Journal articles: 'Algae Biofuels'

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Hu, Muxin, Dichen Zhao, Qiuchi Jin, Hanrui Li, and Wenmin Wang. "Systematic review and perspective on the progress of algal biofuels." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125703008.

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In recognition of the increasing demand of energy and the worsening environmental problems linked with fossil fuels usage, algal biofuel has been proposed as one of the alternative energy sources. It has become one of the hottest topics in renewable energy field in the new century, especially over the past decade. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of different types of algae biofuels. Besides, an in-depth evaluation of the systematic cultivation and practical application of algae have been conducted. Although algal biofuel has a great potential, its unacceptably high cost limits the large-scale industrialization. In order to resolve such restrictions, feasible methods of improving the large scale production and practical application of algal biofuels are proposed. Future efforts should be focused not only on the cost reduction and innovation techniques, but also towards high value by-products to maximize economic benefits. Our results are dedicated to provide valuable references for subsequent research and guidelines on algae biofuels field.

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Saad, Marwa G., Noura S. Dosoky, Mohamed S. Zoromba, and Hesham M. Shafik. "Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101920.

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The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels represent a potential source of renewable energy. Algae, as the third generation feedstock, are suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol production due to their quick growth, excellent biomass yield, and high lipid and carbohydrate contents. With their huge potential, algae are expected to surpass the first and second generation feedstocks. Only a few thousand algal species have been investigated as possible biofuel sources, and none of them was ideal. This review summarizes the current status of algal biofuels, important steps of algal biofuel production, and the major commercial production challenges.

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Craggs, R. J., S. Heubeck, T. J. Lundquist, and J. R. Benemann. "Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.100.

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This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO2 has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.

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Naik, Aishwarya N., Mrinalini Singh, and Yasrib Qurishi. "Algal biofuel: A promising perspective." Annals of Plant Sciences 7, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.5.10.

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The depleting energy resources and rising environmental issues have led to significant research in the field of producing fuel using alternative means. Biofuel can serve as better means to cope up with the depleting fossil and petroleum fuels. The novel properties of algae have set them as the best among all other biomasses and as a better alternative to the energy crisis. Algal biofuels are grouped under “Third generation biofuels” which has gained significant attention recently. Combustion of fossil and petroleum fuel releases sulphur dioxide in the air causing air pollution and acid rain. Most of the research on algal biofuel is done using microalgae which have high oil content along with faster growth rate. The potential of algae for producing biofuel can be improved by obtaining more efficient methods and by overcoming its certain limitations. The present review highlights the advantages, various types and production of algal biofuel.

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Duffy, J. E., E. A. Canuel, W. Adey, and J. P. Swaddle. "Biofuels: Algae." Science 326, no. 5958 (December 3, 2009): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.326.5958.1345-a.

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Kleinová, A., Z. Cvengrošová, J. Rimarčík, E. Buzetzki, J. Mikulec, and J. Cvengroš. "Biofuels from Algae." Procedia Engineering 42 (2012): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.414.

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Dixon, Robert K. "Algae based biofuels." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 18, no. 1 (August 18, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9412-4.

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Powell, Ryan J., and Russell T. Hill. "Mechanism of Algal Aggregation by Bacillus sp. Strain RP1137." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 13 (April 25, 2014): 4042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00887-14.

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ABSTRACTAlga-derived biofuels are one of the best alternatives for economically replacing liquid fossil fuels with a fungible renewable energy source. Production of fuel from algae is technically feasible but not yet economically viable. Harvest of dilute algal biomass from the surrounding water remains one of the largest barriers to economic production of algal biofuel. We identifiedBacillussp. strain RP1137 in a previous study and showed that this strain can rapidly aggregate several biofuel-producing algae in a pH- and divalent-cation-dependent manner. In this study, we further characterized the mechanism of algal aggregation by RP1137. We show that aggregation of both algae and bacteria is optimal in the exponential phase of growth and that the density of ionizable residues on the RP1137 cell surface changes with growth stage. Aggregation likely occurs via charge neutralization with calcium ions at the cell surface of both algae and bacteria. We show that charge neutralization occurs at least in part through binding of calcium to negatively charged teichoic acid residues. The addition of calcium also renders both algae and bacteria more able to bind to hydrophobic beads, suggesting that aggregation may occur through hydrophobic interactions. Knowledge of the aggregation mechanism may enable engineering of RP1137 to obtain more efficient algal harvesting.

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Carvalho, Victor Cabral da Hora Aragão, Marco Antonio Díaz Díaz, and Marcos Sebastião de Paula Gomes. "Evaluation of the Installation of a Biofuel Producing Algae Farm in an Ethanol Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 830 (March 2016): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.830.117.

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With the demand for Biofuels growing – worldwide – and with the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), much would be gained, from an environmentally and economically, from increasing efficiency and offer of biofuels. Biofuels produced in algae farms enable a close relationship with ethanol plants. Such algae feeds off Carbon Dioxide from biomass burned in ethanol plants and boilers, so, along with Brazil’s privileged solar incidence, this allows conversion of GHG to biofuel. The goal of our study was to investigate ethanol plants as productive systems to understand how adding algae farms could change energy efficiency and emissions. The system analyzed includes the sugarcane sowing, plantation, handling, harvesting, industrial activities, and ethanol distribution. Our aim, from this analysis and using primary data from a company that builds algae farms, is to estimate the output of algae biofuel and decrease of GHG emissions in the process. The results from the Plant Studied show that adding an algae farm to its grounds would improve energy efficiency by almost three times, while generating four times less GHG in the production chain. If the plant chose to produce exclusively Biodiesel, production of B100 Biodiesel would be enough for their diesel needs for 19 years, with a 78.4% cleaner fuel in terms of GHG. Approximations show that if all the cane mills add algae farms in Brazil, Biodiesel generation would be equivalent to almost 70% of the Brazilian production of diesel from 2012.

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Jegathese, Simon Jegan Porphy, and Mohammed Farid. "Microalgae as a Renewable Source of Energy: A Niche Opportunity." Journal of Renewable Energy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/430203.

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Algae are believed to be a good source of renewable energy because of its rapid growth rate and its ability to be cultivated in waste water or waste land. Several companies and government agencies are making efforts to reduce capital cost and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. Algae are the fastest growing plant and theoretically have the potential to produce more oil or biomass per acre when compared to other crops and plants. However, the energy efficiency ratio and carbon and water footprint for algal based biofuels still need to be evaluated in order to fully understand the environmental impact of algal derived biofuels.

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Borowitzka, Michael Armin, and Navid Reza Moheimani. "Sustainable biofuels from algae." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 18, no. 1 (December 7, 2010): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-010-9271-9.

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Culaba, Alvin B., Aristotle T. Ubando, Phoebe Mae L. Ching, Wei-Hsin Chen, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Biofuel from Microalgae: Sustainable Pathways." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 8009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198009.

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As the demand for biofuels increases globally, microalgae offer a viable biomass feedstock to produce biofuel. With abundant sources of biomass in rural communities, these materials could be converted to biodiesel. Efforts are being done in order to pursue commercialization. However, its main usage is for other applications such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and aquaculture, which has a high return of investment. In the last 5 decades of algal research, cultivation to genetically engineered algae have been pursued in order to push algal biofuel commercialization. This will be beneficial to society, especially if coupled with a good government policy of algal biofuels and other by-products. Algal technology is a disruptive but complementary technology that will provide sustainability with regard to the world’s current issues. Commercialization of algal fuel is still a bottleneck and a challenge. Having a large production is technical feasible, but it is not economical as of now. Efforts for the cultivation and production of bio-oil are still ongoing and will continue to develop over time. The life cycle assessment methodology allows for a sustainable evaluation of the production of microalgae biomass to biodiesel.

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Patel, Bhavish, Bojan Tamburic, Fessehaye W. Zemichael, Pongsathorn Dechatiwongse, and Klaus Hellgardt. "Algal Biofuels: A Credible Prospective?" ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (December 31, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/631574.

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Global energy use has reached unprecedented levels and increasing human population, technological integration, and improving lifestyle will further fuel this demand. Fossil fuel based energy is our primary source of energy and it will remain to be in the near future. The effects from the use of this finite resource on the fate of our planet are only now being understood and recognised in the form of climate change. Renewable energy systems may offer a credible alternative to help maintain our lifestyle sustainably and there are a range of options that can be pursued. Biofuels, especially algae based, have gained significant publicity recently. The concept of making biofuels, biochemicals, and by-products works well theoretically and at small scale, but when considering scaleup, many solutions can be dismissed on either economical or ecological grounds. Even if an (cost-) effective method for algae cultivation is developed, other input parameters, namely, fixed nitrogen and fresh water, remain to be addressed. Furthermore, current processing routes for harvesting, drying, and extraction for conversion to subsequent products are economically unattractive. The strategies employed for various algae-based fuels are identified and it is suggested that ultimately only an integrated algal biorefinery concept may be the way forward.

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Powell, Ryan J., and Russell T. Hill. "Rapid Aggregation of Biofuel-Producing Algae by the Bacterium Bacillus sp. Strain RP1137." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 19 (July 26, 2013): 6093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01496-13.

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ABSTRACTAlgal biofuels represent one of the most promising means of sustainably replacing liquid fuels. However, significant challenges remain before alga-based fuels become competitive with fossil fuels. One of the largest challenges is the ability to harvest the algae in an economical and low-energy manner. In this article, we describe the isolation of a bacterial strain,Bacillussp. strain RP1137, which can rapidly aggregate several algae that are candidates for biofuel production, including aNannochloropsissp. This bacterium aggregates algae in a pH-dependent and reversible manner and retains its aggregation ability after paraformaldehyde fixation, opening the possibility for reuse of the cells. The optimal ratio of bacteria to algae is described, as is the robustness of aggregation at different salinities and temperatures. Aggregation is dependent on the presence of calcium or magnesium ions. The efficiency of aggregation ofNannochloropsis oceanicaIMET1 is between 70 and 95% and is comparable to that obtained by other means of harvest; however, the rate of harvest is fast, with aggregates forming in 30 s.

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Liu, Jun Zhi, Ya Ming Ge, and Guang Ming Tian. "Enhancement of Hydrocarbon Productivity of Botryococcus braunii by an Adenine Type Phytohormone." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.397.

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This study examined the effects of an adenine-type cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on the growth and metabolism characteristics of Botryococcus braunii, one of the most promising oil-rich algae for biofuel production. The results showed that 6-BA of low dose (0.1-1.0 mg L-1) would enhance the algal growth rate and biochemical synthesis, whereas too much (5.0 mg L-1) would be lethally toxic for B. braunii. Noticingly, though the maximum algal growth rate, chlorophyll and β-carotenoid content were observed in the treatment with 0.5 and/or 1.0 mg L-1 6-BA, both the maximum algal hydrocarbon content and the highest hydrocarbon productivity were observed in the treatment with 0.1 mg L-1 6-BA, which were respectively 2.45 and 3.48 times of the control (39.1% vs. 16.0%, 546 mg L-1 vs. 157 mg L-1). This finding has great implications for improving algae biofuels production by phytohormone.

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Ribeiro, Lauro André, and Patrícia Pereira da Silva. "Technoeconomic Assessment on Innovative Biofuel Technologies: The Case of Microalgae." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (August 13, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/173753.

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Innovative technologies and sources of energy must be developed to replace fossil fuels and contribute to the reductions of emissions of greenhouse gases associated with their use. In this perspective, algal biofuels are generating substantial awareness in many countries. As of today, it has been shown that it is scientifically and technically possible to derive the desired energy products from algae in the laboratory. The question lies, however, in whether it is a technology that merits the support and development to overcome existing scalability challenges and make it economically feasible. In this context, the overall purpose of this study is to provide an integrated assessment of the potential of microalgae as a source to produce biofuels, while confronting it with competing emerging biofuel technologies. It is intended to provide a comprehensive state of technology summary for producing fuels from algal feedstocks and to draw some insights upon the feasibility and technoeconomic challenges associated with scaling up of processes.

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Jasny, Barbara R. "Bulking up algae for biofuels." Science 357, no. 6347 (July 13, 2017): 160.5–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.357.6347.160-e.

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VOITH, MELODY. "DOW PLANS ALGAE BIOFUELS PILOT." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 27 (July 6, 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n027.p010a.

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McConnell, Michael D., David Lowry, Troy N. Rowan, Karin van Dijk, and Kevin E. Redding. "Purification and photobiochemical profile of photosystem 1 from a high-salt tolerant, oleaginous Chlorella (Trebouxiophycaea, Chlorophyta)." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 93, no. 3 (June 2015): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2014-0144.

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The eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been studied extensively within the biofuel industry as a model organism, as researchers look towards algae to provide chemical feedstocks (i.e., lipids) for the production of liquid transportation fuels. C. reinhardtii, however, is unsuitable for high-level production of such precursors due to its relatively poor lipid accumulation and fresh-water demand. In this study we offer insight into the primary light harvesting and electron transfer reactions that occur during phototropic growth in a high-salt tolerant strain of Chlorella (a novel strain introduced here as NE1401), a single-celled eukaryotic algae also in the phylum Chlorophyta. Under nutrient starvation many eukaryotic algae increase dramatically the amount of lipids stored in lipid bodies within their cell interiors. Microscopy and lipid analyses indicate that Chlorella sp. NE1401 may become a superior candidate for algal biofuels production. We have purified highly active Photosystem 1 (PS1) complexes to study in vitro, so that we may understand further the photobiochemisty of this promising biofuel producer and how its characteristics compare and contrast with that of the better understood C. reinhardtii. Our findings suggest that the PS1 complex from Chlorella sp. NE1401 demonstrates similar characteristics to that of C. reinhardtii with respect to light-harvesting and electron transfer reactions. We also illustrate that the relative extent of the light state transition performed by Chlorella sp. NE1401 is smaller compared to C. reinhardtii, although they are triggered by the same dynamic light stresses.

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Medipally, Srikanth Reddy, Fatimah Md Yusoff, Sanjoy Banerjee, and M. Shariff. "Microalgae as Sustainable Renewable Energy Feedstock for Biofuel Production." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/519513.

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The world energy crisis and increased greenhouse gas emissions have driven the search for alternative and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. According to life cycle analysis, microalgae biofuel is identified as one of the major renewable energy sources for sustainable development, with potential to replace the fossil-based fuels. Microalgae biofuel was devoid of the major drawbacks associated with oil crops and lignocelluloses-based biofuels. Algae-based biofuels are technically and economically viable and cost competitive, require no additional lands, require minimal water use, and mitigate atmospheric CO2. However, commercial production of microalgae biodiesel is still not feasible due to the low biomass concentration and costly downstream processes. The viability of microalgae biodiesel production can be achieved by designing advanced photobioreactors, developing low cost technologies for biomass harvesting, drying, and oil extraction. Commercial production can also be accomplished by improving the genetic engineering strategies to control environmental stress conditions and by engineering metabolic pathways for high lipid production. In addition, new emerging technologies such as algal-bacterial interactions for enhancement of microalgae growth and lipid production are also explored. This review focuses mainly on the problems encountered in the commercial production of microalgae biofuels and the possible techniques to overcome these difficulties.

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Hannon, Michael, Javier Gimpel, Miller Tran, Beth Rasala, and Stephen Mayfield. "Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential." Biofuels 1, no. 5 (September 2010): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bfs.10.44.

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SINGH, PRATEEK, DHEEBAN CHAKRAVARTHI KANNAN, VINEETA GURNANI, ARADHANA IRENE CHARAN, and AMIT ALEXANDER CHARAN. "Optimization studies for algae biofuels production." ASIAN JOURNAL OF BIO SCIENCE 11, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajbs/11.1/42-48.

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Rastegary, Jalal, Saeid Aghahossein Shirazi, Tracy Fernandez, and Abbas Ghassemi. "Water Resources for Algae-Based Biofuels." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 151, no. 1 (August 2013): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2013.03157.x.

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Demirbas, M. Fatih. "Biofuels from algae for sustainable development." Applied Energy 88, no. 10 (October 2011): 3473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.059.

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Savage, Evan, Nick Nagle, Lieve M. L. Laurens, and Eric P. Knoshaug. "Nitrogen derived from Combined Algal Processing supports algae cultivation for biofuels." Algal Research 50 (September 2020): 101987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101987.

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Ribeiro, Lauro Andre, and Patricia Pereira da Silva. "Qualitative Delphi approach of advanced algae biofuels." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 6 (September 14, 2015): 852–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-03-2014-0046.

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Purpose – Currently, experimental and theoretical work is being performed to ensure that biofuels from microalgae become a reality. However, there is a considerable number of discussions concerning in which processes should be focussed efforts of research and development. The purpose of this paper is to provide decision support not only to help build guidelines of research to be undertaken, but also to contribute to the design of more adequate policy and funding instruments. The key objective of this study is to determine the prospects of employing microalgae into the production of biofuels within a time scale extending to 2030. Design/methodology/approach – The Delphi method is a qualitative research aiming to support strategic future-oriented action, such as policy making in the areas of science and technology. It is especially appropriate in judgment and long-range forecasting (20-30 years) situations, when expert opinions are often the only source of information available, due to a lack of appropriate historical, economic or technical data. Findings – The Delphi method proved to be a successful research method when expert opinions are the main source of information available, due to a lack of appropriate historical, economic or technical data and the outcomes provided a clear outline of the main issues of microalgae biofuels’ market at present and in the future. Research limitations/implications – The outcomes might not represent the majority of the microalgae experts’ opinion due to the sample size. Originality/value – The work presented in this paper is especially original. According to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first qualitative Delphi study related to algae biofuels.

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Azami, Muhammad Hanafi, and Mark Savill. "Comparative study of alternative biofuels on aircraft engine performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 8 (June 22, 2016): 1509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016654506.

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Aviation industries are vulnerable to the energy crisis and simultaneously posed environmental concerns. Proposed engine technology advancements could reduce the environmental impact and energy consumption. Substituting the source of jet fuel from fossil-based fuel to biomass-based fuel will help reduce emissions and minimize the energy crisis. The present paper addresses the analysis of aircraft engine performance in terms of thrust, fuel flow and specific fuel consumption at different mixing ratio percentages (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) of alternative biofuel blends already used in flight test (Algae biofuel, Camelina biofuel and Jatropha biofuel) at different flight conditions. In-house computer software codes, PYTHIA and TURBOMATCH, were used for the analysis and modeling of a three-shaft high-bypass-ratio engine which is similar to RB211-524. The engine model was verified and validated with open literature found in the test program of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosene in commercial aircraft. The results indicated that lower heating value had a significant influence on thrust, fuel flow and specific fuel consumption at every flight condition and at all mixing ratio percentages. Wide lower heating value differences between two fuels give a large variation on the engine performances. Blended Kerosene–Jatropha biofuel and Kerosene–Camelina biofuel showed an improvement on gross thrust, net thrust, reduction of fuel flow and specific fuel consumption at every mixing ratio percentage and at different flight conditions. Moreover, the pure alternative of Jatropha biofuel and Camelina biofuel gave much better engine performances. This was not the case for the Kerosene–Algae blended biofuel. This study is a crucial step in understanding the influence of different blended alternative biofuels on the performance of aircraft engines.

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Gordon, Michael E., and Andrew Thomas Cook. "Challenge and Potential of Biofuels from Algae." Science Insights 2016, no. 2016 (August 25, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.16.re207.

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Bhansali, Isha, Hardik Pathak, and Jebi Sudan. "Potential of Micro-algae in Future Biofuels." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 01 (January 10, 2021): 1568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.183.

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Matter, Bui, Jung, Seo, Kim, Lee, and Oh. "Flocculation Harvesting Techniques for Microalgae: A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153069.

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Microalgae have been considered as one of the most promising biomass feedstocks for various industrial applications such as biofuels, animal/aquaculture feeds, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Several biotechnological challenges associated with algae cultivation, including the small size and negative surface charge of algal cells as well as the dilution of its cultures, need to be circumvented, which increases the cost and labor. Therefore, efficient biomass recovery or harvesting of diverse algal species represents a critical bottleneck for large-scale algal biorefinery process. Among different algae harvesting techniques (e.g., centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, screening, filtration, and air flotation), the flocculation-based processes have acquired much attention due to their promising efficiency and scalability. This review covers the basics and recent research trends of various flocculation techniques, such as auto-flocculation, bio-flocculation, chemical flocculation, particle-based flocculation, and electrochemical flocculation, and also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges and prospects for the development of eco-friendly and economical algae harvesting processes have also been outlined here.

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Schlagermann, Pascal, Gerold Göttlicher, Robert Dillschneider, Rosa Rosello-Sastre, and Clemens Posten. "Composition of Algal Oil and Its Potential as Biofuel." Journal of Combustion 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/285185.

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First test flights using blends with algae oil are already carried out and expectations by the aviation and other industries are high. On the other hand technical data about performance of cultivation systems, downstream processing, and suitability of algae oil as fuel are still limited. The existing microalgae growing industry mainly produces for the food and feed market. Energy efficiency is so far out of scope but needs to be taken into account if the product changes to biofuel. Energy and CO2balances are used to estimate the potential of algae oil to fulfil the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels. The analysis is supported by lab tests as well as data gained by a pilot scale demonstrator combined with published data for well-known established processes. The algae oil composition is indicator of suitability as fuel as well as for economic viability. Approaches attaining high value fractions are therefore of great importance and will be discussed in order to determine the most intended market.

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Al-Shammari, Rana H. Hameed. "Harvesting of Chlorella sp. by Co-cultivation with Some Fil-amentous Fungi." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 28, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v28i2.497.

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Algae are play a major role as straight producers of biofuels, so expansion of a new. harvesting-technology is important to achieve economic feasibility of biofuel production from algae.. Fungal pelletization-assisted.. Microalgal harvesting has Emerged as new research area for decreasing the harvesting cost and energy inputs in the algae-to-biofuel method. The present study tried to opti-mize process circumstances as (substrate inputs, process time and pH). Through choice of a ro-bust fungal strain. Four fungal strains (Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma sp., Mucor sp. and Rhi-zopus sp.) were screened for their pelletizing efficiency in fresh/supplemented chu-10 with select-ed media nutrient (glucose, nitrogen and phosphorous). Results showed that Aspergillus terreus was the most efficient strain for pelletizing in the nutrient supplemented chu-10 with its neutral pH (7) and acidic pH (5). Stimulatingly, A. terreus was capable to harvest nearly 100 % of the Clorella sp. cells (1×106 spore/ml at optical density (OD) approximately 2.5 initial working algal concentration) within only 24 h. at supplementation of (10 g/l glucose, 2.5 mg/l aNH4NO3 and 0.5 mg/l mK2HPO4) also performed well at lower glucose level (5 g/l) can also results in similar har-vesting but its need relatively higher incubation time. The procedure kinetics in term of harvesting index (H. I) as well as the variation of residual glucose and pH with time was also studied. The mechanism of harvesting process was studied through microscopic, examination. A. terreus strain investigated in this study could emerge as an efficient, sustainable and economically viable tool in microalgae harvesting for biofuel production and time conservation

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Bošnjaković, Mladen, and Nazaruddin Sinaga. "The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 8181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228181.

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We have had high expectations for using algae biodiesel for many years, but the quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil. Furthermore, no comprehensive analysis of the impact of all factors on the market production of algal biodiesel has been made so far. This paper aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with algal biodiesel, to evaluate its production prospects for the biofuels market. The results of the analysis show that it is possible to increase the efficiency of algae biomass production further. However, because the production of this biodiesel is an energy-intensive process, the price of biodiesel is high. Opportunities for more economical production of algal biodiesel are seen in integration with other processes, such as wastewater treatment, but this does not ensure large-scale production. The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of algal biodiesel production. With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, electric cars are a significant threat to biodiesel production. By considering all the influencing factors, it is not expected that algal biodiesel will gain an essential place in the fuel market.

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Farrell, Alexander E., and Anand R. Gopal. "Bioenergy Research Needs for Heat, Electricity, and Liquid Fuels." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.76.

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AbstractBiomass remains a key energy source for several billion people living in developing countries, and the production of liquid biofuels for transportation is growing rapidly. However, both traditional biomass energy and crop-based biofuels technologies have negative environmental and social impacts. The overall research challenge for bioenergy is to develop the technologies to produce useful products at low costs while minimizing the use of scarce resources such as arable land and water. This requires substantial advancements in modern biomass power generation and the success of liquid biofuel technologies that permit the use of lignocellulosic feedstocks or possibly algae. With such technologies, biomass resources could meet a significant fraction (over 10%) of global energy demand. Both improved policies and technologies are needed to ensure that bioenergy contributes significantly to economic, social, and environmental goals.

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Kazakov, Petar, Atanas Iliev, Emil Ivanov, and Dobri Rusev. "BIO-ENERGY FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC ALLOYS FOR USE IN BIOGUALS AND BIOPRODUCTS." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.08.089.

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Significant technical progress has been made in recent years in the development of algae-based bioenergy, and much of industrial and academic R&D projects have diverged from the biofuels strategy. This report summarizes the conclusions of a recently concluded symposium analyzing the prospects for using micro- and macroalgae as a feedstock for biofuels and bioenergy. It discusses international activities for the development of bio-energy and non-energy algae bioproducts, advances in the use of macroalgae (both non-cultivated and cultivated algae). Applications for various biochemical and thermochemical uses, bio-refining capabilities for various products, as well as an in-depth review of the process from the point of view of economy and energy sustainability are also given.

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Mateescu, C., A. Dima, and D. Marin. "Sustainable solution for alien algae management to reduce the environmental consequences of sea and river transport." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i1.67.

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The accelerated development of sea and river transport over the past few decades has led to a negative phenomenon regarding the invasion and development of alien algal species, threating to modify the ecosystem functions. Algae are an attractive feedstock for biofuels production due to many advantages such as rapid growth, chemical composition rich in lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, but also because algae do not require farmland and do not create controversy in using arable land for energy purpose to the detriment of food-intended crops. Indigenous or alien algal biomass has been excessively developed in the Black Sea basin and areas affected by eutrophication, causing environmental problems. This paper presents a sustainable management solution for mitigating the negative impact of alien algae by exploiting their energy potential for producing biogas. An innovative concept of tubular bioreactor for biogas production was developed within INCDIE ICPE-CA and could be successfully applied to harness algal biomass and produce biogas for domestic and industrial use, while simultaneously ensuring sanitation of sea shore and fresh water streams.

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Delkhosh, Fatemeh, and Seyed Jafar Sadjadi. "A robust optimization model for a biofuel supply chain under demand uncertainty." International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-00329-w.

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AbstractThe growing demand for fuels combined with the fact that there are limited fossil fuel resources has led the world to seek renewable energy resources such as biofuels. Micro-algae can be an efficient source of biofuel energy, since it significantly reduces air pollution. In this paper, we develop a micro-algae biofuel supply chain through a two-stage approach. This study aims to commercialize micro-algae as a new source of energy. In the first stage, we utilize the Best-Worst Method (BWM) to determine the best cultivation system, and in the second stage, a bi-objective mathematical model is presented which simultaneously optimizes the economic and environmental objectives. We also propose a robust optimization model to deal with the uncertain nature of the biofuel supply chain. Our analysis on the trade-off between the supply chain’s total cost and unfulfillment demand arrives at interesting managerial insights. Furthermore, to show the effectiveness of the robust optimization model, we compare the performance of the robust and deterministic models, and the results show that the robust model dominates over the deterministic model in all scenarios. Finally, sensitivity analysis on critical parameters is conducted to help decision-makers find the optimal trade-off between investment and its benefits.

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Ullagaddi, Pravin. "Biological Challenges and Research Trends in Algae Biofuels." Journal of Biofuels 3, no. 2 (2012): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-4763.3.2.009.

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Jones, Carla S., and Stephen P. Mayfield. "Algae biofuels: versatility for the future of bioenergy." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23, no. 3 (June 2012): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.10.013.

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Shurin, Jonathan B., Michael D. Burkart, Stephen P. Mayfield, and Val H. Smith. "Recent progress and future challenges in algal biofuel production." F1000Research 5 (October 4, 2016): 2434. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9217.1.

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Modern society is fueled by fossil energy produced millions of years ago by photosynthetic organisms. Cultivating contemporary photosynthetic producers to generate energy and capture carbon from the atmosphere is one potential approach to sustaining society without disrupting the climate. Algae, photosynthetic aquatic microorganisms, are the fastest growing primary producers in the world and can therefore produce more energy with less land, water, and nutrients than terrestrial plant crops. We review recent progress and challenges in developing bioenergy technology based on algae. A variety of high-value products in addition to biofuels can be harvested from algal biomass, and these may be key to developing algal biotechnology and realizing the commercial potential of these organisms. Aspects of algal biology that differentiate them from plants demand an integrative approach based on genetics, cell biology, ecology, and evolution. We call for a systems approach to research on algal biotechnology rooted in understanding their biology, from the level of genes to ecosystems, and integrating perspectives from physical, chemical, and social sciences to solve one of the most critical outstanding technological problems.

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Chou, Ai Hui, Liang Chen, Xin Ru Zhang, Ze Yi Jiang, and Fang He. "Effective Viscosity of Chlorella Sp. USTB-01 Suspension for Biofuel Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.316.

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Rheological properties of microalgae suspensions affect the mixing and mass transport in photobioreactor systems and the design of downstream biomass processing technologies，and directly impact the energy demand and system performance of algae biofuel production. The purpose of this paper is to obtain the rheological properties as a function of volume fraction. The volume fractions of microalgae suspensions φ were derived according to the size distribution of the microalgae cells and cell number concentrations per cubic meter liquid. We found that at low concentrations, microalgae suspensions display a Newtonian fluid behavior. At high concentrations, microalgae suspensions behave as a shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid. The results are of potential scientific relevance and also useful in relation to the design of algae bioprocessing for the large scale production of economic biofuels.

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Kumar, Suresh. "Algal Biomass to Bio-Energy: Recent Advances." Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 19, no. 3&4 (December 26, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2019/23376.

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The crops, grasses, trees, algae and cyano-bacteria in the presence of sun perform photosynthesis and store chemical energy in a wide range of feed stocks such as starch, sugars and lipids that can be used for the production of biofuels. The crop plants such as sugar cane, oil palm, sugar beet, rapeseed soyabeans, wheat and corn are extensively used for the production of biofuels such as ethanol, diesel and methane. Due to increasing world population and extensive droughts in major regions pressure on food supplies has resulted in growing concern and has led to a heated food versus fuel debate. Biofuel systems that do not require arable land is developed and these include lingo cellulosic processes which convert cellulose-based products from plants into liquid fuels. Myscanthus, Camelina, Switchgrass, Sorghum, and Poplar trees are some of good source of biofuel at present. The success of these systems is depend on research and development of energy-efficient manufacturing processes, typically enzymatic lignin digestion processes, although chemical digestion methods are also under investigation. Due to demand for large amounts of enzyme appears to be as mountable challenge, ultimately this technology might also contribute to food versus fuel concerns because of its dependence on forest. This in turn could lead to a forest versus fuel issue, unless waste products from agricultural and forestry systems are exclusively used, or feed stocks produced on non-arable land can be developed. Although these crops can be grown on non-arable land, their productivity remains linked to soil fertility and water supply, and the scale of cultivation required to make a meaningful contribution towards global energy consumption will inevitably require lands that are currently used for food production or forestry. Many micro algae can be grown in saline water and are able to produce a wide range of feed stocks for the production of biofuels, including biodiesel, methane, ethanol, butanol and hydrogen, based on their efficient production of starch, sugars and oils.

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Rahman, Ashiqur, Saumya Agrawal, Tabish Nawaz, Shanglei Pan, and Thinesh Selvaratnam. "A Review of Algae-Based Produced Water Treatment for Biomass and Biofuel Production." Water 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092351.

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Produced water (PW), the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries, has the potential to be a harmless product rather than being a waste. Biological processes using microorganisms have proven useful to remediate PW contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, complex organic chemicals, and solvents. In particular, the bioremediation of PW using algae is an eco-friendly and low-cost approach due to algae’s ability to utilize certain pollutants as nutrient sources. Therefore, the utilization of PW as an algal growth medium has a great potential to eliminate chemicals from the PW and minimize the large volumes of freshwater needed for cultivation. Although several reviews describing the bioremediation of PW have been published, to the best of our knowledge, no review has exclusively focused on the algae-based PW treatment. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by portraying the many different facets of the algae cultivation in PW. Several algal species that are known to thrive in a wide range of salinity and the critical steps for their cultivation in hypersaline PW have been identified. Overall, this comprehensive review highlights the PW bioremediation using algae and brings attention to utilizing PW to grow biomass that can be processed to generate biofuels and useful bioproducts.

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Milledge, John, Birthe Nielsen, Supattra Maneein, and Patricia Harvey. "A Brief Review of Anaerobic Digestion of Algae for Bioenergy." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061166.

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The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels has been the subject of considerable research over the past few decades, with researchers strongly agreeing that algae have the potential of becoming a viable aquatic energy crop with a higher energy potential compared to that from either terrestrial biomass or municipal solid waste. However, neither microalgae nor seaweed are currently cultivated solely for energy purposes due to the high costs of harvesting, concentrating and drying. Anaerobic digestion of algal biomass could theoretically reduce costs associated with drying wet biomass before processing, but practical yields of biogas from digestion of many algae are substantially below the theoretical maximum. New processing methods are needed to reduce costs and increase the net energy balance. This review examines the biochemical and structural properties of seaweeds and of microalgal biomass that has been produced as part of the treatment of wastewater, and discusses some of the significant hurdles and recent initiatives for producing biogas from their anaerobic digestion.

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Zeru, Dawit, Haftom Gebregergis, Medhanie Gebremedhin, Misgina Tilahun, and Omprakash Sahu. "Low Cost Alternative Fuel from Biomass." International Letters of Natural Sciences 32 (January 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.32.1.

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A major challenge for next decades is development of competitive renewable energy sources, highly needed to compensate fossil fuels reserves and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among different possibilities, which are currently under investigation, there is the exploitation of unicellular algae for production of biofuels and biodiesel in particular. Microalgae have the ability of accumulating large amount of lipids within their cells which can be exploited as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The lipid content of different species of microalgae can range from 30%-70% of their dry weight. In this project a microalgae with lipid content of 60.095% was used. This means that 26gms of oil was obtained from 42gms of microalgae sample from which 17.624gm of biodiesel (FAME) was found at the end of transesterification. Algae biofuels avoid some of the previous drawbacks associated with crop-based biofuels as the algae do not compete with food crops. The favorable growing conditions found in many developing countries has led to a great deal of speculation about their potentials for reducing oil imports, stimulating rural economies, and even tackling hunger and poverty. Strong research efforts are however still needed to fulfill this potential and optimize cultivation systems and biomass harvesting.

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Radakovits, Randor, Robert E. Jinkerson, Al Darzins, and Matthew C. Posewitz. "Genetic Engineering of Algae for Enhanced Biofuel Production." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 4 (February 5, 2010): 486–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00364-09.

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ABSTRACT There are currently intensive global research efforts aimed at increasing and modifying the accumulation of lipids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, polysaccharides, and other energy storage compounds in photosynthetic organisms, yeast, and bacteria through genetic engineering. Many improvements have been realized, including increased lipid and carbohydrate production, improved H2 yields, and the diversion of central metabolic intermediates into fungible biofuels. Photosynthetic microorganisms are attracting considerable interest within these efforts due to their relatively high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, diverse metabolic capabilities, superior growth rates, and ability to store or secrete energy-rich hydrocarbons. Relative to cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae possess several unique metabolic attributes of relevance to biofuel production, including the accumulation of significant quantities of triacylglycerol; the synthesis of storage starch (amylopectin and amylose), which is similar to that found in higher plants; and the ability to efficiently couple photosynthetic electron transport to H2 production. Although the application of genetic engineering to improve energy production phenotypes in eukaryotic microalgae is in its infancy, significant advances in the development of genetic manipulation tools have recently been achieved with microalgal model systems and are being used to manipulate central carbon metabolism in these organisms. It is likely that many of these advances can be extended to industrially relevant organisms. This review is focused on potential avenues of genetic engineering that may be undertaken in order to improve microalgae as a biofuel platform for the production of biohydrogen, starch-derived alcohols, diesel fuel surrogates, and/or alkanes.

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Greenwell, H. C., L. M. L. Laurens, R. J. Shields, R. W. Lovitt, and K. J. Flynn. "Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 46 (December 23, 2009): 703–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0322.

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Microalgae provide various potential advantages for biofuel production when compared with ‘traditional’ crops. Specifically, large-scale microalgal culture need not compete for arable land, while in theory their productivity is greater. In consequence, there has been resurgence in interest and a proliferation of algae fuel projects. However, while on a theoretical basis, microalgae may produce between 10- and 100-fold more oil per acre, such capacities have not been validated on a commercial scale. We critically review current designs of algal culture facilities, including photobioreactors and open ponds, with regards to photosynthetic productivity and associated biomass and oil production and include an analysis of alternative approaches using models, balancing space needs, productivity and biomass concentrations, together with nutrient requirements. In the light of the current interest in synthetic genomics and genetic modifications, we also evaluate the options for potential metabolic engineering of the lipid biosynthesis pathways of microalgae. We conclude that although significant literature exists on microalgal growth and biochemistry, significantly more work needs to be undertaken to understand and potentially manipulate algal lipid metabolism. Furthermore, with regards to chemical upgrading of algal lipids and biomass, we describe alternative fuel synthesis routes, and discuss and evaluate the application of catalysts traditionally used for plant oils. Simulations that incorporate financial elements, along with fluid dynamics and algae growth models, are likely to be increasingly useful for predicting reactor design efficiency and life cycle analysis to determine the viability of the various options for large-scale culture. The greatest potential for cost reduction and increased yields most probably lies within closed or hybrid closed–open production systems.

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Kalinichenko, Antonina, Pavlo Pisarenko, and Maksym Kulyk. "Algae in urban water bodies - control of growth and use as a biomass." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500028.

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Enhancing the ecology security of Ukraine and other developing countries is predetermined by the environmental problems of cities. It prompts studies on the contamination of city's and adjacent water bodies. The control of blue-green algae distribution and the use of its biomass for production of the biofuels, energy, oils, medicine, etc. is one of the contributing factors to the well-balanced development of infrastructure of cities. The intensity of the processes of eutrophication and the species composition of the algae, which cause algal blooming, was investigated based on data of the Vorskla River in Poltava city (Ukraine). Relevant methods, statistical data of Ukrainian Environmental Service, personal observations, laboratory analysis and analytical studies were applied for the study. The comparative estimation of influence of separate biogenic and chemical substances on eutrophication processes was carried out. The approaches for prevention of processes of water bloom have been presented. The mechanism of using the species composition of algae as an indicator of the state of eutrophication processes was studied.

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Ahorsu, Richard, Francesc Medina, and Magda Constantí. "Significance and Challenges of Biomass as a Suitable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production: A Review." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123366.

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Fossil fuels have been a major contributor to greenhouse gases, the amounts of which could be reduced if biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel were used for transportation. One of the most promising biofuels is ethyl alcohol. In 2015, the world production of ethanol was 25.6 billion gallons and the USA, Brazil, China, the European Union, and 28 other countries have set targets for blending ethanol with gasoline. The two major bio-source materials used for ethanol production are corn and sugarcane. For 1st generation biofuels, sugarcane and corn feedstocks are not able to fulfill the current demand for alcohol. Non-edible lignocellulosic biomass is an alternative bio-source for creating 2nd generation biofuels and algae biomass for 3rd and 4th generation biofuels. This review discusses the significance of biomass for the different generations of biofuels, and biochemical and thermochemical processes, and the significance of biorefinery products.

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Yang, Changyan, and Bo Zhang. "Standards and Protocols for Characterization of Algae-Based Biofuels." Trends in Renewable Energy 2, no. 2 (2016): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2016.2.2.0022.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Algae Biofuels'

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