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Journal articles on the topic 'Algal Biomass'
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1
Evans, Marlene S., Richard D. Robarts, and Michael T. Arts. "Predicted versus actual determinations of algal production, algal biomass, and zooplankton biomass in a hypereutrophic, hyposaline prairie lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1037–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-102.
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We compared the accuracy of various regression models in predicting algal production, algal biomass and composition, and zooplankton biomass in a hypereutrophic, hyposaline prairie lake. The total phosphorus (TP) models investigated underestimated mean summer algal biomass and inedible biomass: the models overestimated mean summer edible algae biomass and annual primary production in the euphotic zone. Differences between predicted and actual biomass values are attributed to intense zooplankton grazing on the edible algal community and to the gradual accumulation of slow-growing, inedible algae. The TP model investigated provided an accurate prediction of zooplankton biomass. The algal biomass model overestimated zooplankton biomass, possibly because edible algae accounted for a very small fraction of algal biomass in Humboldt Lake during the ice-free season. The chlorophyll model investigated underestimated zooplankton biomass, apparently because Humboldt Lake algae have a relatively low chlorophyll content. The use of a 0.01 conversion factor to estimate algal biomass on the basis of chlorophyll appears to be inadequate and requires further study. There was no evidence that hyposaline Humboldt Lake has a relatively high zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratio when compared with freshwater lakes.
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Park, J. B. K., and R. J. Craggs. "Effect of algal recycling rate on the performance of Pediastrum boryanum dominated wastewater treatment high rate algal pond." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 8 (August 23, 2014): 1299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.369.
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Recycling a portion of gravity harvested algae promoted the dominance of a rapidly settling colonial alga, Pediastrum boryanum (P. boryanum) and improved both biomass productivity and settleability in High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) treating domestic wastewater. The effect of algal recycling rate on HRAP performance was investigated using 12 replicate mesocosms (18 L) that were operated semi-continuously under ambient conditions. Three experiments were conducted during different seasons with each experiment lasting up to 36 days. Recycling 10%, 25%, and 50% of the ‘mass’ of daily algal production all increased total biomass concentration in the mesocosms. However, recycling >10% reduced the organic content (volatile suspended solids (VSS)) of the mesocosm biomass from 83% to 68% and did not further increase biomass productivity (based on VSS). This indicates that if a HRAP is operated with a low algal concentration and does not utilise all the available sunlight, algal recycling increases the algal concentration up to an optimum level, resulting in higher algal biomass productivity. Recycling 10% of the daily algal production not only increased biomass productivity by ∼40%, but increased biomass settleability by ∼25%, which was probably a consequence of the ∼30% increase in P. boryanum dominance in the mesocosms compared with controls without recycling.
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Canfield Jr., Daniel E., Edward Phlips, and Carlos M. Duarte. "Factors Influencing the Abundance of Blue-Green Algae in Florida Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-159.
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Phytoplankton samples collected from 165 Florida lakes were examined to determine relationships between blue-green algal abundance and environmental conditions. Blue-green algal biomass in the Florida samples was weakly correlated (r = −0.34) with water transparency and the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) (r = 0.47) and total phosphorus (TP) (r = 0.33). The relative contribution of blue-green algae to total phytoplankton biomass, however, did not decrease with TN/TP > 29. Blue-green algal biomass was strongly correlated (r = 0.90) to total algal biomass, and blue-green algae became consistently dominant when total algal biomass exceeded 100 mg/L.
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Makwana, Hiren V., Priyanka G. Pandey, and Binita A. Desai. "Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content of Algal Biomass Found in Tapi River in Surat." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41897.
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Abstract: The present study aims to assess the phytochemicals of algal biomass which has seven species identified microscopically. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was done on all the biomass in the Tapi River, Surat in Gujarat. For the qualitative phytochemical analysis total 12 different parameters were analysed and used on algal biomass. Extract prepared in water. Amongst the water extract showed the presence of a maximum number of phytochemical compounds. Next to that, water extract showed alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phytosterol, coumarins, tannins, diterpenes, and quinones, carbohydrates, The protein present in algal biomass. The evaluation of total phenolic content presence in algal biomass. Keywords: Algal biomass, Phytochemical analysis, Algae, Phytochemicals, Total phenol content, Qualitative analysis of biomass, Tapi, Biomass Extract, Algae extract.
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Mawardi, M., Edison Munaf, Soleh Kosela, and Widayanti Wibowo. "PEMISAHAN ION KROM(III) DAN KROM(IV) DALAM LARUTAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BIOMASSA ALGA HIJAU SPIROGYRA SUBSALSA SEBAGAI BIOSORBEN." Reaktor 15, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.15.1.27-36.
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Karakteristik pemisahan ion Cr3+ dan Cr6+ dalam larutan melalui proses biosorpsi menggunakan biomassa alga hijau Spirogyra subsalsa dengan sistem batch telah diteliti. Dalam pelaksanaannya diawali dengan melakukan analisis kualitatif gugus fungsi dalam biomassa menggunakan instrumen FTIR, kemudian dipelajari karakteristik pengaruh variabel pH awal larutan, ukuran partikel biosorben, kecepatan pengadukan, pengaruh pemanasan biosorben, laju penyerapan, pengaruh konsentrasi larutan ion logam terhadap kapasitas serapan biomassa alga. Berdasarkan spektra spektroskopi FTIR dapat disimpulkan bahwa biomassa alga hijau S. Subsalsa mengandung gugus-gugus karboksilat, amina, amida, amino, karbonil dan hidroksil, disamping adanya senyawa silikon, belerang dan fosfor. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa kapasitas biosorpsi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH larutan, waktu kontak dan konsentrasi awal larutan. Biosorpsi optimum kation Cr3+ terjadi pada pH 4,0 sedangkan ion Cr6+ terjadi pada pH 2,0 kemudian berkurang dejalan dengan naiknya pH larutan. Perhitungan dengan persamaan Isoterm Langmuir diperoleh data kapasitas serapan maksimum biomassa alga S. subsalsa untuk masing-masing ion Cr3+ dan Cr6+ adalah 1,82 mg (0,035 mmol) dan 1,51 mg (0,029 mmol) per gram biomassa kering. Kinetika biosorpsi berlangsung relatif cepat, dimana selama selang waktu 30 menit, masing-masing ion terserap sekitar 95,7%; dan 86,5%. Daya serap biomassa juga dipengaruhi kecepatan pengadukan, sedangkan faktor ukuran partikel dan pemanasan biosorben kurang mempengaruhi daya serap biomassa. Key Word : biosorpsi, spirogyra subsalsa, krom(III), krom(VI), sistem batchAbstract Separation of Ion Chromium(III) and Chromium(IV) In Solution Using Green Algae Biomass Spirogyra subsalsa as Biosorbent. The characteristics of Cr3+andCr6+ ion separation in solution through biosorption process using green algal biomass Spirogyrasubsalsa with batch systems have been investigated. The study began with aqualitative analysis of functional groups in biomass using FTIR instrument, then followed by a study of the characteristics of influences by several variables, such as: the initial pH of the solution,the size of biosorben particles, stirring speed, the effect of heating the biosorben, the rate of absorption, and the effect of metal ion concentration in solution on the absorption capacity of algal biomass. Based on FTIR spectroscopy spectra gave a conclusion that biomass of green algae S.subsalsa contains carboxylate groups, amine, amide, amino, carbonyl and hydroxyl, in addition to silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds. The results showed that the biosorption capacity was strongly influenced by pH, contact time, and initial concentration ofthe solution. The optimum biosorption of Cr3+cation occurred at pH 4.0 while that of Cr6+ions occurred at pH 2.0 and then decreased with the increasing pH of solution. The calculation of Langmuir isotherm equation showed that the maximum absorption capacity of algal biomass S.subsalsa for Cr3+and Cr6+ ion respectively was 1.82mg (0.035 mmol) and 1.51 mg (0.029 mmol) pergram of dry biomass. The kinetics of biosorption took place relatively quick, in which during the 30minutes time interval, each ion was absorbed approximately 95.7%; and 86.5%. The absorptive capacity of biomass was also influenced by stirring speed, while the size of particles and heating biosorben gave lessinfluence to the absorption of biomass.
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Patyshakuliyeva, Aleksandrina, Daniel L. Falkoski, Ad Wiebenga, Klaas Timmermans, and Ronald P. de Vries. "Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010052.
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Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi.
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Davie, Alec W., and Simon M. Mitrovic. "Benthic algal biomass and assemblage changes following environmental flow releases and unregulated tributary flows downstream of a major storage." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 12 (2014): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13225.
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A large dam reducing the magnitude of flows regulates the Severn River, Australia. Environmental flows (EFs) are designed to increase the magnitude of flow and improve ecological outcomes such as reducing filamentous algal biomass and re-setting algal succession. The effectiveness of EF releases to alter benthic algal assemblages is poorly understood. We examined benthic algal biomass and assemblage structure at two cobble-dominated riffle sites downstream of Pindari Dam, before and after two EFs. Both EFs had discharges of ~11.6 m3 s–1 (velocity of ~0.9 m s–1). Neither EF reduced benthic algal biomass, and sometimes led to increases, with density of some filamentous algae increasing (Stigeoclonium and Leptolyngbya). An unregulated flow from a tributary between the two sites increased discharge to 25.2 m3 s–1 (velocity of ~1.2 m s–1), decreasing biomass and density of filamentous algae. The similarity in flow velocities between scouring and non-scouring events suggests that thresholds may exist and/or suspended sediments carried from unregulated tributaries may contribute to reduce algal biomass. Identifying velocities needed to reduce algal biomass are useful. Accordingly, EFs with flow velocities ~1.2 m s–1 may achieve this in river cobble-dominated riffle sections dominated by filamentous algae. Lower flow velocities of <0.9 m s–1 may result in no change or an increase in filamentous algae.
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K., Santhoshkumar, Prasanthkumar S., and J. G. Ray. "Chlorococcum humicola (Nageli) Rabenhorst as a Renewable Source of Bioproducts and Biofuel." Journal of Plant Studies 5, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v5n1p48.
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Among the diverse new generation biomass yielding species, green algae are the most promising organisms. Compared to biomass production of other organisms, production of algae is less laborious, quite fast, and more economical. Moreover, eutrophicated waters get naturally purified in the cultivation process of algae. Algal biomass from monoculture of specific species, which are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, is considered a good source of diverse bio-products and feed-stock for food, feeds and bio-fuels. Quantity and quality of algal biomass for specific products depend on the species and strains as well as environmental conditions of cultivation. In this connection, biomass productivity and oil-yield of a local strain of <em>Chlorococcum humicola </em>(Nageli) Rabenhorst was assessed in Bold’s Basal Medium. Long-term storage capacity of the alga was tried by entrapping the algal cells in sodium alginate beads, which showed viability up to 14 months. Estimation of total carbohydrate, protein, lipid and chemical characterization of oil as well as the feasibility of its conversion to biodiesel revealed the industrial potential of this local strain as a source of food and biofuel. Fatty acid profiling of the extracted oil showed that 70% are mono-saturated and 12.2 % are nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oil could be effectively trans-esterified to methyl esters and the conversion was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Further standardization of the mass production of the alga in natural environmental conditions for biomass and oil is progressing to optimize its value as globally competent food, nutraceutical and biofuel resource.
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Park, J. B. K., and R. J. Craggs. "Wastewater treatment and algal production in high rate algal ponds with carbon dioxide addition." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 3 (February 1, 2010): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.951.
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High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) provide improved wastewater treatment over conventional wastewater stabilisation ponds; however, algal production and recovery of wastewater nutrients as algal biomass is limited by the low carbon:nitrogen ratio of wastewater. This paper investigates the influence of CO2 addition (to augment daytime carbon availability) on wastewater treatment performance and algal production of two pilot-scale HRAPs operated with different hydraulic retention times (4 and 8 days) over a New Zealand Summer (November–March, 07/08). Weekly measurements were made of influent and effluent flow rate and water qualities, algal and bacterial biomass production, and the percentage of algae biomass harvested in gravity settling units. This research shows that the wastewater treatment HRAPs with CO2 addition achieved a mean algal productivity of 16.7 g/m2/d for the HRAP4d (4 d HRT, maximum algae productivity of 24.7 g/m2/d measured in January 08) and 9.0 g/m2/d for the HRAP8d (8 d HRT)). Algae biomass produced in the HRAPs was efficiently harvested by simple gravity settling units (mean harvested algal productivity: 11.5 g/m2/d for the HRAP4d and 7.5 g/m2/d for the HRAP8d respectively). Higher bacterial composition and the larger size of algal/bacterial flocs of the HRAP8d biomass increased harvestability (83%) compared to that of HRAP4d biomass (69%).
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Tipsukhon Pimpimol, Burassakorn Tongmee, Padivarada Lomlai, Prsert Prasongpol, Niwooti Whangchai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, and Rameshprabu Ramaraj. "Spirogyra cultured in fishpond wastewater for biomass generation." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i3.245041.
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Algae are aquatic organisms that can be found in a wide range of water bodies. Algae, a form of aquatic organism, is found in many different water types. Besides being relatively easy to maintain, algae are also numerous, making them a good choice for biomass production. The filamentous Spirogyra sp., a common green alga, tends to grow in freshwater. It is said that this macroalga has a wide variety of biotechnological applications. Research in this area highlights biomass's creation and builds on our understanding of the composition of macroalgae generated in fish farm wastewater. A study of Spirogyra in undisturbed fish farm wastewater was conducted in this study. Various algal species were evaluated for their qualities, including biomass yields and productivity, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. This investigation has confirmed that the nutrients in fish farm effluent are suitable for cultivating algal biomass. Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate levels in unaltered fish farm effluent were the highest for Spirogyra, with percentages of 19.03, 8.38, and 45.71%, respectively. Thus, it was the most suitable organism for various biomass-based applications and nutrient removal.
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Tsai, Jeng-Wei, Yi-Li Chuang, Zih-Yi Wu, Mei-Hwa Kuo, and Hsing-Juh Lin. "The effects of storm-induced events on the seasonal dynamics of epilithic algal biomass in subtropical mountain streams." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 1 (2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13058.
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Information concerning the drivers of seasonal variation in algal biomass in subtropical mountain streams is limited. To identify the drivers of biomass dynamics for epilithic algae, a 20-month study was conducted in mountain streams in Taiwan, an area characterised by different levels of riparian vegetation coverage and agricultural activity, in which a process-based model was optimally fit to field data. We found that episodic typhoon-induced floods were the major drivers shaping the seasonal variations in algal biomass. Flow-induced detachment was frequently observed in periods of higher algal biomass. In contrast, an increased flow stimulated algal growth during periods with slower flow rates. Increased temperature stimulated algal growth at sites with an open canopy cover and higher light availability but constrained biomass at sites with dense canopy shading. Overall, scraper biomass exerted less influence on algal biomass than did environmental factors. The effects of grazing were visible only at the pristine, low-stream-order site in winter. The effects of minimal algal biomass required for recovery was comparable to environmental factors only at sites with intermediate canopy cover, moderate discharge, and higher nutrient concentrations. We suggest that agricultural activity and riparian vegetation can affect epilithic algal biomass in subtropical mountain streams.
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Monfort, Patrick, Serge Demers, and Maurice Levasseur. "Bacterial dynamics in first year sea ice and underlying seawater of Saroma-ko Lagoon (Sea of Okhotsk, Japan) and Resolute Passage (High Canadian Arctic): Inhibitory effects of ice algae on bacterial dynamics." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-024.
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The seasonal development of bacterial abundance in first year bottom ice and underlying seawater were studied at Saroma-ko Lagoon in Hokkaido, Japan, and at Resolute Passage in the High Canadian Arctic during the algal bloom in spring 1992. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the high algal concentrations reached during the bloom of ice algae have inhibitory effects on bacterial dynamics. Bacterial abundance (measured as total cell count and colony-forming units CFU) increased with the increase of the algal biomass up to 500 µg Chla·L-1in both locations. Culturable fraction (measured as the percentage of CFU counts versus the total cell counts) was between 7% and 22% at Saroma-ko, and approximately 0.08% at Resolute Passage. When algal biomass exceeded 500 µg of Chla·L-1, both bacterial abundance and culturable fraction decreased significantly. There was a maximum threshold of algal biomass (between 500 and 800 µg of Chla·L-1) after which bacterial dynamics become negatively coupled to the algal biomass. These results suggest that bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic compounds from these extremely high algal concentrations could explain the decrease in bacterial abundance and culturability in bottom ice observed after the ice algae bloom.Key words: bacteria, culturability, algae, inhibitory effects, sea ice, Arctic.
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Welch, Harold E., and Martin A. Bergmann. "Seasonal Development of Ice Algae and its Prediction from Environmental Factors near Resolute, N.W.T., Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-227.
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Development of ice algae growing at the bottom of first-year congelation sea ice near Resolute, N.W.T. (75°N) was studied 1984–86. Ice algae moved downwards 1.5 cm∙d−1 as the ice thickened. Biomass increased logarithmically with doubling times on the order of 4–8 d, reaching over 150 mg chlorophyll a∙m−2 in 1985 and over 300 mg∙m−2 in 1986. Algal development was synchronous up to 120 km from the main study site. Snow cover controlled algal growth indirectly by its effect on light. Algal biomass was predictable from snow thickness and date, or snow thickness and light equally well (overall r2 = 0.77 for 1985 and 1986 combined). Ice-associated amphipods were correlated with reduced ice algal biomass, but Si and NO3 concentrations and tidal cycle had little or no detectable effect. Snow depth frequency distribution data are given. Peak ice algal biomass under low snow in 1986 was equal to 0.5 t dry weight and 4.7 kg Si∙ha−1.
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Dvir, Irit, Reuven Chayoth, Uriel Sod-Moriah, Shraga Shany, Abraham Nyska, Aliza H. Stark, Zecharia Madar, and Shoshana Malis Arad. "Soluble polysaccharide and biomass of red microalgaPorphyridiumsp. alter intestinal morphology and reduce serum cholesterol in rats." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 4 (October 2000): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450000177x.
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The present study investigated the effects of the red microalgaPorphyridiumsp. on gastrointestinal physiology and lipid metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diets containing dietary fibre from pelleted red microalgal cells (biomass) or their sulfated polysaccharide, pectin or cellulose (control) were fed to rats for a period of 30 d. All three fibre-supplemented diets increased the length of both the small intestine and colon, with a significantly greater effect in rats fed the algal polysaccharide. The polysaccharide also increased mucosa and muscularis cross-sectional area of the jejunum, and caused hypertrophy in the muscularis layer. The algal biomass significantly lowered gastrointestinal transit time by 44 % in comparison with the control rats. Serum and mucosal cholecystokinin levels were lower in rats on the pectin and polysaccharide diets, while cholecystokinin levels in rats fed algal biomass were not different from those in the control animals. In comparison with the control diet, all the experimental diets significantly lowered serum cholesterol levels (22–29 %). Feeding of non-fermentable algal polysaccharide or biomass significantly increased faecal weight and bile acid excretion compared with pectin-fed or control rats. The algal polysaccharide and biomass were thus shown to be potent hypocholesterolaemic agents active at low concentrations in the diet. Both metabolic and morphological changes were observed following consumption of algae, suggesting several possible mechanisms by which the alga affects lipid metabolism. The results presented in the present study encourage the use of red microalga as a functional food.
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Alobwede, Emanga, Anne Cotton, Jonathan R. Leake, and Jagroop Pandhal. "The Fate and Distribution of Microalgal Nitrogen When Applied as an Agricultural Soil Fertiliser and Its Effect on Soil Microbial Communities." Phycology 2, no. 3 (July 26, 2022): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology2030016.
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Global estimates show that less than half the nitrogen fertiliser inputs to agricultural soil are taken up by crops. The remaining inorganic nutrients follow several pathways, with run off into nearby waterbodies being particularly problematic, contributing to the formation of algal blooms. A proposed solution is to recover the algae biomass from receiving waterbodies and apply it back to the land to replenish soil nutrients and enable a reduction in the need for inorganic fertilizers. A 15N tracer study was performed under greenhouse conditions, where labelled algal N (55.75% atom% 15N) was added to soil at 15.8 mg N/500 g soil) to assess the fate of nitrogen derived from a common unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, into soil and wheat nitrogen pools, with an assessment of the impact on soil bacterial communities. The soil retained a higher amount of algal nitrogen (10.3%) compared to the wheat shoot (0.7%) after 30 days, corresponding to the results of the 16S rDNA sequencing, which demonstrated that the algal biomass increased microbial diversity after 30 days and changed the relative abundance of microbial taxa putatively involved in facilitating the breakdown of organic residues. These findings provide useful insights into the application of algae biomass to agricultural soils to influence nitrogen fertilization and improve soil health through the increase in soil microbial diversity.
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Soma, Yuko, Takashi Imaizumi, Kei-ichi Yagi, and Sei-ichi Kasuga. "Estimation of Algal Succession in Lake Water Using HPLC Analysis of Pigments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-130.
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Seasonal variation in algal biomass in lake water was estimated using HPLC analysis of pigments. Carotenoids/chlorophyll a ratios were determined for cultures of Anabena, Microcystis, green algae, diatoms, and Cryptomonas. The contributions of various algal taxa to the total chlorophyll a content of lake water were calculated using the average carotenoid/chlorophyll a ratios of fingerprint pigments. The pigment analysis reflected the observed trend in the numbers of algae in lake water and proved to be a useful supplementary approach to evaluate algal biomass.
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Michalak, Izabela, and Katarzyna Chojnacka. "Algal compost – toward sustainable fertilization." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2013-0006.
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AbstractIn the present paper, the possibilities of the utilization of large amounts of beach-cast seaweeds are discussed. It is important to examine the methods of removing and processing algal biomass and find a manner of its cost-effective utilization in order to obtain a value-added product. A review of composting methods of algal biomass is presented. Compost from seaweeds can find several applications, for example, as an alternative to conventional fertilizers. Algae have been used for centuries as a natural fertilizer in many coastal areas because they are known to be rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Moreover, the biomass is characterized by the high content of trace elements and metabolites. There are different ways of management for algae for their use in agriculture. The most common is composting of algal biomass, for example, in piles. The advantages (i.e., high content of plant nutrients, organic components, etc.) and disadvantages (i.e., heavy metal content and salinity) of the composted biomass are presented. Finally, examples of the application of seaweed compost in plant cultivation are reported.
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Watson, Susan, Edward McCauley, and John A. Downing. "Sigmoid Relationships between Phosphorus, Algal Biomass, and Algal Community Structure." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-288.
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It has long been recognized that there is a positive relationship between total phytoplankton biomass and eutrophication. Recent independent studies demonstrated that algal biomass (chlorophyll) actually responds in a nonlinear, sigmoidal fashion with increasing phosphorus levels among lakes. Chlorophyll has been considered (by some authors) as an inconsistent estimate of algal biomass. Using a wide range of published data, we first demonstrate that the sigmoidal nature of the phosphorus–biomass relationship is quite robust, and not simply generated by a systematic variation in the relationship between algal chlorophyll to cell volume ratio and nutrient levels. We show that the sigmoid relationship with total phosphorus persists whether algal biomass is measured by chlorophyll or biovolume. We hypothesize that this nonlinearity actually reflects an underlying systematic variation in one or more of the components of total phytoplankton biomass. In this paper, we examine two functional size groups and show that the large inedible fraction exhibits a strong, nonlinear response to increasing nutrient levels, while the small edible algae do not vary systematically with phosphorus. We hypothesize that this discontinuous shift in the ratio of edible to inedible phytoplankton should be accompanied by concomitant shifts in the structure of the herbivore community.
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Hupp, Bettina, Gabriella Huszár, Attila Farkas, and Gergely Maróti. "Algal Hydrogen Production and Exopolysaccharide Patterns in Chlorella–Bacillus Inter-Kingdom Co-Cultures." Fermentation 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050424.
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Biohydrogen production from wastewater using eukaryotic green algae can be facilitated by appropriately selected bacterial partners and cultivation conditions. Two Chlorella algal species were chosen for these experiments, based on their robust growth ability in synthetic wastewater. The applied three Bacillus bacterial partners showed active respiration and efficient biomass production in the same synthetic wastewater. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus cereus as bacterial partners were shown to specifically promote algal biomass yield. Various inter-kingdom co-culture combinations were investigated for algal–bacterial biomass generation, for co-culture-specific exopolysaccharide patterns, and, primarily, for algal biohydrogen evolution. Chlorella sp. MACC-38 mono- and co-cultures generated significantly higher biomass compared with that of Chlorella sp. MACC-360 mono- and co-cultures, while in terms of hydrogen production, Chlorella sp. MACC-360 co-cultures clearly surpassed their Chlorella sp. MACC-38 counterparts. Imaging studies revealed tight physical interactions between the algal and bacterial partners and revealed the formation of co-culture-specific exopolysaccharides. Efficient bacterial respiration was in clear correlation with algal hydrogen production. Stable and sustainable algal hydrogen production was observed in synthetic wastewater for Chlorella sp. MACC-360 green algae in co-cultures with either Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus cereus. The highest algal hydrogen yields (30 mL H2 L−1 d−1) were obtained when Chlorella sp. MACC-360 was co-cultured with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Further co-culture-specific algal biomolecules such as co-cultivation-specific exopolysaccharides increase the valorization potential of algal–bacterial co-cultures and might contribute to the feasibility of algal biohydrogen production technologies.
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Deng, Jie, Guang Xiao Kou, and Jia Quan Wu. "A Discussion on the Influence Mechanism of Iron to Algal Blooms in Natural Raw Water." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2084.
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Through designing orthogonal tests, the influence mechanism of iron to the growth of fresh water algae was studied. The results indicated that the initial Fe concentration of 0.3mg/L or above can lead to high algae relative growth rate while the initial Fe concentration under 0.3mg/L can only generate low algae relative growth rate. The consumption of iron in Group LNLP under low initial Fe concentration and Group HNHP under high initial Fe concentration was in synchronism with the consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, in Group HNHP under low initial Fe concentration and Group LNLP under high initial Fe concentration the concentration of iron decreased with the increase of algal biomass before reaching the peak value of algal biomass and it increased after reaching the peak value in contrary. Among all those 25 groups the order of the peak value of algal biomass from big to small is as follows:All-rich Group>Nitrogen-lacked Group>Phosphorus-lacked Group>Iron-lacked Group>All-lacked Group. The lack of Fe content will restrain the growth of algae. In certain concentration rage algal biomass increased with the increasing of Fe content while Fe content will restrain the growth of algae in contrary if beyond the concentration rage.
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Ghunowa, Kimisha, Andrew Scott Medeiros, and Richard Bello. "Hyperspectral analysis of algal biomass in northern lakes, Churchill, MB, Canada." Arctic Science 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0030.
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A hyperspectral approach to quantify algal biomass was studied across 30 shallow ponds in the Hudson Bay Lowlands near Churchill, MB. Normalized difference algal indices (NDAI) were calculated based on hyperspectral measurements of the reflectance collected on shore with a hand-held spectrometer in parallel to estimations of biomass with an in vivo fluorometer designed for benthic algae. Algal biomass and coarse assemblages were differentiated through their spectral reflectance as a demonstration of concept for future upscaling that would be necessary for regional monitoring using remote sensing technology. Results indicated strong agreements between the calculated NDAI for measured reflectance from each pond and that of the isolated benthic zone. Cyanobacteria were the dominant component of the algal community for most ponds. As such, measures of reflectance and use of simple NDAIs may be able to characterize the total biomass of northern ponds. However, the distinction between algal groups may require independent validation of algal assemblages for estimations beyond total biomass. Nonetheless, hyperspectral analysis could provide a strong potential for monitoring northern freshwater systems at a regional scale.
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El Semary, Nermin, Amira Mohamed Abd El-Sattar, Eman Zakaria Ahmed, and Munirah Aldayel. "Mixotrophy of Algae: More Algal Biomass and More Biofertilization for Plants." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 5815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075815.
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Background: The use of algae as biofertilizers is fast-spreading in order to meet the excessive demands for agricultural products. To achieve this, enough algal biomass needs to be supplied year-round. Hence, algal nutritional components must be optimized through mixotrophic conditions. Materials and methods: Two algal isolates, namely, Phormidium sp. and Synechocystis sp. were tested for their ability to produce mixotrophic growth using different supplementations including molasses, aqueous Lepidium sativum, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract and liquorice root extract, as well as acetate salt solution. The algae that showed highest growth under optimized mixotrophic conditions was further used in cantaloupe seed growth experiments. GC-MS was also carried out on the biomass of Phormidium on one of the fractions of extract using solvent system to reveal some dominant novel bioactive compounds in algal biomass. Results: The sugarcane molasses significantly enhanced the growth of the two algal strains, followed by Lepidium sativum extract only in case of Phormidium sp. Therefore, it was used in subsequent experiments. All growth parameters for that algae were significantly enhanced by the addition of these nutritional sources with molasses being the best supplement. The Phormidium sp. was rich in its content of chlorophyll, proteins, sugars as well as some novel bioactive compounds as revealed by GC–MS. The germination percentage of seeds treated with Phormidium sp. showed a significant increase over that of control. The different growth-related metabolites of total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and all photosynthetic pigment contents of the seedlings were all significantly increased using this algal treatment. Discussion: The sugarcane molasses was superior in enhancing the algal growth due to its rich content not only of sugars but also of minerals and nitrogenous compounds. The use of aqueous extracts of seeds of Lepidium sativum enhanced growth significantly more than that of the control set as seeds are rich in proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals and other essential nutrients. In growth experiments carried out on cantaloupe seeds, there was a significant increase in germination percentage as well as all growth parameters due to the rich nutritional content of Phormidium sp. Conclusion: Mixotrophic growth achieved better algal biomass production than autotrophy in the case of Phormidium sp. The use of cheap resources such as sugarcane molasses, which is the waste from the sugar industry, as well as the common herb extract of Lepidium sativum, is a cost-effective approach. The use of this mixotrophically grown blue-green alga as a biofertilizer significantly enhanced plant growth and seed germination, indicating the usefulness of this eco-friendly agricultural strategy for achieving both food security and environmental sustainability.
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Gutzeit, G., D. Lorch, A. Weber, M. Engels, and U. Neis. "Bioflocculent algal–bacterial biomass improves low-cost wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0415.
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An innovative technology for the biological treatment of wastewater in regions with sufficient solar radiation based on the simultaneous growth and degradation processes of algal and bacterial biomass is presented. The aim of the work is the improvement of pond technology through the formation of stable algae–bacteria aggregates, which a) permit a simple separation of the algal biomass by gravity sedimentation, b) enable a high removal efficiency for organic carbon and nutrients, and c) are independent in terms of oxygen provision through algal photosynthesis. Algae–bacteria aggregates could be developed with a suitable algal species (Chlorella vulgaris, Strain Hamburg) as a ‘model organism’ in a wastewater environment. The morphology of algal–bacterial flocs is similar to activated sludge flocs. They are stable and settle quickly. Floc size ranged between 400 and 800μm. Results of our experiments with an artificially irradiated lab-scale system, operated in continuous flow mode, revealed that even at a relatively short hydraulic detention time of two days, a high elimination capacity of 9.96g Nm−2d−1 and 0.87g Pm−2d−1 can be achieved. Recent investigations confirmed that floc formation of unicellular algae and wastewater bacteria also could be developed and maintained in a pilot-scale system with a water depth of 0.5m.
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Dutta, Nalok, Pritha Kundu, Jonathan Tian En Lee, and Sayan Bhattacharya. "Implementation and Optimization of Algal Biomass in Value-Added Products Recovery: A Step towards Algae-Based Green Economy." Hydrobiology 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2023): 326–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2020021.
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Algal biomass is a prospective feedstock for the eco-sustainable production of many different products with added value, such as meals, feeds, and fuels. The remaining biomass from the algae can be used as raw material and can be transformed into useful secondary products after the important macromolecules have been removed. By optimizing algal biomass hydrolysate utilizing microbial fermentation, several studies demonstrated the generation of bioenergy (bioalcohol, biogas, and biohydrogen) and biochemicals (organic acids and biopolymers). Since the harvest and maintenance of sustainable algal cultivation incur considerable energy and economical prowess, developing products from algae remains a challenge to be countered in commercial applications. This is a typical bottleneck issue when processing algae for fuels or chemicals at the pilot scale. Implementation of integrated algae biorefinery methods can substantially reduce the cost of production and energy consumption. An algae-based green economy can be financially more viable and utilizable, especially for countries with weaker economies. This review’s goal is to examine the implementation of integrated biorefineries for the recovery of bioproducts generated from algae and potential applications. In this context, the life cycle analysis and business elements of a unified algal biorefinery are also addressed.
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Eich, Andreas, Amanda K. Ford, Maggy M. Nugues, Ryan S. McAndrews, Christian Wild, and Sebastian C. A. Ferse. "Positive association between epiphytes and competitiveness of the brown algal genus Lobophora against corals." PeerJ 7 (February 8, 2019): e6380. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6380.
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Observations of coral–algal competition can provide valuable information about the state of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we report contact rates and apparent competition states for six shallow lagoonal reefs in Fiji. A total of 81.4% of examined coral perimeters were found to be in contact with algae, with turf algae (54.7%) and macroalgae of the genus Lobophora (16.8%) representing the most frequently observed contacts. Turf algae competitiveness was low, with 21.8% of coral–turf contacts being won by the algae (i.e. overgrowth or bleaching of coral tissue). In contrast, Lobophora competitiveness against corals was high, with 62.5% of contacts being won by the alga. The presence of epiphytic algae on Lobophora was associated with significantly greater algal competitiveness against corals, with 75.8% and 21.1% of interactions recorded as algal wins in the presence and absence of epiphytes, respectively. Sedimentation rate, herbivorous fish biomass, and coral colony size did not have a significant effect on Lobophora–coral interactions. This research indicates a novel and important role of epiphytes in driving the outcome of coral–algal contacts.
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Show, Kuan-Yeow, Duu-Jong Lee, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Algal biomass dehydration." Bioresource Technology 135 (May 2013): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.021.
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Painter, Thomas H., Brian Duval, William H. Thomas, Maria Mendez, Sara Heintzelman, and Jeff Dozier. "Detection and Quantification of Snow Algae with an Airborne Imaging Spectrometer." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 5267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.11.5267-5272.2001.
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ABSTRACT We describe spectral reflectance measurements of snow containing the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis and a model to retrieve snow algal concentrations from airborne imaging spectrometer data. Because cells of C. nivalis absorb at specific wavelengths in regions indicative of carotenoids (astaxanthin esters, lutein, β-carotene) and chlorophylls a and b, the spectral signature of snow containing C. nivalis is distinct from that of snow without algae. The spectral reflectance of snow containing C. nivalis is separable from that of snow without algae due to carotenoid absorption in the wavelength range from 0.4 to 0.58 μm and chlorophyll a and babsorption in the wavelength range from 0.6 to 0.7 μm. The integral of the scaled chlorophyll a and b absorption feature (I 0.68) varies with algal concentration (Ca ). Using the relationshipCa = 81019.2 I 0.68+ 845.2, we inverted Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer reflectance data collected in the Tioga Pass region of the Sierra Nevada in California to determine algal concentration. For the 5.5-km2 region imaged, the mean algal concentration was 1,306 cells ml−1, the standard deviation was 1,740 cells ml−1, and the coefficient of variation was 1.33. The retrieved spatial distribution was consistent with observations made in the field. From the spatial estimates of algal concentration, we calculated a total imaged algal biomass of 16.55 kg for the 0.495-km2 snow-covered area, which gave an areal biomass concentration of 0.033 g/m2.
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STEWART, F. J., and C. H. FRITSEN. "Bacteria-algae relationships in Antarctic sea ice." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004001889.
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Energy transfer in microbial food webs is partly quantified by the relationship between bacterial and algal biomass. Tight spatial relationships suggest active bacterial assimilation of dissolved photosynthate in temperate marine and fresh waters. However, studies in the Antarctic suggest that bacterial biomass generation from algal-derived dissolved organic matter is highly variable across seasons and habitats. Regression analysis was used to measure how bacteria covaried with algae in sea ice and water column habitats at three sites around Antarctica. Bacteria and algae were positively related in sea ice of the Weddell Sea during early winter 1992 (r2 = 0.16, slope = 0.24) and across sea ice and upper water column habitats of the Ross Sea during summer 1999 (r2 = 0.52, slope = 0.50). Conversely, bacteria and algae exhibited no discernible relationship in the water column and first year ice habitats of the Western Antarctic Peninsula region in winter 2001 (r2 = 0.003, slope = −0.04). Low algal production and residual biomass probably limited bacterial production and facilitated bacteria-algae uncoupling in winter sea ice of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Winter sea ice algal biomass was probably limited by a relatively late date of initial ice formation, reduced multi-year ice coverage, and a lack of radiant energy in the winter ice pack.
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Lihepanyama, Deogratias Ladislaus, Patrick Alois Ndakidemi, and Anna Christina Treydte. "Spatio–Temporal Water Quality Determines Algal Bloom Occurrence and Possibly Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) Presence in Momella Lakes, Tanzania." Water 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213532.
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Eutrophication and algal blooms have sparked worldwide concern because of their widespread effects on water-dependent species. Harmful algal blooms can cause fatal effects to lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor), obligatory filter feeders and vital bio-indicators in soda lakes. Thus, early detection of algal blooms and potential indicators in water quality is critical, but general tools are lacking in eastern African soda lakes. We monitored algal biomass changes and related water physico–chemical variables for 12 consecutive months in the lakes Big Momella and Rishateni in northern Tanzania. We used chlorophyll-a to measure algal biomass and quantified water physico–chemical variables that might influence algae growth. We also monitored lesser flamingo numbers to understand trends across the year and according to algal bloom occurrence. Algal biomass was strongly related to water nitrogen (r = 0.867; p < 0.001) and phosphorus (r = 0.832; p < 0.001). Monthly patterns showed significant differences in water quality and algal biomass (F = 277, p < 0.001) but not across sampling sites (F = 0.029, p = 0.971). Lesser flamingo numbers seemed to be related to algal biomass at Lake Big Momella (r = 0.828; p < 0.001) and shortly after algal biomass peaked high (i.e., March and April 2021), flamingo numbers declined. Lake Rishateni showed similar patterns. Our findings can provide a basis towards understanding the factors contributing to temporal changes in lesser flamingo abundance due to spatio–temporal water quality variations, which is important for optimising conservation efforts for the species in these unique Momella lakes.
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Krustok, I., J. G. Diaz, M. Odlare, and E. Nehrenheim. "Algae biomass cultivation in nitrogen rich biogas digestate." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 10 (July 22, 2015): 1723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.384.
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Because microalgae are known for quick biomass growth and nutrient uptake, there has been much interest in their use in research on wastewater treatment methods. While many studies have concentrated on the algal treatment of wastewaters with low to medium ammonium concentrations, there are several liquid waste streams with high ammonium concentrations that microalgae could potentially treat. The aim of this paper was to test ammonium tolerance of the indigenous algae community of Lake Mälaren and to use this mixed consortia of algae to remove nutrients from biogas digestate. Algae from Lake Mälaren were cultivated in Jaworski's Medium containing a range of ammonium concentrations and the resulting algal growth was determined. The algae were able to grow at NH4-N concentrations of up to 200 mg L−1 after which there was significant inhibition. To test the effectiveness of the lake water algae on the treatment of biogas digestate, different pre-cultivation set-ups and biogas digestate concentrations were tested. It was determined that mixing pre-cultivated suspension algae with 25% of biogas digestate by volume, resulting in an ammonium concentration of around 300 mg L−1, produced the highest algal growth. The algae were effective in removing 72.8 ± 2.2% of NH4-N and 41.4 ± 41.4% of PO4-P.
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Cao, Ping, Fengran Xu, Shilin Gao, Baiyin Baoligao, Xiangdong Li, Xiangpeng Mu, Ana Mendes, and Xu Shang. "Experimental Study on the Impact of Pulsed Flow Velocity on the Scouring of Benthic Algae from a Mountainous River." Water 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 3150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193150.
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The decrease in periodic scouring of pulsed flows in regulated rivers can result in algal communities dominated by filamentous algae, not available as food sources for fish and macroinvertebrates. To study the pulsed flow velocity required to scour benthic algae from natural river beds, the removal effects on the algal biomass and resistances of different species were tested in a laboratory flume at different velocities of 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 m/s. The removal of total algal biomass showed a significant positive relationship with increasing velocities, which reached 22% at 2.0 m/s. The biomass removal of green algae and diatoms was higher than that of blue–green algae. The flow velocity at 1.4 m/s had a clear removal effect on filamentous algae. The velocity higher than 1.7 m/s caused a significant increase in the removal percentage of total biomass dominated by diatoms and blue–green algae. To reduce the filamentous algae and retain the diatoms and blue–green algae, a range of near bed flow velocity was suggested to be 1.4–1.7 m/s. This range could serve as a reference for required pulsed flow velocity to reduce the growth of excessive or nuisance periphyton.
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Paul, A. J., D. W. Schindler, A. K. Hardie, and P. R. Leavitt. "Direct and indirect effects of predation by a calanoid copepod (subgenus: Hesperodiaptomus) and of nytrients in a fishless alpine lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-852.
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The calanoid copepod Diaptomus (subgenus: Hesperodiaptomus) arcticus is a keystone predator in fishless alpine lakes of the Canadian Rockies. We quantified the effects of predation by D. arcticus on other copepods, rotifers, and algae in large mesocosm experiments (2250 L) using two levels of predator (present and absent) and two levels of nutrient addition (ambient and 4×). Standing stocks of algal taxa were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography of phytoplankton pigments. Diaptomus arcticus suppressed the biomass of rotifers and cyclopoid nauplii at both nutrient levels. The indirect effect of D. arcticus on algal biomass was minimal under ambient nutrient conditions, possibly owing to high rates of nutrient recycling by grazers. Biomass of algae, cyclopoid nauplii, and rotifers responded positively to nutrient additions. Nutrient addition increased algal standing crop 2- to 4-fold and changed dominance from diatoms and chrysophytes to blue-green algae. Diaptomus arcticus accelerated these changes, possibly by eliminating grazing by rotifers. These results suggest that in the absence of increased nutrients D. arcticus directly limits the biomass of herbivorous zooplankton but the indirect effect on phytoplankton is minimal.
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Smith, Val H. "Light and Nutrient Effects on the Relative Biomass of Blue-Green Algae in Lake Phytoplankton." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-016.
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The factors determining the relative biomass of blue-green algae during the growing season were studied using data from 22 lakes worldwide. Multiple linear regression analyses suggest that total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and light (as estimated from Secchi disc transparency and the depth of the mixed layer) interact to determine the relative biomass of planktonic blue-green algae. At a fixed TN: TP ratio, blue-green relative biomass increases as light availability decreases. At a fixed light level, blue-green relative biomass also increases as the TN: TP ratio decreases. Both effects are consistent with current knowledge of algal physiology, and with a recently proposed theoretical framework for algal community structure.
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Vasileva, Ivanina, Juliana Ivanova, and Svetoslav Alexandrov. "Bioethical considerations for algal biotechnology." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v9i2.41184.
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In this manuscript we discuss different aspects and applications of algal biotechnology and how they are seen through the prism of bioethics. We review how algae have been considered to solve problems on Earth and to ease human suffering. We also take a look at the current state of the production of algal biomass and we offer our suggestions and considerations based on the fact that the biomass is an expensive product and yet its quality is very good.
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Song, Yuzhi, Yan Xue, Yongxia Gao, and Yan Jin. "Distribution of epipelic algae and related environmental nutrients in Taihu Lake, revealed by HPLC analysis." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 6 (2019): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17318.
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Epipelic algal biomass and composition (determined by HPLC pigment analysis) and related environmental nutrients were investigated in a phytoplankton-dominated area (Meiliang Bay), a macrophyte-dominated area (East Taihu Lake) and a transition zones (Gonghu Bay) in a shallow eutrophic freshwater lake (Taihu Lake, eastern China). Surface sediment samples were collected at 11 sampling sites in April and August 2016. Average epipelic algal biomass for Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay and East Taihu Lake was 6.5, 4.9 and 4.6μg chlorophyll (Chl)-ag–1 sediment respectively in April, and 3.8, 7.4 and 2.7μg Chl-ag–1 sediment respectively in August. The maximum biomass of epipelic algae appeared at the G1 sampling site (9.6μg Chl-ag–1 sediment) in August, whereas the minimum biomass of epipelic algae appeared at the E4 sampling site (1.7μg Chl-ag–1 sediment). Pigment (fucoxanthin, zeaxanthin and Chl-b) to Chl-a ratios indicated that epipelic algae were primarily diatoms, secondarily cyanobacteria and lastly green algae in Taihu Lake. Epipelic algae were significantly correlated with total nitrogen in the water and total phosphorus in the sediment (P<0.05), except for green algae. In general, using pigment as an indicator revealed that the epiphytic algal community varied over time and space. The distribution of variations in epipelic algae was related to the heterogeneity of environmental factors.
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Kwak, Dong-Heui, and Mi-Sug Kim. "Estimation and evaluation of auto-flocculated algae harvesting efficiency using the population balance in turbulence model in flotation process." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (September 21, 2017): 1165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.491.
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Abstract Algae are considered water pollutants because they form algal blooms in stagnant water. Algae harvesting technology, however, can help convert them into a useful industrial material like biomass. The core technique (flocculation) separates microalgae from other flocculants, allowing for the harvest of clean and pure algal biomass. This study aims to estimate and evaluate algal separation (removal or harvesting) efficiency (X) to concurrently obtain the objectives of algal bloom management and algal particle collection. To simulate algal separation by auto-flocculation (no flocculants) related flotation, the population balance in turbulence (PBT) model is used. Model simulations are conducted under optimal conditions provided by previous studies about the biological impact factors of algae, operating parameters of the flotation process, and so on. This modeling study determines the efficiency (X) of separating algae from the water body in the separation zone after forming auto-flocculated bubble–floc agglomerates by making them collide and attach to each other in the contact zone of the flotation tank. The X is examined as a function of size distribution of agglomerates and bubbles and of the number of initially injected bubbles. Optimal conditions for forming and harvesting the agglomerates may be found through further modeling studies.
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Vintila, Alin Cristian Nicolae, Mircea Vinatoru, Ana-Maria Galan, Alexandru Vlaicu, Mihaela Ciltea-Udrescu, Anca Paulenco, Adina Ionuta Gavrila, and Ioan Calinescu. "The Influence of Ultrasound on the Growth of Nannochloris sp. in Modified Growth Medium." Life 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020413.
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The influence of ultrasound irradiation on the algal biomass productivity as well as its oil content and fatty acids profile, grown in a modified Zarrouk medium, i.e., deproteinized whey waste solution, was investigated. The algal samples (Nannochloris sp. 424-1 microalgae) were grown for 7 days in a thermostated incubator at 28 °C, shaken under continuous light. During this period, the algal biomass was subjected to induced stress by ultrasonic irradiation at different powers and sonication time. The obtained results demonstrate that ultrasound stressing of algae biomass has a positive effect on both the quantity of biomass and the oil obtained, also causing a shift in fatty acid composition by increasing the proportion of C16 and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A low dosage level of exposure to the ultrasound led to algal biomass increase as well as lipid accumulation. For both types of irradiation modes which were investigated, daily and only initial irradiation, the beneficial effect of the ultrasound decreases as the exposure time increases and the excessive sonication becomes detrimental to microalgae growth.
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Emami Moghaddam, Seyed Amirebrahim, Razif Harun, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, and Rabitah Zakaria. "Potential of Zeolite and Algae in Biomass Immobilization." BioMed Research International 2018 (December 12, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6563196.
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The interest in utilizing algae for wastewater treatment has been increased due to many advantages. Algae-wastewater treatment system offers a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional treatment processes such as electrocoagulation and flocculation. In this biosystem, algae can assimilate nutrients in the wastewater for their growth and simultaneously capture the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis resulting in a decrease in the greenhouse gaseousness. Furthermore, the algal biomass obtained from the treatment process could be further converted to produce high value-added products. However, the recovery of free suspended algae from the treated effluent is one of the most important challenges during the treatment process as the current methods such as centrifugation and filtration are faced with the high cost. Immobilization of algae is a suitable approach to overcome the harvesting issue. However, there are some drawbacks with the common immobilization carriers such as alginate and polyacrylamide related to low stability and toxicity, respectively. Hence, it is necessary to apply a new carrier without the mentioned problems. One of the carriers that can be a suitable candidate for the immobilization is zeolite. To date, various types of zeolite have been used for the immobilization of cells of bacteria and yeast. If there is any possibility to apply them for the immobilization of algae, it needs to be considered in further studies. This article reviews cell immobilization technique, biomass immobilization onto zeolites, and algal immobilization with their applications. Furthermore, the potential application of zeolite as an ideal carrier for algal immobilization has been discussed.
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Zheng, Guo Chen, Shu Li Liu, Li Wei, Ajay Kumar Jha, Li Guo Zhang, and Duo Ying Zhang. "The Advancement of Algal Biomass: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.319.
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Renewable energy sources such as biomass are becoming more and more important as alternative to fossil fuels. One of the most exciting new sources of biomass is microalgae. One of the major obstacles in the commercial production of microalgae as feedstock for biomass-to-liquid fuels, is the development of energy efficient and cost effective harvesting methods for the separation of micro-algal biomass from its growth medium. The problem of water shortage and lack of energy have become key restricting factors for the economic development of the world. Biomass energy due to its renewability, low pollution and other advantages is considered as the most potential products to alleviate the water pollution and energy crisis. Algae, the third generation of biomass, have many advantages such as wide distribution, high oil content, strong environment adaptability, short growth cycle and low production cost. Thus the use of algae biomass has attracted more and more attention. This paper describes the progress of the algae biomass energy research, the key issues and trends in the industrial process.
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Azza G. A. Reyad, Moustafa A. Abbassy, Gehan I. Kh. Marei, Mohamed E. I. Badawy, and Entsar I. Rabea. "Eco-friendly products for sorption of fenamiphos, imidacloprid, and oxamyl pesticides from water and their detection by UV/VIS spectrophotometry." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 6, no. 1 (August 30, 2023): 040–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2023.6.1.0045.
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The present study evaluates the efficiency of the dry biomass of the microalgae Spirogyra porticalis and Nannochloropsis oculata for the removal of fenamiphos, imidacloprid, and oxamyl pesticides from water. The influence of incubation time, pesticide concentration, and algal biomass concentration on the degradation of pesticides were considered in the study. A rapid UV-Vis spectrophotometry method was developed and validated for the analysis and quantification of pesticides in the context of bioremediation with microalgae. The optimum conditions were obtained at 15 min, 50 mg/L pesticide concentration and 900 mg/L algal biomass with the response of 67.27% and 68.67 for fenamiphos by S. porticalis and N. oculata, respectively. For Imidacloprid, the optimum conditions were obtained at 15 min, 50 mg/L pesticide concentration and 900 mg/L algal biomass with the response of 28.20% and 35.55 for fenamiphos by S. porticalis and N. oculata, respectively. With the same, previse conditions the response of 65.71 and 81.31% for oxamyl by S. porticalis and N. oculata, respectively. This study confirmed that removing pesticides by the microalgae S. porticalis and N. oculata are both active and biomass of algae dependent. Consequently, these algae biomass exhibited a potential reduction of pesticides in contaminated water samples.
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Wang, Shu Hang, Wen Wen Wang, and Xia Jiang. "The Process of Algal Bloom Formation and the Effects of Wind - An Enclosure Experiment and In Situ Investigation in a Large Hyper-Eutrophic Shallow Lake in China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4303.
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An enclosure experiment was conducted to evaluate the processes involved in algal bloom formation at different trophic levels in Chaohu Lake, which is a large hyper-eutrophic shallow lake in China. In situ investigations were conducted concurrently to quantitatively describe the effects of wind on the horizontal transference and vertical hybridization of algal blooms. The results revealed that certain nutrient trophic levels played a crucial role in the formation of algal blooms. Specifically, sediments were identified as an important source of nutrients and algal seeds that are necessary to maintain the trophic level and growth of algal blooms. In addition, the disturbance caused by wind accelerated the multiplication of algae, as well as their sedimentation and suspension at the water-sediment interface. Furthermore, when the wind speed was less than 3m•s-1, algal clusters drifted on the water surface at a speed that was exponentially related to the wind velocity with a coefficient of 0.9052. When the wind speed was greater than 3m•s-1, the algae mixed together vertically and then sank. The algal bloom distribution in the lake was dominated by leading wind directions. Moreover, the algal biomass of the surface lake water in leeward areas was 8.8 times greater than the biomass in the windward areas during the study period.
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Iken, K., E. R. Barrera-Oro, M. L. Quartino, R. J. Casaux, and T. Brey. "Grazing by the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps: evidence for selective feeding on macroalgae." Antarctic Science 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000497.
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In Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica, macroalgae provide a significant food resource for herbivores. The demersal fish Notothenia coriiceps feeds on macroalgae. Eighteen algal species were identified in stomach contents: two chlorophytes, ten rhodophytes and six phaeophytes. Among these the rhodophyte Palmaria decipiens, the phaeophyte Desmarestia menziesii and the chlorophyte Monostroma hariotii comprised the greatest proportions of algal biomass. A food selection study showed four algae to be preferred (P. decipiens, M. hariotii, D. menziesii, Iridaea cordata) and two species to be avoided (Desmarestia anceps and Himantothallus grandifolius) by N. coriiceps. The present investigation indicates that this fish feeds not only intentionally, but also selectively, on macroalgae. Preference for particular algal species is not related to associated epifaunal biomass or to associated amphipod biomass.
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Li, Jing, Ronghua Ma, Kun Xue, Yuchao Zhang, and Steven Loiselle. "A Remote Sensing Algorithm of Column-Integrated Algal Biomass Covering Algal Bloom Conditions in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7120466.
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Column integrated algal biomass provides a robust indicator for eutrophication evaluation because it considers the vertical variability of phytoplankton. However, most remote sensing-based inversion algorithms of column algal biomass assume a homogenous distribution of phytoplankton within the water column. This study proposes a new remote sensing-based algorithm to estimate column integrated algal biomass incorporating different possible vertical profiles. The field sampling was based on five surveys in Lake Chaohu, a large eutrophic shallow lake in China. Field measurements revealed a significant variation in phytoplankton profiles in the water column during algal bloom conditions. The column integrated algal biomass retrieval algorithm developed in the present study is shown to effectively describe the vertical variation of algal biomass in shallow eutrophic water. The Baseline Normalized Difference Bloom Index (BNDBI) was adopted to estimate algal biomass integrated from the water surface to 40 cm. Then the relationship between 40 cm integrated algal biomass and the whole column algal biomass at various depths was built taking into consideration the hydrological and bathymetry data of each site. The algorithm was able to accurately estimate integrated algal biomass with R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 45.94 and URMSE = 28.58%. High accuracy was observed in the temporal consistency of satellite images (with the maximum MAPE = 7.41%). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the estimated algal biomass integrated from the water surface to 40 cm has the greatest influence on the estimated column integrated algal biomass. This algorithm can be used to explore the long-term variation of algal biomass to improve long-term analysis and management of eutrophic lakes.
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Young, Erica B., Lindsay Reed, and John A. Berges. "Growth parameters and responses of green algae across a gradient of phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions." PeerJ 10 (July 21, 2022): e13776. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13776.
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Many studies have shown that algal growth is enhanced by organic carbon and algal mixotrophy is relevant for physiology and commercial cultivation. Most studies have tested only a single organic carbon concentration and report different growth parameters which hampers comparisons and improvements to algal cultivation methodology. This study compared growth of green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii across a gradient of photoautotrophic-mixotrophic-heterotrophic culture conditions, with five acetate concentrations. Culture growth rates and biomass achieved were compared using different methods of biomass estimation. Both species grew faster and produced the most biomass when supplied with moderate acetate concentrations (1–4 g L−1), but light was required to optimize growth rates, biomass yield, cell size and cell chlorophyll content. Higher acetate concentration (10 g L−1) inhibited algal production. The choice of growth parameter and method to estimate biomass (optical density (OD), chlorophyll a fluorescence, flow cytometry, cell counts) affected apparent responses to organic carbon, but use of OD at 600, 680 or 750 nm was consistent. There were apparent trade-offs among exponential growth rate, maximum biomass, and culture time spent in exponential phase. Different cell responses over 1–10 g L−1 acetate highlight profound physiological acclimation across a gradient of mixotrophy. In both species, cell size vs cell chlorophyll relationships were more constrained in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, but under mixotrophy, and outside exponential growth phase, these relationships were more variable. This study provides insights into algal physiological responses to mixotrophy but also has practical implications for choosing parameters for monitoring commercial algal cultivation.
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Yanik, Jale, Ralph Stahl, Nicole Troeger, and Ali Sinag. "Pyrolysis of algal biomass." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 103 (September 2013): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.08.016.
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Shi, Bo, Pete Lortscher, and Doris Palfery. "Algal biomass anaerobic biodegradability." Journal of Applied Phycology 25, no. 3 (October 2, 2012): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9912-3.
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Yoshimura, Yoshitaka, Shiro Kohshima, Nozomu Takeuchi, Katsumoto Seko, and Koji Fujita. "Snow algae in a Himalayan ice core: new environmental markers for ice-core analyses and their correlation with summer mass balance." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812276.
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AbstractSnow algae in a shallow ice core (6.98 m long) from Yala glacier in the Langtang region of Nepal were examined for potential use as environmental markers in ice-core analysis. The ice core, taken at 5350m a.s.l. in 1994, was estimated to contain 11 annual layers from 1984 to 1994 from the profile of algal biomass. Algal biomass in each annual layer was noted to be correlated with air temperature, and the following two environmental indices which were calculated from air temperature and precipitation at Kyangjing (3920m a.s.l.), the village nearest to Yala glacier: estimated mean snow-cover thickness (MST) and estimated summer mass balance (SMB). Both parameters reflect snow-cover thickness on algal layers, which would be a major determinant of the light available for algal growth on the glacier. Snow algal biomass in the ice core appears to be a good environmental marker for indicating air temperature and accumulation during summer, which is important for understanding the mass balance of summer-accumulation-type glaciers in this region.
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Cimoli, Emiliano, Arko Lucieer, Klaus M. Meiners, Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen, Fraser Kennedy, Andrew Martin, Andrew McMinn, and Vanessa Lucieer. "Towards improved estimates of sea-ice algal biomass: experimental assessment of hyperspectral imaging cameras for under-ice studies." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 75pt1 (May 9, 2017): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.6.
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ABSTRACTIce algae are a key component in polar marine food webs and have an active role in large-scale biogeochemical cycles. They remain extremely under-sampled due to the coarse nature of traditional point sampling methods compounded by the general logistical limitations of surveying in polar regions. This study provides a first assessment of hyperspectral imaging as an under-ice remote-sensing method to capture sea-ice algae biomass spatial variability at the ice/water interface. Ice-algal cultures were inoculated in a unique inverted sea-ice simulation tank at increasing concentrations over designated cylinder enclosures and sparsely across the ice/water interface. Hyperspectral images of the sea ice were acquired with a pushbroom sensor attaining 0.9 mm square pixel spatial resolution for three different spectral resolutions (1.7, 3.4, 6.7 nm). Image analysis revealed biomass distribution matching the inoculated chlorophyll a concentrations within each cylinder. While spectral resolutions >6 nm hindered biomass differentiation, 1.7 and 3.4 nm were able to resolve spatial variation in ice algal biomass implying a coherent sensor selection. The inverted ice tank provided a suitable sea-ice analogue platform for testing key parameters of the methodology. The results highlight the potential of hyperspectral imaging to capture sea-ice algal biomass variability at unprecedented scales in a non-invasive way.
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Ohadi, Sara, Guelta Laguerre, John Madsen, and Kassim Al-Khatib. "Toward understanding the impact of nuisance algae bloom on the reduction of rice seedling emergence and establishment." Weed Science 70, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.69.
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AbstractCalifornia rice (Oryza sativa L.) production has been recently challenged by the early-season nuisance algae blooms. The algal community in rice is a complex of green algae (Nostoc spongiforme Agardh ex Bornet) and cyanobacteria species that can develop a thick algal mat on the surface of the water and interfere with the emergence and establishment of rice seedlings. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of algal infestation level on rice seedling emergence. A mesocosm study was conducted in 57-L tubs. Three levels of algal infestation (low, medium, and high) were produced by adding fertilizer (N:P) into the tubs at 0:0, 75:35, and 150:70 kg−1 ha. Sixty rice seeds (‘M-206’) were soaked for 24 h and spread into tubs filled with water. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll a concentration as the quantitative measure of algae, number of emerged rice seedlings, and their dry biomass were studied during the experiment. Results showed that algal infestation can directly change the amount of light received into the water. Minimum, maximum, and mean percentage of PAR inside the water declined as the algal infestation level increased. As a consequence, rice seedling emergence dropped under the high algal pressure. At very high algal infestation (i.e., chlorophyll a concentration of above 500 µg ml−1), rice seedling emergence was reduced up to 90%. Furthermore, rice seedling emergence was delayed under algal infestation. When algal infestation was low, time to 50% rice seedling emergence (t50) ranged between 5 and 10 d, while at high algal infestation, t50 ranged between 12 and 20 d. Moreover, individual rice seedling biomass was reduced from 1 g to 0.01 g as algal infestation increased. The results from this study indicate that uncontrolled algae at the beginning of the rice-growing season could reduce rice seedling emergence, establishment, and rice stand. Given that algal infestation in fields has a patchy pattern, loss of rice stand in these patches could provide empty niches for other weeds to grow.
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Milledge, John, Birthe Nielsen, Supattra Maneein, and Patricia Harvey. "A Brief Review of Anaerobic Digestion of Algae for Bioenergy." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061166.
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The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels has been the subject of considerable research over the past few decades, with researchers strongly agreeing that algae have the potential of becoming a viable aquatic energy crop with a higher energy potential compared to that from either terrestrial biomass or municipal solid waste. However, neither microalgae nor seaweed are currently cultivated solely for energy purposes due to the high costs of harvesting, concentrating and drying. Anaerobic digestion of algal biomass could theoretically reduce costs associated with drying wet biomass before processing, but practical yields of biogas from digestion of many algae are substantially below the theoretical maximum. New processing methods are needed to reduce costs and increase the net energy balance. This review examines the biochemical and structural properties of seaweeds and of microalgal biomass that has been produced as part of the treatment of wastewater, and discusses some of the significant hurdles and recent initiatives for producing biogas from their anaerobic digestion.