not clearly define the stage at which desiccants should be applied. To obtain this information, diquat and glufosinate were applied to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) from 1991 to 1994 at various stages of maturity to determine the effect of desiccant and stage of maturity at desiccation on seed yield 1000-seed weight and seed germinability. Alfalfa seed yields, 1000-seed weights, percent germination and percent viable seed were similar after desiccation with diquat and glufosinate. Desiccation when 60–75% of the alfalfa seed pods were brown permitted maximum seed yields. Percent germination increased slightly in seeds that were exposed to weathering under normal conditions until all pods turned brown. Both desiccants adequately desiccated alfalfa for harvesting but desiccation with glufosinate took 2 or 3 d longer than diquat. Desiccants did not reduce alfalfa growth in the spring after application. Key words: Germination, yield, hard seed, seed weight, stage
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May, W. E., H. A. Loeppky, D. C. Murrell, C. D. Myhre, and J. J. Soroka. "Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Effect on alfalfa seed yield and quality." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-196.
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Preharvest applications of glyphosate have been shown to be effective in controlling Canada thistle in annual crops, but may reduce alfalfa seed yield depending on time and rate of application. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate on subsequent alfalfa seed yield and quality. The effects of timing, 1, 26, 51 and 76% alfalfa seed pod maturity, and rate, 0, 440, 880, 1320, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1, of a preharvest application of glyphosate on alfalfa seed yield and quality in the year of application, and regrowth and seed yield in the following year were determined. The rate of glyphosate applied did not affect seed yield in the application year; however, in the following year, growth and seed yield were reduced as rates increased. Delaying the application of glyphosate increased seed yields in the application year, but decreased alfalfa regrowth and flowering the following year. Germination and seedling emergence were not affected by the rate or timing of the glyphosate. A preharvest application of glyphosate at 1760 g a.i. ha-1 at 76% pod maturity is a viable option in the last year of seed production. Key words: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, and seedling vigour
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Kesoju, Sandya R., Rick A. Boydston, and Stephanie L. Greene. "Effect of Synthetic Auxin Herbicides on Seed Development and Viability in Genetically Engineered Glyphosate-Resistant Alfalfa." Weed Technology 30, no. 4 (December 2016): 860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-16-00045.1.
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Feral populations of cultivated crops have the potential to function as bridges and reservoirs that contribute to the unwanted movement of novel genetically engineered (GE) traits. Recognizing that feral alfalfa has the potential to lower genetic purity in alfalfa seed production fields when it is growing in the vicinity of foraging pollinators in alfalfa seed fields, industry has established production standards to control feral plants. However, with the commercialization of GE glyphosate-resistant (GR) alfalfa and the need to support the coexistence of both GE and conventional production, effective methods to control transgenic feral alfalfa need to be developed. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2012, 2013, and 2014 to determine the effect of several synthetic auxin herbicides on seed development in GR alfalfa. GR alfalfa, var. Genuity (R44BD16), was treated with dicamba, 2,4-D, triclopyr, and aminopyralid when alfalfa plants contained green seed pods. Two weeks after herbicide application, plants were harvested, air dried, and seed yield, seed germination, and seedling emergence from the soil were determined. In 2013, dicamba, triclopyr, and 2,4-D decreased alfalfa seed yield per plant compared wih nontreated plants, whereas in 2014, all four herbicides decreased alfalfa seed yield per plant 24 to 49% (by weight) compared with nontreated plants. The same trend was evident in 2012, but seed yield was variable and was not significantly different among treatments. Seed germination averaged 43, 50, and 72% in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively, and was not affected by the four herbicides applied at early pod-fill stage. However, seeds harvested from plants treated with dicamba, 2,4-D, and triclopyr often produced deformed and abnormal seedlings, and when planted in soil, frequently failed to emerge. The combined effects of dicamba, 2,4-D, and triclopyr in reducing seed yield, seedling emergence, and seedling growth could contribute to managing feral alfalfa populations.
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Soroka, Juliana J., and Dorothy C. Murrell. "THE EFFECTS OF ALFALFA PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING LATE IN THE SEASON ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 5 (October 1993): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125815-5.
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AbstractA 4-year field cage study was conducted to determine what effects feeding of alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), late in the season had on alfalfa seed yields. When zero, one, two, or four alfalfa plant bugs were placed in sleeve cages containing stems of alfalfa at the green pod stage of growth, there was a significant decrease in the number of pods per cage and per raceme, the number of healthy seeds, and the weight of seeds with two or four bugs per cage. Increasing the duration of infestation resulted in significant increases in the number of damaged seeds per cage. An insecticide field trial was conducted in north central Saskatchewan in 1988 to determine what effects the occurrence of plant bugs had on seed yields of alfalfa. Alfalfa plant bug, lygus bug (Lygus spp.), pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], and beneficial arthropod populations were monitored from 23 June to 1 September 1988. Seed yields were significantly greater in plots that were treated with trichlorfon in June and in June and August than in plots that were treated in August alone. The implications of a large alfalfa plant bug population late in the season to alfalfa seed production in the area are discussed.
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Đokić, Dragoslav, Dragan Terzić, Vera Rajičić, Sanja Živković, Violeta Oro, Jasmina Milenković, and Ranko Koprivica. "The influence of impurities in natural seeds of alfalfa and red clover on the seed cleaning process." Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 25, no. 1 (2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea25-30920.
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The paper presents the results of the cleaning process of five different lots of natural alfalfa seeds and five different lots of natural red clover seeds. Natural alfalfa and red clover seeds had 75 % to 77 % purity. The experiment was performed in the seed processing center of the Institute for Forage Crops Kruševac. Seed cleaning is performed on different machines that work on the principle of differences in the physical properties of seeds. Significant parameters that define the quality of seeds after processing on the cleaning equipment are the amount of pure seed, weed seed, the seed of other crops, inert matter, amount of pure processed seed, seed losses and processing output. The obtained results enable the correct adjustment of the equipment for the seed processing, depending on the amount and type of weeds and other impurities found in the natural seed of alfalfa and red clover.
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Wurentuya and Lingling Chen. "The Effect of Foliar Boron Application on Seed Production of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Biosis:Biological Systems 1, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/biosis.001.02.0056.
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Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant reproductive growth and seed setting. A better understanding of the reasonable application rate of B could provide guidelines for improving seed yield and quality. In this study, we used five B concentrations (0, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg B L-1) to study the effect of foliar application of B on seed yield and quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in northern China. Our results indicated that foliar B application increased the pollen number, pollen viability, and dry weight and B concentration of alfalfa reproductive organs. The effect of B on alfalfa seed yield can be attributed to affecting the number of inflorescence and the seeds per pod. Foliar application with 800 mg B L-1 made quantitative and qualitative improvements in seed yield and quality of alfalfa. These results help to explain the positive effects of B on alfalfa seed production.
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Yang, Lingjie, Zuxin Zhang, and Xiaowen Hu. "Cultivar Discrimination of Single Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Seed via Multispectral Imaging Combined with Multivariate Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 6575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226575.
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Rapid and accurate discrimination of alfalfa cultivars is crucial for producers, consumers, and market regulators. However, the conventional routine of alfalfa cultivars discrimination is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, the potential of a new method was evaluated that used multispectral imaging combined with object-wise multivariate image analysis to distinguish alfalfa cultivars with a single seed. Three multivariate analysis methods including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), and support vector machines (SVM) were applied to distinguish seeds of 12 alfalfa cultivars based on their morphological and spectral traits. The results showed that the combination of morphological features and spectral data could provide an exceedingly concise process to classify alfalfa seeds of different cultivars with multivariate analysis, while it failed to make the classification with only seed morphological features. Seed classification accuracy of the testing sets was 91.53% for LDA, and 93.47% for SVM. Thus, multispectral imaging combined with multivariate analysis could provide a simple, robust and nondestructive method to distinguish alfalfa seed cultivars.
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Maitlen, Jay C., and J. Eric Halfhill. "Residues of four pesticides in alfalfa seed and sprouted alfalfa seed following foliar applications." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 33, no. 4 (July 1985): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00064a049.
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Acharya, S. N., D. G. Stout, B. Brooke, and D. Thompson. "Cultivar and storage effects on germination and hard seed content of alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-043.
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The impermeable coat of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed can reduce germination to an extent unacceptable for commercial use. The usual method of increasing germination of lots with high proportion of impermeable or hard seeds, mechanical scarification, can damage seeds. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cultivar, year of production and storage conditions on germination and hard seed content in alfalfa. Experiments with four Canadian cultivars indicated a significant effect of cultivar on seed weight, germination and hard seed content in freshly harvested seed. Year of production had a greater influence on these seed traits than cultivar. Under uncontrolled storage conditions, germination of 35 alfalfa synthetics increased and hard seed content decreased with time, although not at the same rate for all synthetics. Storage at 20 °C for up to 64 mo did not significantly decrease hard seed content. At 35 °C, hard seed content decreased continuously for all cultivars (for one cultivar to <5%) after 64 mo. Over 80.5 mo storage at room temperature (22 ± 2 °C), germination increased in a nonlinear fashion. Storing seed in sealed plastic bags at 35 °C delayed seed dehydration and the loss of hard seeds. Levels of nonviable seed were low (<10%), even after storage at 35 °C for 64 mo. Brief (1 min) exposure to liquid nitrogen increased germination of freshly harvested alfalfa seed to >90%. The results indicate that the germination percent of alfalfa can be increased and hard seed content reduced by short exposure to liquid nitrogen or storage at nonlethal high temperatures (35 °C) such that mechanical scarification may be unnecessary. Key words: Medicago sativa, hard seed, stored seed, seed dehydration, high temperature treatment, liquid nitrogen treatment
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Ахметзянова and Railya Akhmetzyanova. "METHOD OF INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ALFALFA SEED." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 11, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22667.
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Alfalfa seed production depends on pollination of flowers and the level of large number of full seeds formation in the pollination of flowers per 1 bean, as well as the weight of 1000 seeds. Field studies were carried out in LLC “Urta Saba” of Sabinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2014-2016. The soil is gray forest of heavy-loamed and granulometric distribution. Agrochemical indicators of soil are typical. The common method of field research with forage crops was used. During the experiments the weather conditions were madi-favourable for alfalfa seeds. The total area of plots is 80 m2, the accounting is 60 m2. The experimental scheme is as follows: 1) control without fertilizing; 2) foliar fertilizing by potassium sulfate; 3) fertilizing by potassium-magnesium; 4) fertilizing by potassium bisulfate; 5) fertilizing by potassium chloride. The object of research is variegated-hybrid alfalfa of Gyuzel. It is necessary to create optimum conditions for plant nutrient status for normal fruit formation of alfalfa. It was revealed, that the plants develop better during foliar fertilizers by potassium. Carrying out a foliar feeding of plants during flowering helped to raise the connection of beans on inflorescence of alfalfa, to increase the number of normally developed alfalfa seeds, by reducing the number of shrunken, undeveloped ones. And, in turn, it was accompanied with an increase in seed production and sowing qualities of alfalfa seeds.
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THAYER, DONALD W., KATHLEEN T. RAJKOWSKI, GLENN BOYD, PETER H. COOKE, and DOUGLAS S. SOROKA. "Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella by Gamma Irradiation of Alfalfa Seed Intended for Production of Food Sprouts†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.2.175.
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Inonizing irradiation was determined to be a suitable method for the inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seed to be used in the production of food sprouts. The radiation D (dose resulting in a 90% reduction of viable CFU) values for the inactivation of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds were higher than the D-values for their inactivation on meat or poultry. The average D-value for the inactivation of Salmonella on alfalfa seeds was 0.97 ± 0.03 kGy; the D-values for cocktails of meat isolates and for vegetable-associated isolates were not significantly different. The D-values for nonoutbreak and outbreak isolates of E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds were 0.55 ± 0.01 and 0.60 ± 0.01 kGy, respectively. It was determined that the relatively high D-values were not due to the low moisture content or the low water activity of the seed. The D-values for Salmonella on alfalfa seeds from two different sources did not differ significantly, even though there were significant differences in seed size and water activity. The increased moisture content of the seed after artificial inoculation did not significantly alter the D-value for the inactivation of Salmonella. The results of this study demonstrate that 3.3- and 2-log inactivations can be achieved with a 2-kGy dose of ionizing radiation, which will permit satisfactory commercial yields of sprouts from alfalfa seed contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, respectively.
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May, W. E., C. D. Myhre, H. A. Loeppky, D. C. Murrell, and J. J. Soroka. "Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Control of Canada thistle." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-197.
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Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] is increasing in both frequency and density in Saskatchewan alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed fields. Application of preharvest glyphosate is an effective means of controlling Canada thistle in annual crops. This study was conducted to determine the effects of preharvest glyphosate on Canada thistle control and crop tolerance in alfalfa seed fields. Five field experiments were conducted in northeast Saskatchewan between 1995 and 1997 in which preharvest glyphosate was applied at 0, 220, 440, 660, 880, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1 when 60–70% of alfalfa seed pods were brown. Glyphosate did not affect seed yield in the year of application at any application rate, nor germination and subsequent emergence of the harvested seed. Alfalfa regrowth in the year following application declined linearly as the rate of preharvest glyphosate increased. Seed yield was also reduced in the year following glyphosate application. Glyphosate application at 220 g a.i. ha-1 significantly reduced Canada thistle regrowth in the year following application. Canada thistle density decreased in 2 of 4 site years with increasing rates of preharvest glyphosate. Using preharvest glyphosate at rates higher than 220 g a.i. ha-1 in seed alfalfa is not recommended when future seed harvest is planned. However, higher rates of preharvest glyphosate could be used in the final year of seed production to facilitate alfalfa removal. Key words: Preharvest glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, germination, hard seed and emergence
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Emmert, Elizabeth A. B., Jocelyn L. Milner, Julie C. Lee, Kristie L. Pulvermacher, Heidi A. Olivares, Jon Clardy, and Jo Handelsman. "Effect of Canavanine from Alfalfa Seeds on the Population Biology of Bacillus cereus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 4683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.4683-4688.1998.
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ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus UW85 suppresses diseases of alfalfa seedlings, although alfalfa seed exudate inhibits the growth of UW85 in culture (J. L. Milner, S. J. Raffel, B. J. Lethbridge, and J. Handelsman, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43:685–691, 1995). In this study, we determined the chemical basis for and biological role of the inhibitory activity. All of the alfalfa germ plasm tested included seeds that released inhibitory material. We purified the inhibitory material from one alfalfa cultivar and identified it as canavanine, which was present in the cultivar Iroquois seed exudate at a concentration of 2 mg/g of seeds. Multiple lines of evidence suggested that canavanine activity accounted for all of the inhibitory activity. Both canavanine and seed exudate inhibited the growth of UW85 on minimal medium; growth inhibition by either canavanine or seed exudate was prevented by arginine, histidine, or lysine; and canavanine and crude seed exudate had the same spectrum of activity against B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Vibrio cholerae. The B. cereus UW85 populations surrounding canavanine-exuding seeds were up to 100-fold smaller than the populations surrounding non-canavanine-exuding seeds, but canavanine did not affect the growth of UW85 on seed surfaces. The spermosphere populations of canavanine-resistant mutants of UW85 were larger than the spermosphere populations of UW85, but the mutants and UW85 were similar in spermoplane colonization. These results indicate that canavanine exuded from alfalfa seeds affects the population biology of B. cereus.
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Fairey, D. T., and L. P. Lefkovitch. "Hard-seed content of alfalfa grown in Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-060.
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The hard-seed content of alfalfa (Medicago spp.) grown in Canada in relation to genotype and geographic location of production was surveyed for the commercial growing regions in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. The average hard-seed content of all pedigreed production over a 5-yr period, ranged from 22 to 37% and that in nonpedigreed production was between 14 and 30%. A database of the five widely grown cultivars revealed that the hard-seed content of alfalfa in the most northerly growing areas in the Peace River region of Alberta and British Columbia ranged from 31 to 51%, while hard seed content of alfalfa produced elsewhere varied from 22 to 38%. There was no apparent effect of latitude on the proportion of hard seeds, while there was a small increase for two of the five cultivars in production areas further west. Of particular interest was the trend in viable seed production. There was consistent evidence suggesting that the proportion of viable seeds decreased in production areas further north, but increased in production areas further west. However, the minimum viability was always in excess of 85%. There was no correlation between hard and viable seed. Key words: Medicago spp., alfalfa, lucerne, hard seeds, viable seeds
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Soroka, Juliana J., and D. T. Spurr. "GEOGRAPHIC INCIDENCE AND DAMAGE LEVELS OF ALFALFA SEED CHALCID, BRUCHOPHAGUS RODDI (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE), IN SASKATCHEWAN, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO WEATHER AND AGRONOMIC VARIABLES AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1301-1.
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AbstractA 5-year survey of Saskatchewan alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. sensu lato) seed fields was undertaken to determine the level of infestation by the alfalfa seed chalcid, Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky). Seed samples were taken from commercial seed fields, hay fields, and roadsides just before pod maturity. From sample lots of 250 pods, the numbers of healthy, chalcid-damaged, and frozen or immature seed were determined. Later, producers were questioned about the attributes of and management practices employed in their fields. Seed yields and infestation levels were correlated with temperature, precipitation, and degree-day data from the year of and the year preceding seed collection. Alfalfa seed chalcid infestation level was correlated most closely with the temperature and rainfall in July and August of both years. The proportion of damaged seed was highest the year following warm, dry summers. Alfalfa cultivar also influenced infestation levels; winter-hardy cultivars that became dormant early in the autumn had lower levels of chalcid-damaged seeds than less hardy cultivars which maintained growth later in the season. Management practices such as the use of insecticides (for plant bug and aphid control), fertilizers, and herbicides, size or age of field, soil type, and application of irrigation water did not affect the proportion of seeds injured by chalcids.
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Riday, Heathcliffe. "Alfalfa Subsp.SativabyFalcataIntersubspecific Semi-Hybrid Seed Production Using Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees." Journal of New Seeds 9, no. 1 (March 27, 2008): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228860701879083.
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Howard, Michael B., and Steven W. Hutcheson. "Growth Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Strains on Alfalfa Sprouts and in Waste Seed Irrigation Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.548-553.2003.
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ABSTRACT Alfalfa sprouts and other seed sprouts have been implicated in numerous outbreaks of salmonellosis. The source of these epidemics appears to have been low-level contamination of seeds by Salmonella bacteria that developed into clinically significant populations during the seed germination process. To test the possibility that Salmonella enterica strains carry host range determinants that allow them to grow on alfalfa, strains isolated from alfalfa or other sources were surveyed for their ability to grow on germinating alfalfa seeds. An S. enterica serovar Cubana strain originally isolated from contaminated alfalfa sprouts multiplied most rapidly during the initial 24 h of the seed germination process. Germinating alfalfa seeds supported the multiplication of S. enterica cells prior to the emergence of the root radicle at 72 h. Thereafter, much lower rates of multiplication were apparent. The ability of S. enterica to grow on germinating alfalfa seeds was independent of the serovar, isolation source, or virulence of the strain. Isolates obtained from alfalfa attained population levels similar to those observed for strains isolated from contaminated meat products or stools. Each of the strains could be detected in the waste irrigation water, with populations being strongly correlated with those detected on the germinating alfalfa seeds. The S. enterica strains were capable of utilizing the waste irrigation water as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. S. enterica strains thus appear to grow saprophytically on soluble organics released from seeds during early phases of germination. The ability to detect S. enterica in the waste irrigation water early in the germination process indicates that this method may be used as a simple way to monitor the contamination of sprouts during commercial operations.
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Zhao, Chun Hua, and Shang Li Shi. "Design and Experiment Research of Small-Scale Mountain Alfalfa Seed Drill." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1100–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1100.
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In order to solve the problems that mountain alfalfas planting does not meet the agronomic requirements and low yield, a small mountain alfalfa seed drill was designed. The width of machine is 1.2m, planting 6 rows, and using shaped hole wheel metering device. Its each line displacement consistency coefficient of variation is 4.09%. Its total displacement stability coefficient of variation is 1.64%.The deviation between the actual seed kernels per in each 10cm trench and the designed value is less than 5%.
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Malik, Najib, and John Waddington. "Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Seed Yield Response to Herbicides." Weed Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00024994.
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Seedling alfalfa was injured by chlorsulfuron and sethoxydim plus 2,4-DB but recovered the following year as alfalfa seed yields were comparable to the hand-weeded control. Fluazifopbutyl and flamprop-methyl (active isomer) at 0.5 kg/ha did not affect seedling alfalfa adversely; however, seed yields were lower the following year compared to those treated at the 0.25-kg/ha rate. In established alfalfa, sethoxydim alone or with 2,4-DB applied annually did not affect seed yields adversely. However, 2,4-DB alone reduced seed yields in 2 of 5 yr. Alfalfa tolerated chlorsulfuron at 0.015 kg/ha but was damaged at the 0.03-kg/ha rate. Initial injury and later recovery without adverse effects on seed yield also were observed following annual treatments with bromoxynil, MCPA plus 2,4-DB and bentazon plus 2,4-DB.
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Zamora, David L., and James P. Olivarez. "The Viability of Seeds in Feed Pellets." Weed Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003935x.
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Seed response to grinding in a hammer mill or extrusion through a pellet die was determined. Less than 1% of spotted knapweed, sulfur cinquefoil, timothy, and alfalfa seeds were intact after grinding to pass through a 1-mm screen. Intact seeds of all tested species except sulfur cinquefoil were able to germinate after grinding. Extruding unground alfalfa seed through a die to make hay pellets decreased viability 60 to 63%. After grinding and extrusion through a grain pellet die, 53% of intact alfalfa seeds in the pellets were viable. These data demonstrate that feed pellets can contain viable weed seeds.
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Wang, Shu Yang, Li Yan, Xiang Yang Zhang, Jin Hua Li, Wen Jiang Li, Jian Ping Liang, Qin Fang Li, and Cheng Jun Yu. "The Research on Growthtraits of Alfalfa Irradiated by 12C6 + Ion Beam." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2156.
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This study uses" HIFRL" type in the intermediate energy heavy ion accelerator (Institute of modern physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences provides) 12C6+ ion beam through mutagenesis. Three alfalfa seeds are irradiated by dose of 0Gy, 200Gy, 400Gy, 800Gy and 1200Gy. The germination experiment of alfalfa seed has been done in the laboratory. And in the field, The germination rate , plant height and branch number of planting experiment in the field have been preliminarily observed. The results show that three kinds of alfalfa seeds irradiated at 200Gy not only improve the germination rate, but also enhance the vitality of seeds. The germination rate , plant height and branch number of three different alfalfa irradiated by heavy beam ion have been changed. The germination rate of ZhongLan No. 1 was 41.7% when the seed of alfalfa were irradiated at dose of 200Gy, which was increased 18.4% compared with the control group. The average height of growth of 40 days alfalfa in ZhongLan No. 1 was 6.68cm in the radiation dose of 800Gy, which was increased 1.2cm compared with the control group. The number of branches Tacheng alfalfa was increased the 0.91 (5.16vs 4.25, P <0.001) by irradiated of 400 Gy ; Branch number in BC-04-744 alfalfa was increased 0.53 (4.69 vs 5.22, P <0.05) in the radiation dose 200Gy; The number of branches in ZhongLan No. 1 was increased 0.92 (5.02 vs 5.94, P <0.001) when seeds were irradiated at dose of 800Gy .which has great significance of practical guidance for breeding alfalfa seeds and solving the problem of low breeding capacity of wild grass seed .
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Acharya, S. N. "AAC Meadowview alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 1 (January 2014): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-2491.
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Acharya, S. N. 2014. AAC Meadowview alfalfa. Can J. Plant Sci. 94: 187–189. AAC Meadowview alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was developed by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. This cultivar, tested as AT05 in Western Forage Trials, is derived from parental clones selected for high forage yield under low pH conditions and resistance to both bacterial wilt (BW) (caused by Corynebacterium insidiosum) or Verticillium Wilt (VW) (caused by Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold). When grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions of western Canada AT05 out yielded Beaver (check) by 5%. AAC Meadowview is well suited to forage and seed production in western Canada where VW and acidic soil conditions may be of concern. AAC Meadowview received Canadian Food Inspection Agency's registration number 7402 on 2013 Jun. 06. Breeder seed for the cultivar will be produced by AAFC and the multiplication and distribution rights were awarded to Northstar Seeds through a competitive process.
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Nabiyeva, P. "Effect of the Sowing Method and Mineral Fertilizers on the Indicators of the Crop Yield Structure of Seed Alfalfa in the Ganja-Gazakh Zone of Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/68/10.
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The article presents the results of research on the influence of the method of sowing and mineral fertilizers on the indicators of the structure of the yield of seed alfalfa in the Ganja-Gazakh zone of Azerbaijan. It has been established that the method of sowing and mineral fertilization has a positive effect on the indicators of the structure of the yield of seed alfalfa. For each method of sowing and mineral fertilization, alfalfa seeds had a positive effect on the indicators of the yield structure. To obtain irrigated gray-brown soils of high and stable yields of alfalfa seeds, it is necessary to form the density of the herbage of seed crops of 33.8–53.0 productive stems per 1 m of sowing methods 45 cm and the dose of mineral fertilizers N60P90K60 kg/ha active substance in the conditions of the Ganja-Gazakh zone Azerbaijan.
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Acharya, S. N. "Dalton alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07175.
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Dalton alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was developed by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. This cultivar, tested as LRC01CR in western Canada, is derived from parental clones that are both bacterial wilt (BW) and verticillium wilt (VW) resistant. When grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions for forage it out yielded Beaver (check) by 3%, for seed it out yielded Beaver on irrigation by 19%. Dalton is well suited to forage and seed production in western Canada where VW may be of concern. Key words: Cultivar description, alfalfa, Medicago sativa
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Ward, L. J., J. Gourley, and S. H. De Boer. "Molecular detection ofClavibacter michiganenisssp.insidiosusin alfalfa seed." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660809507547.
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Pajić, Nemanja, and Todor Marković. "Economic results in alfalfa seed production." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 53, no. 3 (2016): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov53-10851.
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Myhre, Clayton D., Heather A. Loeppky, and F. Craig Stevenson. "MON-37500 for Weed Control and Alfalfa Seed Production." Weed Technology 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-211r2.
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Alfalfa seed producers have a limited number of herbicide options to manage weed problems. MON-37500 (proposed name sulfosulfuron) is a sulfonylurea herbicide that controls dandelion and quackgrass, two common weeds in alfalfa fields. A study was conducted in two alfalfa fields at Valparaiso and Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1999 to 2001 to evaluate perennial weed control and alfalfa production responses with 0.5×, 1×, and 1.5× label-recommended rates of MON-37500 and also 2,4-DB and hexazinone. MON-37500 applied at the 1× and 1.5× rates at both locations reduced mid-May alfalfa vigor from 100% to between 80 and 90% and increased early-season control of dandelion and quackgrass by about 10 to 40 percentage units, when compared with other herbicide treatments. Improved weed control with 1× and 1.5× MON-37500 rates was sustained into mid-June only at Carrot River and was completely eliminated (100% vigor and 0% weed control), or almost so, by mid-July. MON-37500 did not control Canada thistle. Improved early-season weed control with the 1× MON-37500 rate apparently compensated for the loss of alfalfa vigor at Valparaiso, thus resulting in 27% (57 kg/ha) greater seed yield than with the other herbicide treatments. At Carrot River, hexazinone generally provided levels of weed control similar to MON-37500 but did not injure alfalfa. Consequently, alfalfa yields were highest and the proportion of dead (decaying) seed was least with this treatment. The 0.5× MON-37500 rate often resulted in inferior weed control relative to the 1× and 1.5× rates and never was among the herbicide treatments providing the greatest seed yield. Managing the residual activity of MON-37500 and its negative effect on alfalfa growth, especially at locations with soils having coarse texture and low organic matter content, represents the greatest challenge in making MON-37500 a reliable weed management tool for alfalfa seed producers.
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Katepa-Mupondwa, F. M., S. R. Smith Jr., and D. K. Barnes. "Influence of parent and temperature during pollination on alfalfa seed weight and number of seeds per pod." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-046.
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Alfalfa seed weight and number of seeds per pod are important characteristics which have been associated with seed yield and seed quality. The objective of this research was to investigate the relative influence of seed and pollen parents and temperature during pollination on individual seed weight and number of seeds per pod. The relative influence of seed position in the pod on seed weight was also investigated. Twelve diverse clones were designated as seed (4) and pollen (8) parents. They were grown in the greenhouse at 24/18 day/night temperature and then transferred to growth chambers which were maintained at either 18 or 27 °C during and 24 h after pollination. Seed weight and number of seeds per pod were influenced by temperature during pollination, and also by both seed and pollen parents. The position of the seed in the pod influenced seed weight. The largest seed occurred at the base of the pod, which may have resulted from a differential nutrient supply from the base to the top of the pod. The number of seeds per pod was greatest at 27 °C. This was attributed to enhanced pollen fertility and fertilization success at the higher temperature. Both seed and pollen parents influenced seed weight and number of seeds per pod, and there were significant seed × pollen parent interactions for both traits. Environmental influence and pod position effects on seed weight and number of seeds per pod were small when compared with genetic effects. Selection for seed characteristics in seed and pollen parents could improve alfalfa seed production and seed quality. Key words: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., seed weight, number of seeds, temperature during pollination
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Pesic, Z., and C. Hiruki. "Differences in the Incidence of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus in Seed Coat and Embryo of Alfalfa Seed." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 8, no. 1 (March 1986): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060668609501839.
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Moyer, J. R., R. W. Richards, and G. B. Schaalje. "Effect of plant density and herbicide application on alfalfa seed and weed yields." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-065.
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Alfalfa was seeded in row spacings of 36, 72 and 108 cm and at broadcast seeding rates of 0.33, 1.0 and 3.0 kg ha−1 on irrigated land at Tilley (1983) and Lethbridge (1984), Alberta to determine the effect of plant density on weed growth and alfalfa seed yield. During the seed-producing years at each location, herbicide treatments were overlaid on seeding treatments in a split-block arrangement to assess the joint effect of herbicides and plant density on alfalfa seed yield. Hexazinone was the main herbicide used for weed control. Alfalfa seed and weeds were harvested for 5 yr following alfalfa establishment. Alfalfa seed yields tended to be maximum with 36-cm row spacings or the 3.0 kg ha−1 broadcast seeding rate, and were similar in row-seeded and broadcast-seeded alfalfa. Dry matter yields of weeds decreased as row spacings decreased or the broadcast seeding rate increased. Hexazinone controlled quackgrass, sow thistle, flixweed and kochia. In the experiment at Tilley with perennial weed infestations, mean alfalfa seed yields from 1984 to 1985 were 20% larger when herbicides were used than in the untreated check. Alfalfa plant densities slightly larger than currently recommended usually produced the largest seed yields and smallest weed infestations. Key words: Medicago sativa, quackgrass, kochia, sow thistle, flixweed, hexazinone
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RAJKOWSKI, KATHLEEN T. "Simplified Qualitative Method for Canavanine in Seeds and Sprouts†." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.212.
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The major stored nitrogen compound in alfalfa seeds is canavanine. To identify this nonprotein amino acid from seed extract and sprout water, a qualitative micro–thin-layer chromatography method was developed. Successful separation and identification was achieved using microsilica plates, a 70:30 ethyl alcohol–water solvent system, and 1% ammonium disodium pentacyanoammineferrate II for color development. This quick method was used to identify canavanine (sensitivity 50 μg) from irradiated and nonirradiated alfalfa and clover seed extracts and alfalfa sprout water. Broccoli and radish seed extracts were negative for canavanine. This simple method is useful to track the release and decrease of canavanine in the sprout water.
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Li, Fang, and Yanzhong Li. "Evaluation of pathogenicity, systemic colonisation, and host range of Verticillium alfalfae in a greenhouse." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 5 (2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20449.
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Verticillium wilt of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a widespread and destructive disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium alfalfae (formerly V. albo-atrum before 2011). Owing to an inadequate understanding of the pathogenicity, systemic colonisation, and host range of V. alfalfae, it has been challenging to develop an effective control measure against this disease. In the present study, seven inoculation methods, including seed inoculation, leaf spraying (LS), fungal plugs placed on leaves (FP), stem injection (SI), root dipping (RD), root injuring and dipping (RI), and watering conidia suspension into soil (WI) were used to analyse the pathogenicity and systemic colonisation of V. alfalfae on alfalfa. The typical verticillium wilt symptoms including V-shaped necrosis of leaves and leaf wilting were observed in alfalfa plants with all inoculation methods. The shortest incubation period (9 days) was observed with stem injection and the longest (40 days) with root dipping. Alfalfa plants inoculated by stem injection showed the highest disease incidence (91%), disease index (65%), and percentage of infected plants (80%), which resulted in the highest shoot biomass loss rate (34%). However, the plants inoculated by fungal plugs showed the lowest disease index (4%), percentage of infected plants (10%), and root biomass loss rate (2%). Further, the stem injection method was used to assess the host range of V. alfalfae on seven non-alfalfa plant species including erect milkvetch, sainfoin, common vetch, sunflower, potato, cotton, and bluish dogbane. The artificial inoculation of V. alfalfae by stem injection successfully infected these plants, with disease incidence ranged from 13 to 100% and disease index ranged from 10 to 69. This indicates that host range of V. alfalfae is not only alfalfa, but also other plant species.
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Vasic, T., S. Andjelkovic, S. Zivkovic, B. Andjelkovic, D. Terzic, and J. Milenkovic. "Appearance and frequency of fungi on alfalfa seed in Serbia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 4 (2011): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1104579v.
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Alfalfa is one of the most significant forage crops in Serbia, and is known colloquially as ?the queen of forage crops? due its significant role in livestock nutrition. Production of high quality forage and seed is of high importance for animal husbandry in Serbia. Fungi infections decrease seed quality which has influence on yield and quality of forage and on period of alfalfa utilization. Samples of alfalfa seed from Middle Banat, Danube region, Nis and Sumadija area were examined. Samples were taken from two alfalfa cultivars K-22 and K-28. Based on the examinations of appearance of fungi on the alfalfa seed, following fungi were determined: Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Stemphylium spp., Epiccocum spp., Nigrospora spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Primary species were from genera Fusarium and Alternaria, and other species were represented in different percentages.
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Wang, Xuemeng, Han Zhang, Rui Song, Xin He, Peisheng Mao, and Shangang Jia. "Non-Destructive Identification of Naturally Aged Alfalfa Seeds via Multispectral Imaging Analysis." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175804.
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Seed aging detection and viable seed prediction are of great significance in alfalfa seed production, but traditional methods are disposable and destructive. Therefore, the establishment of a rapid and non-destructive seed screening method is necessary in seed industry and research. In this study, we used multispectral imaging technology to collect morphological features and spectral traits of aging alfalfa seeds with different storage years. Then, we employed five multivariate analysis methods, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF) and normalized canonical discriminant analysis (nCDA) to predict aged and viable seeds. The results revealed that the mean light reflectance was significantly different at 450~690 nm between non-aged and aged seeds. LDA model held high accuracy (99.8~100.0%) in distinguishing aged seeds from non-aged seeds, higher than those of SVM (87.4~99.3%) and RF (84.6~99.3%). Furthermore, dead seeds could be distinguished from the aged seeds, with accuracies of 69.7%, 72.0% and 97.6% in RF, SVM and LDA, respectively. The accuracy of nCDA in predicting the germination of aged seeds ranged from 75.0% to 100.0%. In summary, we described a nondestructive, rapid and high-throughput approach to screen aged seeds with various viabilities in alfalfa.
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SMALL, ERNEST. "INSECT PESTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF DEFENSIVE GLANDULAR TRICHOMES IN ALFALFA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-081.
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Glandular trichomes can defend (Medicago species from herbivores in a variety of insect orders. Wild alfalfas with high concentrations of glandular trichomes occur in a restricted portion of the geographical range of the species (Medicago saliva L. sensu lato), especially in the Caucasus, Ukraine, and adjacent areas of the USSR. These observations suggest that this adaptation was developed to defend the alfalfa against insect pests with similar geographical distribution. That M. sativa plants with pods covered with glandular hairs tend to have larger, if fewer, seeds than plants with pods lacking the hairs also suggests an adaptation against herbivores. Because the glandular trichomes occur primarily on the ovaries and pods, the pests likely feed on seeds. After considering the biology and geography of the major Soviet insect pests of cultivated alfalfa, it was concluded that the most likely insects responsible for the localized evolution of pod glandularity are species of Tychius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Key words: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., seed chalcid, Brachophagus, Tychius, glandular trichomes, pest resistance (immunity)
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Diane Knight, J. "Evaluation of Rhizobium inoculant formulations for alfalfa yield and N fixation." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-143.
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Because of its small seed size, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) typically is seeded at a shallow depth, putting Rhizobium inoculated onto the seed coat at a high risk of desiccation. Granular inoculants may provide a superior delivery formulation for Rhizobium because the inoculant can be placed deeper in the soil than the seed, where it is protected from desiccation. Sinorhizobium meliloti cv. Beaver delivered as (1) pre-inoculated alfalfa seed from the inoculant manufacturer, (2) commercial peat-based, self-sticking inoculant applied on-site, and (3) granular inoculant placed with the seed or (4) banded below and to the side of the seed was evaluated against uninoculated alfalfa controls at three field sites in Saskatchewan. Overall, alfalfa inoculated with the granular formulation placed below and to the side of the alfalfa seed was among the highest biomass producer in the establishment year, although it did not exhibit superior nodulation or biological N fixation compared with the other treatments. Any advantage conferred by the granular inoculant in the establishment year did not persist through the first and second production years. Under the conditions of this study, the delivery formulation had no long-term affect on alfalfa productivity, nodulation and biological N fixation. Furthermore, none of the inoculant treatments were consistently superior to the uninoculated controls. Key words: Alfalfa, granular inoculant, peat inoculant, pre-inoculated seed, Medicago sativa L., Sinorhizobium meliloti
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Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Robert H. Gulden, and Rene C. Van Acker. "The Ability of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to Establish in a Seminatural Habitat under Different Seed Dispersal Times and Disturbance." Weed Science 59, no. 3 (September 2011): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00144.1.
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Alfalfa is an important forage crop in North America, and it can also be found as a roadside weed in alfalfa-growing regions. Weediness and invasiveness are greatly facilitated by establishment ability, yet little is known about the ability of alfalfa to establish in competitive environments such as roadsides. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the degree of alfalfa establishment without managed cultivation under different seed-dispersal times and disturbance regimes. The study had a split-plot design with two main plots (spring and fall seed dispersal) and five subplots (mowing, soil disturbance, herbicide spray, seedbed, and undisturbed control). The study examined establishment, growth attributes, and reproductive output of alfalfa in response to these treatments. Alfalfa establishment in the undisturbed grass swards ranged between 0.5 and 9.7% (out of the total number of seeds dispersed) across the dispersal times. The density of alfalfa in fall-seeded plots was about 82% lower than in spring-seeded plots. Soil disturbance reduced the density of alfalfa to < 50% of the initial density. Generally, low plant densities were compensated over time by increased numbers of shoots and reproductive units (racemes and pods) per plant. Herbicide application (2,4-D + dicamba) effectively controlled all emerged alfalfa plants, but in some cases, seedling recruitment was observed in the years following herbicide application. Although mowing did not kill alfalfa plants, mowed plants did not produce mature seeds, and as such, mowing may be useful in restricting the reproductive success and population growth of alfalfa. Overall, it is evident that alfalfa is capable of establishing in competitive environments (such as roadside habitats) and rapidly recovering from moderate disturbances. The results of this study have implications for managing roadside alfalfa and for designing novel trait-confinement protocols for alfalfa.
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Popova, Tatyana Nikolaevna. "Seed productivity of alfalfa varieties and its components." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i12pp37-39.
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Alfalfa blue is a perennial, multi-cut herbaceous plant. The expansion of the lucerne sowing areas does not occur due to the lack of sufficient sowing material, which in turn is due to low seed productivity. The solution to this problem is possible only when moving to new varieties with high potential for seed yield and introducing improved technologies. Our article shows the characteristic of new varieties of alfalfa of the Ershovsky selection. New varieties Serena and Natalie had the highest seed harvest rates in 9 years. Natalie variety on average for 9 years (2009-2017) by the number of brushes on one stem, the number of seeds in the bean and the number of beans in the brush was higher than the Uzen variety-standard by 5.0 respectively; 11.0 and 6.0%. According to the correlation analysis of the indicators, the crop of seeds and seeds in the bean is significant positive.
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RAJKOWSKI, KATHLEEN T., and DONALD W. THAYER. "Alfalfa Seed Germination and Yield Ratio and Alfalfa Sprout Microbial Keeping Quality Following Irradiation of Seeds and Sprouts†." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 1988–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.1988.
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Foods can be treated with gamma radiation, a nonthermal food process, to inactivate foodborne pathogens and fungi, to kill insects on or in fruits and vegetables, and to increase shelf life. Gamma irradiation is especially well suited for these treatments because of its ability to penetrate commercial pallets of foods. Irradiated fruits, vegetables, poultry, and hamburger have been received favorably by the public and are now available in supermarkets. The use of irradiation on fresh alfalfa sprouts was studied to determine its effect on keeping quality as related to aerobic microbial load. After an irradiation dose of 2 kGy, the total aerobic count decreased from 105–8 to 103–5 CFU/g, and the total coliform counts decreased from 105–8 to 103–0 CFU/g. The results showed that the sprouts maintained their structure after irradiation, and the keeping quality was extended to 21 days, which is an increase of 10 days from the usual shelf life. The effect of various doses of irradiation on alfalfa seeds as measured by percent germination and yield ratio (wt/wt) of sprouts was determined. There was little effect on the percent germination, but as the dose increased, the yield ratio of alfalfa sprouts decreased. As the length of growing time increased, so did the yield ratio of the lower dose irradiated seeds (1 to 2 kGy). The irradiation process can be used to increase the shelf life of alfalfa sprouts, and irradiating alfalfa seeds at doses up to 2 kGy does not unacceptably decrease the yield ratio for production of alfalfa sprouts.
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Schaber, B. D., E. G. Kokko, T. Entz, and K. W. Richards. "THE EFFECT OF SPRING BURNING OF SEED ALFALFA FIELDS ON LEAF CHARACTERISTICS AND ON MANDIBULAR WEAR OF FEMALE LEAFCUTTER BEES [MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (F.)] (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 5 (October 1993): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125881-5.
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AbstractIncreased seed yields often result when alfalfa fields are burned in spring. The main pollinator of seed alfalfa in Alberta is the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), that cuts pieces of leaves to build thimble-like cells. One hypothesis for increased seed yield is that alfalfa leaves from burned fields may be easier for the bees to cut. Cutting of leaf pieces causes progressive wear to the mandibles, which could decrease bee efficiency, resulting in reduced pollination and lower seed yields. An image analysis method was used to measure the mandibular wear of leafcutter bees from burned and unburned alfalfa fields. No consistent difference in the amount of wear between bees foraging in burned or unburned fields was found.
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Campbell, T. A., and Y. He. "Factorial analysis of self-incompatibility in alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p95-202.
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Self-incompatibility (seeds/pod and seeds/floret tripped) was evaluated in the growth chamber (27°C) using a 6 × 6 factorial arrangement. Parents represented a broad range of self-compatibility and were selected on the basis of stability of autogamous seed production in the greenhouse and growth chamber. Additive genetic variation appeared to be most important, indicating that a mass selection scheme such as recurrent phenotypic selection would be effective in increasing levels of self-incompatibility in at least some alfalfa populations. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for seeds/pod and seeds/floret tripped were 0.23 (SE = 0.09) and 0.28 (SE = 0.06), respectively. There is a direct relationship between autogamous seed production and pollen production, however, results of this experiment indicate that there may be considerable variation in pollen production, germination and vigor among self-incompatible clones. Increased seed set resulting from self-incompatible × self-incompatible crosses could be a function of greater gamete selection in the self-incompatible parents (due to deleterious genes), improved pollen germination, and hybrid vigor in pollen tube growth. Key words: Medicago sativa L., autogamy, allogamy, hybrid
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Huang, H. C., G. C. Kozub, and E. G. Kokko. "Survival of Verticillium albo-atrum in alfalfa seeds." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-137.
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Hard seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were artificially inoculated with Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold and assessed for survival of the pathogen under laboratory and field conditions. When infected seeds were stored air-dry, V. albo-atrum survival was low (less than 10% after 10 months) at above-freezing temperatures (20 and 30 °C) but high (more than 90% at 10 months) at subfreezing temperatures (−20 and −10 °C). Survival of the pathogen was also low (10% at 3 months) in seeds buried in soil at 20 °C but high (90% at 10 months) at −5 °C. More than 75% of the hard seeds remained viable after 18 months of air-dry storage at −20, −10, 4, 20, or 30 °C. The incidence of verticillium wilt in alfalfa plants due to seedborne V. albo-atrum decreased with seed storage period, averaging 40% after seed was stored for 1 month and zero when seed was stored for 12 or 18 months. In field experiments, survival of seedborne V. albo-atrum decreased with increasing period of burial but at different rates in each year. The percentage of seeds with viable V. albo-atrum was greater when the seeds were buried at 10 cm compared with 5 and 2 cm (48 vs. 39 and 38%, respectively). The complete loss of viability of V. albo-atrum in infected seeds stored at 30 °C for 6 months indicates that seed-borne V. albo-atrum could be eliminated by storing alfalfa seeds at 30 °C for 1 year. Key words: Verticillium wilt, Verticillium albo-atrum, Medicago sativa, alfalfa, survival, seedborne.
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Dordas, Christos. "Foliar Boron Application Improves Seed Set, Seed Yield, and Seed Quality of Alfalfa." Agronomy Journal 98, no. 4 (July 2006): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0353.
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Waddington, John. "Weed Control in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Grown for Seed." Weed Science 33, no. 3 (May 1985): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500082527.
Full textAbstract:
Applications of 1.6 kg ai/ha of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] to established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Rambler’) at the start of each growing season for 4 yr increased seed yield by 68% and controlled established dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeber. in Wiggers ♯ TAROF) and smooth brome (Bromus inermisLeyss. ♯ BROIN). A lesser amount of metribuzin was not sufficient for smooth brome control, and a greater amount damaged the alfalfa. Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] applied at 1.0 kg ai/ha also controlled dandelion and smooth brome and produced increases in alfalfa seed yield. Mixtures of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) with reduced rates of metribuzin or hexazinone controlled dandelion well, but gave only fair control of smooth brome. Alfalfa seed yield was negatively correlated with the smooth brome population.
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Cheshmi, M., and M. Khajeh-Hosseini. "Single count of radicle emergence, DNA replication during seed germination and vigour in alfalfa seed lots." Seed Science and Technology 48, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.3.05.
Full textAbstract:
Previous work on alfalfa seeds has illustrated the close association between the rate of germination and vigour. This study examined single early counts of radicle emergence (RE) as an indirect method to measure the rate of germination in alfalfa, and investigated cell cycle activities in the early stages of imbibition. The 6-hour interval counts of just germination (JG) and germination percentages (G) of 14 seed lots at 20, 17, 15 and 13°C were compared with final emergence and mean emergence time. Single counts of JG and G were strongly correlated with mean just germination time (MJGT), mean germination time (MGT) (P < 0.01) and field performance. The results indicate that single counts of RE after 24 hours at 20°C could be used to predic the vigour of alfalfa seeds. The embryo root tip cells of six seed lots with low, medium and high vigour were used for analysis of DNA replication by flow cytometry 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after imbibition. The 4C/2C ratio 18 hours after imbibition and the increase in 4C/2C ratio between 6 and 12 hours after imbibition was associated with the vigour of the seed lot and has the potential to predict seed vigour.
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Beković, Dragoljub, Rade Stanisavljević, Milan Biberdžić, Slaviša Stojković, and Jasmina Knežević. "Effect of Row Spacing on Seed Yield, Yield Components and Seed Quality of Alfalfa." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 15, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agrsr1401085b.
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Under agro-environmental conditions of Southern Serbia, the research was conducted over a three-year period to evaluate the effect of row spacing on seed yield, yield components and seed quality of alfalfa cv. ’K-23’. The average seed yield of alfalfa was highest at a row spacing of 40 cm (271.7 kg ha-1), followed by row spacing of 20 cm (249.4 kg ha-1) and 60 cm (244.0 kg ha-1). The highest and lowest number of inflorescences per stem were obtained in rows spaced 60 cm (13.37 inflorescences/stem) and 20 cm apart (8.57 inflorescences/stem), respectively. The widest row spacing of 60 cm (7.15 pods / inflorescence) resulted in the highest number of pods per inflorescence, whereas the lowest number was produced at 20 cm spacing (5.50 pods / inflorescence). Grain number per pod ranged from 3.55 (at 20 cm row spacing) to 4.05 (at 60 cm). The highest quality of alfalfa seed during the three years of the research was obtained at the widest row spacing (60 cm). Thousand-seed weight was highest at 60 cm and lowest at 20 cm (1.97 g and 2.07 g, respectively). The highest average values for seed germination rate were reported for 60 cm row spacing (88.00%) and the lowest for 20 cm row spacing (85.76 %).