Relevant bibliographies by topics / Algae Biofuels

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Algae Biofuels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Algae Biofuels"

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Hu, Muxin, Dichen Zhao, Qiuchi Jin, Hanrui Li, and Wenmin Wang. "Systematic review and perspective on the progress of algal biofuels." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125703008.

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In recognition of the increasing demand of energy and the worsening environmental problems linked with fossil fuels usage, algal biofuel has been proposed as one of the alternative energy sources. It has become one of the hottest topics in renewable energy field in the new century, especially over the past decade. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of different types of algae biofuels. Besides, an in-depth evaluation of the systematic cultivation and practical application of algae have been conducted. Although algal biofuel has a great potential, its unacceptably high cost limits the large-scale industrialization. In order to resolve such restrictions, feasible methods of improving the large scale production and practical application of algal biofuels are proposed. Future efforts should be focused not only on the cost reduction and innovation techniques, but also towards high value by-products to maximize economic benefits. Our results are dedicated to provide valuable references for subsequent research and guidelines on algae biofuels field.
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Saad, Marwa G., Noura S. Dosoky, Mohamed S. Zoromba, and Hesham M. Shafik. "Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101920.

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The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels represent a potential source of renewable energy. Algae, as the third generation feedstock, are suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol production due to their quick growth, excellent biomass yield, and high lipid and carbohydrate contents. With their huge potential, algae are expected to surpass the first and second generation feedstocks. Only a few thousand algal species have been investigated as possible biofuel sources, and none of them was ideal. This review summarizes the current status of algal biofuels, important steps of algal biofuel production, and the major commercial production challenges.
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Craggs, R. J., S. Heubeck, T. J. Lundquist, and J. R. Benemann. "Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.100.

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This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO2 has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.
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Naik, Aishwarya N., Mrinalini Singh, and Yasrib Qurishi. "Algal biofuel: A promising perspective." Annals of Plant Sciences 7, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.5.10.

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The depleting energy resources and rising environmental issues have led to significant research in the field of producing fuel using alternative means. Biofuel can serve as better means to cope up with the depleting fossil and petroleum fuels. The novel properties of algae have set them as the best among all other biomasses and as a better alternative to the energy crisis. Algal biofuels are grouped under “Third generation biofuels” which has gained significant attention recently. Combustion of fossil and petroleum fuel releases sulphur dioxide in the air causing air pollution and acid rain. Most of the research on algal biofuel is done using microalgae which have high oil content along with faster growth rate. The potential of algae for producing biofuel can be improved by obtaining more efficient methods and by overcoming its certain limitations. The present review highlights the advantages, various types and production of algal biofuel.
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Duffy, J. E., E. A. Canuel, W. Adey, and J. P. Swaddle. "Biofuels: Algae." Science 326, no. 5958 (December 3, 2009): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.326.5958.1345-a.

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Kleinová, A., Z. Cvengrošová, J. Rimarčík, E. Buzetzki, J. Mikulec, and J. Cvengroš. "Biofuels from Algae." Procedia Engineering 42 (2012): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.414.

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Dixon, Robert K. "Algae based biofuels." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 18, no. 1 (August 18, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9412-4.

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Powell, Ryan J., and Russell T. Hill. "Mechanism of Algal Aggregation by Bacillus sp. Strain RP1137." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 13 (April 25, 2014): 4042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00887-14.

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ABSTRACTAlga-derived biofuels are one of the best alternatives for economically replacing liquid fossil fuels with a fungible renewable energy source. Production of fuel from algae is technically feasible but not yet economically viable. Harvest of dilute algal biomass from the surrounding water remains one of the largest barriers to economic production of algal biofuel. We identifiedBacillussp. strain RP1137 in a previous study and showed that this strain can rapidly aggregate several biofuel-producing algae in a pH- and divalent-cation-dependent manner. In this study, we further characterized the mechanism of algal aggregation by RP1137. We show that aggregation of both algae and bacteria is optimal in the exponential phase of growth and that the density of ionizable residues on the RP1137 cell surface changes with growth stage. Aggregation likely occurs via charge neutralization with calcium ions at the cell surface of both algae and bacteria. We show that charge neutralization occurs at least in part through binding of calcium to negatively charged teichoic acid residues. The addition of calcium also renders both algae and bacteria more able to bind to hydrophobic beads, suggesting that aggregation may occur through hydrophobic interactions. Knowledge of the aggregation mechanism may enable engineering of RP1137 to obtain more efficient algal harvesting.
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Carvalho, Victor Cabral da Hora Aragão, Marco Antonio Díaz Díaz, and Marcos Sebastião de Paula Gomes. "Evaluation of the Installation of a Biofuel Producing Algae Farm in an Ethanol Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 830 (March 2016): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.830.117.

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With the demand for Biofuels growing – worldwide – and with the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), much would be gained, from an environmentally and economically, from increasing efficiency and offer of biofuels. Biofuels produced in algae farms enable a close relationship with ethanol plants. Such algae feeds off Carbon Dioxide from biomass burned in ethanol plants and boilers, so, along with Brazil’s privileged solar incidence, this allows conversion of GHG to biofuel. The goal of our study was to investigate ethanol plants as productive systems to understand how adding algae farms could change energy efficiency and emissions. The system analyzed includes the sugarcane sowing, plantation, handling, harvesting, industrial activities, and ethanol distribution. Our aim, from this analysis and using primary data from a company that builds algae farms, is to estimate the output of algae biofuel and decrease of GHG emissions in the process. The results from the Plant Studied show that adding an algae farm to its grounds would improve energy efficiency by almost three times, while generating four times less GHG in the production chain. If the plant chose to produce exclusively Biodiesel, production of B100 Biodiesel would be enough for their diesel needs for 19 years, with a 78.4% cleaner fuel in terms of GHG. Approximations show that if all the cane mills add algae farms in Brazil, Biodiesel generation would be equivalent to almost 70% of the Brazilian production of diesel from 2012.
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Jegathese, Simon Jegan Porphy, and Mohammed Farid. "Microalgae as a Renewable Source of Energy: A Niche Opportunity." Journal of Renewable Energy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/430203.

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Algae are believed to be a good source of renewable energy because of its rapid growth rate and its ability to be cultivated in waste water or waste land. Several companies and government agencies are making efforts to reduce capital cost and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. Algae are the fastest growing plant and theoretically have the potential to produce more oil or biomass per acre when compared to other crops and plants. However, the energy efficiency ratio and carbon and water footprint for algal based biofuels still need to be evaluated in order to fully understand the environmental impact of algal derived biofuels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Algae Biofuels"

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Scholz, Matthew John. "Microbial Cogeneration of Biofuels." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145446.

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The fields of biodiesel and bioethanol research and development have largely developed independently of one another. Opportunities exist for greater integration of these processes that may result in decreased costs of production for both fuels.To that end, this work addresses the use of the starches and glycerol from processed algal biomass as substrates for fermentation by the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus, respectively. Ethanol producers commonly employ the former yeast for ethanol production and include the latter yeast among candidate species for cellulosic ethanol production.A simple 95% ethanol extraction at 70°C followed by sulfuric acid hydrolysis at 121°C and 2 atm proved a sufficient pretreatment for S. cerevisiae fermentation of starch from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant cw15. The maximum rate of ethanol production was observed as 14 mL/g-h and a maximum concentration of 0.9±0.01% (m/v) was observed by 28 hours. Some starch appeared invulnerable to hydrolysis.P. tannophilus fermentation of glycerol, both independently and among mixed substrates, was likewise demonstrated. It was found that glucose consumption preceded that of glycerol and xylose, but that the latter two substrates were consumed concurrently. Under aerobic, batch conditions, the maximum specific growth rate of the species on a 2% glycerol substrate was observed as 0.04/hr and the yield coefficient for conversion of glycerol to ethanol was 0.07 g/g. While the maximum observed concentration of ethanol in the glycerol-only fermentation was 0.1% m/v, that in mixed media containing 2% each glucose, xylose, and glycerol was 1.5%.Also investigated here was the flocculation of a mutant species of the algae C. reinhardtii by a combination of methanol and calcium. Algae harvest is typically an energy-intensive process, but the technique demonstrated here is not. Complete flocculation of cells was observed with only 5 minutes of mixing and less than 10 minutes of settling using 12 mM CaCl2 and 4.6% methanol. Ethanol was observed to operate in the same capacity, intimating another area in which yeast bioethanol and algal biodiesel processes might enable one another. During growth, either an inhibitor of flocculation was produced or a facilitator was consumed.
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King, P. M. "The use of ultrasound on the extraction of microalgal lipids." Thesis, Coventry University, 2014. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/4aabbd22-686a-4284-a18d-23de6bcff203/1.

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Microalgae synthesize and store large volumes of lipids (potentially over 25% of dry weight) which could provide a renewable source of biodiesel. Traditional extraction techniques often produce poor lipid yields particularly from microalgae with robust cell walls. This project investigated the role of power ultrasound as a cell disruption step in lipid extraction from four microalgal species. Nile Red staining was used to assess the time when ultrasound induced increased membrane permeability in each species and lipids were extracted using an ultrasound assisted Bligh and Dyer extraction method. A 20 kHz probe system (40% amplitude, 0.086 W/cm3) caused increased lipid recovery from dry biomass in all cases; D. salina (no cell wall) from 15 to 22.5% of dry biomass after 1 minute (26% when stressed with 35 g/L NaCl). C. concordia (thin cell wall) from 7.5 to 10.5% of dry biomass after 2 minutes (27% with 25% nitrogen reduction in growth media). N. oculata (thick cell wall) from 6.5 to 10% of dry biomass after 16 minutes (31.5% when stressed with 30 g/L NaCl). The stressed cultures yield could be improved to 35% when ultrasound was combined with S070 beating beads. Chlorella sp. (thick cell wall) from 6.3 to 8.7% of dry biomass, after 16 minutes (44% was achieved when harvested at day 9 instead of 15). A Dual Frequency Reactor (16 and 20 kHz, 0.01 W/cm3) flow system with S070 beads demonstrated that high lipid extraction yields could be achieved on a larger level with N. oculata. After 4:48 minutes sonication 24% lipid recovery was achieved. This system could theoretically increase daily microalgal oil production from 3.96 to 5.76 L per day when compared to conventional techniques, at an extra production cost of only 2.9 p/litre (1.5% increase). D. salina, N. oculata and C. concordia resumed normal growth following sonication at 20 kHz after 1-20 days (8 minutes treatment for D. salina, 60 minutes treatment for N. oculata and 16 minutes treatment for C. concordia). It was found that the supernatant of sonicated D. salina and C. concordia when added to established cultures were able to boost their growth.
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Griffiths, Erick W. "Removal and Utilization of Wastewater Nutrients for Algae Biomass and Biofuels." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/631.

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The Logan City Environmental Department operates a facility that consists of 460 acres of fairly shallow lagoons (~ 5'deep) for biological wastewater treatment that meets targets for primary and secondary treatments (solids, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and pathogen removal). Significant natural algal growth occurs in these lagoons, which improves BOD removal through oxygenation and also facilitates N removal through volatilization as ammonia under high pH conditions created by algal growth. Phosphorus, however, is non-volatile and stays in the water and likely cycles in and out of algal cells as they grow and die in the lagoons. In the near future, the regulatory limits on phosphorus released from the Logan wastewater treatment facility are likely to become significantly lower to counter potential downstream eutrophication. One way to potentially lower phosphorus levels in the wastewater effluent is through management of algal growth in the lagoons. As mentioned above, algae growth naturally occurs in the treatment lagoons and if the algal biomass is harvested when growth yields are highest, the phosphorus contained in the cells could be removed to obtain phosphorus-free water. The algal biomass could then be used for production of biofuels. This research focuses on laboratory and pilot assessments to show the ability of algae indigenous to the Logan lagoons to uptake phosphorus and produce biomass that can be used for biofuel production.
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Moulin, Solène. "Synthesis of hydrocarbons in algae : from biodiversity to biotechnology." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0429.

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Les hydrocarbures (HCs) sont prédominants dans notre économie actuelle (carburants, cosmétiques, chimie, etc.) mais sont quasi-exclusivement issus des ressources fossiles. Les problématiques de changement climatique et d’épuisement des ressources poussent les recherches vers l’étude et la domestication des voies de synthèse naturelles d’HCs. Lorsque j’ai commencé ma thèse, une enzyme de biosynthèse d’HC, l’acide gras photodécarboxylase (FAP) venait d’être découverte chez la microalgue Chlorella. J’ai d’abord caractérisé son homologue chez la microalgue modèle Chlamydomonas. Une étude phylogénétique de la famille des GMC oxidoréductases à laquelle appartient la FAP a permis d’identifier un large réservoir de de 200 FAPs putatives. La caractérisation biochimique de plusieurs d’entre elles a permis de montrer qu’une FAP fonctionnelle a été conservée lors des endosymbioses secondaires. Cela suggère que la FAP joue un rôle important chez les algues. Ce rôle a été étudié par une approche de génétique inverse chez Chlamydomonas. La caractérisation physiologique de mutants knockout a permis de démontrer le rôle de la FAP dans la synthèse d’HCs dans le chloroplaste et de mettre en évidence des modifications physiologiques transitoires. Des mécanismes de compensation à l’absence d’HCs restent donc à découvrir. Dans une dernière partie, j’ai développé une souche d’E. coli exprimant la FAP et une thioestérase. Cette souche produit en continu des HCs dans la phase gaz des cultures, ce qui permet une récolte facilitée du produit d’intérêt sous forme pure. Cette étude constitue une preuve de concept que la FAP pourrait être utilisée pour la production biosourcée d’HCs
Hydrocarbons (HCs) are predominant in our current economy (fuels, cosmetics, chemicals, etc.) but are almost exclusively derived from fossil resources. Climate change and resource depletion concerns are pushing research towards the study and domestication of natural HC synthesis pathways. When I started my thesis, a HC forming enzyme, the fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) had just been discovered in the microalgae Chlorella. I first characterised its homolog in the model microalgae Chlamydomonas. A phylogenetic study of the GMC oxidoreductase family to which the FAP belongs has allowed identification of a large reservoir of 200 putative FAPs. Biochemical characterisation of several of them showed that a functional FAP was maintained during secondary endosymbiosis. This suggests that FAP plays an important role in algae. This role has been studied by a reverse genetic approach in Chlamydomonas. The physiological characterisation of knockout mutants demonstrated the role of FAP in the synthesis of HCs in chloroplasts as well as transient physiological changes. Mechanisms to compensate for the absence of HCs therefore remain to be discovered. In a last part, I developed a strain of E. coli expressing the FAP and a thioesterase. This strain continuously produces HCs in the gas phase of the cultures, which allows an easier harvesting of the product of interest in a pure form. This study is a proof of concept that FAP could be used for the biobased production of HCs
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Jeffrey, Bargiel. "Commercialization of Lateral Displacement Array for the Dewatering of Microalgae." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1238702010.

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Christenson, Logan. "Algal Biofilm Production and Harvesting System for Wastewater Treatment with Biofuels By-Products." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/994.

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Excess nitrogen and phosphorus in discharged wastewaters can lead to downstream eutrophication, ecosystem damage, and impaired water quality that may affect human health. Chemical-based and physical-based technologies are available to remove these nutrients; however, they often consume significant amounts of energy and chemicals, greatly increasing treatment costs. Algae are capable of removing these pollutants through biomass assimilation, and if harvested, can be utilized as a feedstock for biomethane or biodiesel production. Currently, difficulties in harvesting, concentrating, and dewatering algae have limited the development of an economically feasible treatment and production process. When algae are grown as surface-attached biofilms, the biomass is naturally concentrated and more easily harvested, leading to less expensive removal from treated water, and less expensive downstream processing for biofuel production. In this study, a novel algal biofilm production and harvesting system was designed, built, and tested. Key growth parameters were optimized in order to maximize biomass production and nutrient uptake from wastewater. Compared to suspended algae systems, the attached algal biofilm design of this study led to increased biomass production and greater treatment of domestic wastewater. An efficient and inexpensive algal biofilm harvesting technique was also developed in order to obtain a concentrated biosolids product, resulting in improved water quality and a feedstock suitable for further processing in the production of biofuels.
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Woertz, Ian C. "Lipid Productivity of Algae Grown on Dairy Wastewater as a Possible Feedstock for Biodiesel." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2008. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/183.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop a biological wastewater treatment system that utilizes algal growth to simultaneously create renewable energy in the form of biodiesel and digester biogas, remove polluting nutrients, and abate greenhouse gases. Research under the Department of Energy Aquatic Species Program during 1978-1996 concluded that cultivating algae for biofuels was cost prohibitive at that time and that an integrated approach should be studied that combined wastewater treatment with algal biofuel production. Nutrient removal, in particular nitrogen and phosphorus, from wastewater is a growing regulatory need and the use of algae cultivation could create a unique marriage between waste treatment and biofuel production. To investigate this possible synergy, bench-scale tests were conducted to determine potential algal lipid productivity with mixed-cultures of algae grown on anaerobically-pretreated dairy wastewater in batch mode. The total lipid content of the algae ranged from 8% to 29% of algal mass. Maximum biomass concentration reached 920 mg/L, measured as volatile suspended solids, on Day 13 of incubation. In contrast, maximum total lipid content was reached at Day 6, corresponding to a lipid productivity of 2.8 g/m^2/day, or 1,200 gallons/acre/year if scaled up. Nutrient removal over 12 days of incubation was nearly complete. Total ammonia (NH3+NH4+) was reduced 96% to 1.1 mg/L as N, and phosphate (PO4^3-) was reduced >99% from an initial concentration of 2.5 mg/L PO4 as P.
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Bajhaiya, Amit. "Metabolite analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and transcriptional engineering for biofuel production." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/metabolite-analysis-of-chlamydomonas-reinhardtii-and-transcriptional-engineering-for-biofuel-production(185995ba-d1be-44ff-a87a-140c19655d31).html.

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It has been long known that algae have the potential to produce a diverse range of metabolic products including lipid and starch, which could be utilized as a fuel feedstock. Despite the capacity of algae to synthesize and store large amounts of lipids and starch, algae are not currently a commercially viable feedstock for biofuel. The metabolite storage in algae can depend on the availability of nutrients such that nutrient starvation can boost the storage of lipid and carbohydrate. These nutrient-status-induced changes in lipid and starch are underpinned by altered expression of several metabolite-related genes. However, many aspects of fatty acid and carbohydrate biosynthesis are not well understood. Furthermore, the genetic regulators of nutrient starvation-induced carbohydrate and lipid accumulation are unknown in microalgae. Therefore, this PhD focused on screening cultivation conditions, in particular Phosphorus (P) and Nitrogen (N) limited conditions that induce metabolic changes, evaluated a rapid microalgal screening method, which was used to identify putative metabolism regulators, and characterized in detail the role of one P-starvation regulator, called PSR1 (Phosphorus starvation response 1). For establishing suitable culture conditions, the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was cultured in five different P and N-limited conditions and screened for metabolic changes using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at different phases of growth. The FT-IR spectral changes were visualized by multivariate statistical tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component-discriminant function analysis (PC-DFA). Clear clustering based on nutrient availability and metabolic changes demonstrates the potential and sensitivity of FT-IR in screening multiple culture conditions. The potential of FT-IR was further tested by screening mutant strains of C. reinhardtii that were defective in response to nutrient starvation. Nine lines with mutation in one or more of the PSR1, SNRK2.1 or SNRK2.2 genes and a wild type were screened by FT-IR for P and N starvation-induced metabolic changes. PCA, PC-DFA and predictive partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of FT-IR spectra, clearly distinguished wild type from mutant strains and clustered mutants with similar genetic backgrounds, demonstrating the potential of FT-IR to detect and differentiate specific genetic traits. The changes in lipid and carbohydrate profile under nutrient stress and in the different strains were validated by biochemical analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).This thesis demonstrated that PSR1 is an important regulator of neutral lipid and starch biosynthesis. Transcriptomic analysis on wild type and psr1 mutant under P-starvation was performed to identify transcripts induced by P-starvation that were mis-regulated in psr1. Mainly transcripts encoding starch and triacylglycerol enzymes were affected. To further evaluate the role of PSR1 in regulating lipid and starch metabolism, complementation of psr1 and overexpression by PSR1 was performed. The P-starvation phenotype was clearly rescued in the complementation lines, and overexpression lines showed increased expression of P homeostasis genes and increased Pi accumulation in cells, with an increase in total starch content and number of starch granules. Clear increases in expression of key starch biosynthesis genes such as soluble starch synthase (SSS1, SSS5) and starch phosphorylase (SP1) was observed, which correlated with increased starch content in the overexpression lines. A carbon shift was observed as a decrease in neutral lipid was coupled with the increase in starch content. All together these findings suggest that PSR1 is a key transcriptional regulator of global metabolism, and demonstrated successful transcriptional engineering of microalgae.
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Cook, Charlotte. "Sequencing and analysis of the diel transcriptome of Botryococcus braunii." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17075.

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Microalgae are widely viewed as a potential source of renewable biofuels. Microalgae are highly productive and can be cultured in recycled water on margial or non-agricultural land. Despite their advantages, the industrial scale deployment of microalgae faces numerous challenges including relatively little knowledge of the algae themselves and the comparatively expensive infrastructures required for culture. The green microalga, Botryococcus braunii is particularly interesting because it synthesizes long-chain (C30- C40) hydrocarbons that can be converted to liquid fuel by hydrogenation and catalytic cracking. Moreover, B. braunii is the major fossil present in the Ordovician oil shales and kerogen deposits. Although studied since the 1970s, very little is known regarding critical aspects of B. braunii, notably its molecular biology. In higher plants molecular clocks have been well defined and transcript profiling has revealed a sophisticated network of circadian scheduling of metabolic processes. Characterization of temporal controls over hydrocarbon synthesis is therefore of importance to optimization of biofuel production from B. braunii. In this project B. braunii (Race B, strain Guadeloupe) were cultured in a 12-hour photoperiod and either maintained in that regime or transferred to constant light. Algae were sampled every 4 hours, during a 28-hour time-course and mRNA extracted. mRNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA and sequenced using a paired-end protocol on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Over 2 billion sequence reads of 100 bp were generated and assembled de novo, into a complete transcriptome for B. braunii. The transcriptome was comprehensively annotated using global and targeted protocols and differential expression and co-expression analyses were performed. Metabolic pathway analysis confirmed the presence, and photoperiodic regulation of the MEP/DOXP Terpenoid Backbone synthesis pathway. Targeted annotation and expression analysis revealed two predicted B. braunii circadian clock components, which were incorporated into a B. braunii circadian clock model. In non-hierarchical cluster analysis, contigs of the B. braunii transcriptome clustered under four distinct patterns of diel expression. Networks of co- and anti-expressed contigs were elucidated by hierarchical clustering. These results demonstrate the exquisite control over metabolism in B. braunii. Such knowledge is essential for the industrial applications of B. braunii, either directly or through the engineering of selected B. braunii genes or molecular pathways into alternative chassis.
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De, la Rosa Nina N. "Exploring the Use of Everglades Agricultural Area Canal Water as Base Medium for the Mass Production of Algae for Biofuels." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1689.

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Freshwater use is a major concern in the mass production of algae for biofuels. This project examined the use of canal water obtained from the Everglades Agricultural Area as a base medium for the mass production of algae. This water is not suitable for human consumption, and it is currently used for crop irrigation. A variety of canals were found to be suitable for water collection. Comparison of two methods for algal production showed no significant difference in biomass accumulation. It was discovered that synthetic reticulated foam can be used for algal biomass collection and harvest, and there is potential for its application in large-scale operations. Finally, it was determined that high alkaline conditions may help limit contaminants and competing organisms in growing algae cultures.
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Books on the topic "Algae Biofuels"

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Spilling, Kristian, ed. Biofuels from Algae. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9416-8.

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Borowitzka, Michael A., and Navid R. Moheimani, eds. Algae for Biofuels and Energy. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5479-9.

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Bjorklund, Ruth. The pros and cons of algae biofuel. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2016.

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Doyle, Alisha M., and Jayden A. Bell. Algal biofuels: Where we've been, where we're going (with DVD). Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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K, Bhatnagar S., Atul Saxena, and S. Kraan. Algae biofuel. New Delhi: Studium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2011.

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Gupta, Sanjay Kumar, Anushree Malik, and Faizal Bux, eds. Algal Biofuels. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51010-1.

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Pandey, Ashok, Duu-Jong Lee, Yusuf Chisti, and Carlos R. Soccol. Biofuels from Algae. Elsevier, 2013.

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Biofuels from Algae. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Biofuels from Algae. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2012-0-00170-6.

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Biofuels from Algae. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-03549-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Algae Biofuels"

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Demirbas, Ayhan, and M. Fatih Demirbas. "Biofuels." In Algae Energy, 49–74. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-050-2_3.

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Singh, Devinder, and Giovanna Gonzales-Calienes. "Liquid Biofuels from Algae." In Algae, 243–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7518-1_11.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Characteristics of Algae." In Third Generation Biofuels, 11–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2378-2_3.

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Hochman, Gal, Michael C. Trachtenberg, and David Zilberman. "Algae Crops: Coproduction of Algae Biofuels." In Handbook of Plant Breeding, 369–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1447-0_17.

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Yildiz, Ilhami, Tri Nguyen-Quang, Thomas Mehlitz, and Bryan Brooker. "Algae, Biofuels, and Modeling." In Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming, 525–607. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7588-0_30.

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Nasr, Mahmoud, Mohamed Ateia, and Kareem Hassan. "Modeling the Effects of Operational Parameters on Algae Growth." In Algal Biofuels, 127–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51010-1_7.

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Leite, Gustavo B., and Patrick C. Hallenbeck. "Algae Oil." In Microbial Technologies in Advanced Biofuels Production, 231–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1208-3_13.

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Tian, Chunyan, Zhidan Liu, and Yuanhui Zhang. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL): A Promising Pathway for Biorefinery of Algae." In Algal Biofuels, 361–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51010-1_18.

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Kumar, Virendra, Ravindra Prasad Karela, John Korstad, Sanjeev Kumar, Rahul Srivastava, and Kuldeep Bauddh. "Ecological, Economical and Life Cycle Assessment of Algae and Its Biofuel." In Algal Biofuels, 451–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51010-1_21.

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Bharathiraja, B., J. Jayamuthunagai, M. Chakravarthy, R. Ranjith Kumar, D. Yogendran, and R. Praveenkumar. "Algae: Promising Future Feedstock for Biofuels." In Algae and Environmental Sustainability, 1–8. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2641-3_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Algae Biofuels"

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Wogan, David M., Alexandre K. da Silva, and Michael Webber. "Assessing the Potential for Algal Biofuels Production in Texas." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90235.

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This paper describes a unique analytical model created to assess the maximum potential for algae production in Texas. The model, which merges engineering, biology and geosciences into a singular analysis, aims to identify suitable growth locations and estimate the quantity of algae-based oils that can be potentially produced in Texas. The model incorporates geographically- and temporally-resolved data on sunlight, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and saline or brackish water availability. These data are then overlaid with first-order biological approximations for algae growth calculations in order to create maps of algae growth potential. Solar insolation data were obtained from measurement locations throughout the state for varying time scales spanning many years from the Texas Solar Radiation Database (TSRDB). CO2 emissions were compiled from area and point sources (such as natural gas and coal-fired power plants) from the Energy Information Administration and Environmental Protection Agency. Water data for wastewater treatment plants and saline aquifers were obtained from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and the Texas Water Development Board. A home-built MATLAB code uses these data, along with engineering approximations and the ability to manipulate different assumptions to calculate algae growth by location and time period. For each location, the model calculates potential oil yield, biomass produced, growth rates, water and CO2 consumed and land used. Standard pond and tubular photobioreactor dimensions have been used to model real world production facilities. Realistic limits for growth rates, photosynthetic efficiencies, photosynthetic flux tolerances and oil content are also incorporated. These parameters can be varied to approximate different algae strains and growth conditions. The model assumes reactors to have ideal mixing, optimal pH and temperature controls in place. This preliminary resource assessment estimates that Texas receives an average of 375 W/m2 annually, produces 409 million tons per year of CO2 from the industrial and electrical power sectors and has approximately 1.4 trillion gallons per year of available water on a sustainable basis. The computational model estimates that between 44 and 167 million tons of algal biomass and 3.1 to 12 billion gallons of lipids can be produced annually in Texas based on the combination and availability of these resources.
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Calinescu, Ioan, Alin Vintila, Aurel Diacon, Mircea Vinatoru, Ana Maria Galan, and Sanda Velea. "GROWTH OF NANNOCHLORIS ALGAE IN THE PRESENCE OF MICROWAVES (CONTINUOUS REACTOR)." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9820.

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Algae are very effective in capturing the sun's energy, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and nutrients to turn them into useful substances (carbohydrates, oils, proteins, etc.). Besides the main metabolites, there are also secondary metabolites, such as carotenoids (astaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and canthaxanthin [1]). Both major and compounds existing in small amounts in algae are useful. Oils and carbohydrates could provide biofuels, proteins can get products with nutritional value and from carotenoids can be prepared food supplements. Obtaining biofuel from algae has not yet proved to be economically viable [2, 3]. A much higher interest might be getting food supplements from algae. To increase their value as ingredients for food supplements, algal oils should have a higher degree of unsaturation (rich in omega 3) and an increased carotenoid content to be an important additional benefit in over all processing of algae. There are studies that refer to the influence of environmental factors on algae composition [2], but the microwave influence on algae growth, especially algal metabolites composition change is very poor studied. In this paper, besides the experiments for the activation of algal growth in discontinuous reactors [4] additional work was conducted in a continuous photobioreactor. The goal was checking not only the growth of microalgae but also their content in polyunsaturated oil and in carotenoids. By microwave-controlled irradiation of the nutrient and algae flux, which is recirculated through the photobioreactor and through a glass reactor located in a TE-type monomod cavity, the lipid content of the algae increased, but only, the modification of the lipid fraction content was significantly increased in the concentration of polyunsaturated acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms. As far as carotenoids are concerned, the algae nannochloris has a higher carotenoid content over many known vegetables holding carotene or lycopene (carrots or tomatoes). Besides oil increasing microwave treatment produced a significant increase in carotenoid content of algae. They can be extracted together with omega-3-rich algal oil and are the basis of very valuable dietary supplements.
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Cui, Yan, Wenqiao Wayne Yuan, and Zhijian Pei. "Effects of Carrier Material and Design on Microalgae Attachment for Biofuel Manufacturing: A Literature Review." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34150.

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Continuous use of petroleum derived fuels is widely recognized as unsustainable due to depleting supplies and the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the environment. Renewable, carbon neutral transport fuels are needed for environmental and economic sustainabilities. Algae have been demonstrated to be one of the most promising sources for biofuel production. However, large-scale algae production and harvesting for energy manufacturing are too costly using existing methods. The approach of growing algae on solid carriers is innovative and can potentially lead to cost-effective manufacturing of algae biofuels. As cells approach to the solid surface, many factors come in to influence microbial attachment such as the surface wettability, free energy, polarity, roughness and topography. Surface wettability plays an important role in the initial cell attachment. For further contact, surface free energy and polarity are more directly related to cell-substratum attachment strength. Surface roughness and texture are species-specific parameters and have been applied widely in attachment studies.
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Sharma, Rohan, Scott Shirley, Tahir Farrukh, Mohammadhassan Kavosi, and Myeongsub Kim. "Microalgae Harvesting in a Microfluidic Centrifugal Separator for Enhanced Biofuel Production." In ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2020-1078.

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Abstract Biofuel is one of the renewable energy resources alternatives to fossil fuels [1]. Among various sources for biofuels, microalgae provide at least three-orders-of-magnitude higher production rate of biodiesel at a given land area than conventional crop-based methods. However, microalgal biodiesel still suffers from significantly lower harvesting performance, making such a fuel less competitive. To increase the separation performance of microalgae from cultivation solution, we used a spiral microchannel that enables the isolation of biofuel-algae particles from water and contaminants contained in the culturing solution. Our preliminary data show that separation performance in the microfluidic centrifugal separator is as high as 88% within a quick separation time of 30 seconds. To optimize separation performance, multiple parameters of algae behaviors and separation techniques were studied and were manipulated to achieve better performance. We found that changing these factors altered the separation performance by increasing or decreasing flocculation, or “clumping” of the microalgae within the microchannels. The important characteristics of the separator geometry, fluid properties, and environmental conditions on algae separation was found and will be further studied in the forthcoming tests. This introductory study reveals that there is an opportunity to improve the currently low performance of algae separation in centrifugal systems using much smaller designs in size, ensuring a much more efficient algae harvesting.
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Williams, Robert L., and Jesus Pagan. "Cable-Suspended Robot for Algae Harvesting." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22053.

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Abstract This paper presents a novel application for a portable 4-cable-suspended point end-effector robot, that of algae harvesting from large (1–4 acres) outdoor circulating pond systems. Algae, used as an alternative energy crop to produce biofuels (and other consumer products), still remain too expensive. One of the greatest expenses in processing algae is the harvesting process. To replace the typical energy-intensive pumping of the entire pond water through algae filters, we propose using a cable-suspended robot to collect algae, which largely then drains while the robot translates the product to a collection point. An additional benefit of our concept, in additional to lower harvesting cost, is that the algae still growing in the pond is not shocked as in the current pumping process, leading to better, healthier yields.
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Xu, Ben, Peiwen Li, and Peter Waller. "Optimization of the Flow Field of a Novel ARID Raceway (ARID-HV) for Algal Production." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18003.

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This paper addresses issues of flow field optimization for a water raceway which is used to grow algae for biofuels. An open channel raceway is the typical facility to grow algae in medium to large scales. The algae growth rate in a raceway is affected by conditions of temperature, nutrients, and sunlight intensity etc. These conditions are essentially associated with the fluid mixing in the flow field. Good flow mixing at low consumption of pumping power for the water flow is desirable for an economic algal growth facility. A novel design of an open channel raceway for medium- and large-scale algae growth field has been proposed by the authors previously, which is called High Velocity Algae Raceway Integrated Design (ARID-HV). Optimization analysis using CFD and experimental visualization has been applied to a table-sized ARID-HV test model with various geometries of dams and their spacing in the system. CFD results and flow visualization allow us to understand the flow mixing in the entire raceway. Data is also processed to show the statistics of the locations of ‘fluid particles’ at different height and time period during one flow path. Different flow field designs were thus compared quantitatively based on this statistics according to the understanding that the “tumbling times” of fluid particles at bottom/top of the water is tightly related to the growth rate of algae.
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Hochhalter, Matthew, and Stephen P. Gent. "Incorporating Light and Algal Effects Into CFD for Photobioreactor Design." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21310.

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The objective of this research is to develop models that represent the effects of light and algae and incorporate these effects within a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a photobioreactor (PBR). Several factors, including nutrient availability, carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity, and frequency of high and low light intensity periods, affect the efficiency of biomass yield within a photobioreactor. However, even with a general understanding of the affecting factors, scaling up of photobioreactors from a laboratory to a commercial level exist and provide a challenge concerning efficiency. The development and execution of an integrated light, algae, and CFD model can provide insight into more cost and time efficient configurations of PBRs. In depth CFD studies have been used to predict thermal-fluid effects, including bubble-liquid interaction and temperature profiles; however, studies concerning algae-liquid interactions appear sparsely. In order to better understand up-scaling issues, new modifications of previous CFD methods incorporate an algae particle tracking method, as well as light modeling. The particle tracking method considers the individual algae cell as a volume-less and mass-less particle that follows the liquid velocity profiles within the PBR. The light model takes into account algal concentration as well as bubble location and bubble concentration. The integration of the models allows for the average intensity of light experienced by an algae cell to be numerically estimated, alongside the frequency of light and dark periods the particle experiences. The long term goal of this research is to develop an algae growth model that incorporates light intensity and the flashing light effect. The present research is a continuum of previous work aimed at pursuing the optimum design of a column PBR which is commercially viable and effective at producing algal biofuels and bioproducts.
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Davis, Ryan W., Hauwen Wu, and Seema Singh. "Multispectral sorter for rapid, nondestructive optical bioprospecting for algae biofuels." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Daniel L. Farkas, Dan V. Nicolau, and Robert C. Leif. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2040538.

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Bucy, Harrison, and Anthony J. Marchese. "Oxidative Stability of Algae Derived Methyl Esters Containing Varying Levels of Methyl Eicosapentaenoate and Methyl Docosahexaenoate." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60047.

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Microalgae is currently receiving strong consideration as a potential biofuel feedstock to help meet the advanced biofuels mandate of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act because of its theoretically high yield (gallons/acre/year) in comparison to current terrestrial feedstocks. Microalgae lipids can be converted into a variety of biofuels including fatty acid methyl esters (e.g. biodiesel), renewable diesel, renewable gasoline or synthetic paraffinic aviation kerosene. For algal methyl ester biodiesel, fuel properties will be directly related to the fatty acid composition of the lipids produced by the given microalgae strain. Several microalgae species under consideration for wide scale cultivation, such as Nannochloropsis, produce lipids with fatty acid compositions containing substantially higher quantities of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in comparison to terrestrial feedstocks. It is expected that increased levels of LC-PUFA will be problematic in terms of meeting all of the current ASTM specifications for biodiesel. For example, it is well known that oxidative stability decreases with increasing levels of LC-PUFA. However, these same LC-PUFA fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: C22:6) are known to have high nutritional value thereby making separation of these compounds economically attractive. Given the uncertainty in the future value of these LC-PUFA compounds and the economic viability of the separation process, the goal of this study was to examine the oxidative stability of algal methyl esters with varying levels of EPA and DHA. Tests were conducted using a Metrohm 743 Rancimat with automatic induction period determination following ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, which call for induction periods of at least 3 hours and 6 hours, respectively. Tests were conducted at a temperature of 110°C and airflow of 10 L/h with model algal methyl ester compounds synthesized from various sources to match the fatty acid compositions of several algae strains subjected to varying removal amounts of roughly 0 to 100 percent LC-PUFA. In addition, tests were also conducted with real algal methyl esters produced from multiple sources. The bis-allylic position equivalent (BAPE) was calculated for each fuel sample to quantify the level of unsaturation. The induction period was then plotted as a function of BAPE, which showed that the oxidative stability varied exponentially with the amount of LC-PUFA. The results suggest that removal of 45 to 65 percent of the LC-PUFA from Nannochloropsis-based algal methyl esters would be sufficient for meeting existing ASTM specifications for oxidative stability.
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Zakariah, N. A., N. Abd Rahman, F. Hamzah, T. Md Jahi, and A. Ismail. "Nannochloropsis Oculata Algae As Biofuels: A Review On Two-Stage Culture." In 2015 International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development (ICESSD 2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814723039_0029.

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Reports on the topic "Algae Biofuels"

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chen, Shulin, Margaret McCormick, and Rusty Sutterlin. Washington State University Algae Biofuels Research. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1349713.

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Black, Paul N. Research for Developing Renewable Biofuels from Algae. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1343417.

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Lundquist, Tryg, Ruth Spierling, Kyle Poole, Shelley Blackwell, Braden Crowe, Matt Hutton, and Corinne Lehr. Development Of Nutrient And Water Recycling Capabilities In Algae Biofuels Production Systems. Final Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1418018.

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French, Richard J. Algae Biofuels Collaborative Project: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-10-371. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1039789.

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Jahan, Kauser. Algae Derived Biofuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177407.

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Ferrell, John, and Valerie Sarisky-Reed. National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218560.

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Nath, Pulak. Genetically Engineered Magnetic Algae A Leap toward Affordable Biofuel from Algae. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1078360.

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Barry, Amanda, Alexis Wolfe, Christine English, Colleen Ruddick, and Devinn Lambert. 2016 National Algal Biofuels Technology Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1259407.

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Pienkos, Philip. NREL Algal Biofuels Projects and Partnerships (Brochure). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1114077.

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Davis, Ryan E., Jennifer N. Markham, Christopher M. Kinchin, Christina Canter, Jeongwoo Han, Qianfeng Li, Andre Coleman, Sue Jones, Mark Wigmosta, and Yunhua Zhu. 2017 Algae Harmonization Study: Evaluating the Potential for Future Algal Biofuel Costs, Sustainability, and Resource Assessment from Harmonized Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1468333.

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